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Ndreu L, Carlsson J, Ponting DJ, Niklasson IB, Stéen EJL, McHugh L, O’Boyle NM, Luthman K, Karlberg AT, Karlsson I. Bioactivation of cinnamic alcohol in a reconstructed human epidermis model and evaluation of sensitizing potency of the identified metabolites. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1398852. [PMID: 39050368 PMCID: PMC11266153 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1398852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cinnamic alcohol is a natural compound, widely used in fragrances, which can cause allergic contact dermatitis. Cinnamic alcohol lacks intrinsic reactivity and autoxidation or metabolic activation is necessary for it to act as a sensitizer. Methods Bioactivation of cinnamic alcohol was explored using human liver microsomes, human liver S9 and SkinEthic™ Reconstructed Human Epidermis. A targeted multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry method was employed to study and quantify cinnamic alcohol along with eight potential phase I or phase II metabolites. The reconstructed human epidermis model, treated with cinnamic alcohol, was also analyzed with a non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry method to identify metabolites not included in the targeted method. Results Two metabolites identified with the targeted method, namely, pOH-cinnamic alcohol and pOH-cinnamic aldehyde, have not previously been identified in a metabolic in vitro system. Their reactivity toward biologically relevant nucleophiles was investigated and compared to their sensitizing potency in vivo in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). According to the LLNA, the pOH-cinnamic alcohol is non-sensitizing and pOH-cinnamic aldehyde is a moderate sensitizer. This makes pOH-cinnamic aldehyde less sensitizing than cinnamic aldehyde, which has been found to be a strong sensitizer in the LLNA. This difference in sensitizing potency was supported by the reactivity experiments. Cinnamic sulfate, previously proposed as a potential reactive metabolite of cinnamic alcohol, was not detected in any of the incubations. In addition, experiments examining the reactivity of cinnamic sulfate toward a model peptide revealed no evidence of adduct formation. The only additional metabolite that could be identified with the non-targeted method was a dioxolan derivative. Whether or not this metabolite, or one of its precursors, could contribute to the sensitizing potency of cinnamic alcohol would need further investigation. Discussion Cinnamic alcohol is one of the most common fragrance allergens and as it is more effective to patch test with the actual sensitizer than with the prohapten itself, it is important to identify metabolites with sensitizing potency. Further, improved knowledge of metabolic transformations occurring in the skin can improve prediction models for safety assessment of skin products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ndreu
- Department of Environmental Science, Exposure, and Effect, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefine Carlsson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David J. Ponting
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B. Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E. Johanna L. Stéen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lukas McHugh
- Department of Environmental Science, Exposure, and Effect, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niamh M. O’Boyle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Panoz Institute and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Exposure, and Effect, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jäger T, Bäcker S, Brodbeck T, Leibold E, Bader M. Quantitative determination of urinary metabolites of geraniol by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5718-5728. [PMID: 33220670 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01582b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Geraniol is a fragrance which occurs in natural terpene oil or is chemically synthesized on a large scale. It is used in a wide variety of consumer products such as perfumes, deodorants, household products and cosmetics. Hence, not only industry workers in the production of geraniol, but also consumers can come into contact with the substance. Human biomonitoring (HBM), i.e. the analytical determination of substances and their metabolites in human biological material, is a key element in the analysis and assessment of the distribution and intensity of occupational and environmental exposure of humans. Therefore, a procedure for the quantitative determination of the urinary metabolites Hildebrandt acid, geranic acid, 3-hydroxycitronellic acid and 8-carboxygeraniol as potential biomarkers of geraniol exposure was developed and validated. The method is based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) after enzymatic hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of the target analytes. The limit of quantification (LOQ) is 1.5 μg L-1 for 8-carboxygeraniol, 2.7 μg L-1 each for Hildebrandt acid and geranic acid, and 1.8 μg L-1 for 3-hydroxycitronellic acid. The method was applied to urine samples of 41 persons without occupational exposure to geraniol. Hildebrandt acid and geranic acid were detected in all samples, 8-carboxygeraniol in 83% and 3-hydroxycitronellic acid in 81% of the samples. Hildebrandt acid (median: 313 μg L-1, range: 37-1966 μg L-1) was the most abundant metabolite, followed by geranic acid (93 μg L-1; 9-477 μg L-1), 3-hydroxycitronellic acid (18 μg L-1; <LOQ to 70 μg L-1) and 8-carboxygeraniol (9 μg L-1; <LOQ to 46 μg L-1). Hildebrandt acid, geranic acid and 3-hydroxycitronellic acid apparently represent larger relative fractions of the eliminated metabolites, but they are not strictly specific for geraniol since they are metabolites of other terpenes as well, such as citral. In contrast, geraniol seems to be the only parent compound for 8-carboxygeraniol, which makes this metabolite a promising candidate for specific human biomonitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jäger
