1
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Guo Z, Chakraborty S, Monikh FA, Varsou DD, Chetwynd AJ, Afantitis A, Lynch I, Zhang P. Surface Functionalization of Graphene-Based Materials: Biological Behavior, Toxicology, and Safe-By-Design Aspects. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100637. [PMID: 34288601 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing exploitation of graphene-based materials (GBMs) is driven by their unique properties and structures, which ignite the imagination of scientists and engineers. At the same time, the very properties that make them so useful for applications lead to growing concerns regarding their potential impacts on human health and the environment. Since GBMs are inert to reaction, various attempts of surface functionalization are made to make them reactive. Herein, surface functionalization of GBMs, including those intentionally designed for specific applications, as well as those unintentionally acquired (e.g., protein corona formation) from the environment and biota, are reviewed through the lenses of nanotoxicity and design of safe materials (safe-by-design). Uptake and toxicity of functionalized GBMs and the underlying mechanisms are discussed and linked with the surface functionalization. Computational tools that can predict the interaction of GBMs behavior with their toxicity are discussed. A concise framing of current knowledge and key features of GBMs to be controlled for safe and sustainable applications are provided for the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Guo
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Swaroop Chakraborty
- Department of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Fazel Abdolahpur Monikh
- Department of Environmental & Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland
| | - Dimitra-Danai Varsou
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, 15780, Greece
| | - Andrew J Chetwynd
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- Department of ChemoInformatics, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia, 1046, Cyprus
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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2
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Wallace SJ, Leclerc AJA, Prosser R, de Solla SR, Balakrishnan V, Langlois VS. Sub-lethal effects of calcium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate on Western clawed frog embryos. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 34:100658. [PMID: 32086014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Naphthalene sulfonic acids (NSAs) are used as additives in lubricants, dyes, and greases and commonly act as surfactants in many industrial processes. The calcium salt of dinonyl NSA (calcium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate; CaDNS) is listed among thousands of chemicals identified as priorities for assessment by the Government of Canada's Chemical Management Plan due to the limited toxicity data. The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) to establish the toxicity of CaDNS to Western clawed frog (Silurana tropicalis) embryos and 2) to assess the sub-lethal effects and mechanisms of toxicity of CaDNS in amphibians through targeted gene expression and metabolite analyses. Frog embryos were exposed to water overlying sand spiked with a range of concentrations of CaDNS (17-1393 μg/g) over a 72-h period. Results indicated significantly higher mortality and presence of malformations in frog larvae exposed to over 672 μg/g CaDNS in the sand (14 ng/mL CaDNS in the water) compared to control treatments. An overall decrease in the glutathione redox cycle was observed, including decreases in relative mRNA levels of enzymes (glutathione S-transferase (gst), glutathione reductase (gsr), glutathione peroxidase (gpx)) and decreases in the glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) metabolite concentrations. In addition, transcript levels of genes involved in antioxidant capacity and essential amino acid metabolites decreased significantly in embryos exposed to low levels of CaDNS. This is the first study to assess the toxicity of NSAs in amphibians, contributing important data to aid in the assessment of NSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wallace
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) - Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - A J A Leclerc
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - R Prosser
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S R de Solla
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - V Balakrishnan
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - V S Langlois
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) - Centre Eau Terre Environnement, Quebec, QC, Canada; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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3
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Boué S, Goedertier D, Hoeng J, Kuczaj A, Majeed S, Mathis C, May A, Phillips B, Peitsch MC, Radtke F, Schlage WK, Tan WT, Vanscheeuwijck P. State-of-the-art methods and devices for the generation, exposure, and collection of aerosols from heat-not-burn tobacco products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847319897869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco harm reduction is increasingly recognized as a promising approach to accelerate the decline in smoking prevalence and smoking-related population harm. Potential modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) must undergo a rigorous premarket toxicological risk assessment. The ability to reproducibly generate, collect, and use aerosols is critical for the characterization, and preclinical assessment of aerosol-based candidate MRTPs (cMRTPs), such as noncombusted cigarettes, also referred to as heated tobacco products, tobacco heating products, or heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco products. HNB tobacco products generate a nicotine-containing aerosol by heating tobacco instead of burning it. The aerosols generated by HNB products are qualitatively and quantitatively highly different from cigarette smoke (CS). This constitutes technical and experimental challenges comparing the toxicity of HNB aerosols with CS. The methods and experimental setups that have been developed for the study of CS cannot be directly transposed to the study of HNB aerosols. Significant research efforts are dedicated to the development, characterization, and validation of experimental setups and methods suitable for HNB aerosols. They are described in this review, with a particular focus on the Tobacco Heating System version 2.2. This is intended to support further studies, the objective evaluation and verification of existing evidence, and the development of scientifically substantiated HNB MRTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne May