- BASF SE, Corporate Health Management, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Hughes TB, Dang NL, Kumar A, Flynn NR, Swamidass SJ. Metabolic Forest: Predicting the Diverse Structures of Drug Metabolites. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:4702-4716. [PMID: 32881497 PMCID: PMC8716321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug metabolism often severely impacts patient morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, drug metabolism experimental assays are costly, inefficient, and slow. Instead, computational modeling could rapidly flag potentially toxic molecules across thousands of candidates in the early stages of drug development. Most metabolism models focus on predicting sites of metabolism (SOMs): the specific substrate atoms targeted by metabolic enzymes. However, SOMs are merely a proxy for metabolic structures: knowledge of an SOM does not explicitly provide the actual metabolite structure. Without an explicit metabolite structure, computational systems cannot evaluate the new molecule's properties. For example, the metabolite's reactivity cannot be automatically predicted, a crucial limitation because reactive drug metabolites are a key driver of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Additionally, further metabolic events cannot be forecast, even though the metabolic path of the majority of substrates includes two or more sequential steps. To overcome the myopia of the SOM paradigm, this study constructs a well-defined system-termed the metabolic forest-for generating exact metabolite structures. We validate the metabolic forest with the substrate and product structures from a large, chemically diverse, literature-derived dataset of 20 736 records. The metabolic forest finds a pathway linking each substrate and product for 79.42% of these records. By performing a breadth-first search of depth two or three, we improve performance to 88.43 and 88.77%, respectively. The metabolic forest includes a specialized algorithm for producing accurate quinone structures, the most common type of reactive metabolite. To our knowledge, this quinone structure algorithm is the first of its kind, as the diverse mechanisms of quinone formation are difficult to systematically reproduce. We validate the metabolic forest on a previously published dataset of 576 quinone reactions, predicting their structures with a depth three performance of 91.84%. The metabolic forest accurately enumerates metabolite structures, enabling promising new directions such as joint metabolism and reactivity modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Na Le Dang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Noah R Flynn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - S Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Hagvall L, Rudbäck J, Bråred Christensson J, Karlberg AT. Patch testing with purified and oxidized citronellol. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:372-379. [PMID: 32638395 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citronellol is a commonly used fragrance terpene included in fragrance mix II. As with many other fragrance terpenes, citronellol is susceptible to autoxidation. Citronellol hydroperoxides are formed in large amounts and are the only oxidation products identified as sensitizers in oxidized citronellol. AIM To compare frequencies of contact allergy to purified and oxidized citronellol and to investigate the pattern of concomitant reactions to fragrance markers of the baseline series, oxidized linalool, and oxidized limonene. METHODS A total of 658 dermatitis patients were patch tested with purified and oxidized citronellol at 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, and 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0% petrolatum, respectively. The irritant properties of purified and oxidized citronellol were studied before patch testing. RESULTS Few irritant reactions were observed in the pretest. Purified citronellol detected positive reactions in 0.15%-0.31% of patients, while oxidized citronellol detected positive reactions in 0.61%-4.5%. Among patients reacting to oxidized citronellol, 34%-50% showed concomitant reactions to fragrance markers of the baseline series and 75%-91% to oxidized linalool or oxidized limonene. CONCLUSION Oxidized citronellol detects more cases of contact allergy than purified citronellol, and these cases are not all detected using fragrance mix II. Patch testing with oxidized citronellol will add to the tools in the diagnosis of fragrance allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rudbäck
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Allen TEH, Grayson MN, Goodman JM, Gutsell S, Russell PJ. Using Transition State Modeling To Predict Mutagenicity for Michael Acceptors. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 58:1266-1271. [PMID: 29847119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Ames mutagenicity assay is a long established in vitro test to measure the mutagenicity potential of a new chemical used in regulatory testing globally. One of the key computational approaches to modeling of the Ames assay relies on the formation of chemical categories based on the different electrophilic compounds that are able to react directly with DNA and form a covalent bond. Such approaches sometimes predict false positives, as not all Michael acceptors are found to be Ames-positive. The formation of such covalent bonds can be explored computationally using density functional theory transition state modeling. We have applied this approach to mutagenicity, allowing us to calculate the activation energy required for α,β-unsaturated carbonyls to react with a model system for the guanine nucleobase of DNA. These calculations have allowed us to identify that chemical compounds with activation energies greater than or equal to 25.7 kcal/mol are not able to bind directly to DNA. This allows us to reduce the false positive rate for computationally predicted mutagenicity assays. This methodology can be used to investigate other covalent-bond-forming reactions that can lead to toxicological outcomes and learn more about experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E H Allen
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Matthew N Grayson
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M Goodman
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Steve Gutsell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre , Colworth Science Park , Sharnbrook , Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ , United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Russell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre , Colworth Science Park , Sharnbrook , Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ , United Kingdom
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Liu J, Zou Y, Zhou L, Chai A, Wang C, Dang HS, Wang Q, Goeke A. A Practical Domino-Claisen-CopeSequence in the Synthesis of New Blooming Citrus and Potent Floral Rose Alcohols. Helv Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
- Fragrance Ingredients Research; Givaudan Fragrances (Shanghai) Ltd.; 298 Li Shi Zhen Road Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Yue Zou
- Fragrance Ingredients Research; Givaudan Fragrances (Shanghai) Ltd.; 298 Li Shi Zhen Road Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Fragrance Ingredients Research; Givaudan Fragrances (Shanghai) Ltd.; 298 Li Shi Zhen Road Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - An Chai
- Fragrance Ingredients Research; Givaudan Fragrances (Shanghai) Ltd.; 298 Li Shi Zhen Road Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Fragrance Ingredients Research; Givaudan Fragrances (Shanghai) Ltd.; 298 Li Shi Zhen Road Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Hai-Shan Dang