- Consultants in Science, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Falk Radtke
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wei Teck Tan
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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4
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Boué S, Goedertier D, Hoeng J, Iskandar A, Kuczaj AK, Marescotti D, Mathis C, May A, Phillips B, Peitsch MC, Schlage WK, Sciuscio D, Tan WT, Vanscheeuwijck P. State-of-the-art methods and devices for generation, exposure, and collection of aerosols from e-vapor products. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397847320979751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
E-vapor products (EVP) have become popular alternatives for cigarette smokers who would otherwise continue to smoke. EVP research is challenging and complex, mostly because of the numerous and rapidly evolving technologies and designs as well as the multiplicity of e-liquid flavors and solvents available on the market. There is an urgent need to standardize all stages of EVP assessment, from the production of a reference product to e-vapor generation methods and from physicochemical characterization methods to nonclinical and clinical exposure studies. The objective of this review is to provide a detailed description of selected experimental setups and methods for EVP aerosol generation and collection and exposure systems for their in vitro and in vivo assessment. The focus is on the specificities of the product that constitute challenges and require development of ad hoc assessment frameworks, equipment, and methods. In so doing, this review aims to support further studies, objective evaluation, comparison, and verification of existing evidence, and, ultimately, formulation of standardized methods for testing EVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita Iskandar
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arkadiusz K Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Marescotti
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anne May
- Consultants in Science, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Blaine Phillips
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Davide Sciuscio
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Teck Tan
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte. Ltd, Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Patrick Vanscheeuwijck
- Philip Morris International (PMI) Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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5
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Martin F, Gubian S, Talikka M, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. NPA: an R package for computing network perturbation amplitudes using gene expression data and two-layer networks. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:451. [PMID: 31481014 PMCID: PMC6724309 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-throughput gene expression technologies provide complex datasets reflecting mechanisms perturbed in an experiment, typically in a treatment versus control design. Analysis of these information-rich data can be guided based on a priori knowledge, such as networks of related proteins or genes. Assessing the response of a specific mechanism and investigating its biological basis is extremely important in systems toxicology; as compounds or treatment need to be assessed with respect to a predefined set of key mechanisms that could lead to toxicity. Two-layer networks are suitable for this task, and a robust computational methodology specifically addressing those needs was previously published. The NPA package (https://github.com/philipmorrisintl/NPA) implements the algorithm, and a data package of eight two-layer networks representing key mechanisms, such as xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, or epithelial immune innate activation, is provided. Results Gene expression data from an animal study are analyzed using the package and its network models. The functionalities are implemented using R6 classes, making the use of the package seamless and intuitive. The various network responses are analyzed using the leading node analysis, and an overall perturbation, called the Biological Impact Factor, is computed. Conclusions The NPA package implements the published network perturbation amplitude methodology and provides a set of two-layer networks encoded in the Biological Expression Language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Martin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvain Gubian
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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6
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Hoeng J, Maeder S, Vanscheeuwijck P, Peitsch MC. Assessing the lung cancer risk reduction potential of candidate modified risk tobacco products. Intern Emerg Med 2019; 14:821-834. [PMID: 30767158 PMCID: PMC6722152 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-019-02045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. While the risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked and the duration of smoking, it also decreases upon smoking cessation. The development of candidate modified risk tobacco products (cMRTP) is aimed at providing smokers who will not quit with alternatives to cigarettes that present less risk of harm and smoking-related disease. It is necessary to assess the risk reduction potential of cMRTPs, including their potential to reduce the risk of lung cancer. Assessing the lung cancer risk reduction potential of cMRTPs is hampered by (i) the absence of clinical risk markers that are predictive of future lung cancer development, (ii) the latency of lung cancer manifestation (decades of smoking), and (iii) the slow reduction in excess risk upon cessation and a fortiori upon switching to a cMRTP. It is, therefore, likely that only long-term epidemiology will provide definitive answers to this question and allow to first verify that a cMRTP reduces the risk of lung cancer and if it does, to quantify the reduction in excess lung cancer risk associated with a cMRTP. For this to be possible, the cMRTP would need to be available in the market and used exclusively by a large portion of current smokers. Here, we propose that a mechanism-based approach represents a solid alternative to show in a pre-market setting that switching to a cMRTP is likely to significantly reduce the risk of lung cancer. This approach is based on the causal chain of events that leads from smoking to disease and leverages both non-clinical and clinical studies as well as the principles of systems toxicology. We also discuss several important challenges inherent to the assessment of cMRTPs as well as key aspects regarding product use behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Serge Maeder
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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7
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Ishikawa S, Matsumura K, Kitamura N, Takanami Y, Ito S. Multi-omics analysis: Repeated exposure of a 3D bronchial tissue culture to whole-cigarette smoke. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 54:251-262. [PMID: 30291989 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor in the development of chronic inflammatory lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A comprehensive investigation of the biological impacts of chronic CS exposure on lung tissue is therefore important for understanding the pathogenesis of lung disease. We used three-dimensional (3D) organotypic human bronchial tissue cultures and metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics to investigate changes in biological processes affected by repeated whole-CS exposure. We found that CS perturbed central carbon metabolism in relation with oxidative stress responses. Epidermal growth factor receptor, which is involved in the early-stage pathogenesis of airway diseases, was identified as a key regulator of the perturbed processes. Proteomic analysis of proteins in the apical surface liquid of the 3D bronchial tissue cultures indicated that repeated whole-CS exposure induced alterations in the secretion of several known biomarkers of airway diseases, including mucins and matrix metalloproteinases. These findings are consistent with observations from lung disease patients. Overall, our results suggest that 3D bronchial tissue cultures can provide valuable information on tissue-specific alterations in biological processes induced by chronic exposure to CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinkichi Ishikawa
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Kazushi Matsumura
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Nobumasa Kitamura
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Yuichiro Takanami
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Shigeaki Ito
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
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8
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Stabbert R, Dempsey R, Diekmann J, Euchenhofer C, Hagemeister T, Haussmann HJ, Knorr A, Mueller BP, Pospisil P, Reininghaus W, Roemer E, Tewes FJ, Veltel DJ. Studies on the contributions of smoke constituents, individually and in mixtures, in a range of in vitro bioactivity assays. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:222-246. [PMID: 28461234 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture with over 8700 identified constituents. Smoking causes many diseases including lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the mechanisms of how cigarette smoke impacts disease initiation or progression are not well understood and individual smoke constituents causing these effects are not generally agreed upon. The studies reported here were part of a series of investigations into the contributions of selected smoke constituents to the biological activity of cigarette smoke. In vitro cytotoxicity measured by the neutral red uptake (NRU) assay and in vitro mutagenicity determined in the Ames bacterial mutagenicity assay (BMA) were selected because these assays are known to produce reproducible, quantitative results for cigarette smoke under standardized exposure conditions. In order to determine the contribution of individual cigarette smoke constituents, a fingerprinting method was developed to semi-quantify the mainstream smoke yields. For cytotoxicity, 90% of gas vapor phase (GVP) cytotoxicity of the Kentucky Reference cigarette 1R4F was explained by 3 aldehydes and 40% of the 1R4F particulate phase cytotoxicity by 10 smoke constituents, e.g., hydroquinone. In the microsuspension version of the BMA, 4 aldehydes accounted for approximately 70% of the GVP mutagenicity. Finally, the benefits of performing such studies along with the difficulties in interpretation in the context of smoking are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Stabbert
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Rue des Usines 90, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland.