- Fragrance Ingredients Research; Givaudan Fragrances (Shanghai) Ltd.; 298 Li Shi Zhen Road Shanghai 201203 P. R. China
| | - Quanrui Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 P. R. China
| | - Andreas Goeke
- Fragrance Ingredients Research; Givaudan Schweiz AG; Überlandstrasse 138 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
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Roberts DW, Aptula A, Api AM. Structure–Potency Relationships for Epoxides in Allergic Contact Dermatitis. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:524-531. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Roberts
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom
| | - Aynur Aptula
- Unilever
Safety
and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff
Lake, New Jersey 07677, United States
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8
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Chittiboyina AG, Avonto C, Khan IA. What Happens after Activation of Ascaridole? Reactive Compounds and Their Implications for Skin Sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1488-92. [PMID: 27513446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To replace animal testing and improve the prediction of skin sensitization, significant attention has been directed to the use of alternative methods. The direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), the regulatory agencies' approved alternative in chemico method, has been applied for understanding the sensitization capacity of activated ascaridole. Ascaridole, the oxidative metabolite of α-terpinene, is considered to be one of the components responsible for the contact allergy associated with essential oils derived from Chenopodium and Melaleuca species. The recently developed high-throughput screening based on the dansyl cysteamine (HTS-DCYA) method was applied to understand the reported enhanced reactivity of activated ascaridole and possibly to identify the resulting elusive radical or other reactive species. For the first time, a substituted cyclohexenone was identified as a potential electrophilic intermediate resulting in higher depletion of nucleophilic DCYA, along with several nonreactive byproducts of ascaridole via a radical degradation mechanism. Formation of electrophilic species via radical degradation is one of the possible pathways should be considered for the peptide reactivity of in aged tea tree oil or oils rich in terpinenes along with commonly believed reactants, allylic-epoxides and allylic-peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, ‡Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Cristina Avonto
- National Center for Natural Products Research, ‡Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, ‡Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences; School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Hughes T, Dang NL, Miller GP, Swamidass SJ. Modeling Reactivity to Biological Macromolecules with a Deep Multitask Network. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:529-37. [PMID: 27610414 PMCID: PMC4999971 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Most small-molecule drug candidates fail before entering the market, frequently because of unexpected toxicity. Often, toxicity is detected only late in drug development, because many types of toxicities, especially idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs), are particularly hard to predict and detect. Moreover, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most frequent reason drugs are withdrawn from the market and causes 50% of acute liver failure cases in the United States. A common mechanism often underlies many types of drug toxicities, including both DILI and IADRs. Drugs are bioactivated by drug-metabolizing enzymes into reactive metabolites, which then conjugate to sites in proteins or DNA to form adducts. DNA adducts are often mutagenic and may alter the reading and copying of genes and their regulatory elements, causing gene dysregulation and even triggering cancer. Similarly, protein adducts can disrupt their normal biological functions and induce harmful immune responses. Unfortunately, reactive metabolites are not reliably detected by experiments, and it is also expensive to test drug candidates for potential to form DNA or protein adducts during the early stages of drug development. In contrast, computational methods have the potential to quickly screen for covalent binding potential, thereby flagging problematic molecules and reducing the total number of necessary experiments. Here, we train a deep convolution neural network-the XenoSite reactivity model-using literature data to accurately predict both sites and probability of reactivity for molecules with glutathione, cyanide, protein, and DNA. On the site level, cross-validated predictions had area under the curve (AUC) performances of 89.8% for DNA and 94.4% for protein. Furthermore, the model separated molecules electrophilically reactive with DNA and protein from nonreactive molecules with cross-validated AUC performances of 78.7% and 79.8%, respectively. On both the site- and molecule-level, the model's performances significantly outperformed reactivity indices derived from quantum simulations that are reported in the literature. Moreover, we developed and applied a selectivity score to assess preferential reactions with the macromolecules as opposed to the common screening traps. For the entire data set of 2803 molecules, this approach yielded totals of 257 (9.2%) and 227 (8.1%) molecules predicted to be reactive only with DNA and protein, respectively, and hence those that would be missed by standard reactivity screening experiments. Site of reactivity data is an underutilized resource that can be used to not only predict if molecules are reactive, but also show where they might be modified to reduce toxicity while retaining efficacy. The XenoSite reactivity model is available at http://swami.wustl.edu/xenosite/p/reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler
B. Hughes
- Department
of Pathology and Immunology, Washington
University School of Medicine, Campus
Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Na Le Dang
- Department
of Pathology and Immunology, Washington
University School of Medicine, Campus
Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Grover P. Miller
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - S. Joshua Swamidass
- Department
of Pathology and Immunology, Washington
University School of Medicine, Campus
Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- E-mail:
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Reporter cell lines for skin sensitization testing. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1645-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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