| | - Ruth Dempsey
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Rue des Usines 90, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Diekmann
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Timo Hagemeister
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Arno Knorr
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Boris P Mueller
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | - Pavel Pospisil
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Wolf Reininghaus
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ewald Roemer
- Philip Morris Products SA, Philip Morris International R&D, Rue des Usines 90, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Franz J Tewes
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
| | - Detlef J Veltel
- Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Fuggerstrasse 3, D-51149 Cologne, Germany
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9
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Hartung T, FitzGerald RE, Jennings P, Mirams GR, Peitsch MC, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Shah I, Wilks MF, Sturla SJ. Systems Toxicology: Real World Applications and Opportunities. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:870-882. [PMID: 28362102 PMCID: PMC5396025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Systems Toxicology aims to change the basis of how adverse biological effects of xenobiotics are characterized from empirical end points to describing modes of action as adverse outcome pathways and perturbed networks. Toward this aim, Systems Toxicology entails the integration of in vitro and in vivo toxicity data with computational modeling. This evolving approach depends critically on data reliability and relevance, which in turn depends on the quality of experimental models and bioanalysis techniques used to generate toxicological data. Systems Toxicology involves the use of large-scale data streams ("big data"), such as those derived from omics measurements that require computational means for obtaining informative results. Thus, integrative analysis of multiple molecular measurements, particularly acquired by omics strategies, is a key approach in Systems Toxicology. In recent years, there have been significant advances centered on in vitro test systems and bioanalytical strategies, yet a frontier challenge concerns linking observed network perturbations to phenotypes, which will require understanding pathways and networks that give rise to adverse responses. This summary perspective from a 2016 Systems Toxicology meeting, an international conference held in the Alps of Switzerland, describes the limitations and opportunities of selected emerging applications in this rapidly advancing field. Systems Toxicology aims to change the basis of how adverse biological effects of xenobiotics are characterized, from empirical end points to pathways of toxicity. This requires the integration of in vitro and in vivo data with computational modeling. Test systems and bioanalytical technologies have made significant advances, but ensuring data reliability and relevance is an ongoing concern. The major challenge facing the new pathway approach is determining how to link observed network perturbations to phenotypic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartung
- Center
for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
- University
of Konstanz, CAAT-Europe, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rex E. FitzGerald
- Swiss
Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University
of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division
of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gary R. Mirams
- Centre
for Mathematical Medicine & Biology, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Department
of Research and Development, Philip Morris
International, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre
for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University
of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
- Simcyp
Limited (a Certara Company), Blades Enterprise
Centre, Sheffield S2 4SU, U.K.
| | - Imran Shah
- National
Center for Computational Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Martin F. Wilks
- Swiss
Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, University
of Basel, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shana J. Sturla
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Gonzalez-Suarez I, Marescotti D, Martin F, Scotti E, Guedj E, Acali S, Dulize R, Baumer K, Peric D, Frentzel S, Ivanov NV, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. In Vitro Systems Toxicology Assessment of Nonflavored e-Cigarette Liquids in Primary Lung Epithelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Gonzalez-Suarez
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Diego Marescotti
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Elena Scotti
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Stefano Acali
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Remi Dulize
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Karine Baumer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Dariusz Peric
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Nikolai V. Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland (part of Philip Morris International group of companies)
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11
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Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 1: Description of the system and the scientific assessment program. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S17-S26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Borowska S, Brzóska MM. Chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa
) and Their Products as a Possible Means for the Prevention and Treatment of Noncommunicable Diseases and Unfavorable Health Effects Due to Exposure to Xenobiotics. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:982-1017. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Borowska
- Borowska and Brzóska are with Dept. of Toxicology; Medical Univ. of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
| | - Malgorzata M. Brzóska
- Borowska and Brzóska are with Dept. of Toxicology; Medical Univ. of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
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13
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Iskandar AR, Gonzalez-Suarez I, Majeed S, Marescotti D, Sewer A, Xiang Y, Leroy P, Guedj E, Mathis C, Schaller JP, Vanscheeuwijck P, Frentzel S, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A framework for in vitro systems toxicology assessment of e-liquids. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:389-413. [PMID: 27117495 PMCID: PMC5309872 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1170251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), of which electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are the most recognized prototype, have been quickly gaining ground on conventional cigarettes because they are perceived as less harmful. Research assessing the potential effects of ENDS exposure in humans is currently limited and inconclusive. New products are emerging with numerous variations in designs and performance parameters within and across brands. Acknowledging these challenges, we present here a proposed framework for an in vitro systems toxicology assessment of e-liquids and their aerosols, intended to complement the battery of assays for standard toxicity assessments. The proposed framework utilizes high-throughput toxicity assessments of e-liquids and their aerosols, in which the device-to-device variability is minimized, and a systems-level investigation of the cellular mechanisms of toxicity is an integral part. An analytical chemistry investigation is also included as a part of the framework to provide accurate and reliable chemistry data solidifying the toxicological assessment. In its simplest form, the framework comprises of three main layers: (1) high-throughput toxicity screening of e-liquids using primary human cell culture systems; (2) toxicity-related mechanistic assessment of selected e-liquids, and (3) toxicity-related mechanistic assessment of their aerosols using organotypic air-liquid interface airway culture systems. A systems toxicology assessment approach is leveraged to enable in-depth analyses of the toxicity-related cellular mechanisms of e-liquids and their aerosols. We present example use cases to demonstrate the suitability of the framework for a robust in vitro assessment of e-liquids and their aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | | | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | | | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D,
Neuchâtel,
Switzerland
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14
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Iron overload by Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles is a High Risk Factor in Cirrhosis by a Systems Toxicology Assessment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29110. [PMID: 27357559 PMCID: PMC4928111 DOI: 10.1038/srep29110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a contrast agent have been widely used in magnetic resonance imaging for tumor diagnosis and theranostics. However, there has been safety concern of SPIONs with cirrhosis related to excess iron-induced oxidative stress. In this study, the impact of iron overload by SPIONs was assessed on a mouse cirrhosis model. A single dose of SPION injection at 0.5 or 5 mg Fe/kg in the cirrhosis group induced a septic shock response at 24 h with elevated serum levels of liver and kidney function markers and extended impacts over 14 days including high levels of serum cholesterols and persistent low serum iron level. In contrast, full restoration of liver functions was found in the normal group with the same dosages over time. Analysis with PCR array of the toxicity pathways revealed the high dose of SPIONs induced significant expression changes of a distinct subset of genes in the cirrhosis liver. All these results suggested that excess iron of the high dose of SPIONs might be a risk factor for cirrhosis because of the marked impacts of elevated lipid metabolism, disruption of iron homeostasis and possibly, aggravated loss of liver functions.
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15
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Currier JM, Cheng WY, Menendez D, Conolly R, Chorley BN. Developing a Gene Biomarker at the Tipping Point of Adaptive and Adverse Responses in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155875. [PMID: 27195669 PMCID: PMC4873291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining mechanism-based biomarkers that distinguish adaptive and adverse cellular processes is critical to understanding the health effects of environmental exposures. Shifting from in vivo, low-throughput toxicity studies to high-throughput screening (HTS) paradigms and risk assessment based on in vitro and in silico testing requires utilizing toxicity pathway information to distinguish adverse outcomes from recoverable adaptive events. Little work has focused on oxidative stresses in human airway for the purposes of predicting adverse responses. We hypothesize that early gene expression-mediated molecular changes could be used to delineate adaptive and adverse responses to environmentally-based perturbations. Here, we examined cellular responses of the tracheobronchial airway to zinc (Zn) exposure, a model oxidant. Airway derived BEAS-2B cells exposed to 2–10 μM Zn2+ elicited concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity. Normal, adaptive, and cytotoxic Zn2+ exposure conditions were determined with traditional apical endpoints, and differences in global gene expression around the tipping point of the responses were used to delineate underlying molecular mechanisms. Bioinformatic analyses of differentially expressed genes indicate early enrichment of stress signaling pathways, including those mediated by the transcription factors p53 and NRF2. After 4 h, 154 genes were differentially expressed (p < 0.01) between the adaptive and cytotoxic Zn2+ concentrations. Nearly 40% of the biomarker genes were related to the p53 signaling pathway with 30 genes identified as likely direct targets using a database of p53 ChIP-seq studies. Despite similar p53 activation profiles, these data revealed widespread dampening of p53 and NRF2-related genes as early as 4 h after exposure at higher, unrecoverable Zn2+ exposures. Thus, in our model early increased activation of stress response pathways indicated a recoverable adaptive event. Overall, this study highlights the importance of characterizing molecular mechanisms around the tipping point of adverse responses to better inform HTS paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M. Currier
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wan-Yun Cheng
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel Menendez
- Genome Integrity & Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rory Conolly
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brian N. Chorley
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Marescotti D, Gonzalez Suarez I, Acali S, Johne S, Laurent A, Frentzel S, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC). J Vis Exp 2016:53987. [PMID: 27228213 PMCID: PMC4942107 DOI: 10.3791/53987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and lung diseases. Because CS is a complex aerosol containing more than 7,000 chemicals it is challenging to assess the contributions of individual constituents to its overall toxicity. Toxicological profiles of individual constituents as well as mixtures can be however established in vitro, by applying high through-put screening tools, which enable the profiling of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHCs) of tobacco smoke, as defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). For an initial assessment, an impedance-based instrument was used for a real-time, label-free assessment of the compound's toxicity. The instrument readout relies on cell adhesion, viability and morphology that all together provide an overview of the cell status. A dimensionless parameter, named cell index, is used for quantification. A set of different staining protocols was developed for a fluorescence imaging-based investigation and a HCS platform was used to gain more in-depth information on the kind of cytotoxicity elicited by each HPHC. Of the 15 constituents tested, only five were selected for HCS-based analysis as they registered a computable LD50 (< 20 mM). These included 1-aminonaphtalene, Arsenic (V), Chromium (VI), Crotonaldehyde and Phenol. Based on their effect in the HCS, 1-aminonaphtalene and Phenol could be identified to induce mitochondrial dysfunction, and, together with Chromium (VI) as genotoxic based on the increased histone H2AX phosphorylation. Crotonaldehyde was identified as an oxidative stress inducer and Arsenic as a stress kinase pathway activator. This study demonstrates that a combination of impedance-based and HCS technologies provides a robust tool for in vitro assessment of CS constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Marescotti
- Biological System Research (BSR), Philip Morris International R&D;
| | | | - Stefano Acali
- Biological System Research (BSR), Philip Morris International R&D
| | - Stephanie Johne
- Biological System Research (BSR), Philip Morris International R&D
| | | | - Stefan Frentzel
- Biological System Research (BSR), Philip Morris International R&D
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Biological System Research (BSR), Philip Morris International R&D
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Biological System Research (BSR), Philip Morris International R&D
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17
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Gonzalez-Suarez I, Martin F, Marescotti D, Guedj E, Acali S, Johne S, Dulize R, Baumer K, Peric D, Goedertier D, Frentzel S, Ivanov NV, Mathis C, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. In Vitro Systems Toxicology Assessment of a Candidate Modified Risk Tobacco Product Shows Reduced Toxicity Compared to That of a Conventional Cigarette. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 29:3-18. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Gonzalez-Suarez
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Marescotti
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Acali
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Johne
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Remi Dulize
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Karine Baumer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Dariusz Peric
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Goedertier
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V. Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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18
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Kogel U, Gonzalez Suarez I, Xiang Y, Dossin E, Guy PA, Mathis C, Marescotti D, Goedertier D, Martin F, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Biological impact of cigarette smoke compared to an aerosol produced from a prototypic modified risk tobacco product on normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:2102-15. [PMID: 26277032 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes serious and fatal diseases. The best way for smokers to avoid health risks is to quit smoking. Using modified risk tobacco products (MRTPs) may be an alternative to reduce the harm caused for those who are unwilling to quit smoking, but little is known about the toxic effects of MRTPs, nor were the molecular mechanisms of toxicity investigated in detail. The toxicity of an MRTP and the potential molecular mechanisms involved were investigated in high-content screening tests and whole genome transcriptomics analyses using human bronchial epithelial cells. The prototypic (p)MRTP that was tested had less impact than reference cigarette 3R4F on the cellular oxidative stress response and cell death pathways. Higher pMRTP aerosol extract concentrations had impact on pathways associated with the detoxification of xenobiotics and the reduction of oxidative damage. A pMRTP aerosol concentration up to 18 times higher than the 3R4F caused similar perturbation effects in biological networks and led to the perturbation of networks related to cell stress, and proliferation biology. These results may further facilitate the development of a systems toxicology-based impact assessment for use in future risk assessments in line with the 21st century toxicology paradigm, as shown here for an MRTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kogel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - I Gonzalez Suarez
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Y Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - E Dossin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - P A Guy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - C Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - D Marescotti
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - D Goedertier
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - F Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - M C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - J Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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19
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Boué S, Talikka M, Westra JW, Hayes W, Di Fabio A, Park J, Schlage WK, Sewer A, Fields B, Ansari S, Martin F, Veljkovic E, Kenney R, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Causal biological network database: a comprehensive platform of causal biological network models focused on the pulmonary and vascular systems. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2015; 2015:bav030. [PMID: 25887162 PMCID: PMC4401337 DOI: 10.1093/database/bav030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
With the wealth of publications and data available, powerful and transparent computational approaches are required to represent measured data and scientific knowledge in a computable and searchable format. We developed a set of biological network models, scripted in the Biological Expression Language, that reflect causal signaling pathways across a wide range of biological processes, including cell fate, cell stress, cell proliferation, inflammation, tissue repair and angiogenesis in the pulmonary and cardiovascular context. This comprehensive collection of networks is now freely available to the scientific community in a centralized web-based repository, the Causal Biological Network database, which is composed of over 120 manually curated and well annotated biological network models and can be accessed at http://causalbionet.com. The website accesses a MongoDB, which stores all versions of the networks as JSON objects and allows users to search for genes, proteins, biological processes, small molecules and keywords in the network descriptions to retrieve biological networks of interest. The content of the networks can be visualized and browsed. Nodes and edges can be filtered and all supporting evidence for the edges can be browsed and is linked to the original articles in PubMed. Moreover, networks may be downloaded for further visualization and evaluation. Database URL:http://causalbionet.com
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Boué
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Jurjen Willem Westra
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - William Hayes
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Anselmo Di Fabio
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Jennifer Park
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Brett Fields
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Sam Ansari
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Emilija Veljkovic
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Renee Kenney
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A. Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Selventa, One Alewife Center, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA and Applied Dynamic Solutions, LLC, 220 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100, Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
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20
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Bucchieri F, Marino Gammazza A, Pitruzzella A, Fucarino A, Farina F, Howarth P, Holgate ST, Zummo G, Davies DE. Cigarette smoke causes caspase-independent apoptosis of bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic donors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120510. [PMID: 25793769 PMCID: PMC4368206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated important links between air pollution and asthma. Amongst these pollutants, environmental cigarette smoke is a risk factor both for asthma pathogenesis and exacerbation. As the barrier to the inhaled environment, the bronchial epithelium is a key structure that is exposed to cigarette smoke. OBJECTIVES Since primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from asthmatic donors are more susceptible to oxidant-induced apoptosis, we hypothesized that they would be susceptible to cigarette smoke-induced cell death. METHODS PBECs from normal and asthmatic donors were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE); cell survival and apoptosis were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and protective effects of antioxidants evaluated. The mechanism of cell death was evaluated using caspase inhibitors and immunofluorescent staining for apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). RESULTS Exposure of PBEC cultures to CSE resulted in a dose-dependent increase in cell death. At 20% CSE, PBECs from asthmatic donors exhibited significantly more apoptosis than cells from non-asthmatic controls. Reduced glutathione (GSH), but not ascorbic acid (AA), protected against CSE-induced apoptosis. To investigate mechanisms of CSE-induced apoptosis, caspase-3 or -9 inhibitors were tested, but these failed to prevent apoptosis; in contrast, CSE promoted nuclear translocation of AIF from the mitochondria. GSH reduced the number of nuclear-AIF positive cells whereas AA was ineffective. CONCLUSION Our results show that PBECs from asthmatic donors are more susceptible to CSE-induced apoptosis. This response involves AIF, which has been implicated in DNA damage and ROS-mediated cell-death. Epithelial susceptibility to CSE may contribute to the impact of environmental tobacco smoke in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bucchieri
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology (IBIM), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pitruzzella
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Fucarino
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Felicia Farina
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Peter Howarth
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T. Holgate
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Zummo
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Donna E. Davies
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Abstract
Driven by new regulatory demands to demonstrate risk reduction, the toxicity assessment of tobacco products increasingly employs innovative in vitro methods, including biphasic cell and tissue cultures exposed to whole cigarette smoke at the air-liquid interface, cell transformation assays, and genomic analyses. At the same time, novel tobacco products are increasingly compared to traditional cigarettes. This overview of in vitro toxicology studies of tobacco products reported in the last five years provides evidence to support the prioritisation of in vitro over in vivo methods by industry and their recommendation by regulatory authorities.
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Schlage WK, Iskandar AR, Kostadinova R, Xiang Y, Sewer A, Majeed S, Kuehn D, Frentzel S, Talikka M, Geertz M, Mathis C, Ivanov N, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. In vitro systems toxicology approach to investigate the effects of repeated cigarette smoke exposure on human buccal and gingival organotypic epithelial tissue cultures. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:470-87. [PMID: 25046638 PMCID: PMC4219813 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.943441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Smoking has been associated with diseases of the lung, pulmonary airways and oral cavity. Cytologic, genomic and transcriptomic changes in oral mucosa correlate with oral pre-neoplasia, cancer and inflammation (e.g. periodontitis). Alteration of smoking-related gene expression changes in oral epithelial cells is similar to that in bronchial and nasal epithelial cells. Using a systems toxicology approach, we have previously assessed the impact of cigarette smoke (CS) seen as perturbations of biological processes in human nasal and bronchial organotypic epithelial culture models. Here, we report our further assessment using in vitro human oral organotypic epithelium models. We exposed the buccal and gingival organotypic epithelial tissue cultures to CS at the air-liquid interface. CS exposure was associated with increased secretion of inflammatory mediators, induction of cytochrome P450s activity and overall weak toxicity in both tissues. Using microarray technology, gene-set analysis and a novel computational modeling approach leveraging causal biological network models, we identified CS impact on xenobiotic metabolism-related pathways accompanied by a more subtle alteration in inflammatory processes. Gene-set analysis further indicated that the CS-induced pathways in the in vitro buccal tissue models resembled those in the in vivo buccal biopsies of smokers from a published dataset. These findings support the translatability of systems responses from in vitro to in vivo and demonstrate the applicability of oral organotypical tissue models for an impact assessment of CS on various tissues exposed during smoking, as well as for impact assessment of reduced-risk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter K. Schlage
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Anita R. Iskandar
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Diana Kuehn
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Marcel Geertz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Nikolai Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
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Vasilyev DM, Thomson TM, Frushour BP, Martin F, Sewer A. An algorithm for score aggregation over causal biological networks based on random walk sampling. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:516. [PMID: 25113603 PMCID: PMC4266947 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We recently published in BMC Systems Biology an approach for calculating the perturbation amplitudes of causal network models by integrating gene differential expression data. This approach relies on the process of score aggregation, which combines the perturbations at the level of the individual network nodes into a global measure that quantifies the perturbation of the network as a whole. Such "bottom-up" aggregation relates the changes in molecular entities measured by omics technologies to systems-level phenotypes. However, the aggregation method we used is limited to a specific class of causal network models called "causally consistent", which is equivalent to the notion of balance of a signed graph used in graph theory. As a consequence of this limitation, our aggregation method cannot be used in the many relevant cases involving "causally inconsistent" network models such as those containing negative feedbacks. Findings In this note, we propose an algorithm called "sampling of spanning trees" (SST) that extends our published aggregation method to causally inconsistent network models by replacing the signed relationships between the network nodes by an appropriate continuous measure. The SST algorithm is based on spanning trees, which are a particular class of subgraphs used in graph theory, and on a sampling procedure leveraging the properties of specific random walks on the graph. This algorithm is applied to several cases of biological interest. Conclusions The SST algorithm provides a practical means of aggregating nodal values over causally inconsistent network models based on solid mathematical foundations. We showed its utility in systems biology, where the nodal values can be perturbation amplitudes of protein activities or gene differential expressions, while the networks can be models of cellular signaling or expression regulation. Since the SST algorithm is based on general graph-theoretical considerations, it is scalable to arbitrary graph sizes and can potentially be used for performing quantitative analyses in any context involving signed graphs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-516) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S,A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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