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Karlsson I, Ponting DJ, Ortega MA, Niklasson IB, Ndreu L, Stéen EJL, Seifert T, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Nature-Derived Epoxy Resin Monomers with Reduced Sensitizing Capacity─Isosorbide-Based Bis-Epoxides. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:281-290. [PMID: 36652206 PMCID: PMC9945177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resin systems (ERSs) are a class of thermosetting resins that become thermostable and insoluble polymers upon curing. They are widely used as components of protective surfaces, adhesives, and paints and in the manufacturing of composites in the plastics industry. The diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) is used in 75-90% of ERSs and is thus by far the most used epoxy resin monomer (ERM). Unfortunately, DGEBA is a strong skin sensitizer and it is one of the most common causes of occupational contact dermatitis. Furthermore, DGEBA is synthesized from bisphenol A (BPA), which is a petroleum-derived chemical with endocrine-disruptive properties. In this work, we have used isosorbide, a renewable and nontoxic sugar-based material, as an alternative to BPA in the design of ERMs. Three different bis-epoxide isosorbide derivatives were synthesized: the diglycidyl ether of isosorbide (1) and two novel isosorbide-based bis-epoxides containing either a benzoic ester (2) or a benzyl ether linkage (3). Assessment of the in vivo sensitizing potency of the isosorbide bis-epoxides in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) showed that all three compounds were significantly less sensitizing than DGEBA, especially 2 which was nonsensitizing up to 25% w/v. The peptide reactivity showed the same order of reactivity as the LLNA, i.e., 2 being the least reactive, followed by 3 and then 1, which displayed similar peptide reactivity as DGEBA. Skin permeation of 2 and 3 was compared to DGEBA using ex vivo pig skin and static Franz cells. The preliminary investigations of the technical properties of the polymers formed from 1-3 were promising. Although further investigations of the technical properties are needed, all isosorbide bis-epoxides have the potential to be less sensitizing renewable replacements of DGEBA, especially 2 that had the lowest sensitizing potency in vivo as well as the lowest peptide reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Exposure and Effect, Stockholm University, SE-106 91Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David J Ponting
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lorena Ndreu
- Department of Environmental Science, Exposure and Effect, Stockholm University, SE-106 91Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Johanna L Stéen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tina Seifert
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96Gothenburg, Sweden
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2
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O’Boyle NM, Niklasson IB, Ponting DJ, Ortega MA, Seifert T, Natsch A, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Nature-derived epoxy resins: Synthesis, allergenicity, and thermosetting properties of pinoresinol diglycidyl ether. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:259-269. [PMID: 35465773 PMCID: PMC9082971 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221089595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel nature-derived epoxy resin monomer (ERM) derived from the plant lignan pinoresinol. Epoxy resins are thermosetting materials in global usage owing to their excellent technical properties such as flexibility and durability. However, their adverse health effects are often not considered and affect users of epoxy resins worldwide. Components of epoxy resin systems are strong skin sensitizers and cause allergic contact dermatitis. The reported prevalence attributable to epoxy chemicals is between 11.7 and 12.5% of all cases of occupational allergic contact dermatitis. We are committed to developing epoxy resins with reduced allergenic effect, while maintaining their excellent properties. The novel ERM, pinoresinol diglycidyl ether (PinoDGE), was synthesized in one step from pinoresinol and epichlorohydrin in 88% yield. It was not classified as a skin sensitizer in the in vivo local lymph node assay, at concentrations up to 0.17 m, as it did not cause a stimulation index >3 compared to control. Pinoresinol diglycidyl ether reacted with the model peptide AcPHCKRM in a reactivity assay and was predicted to be a skin sensitizer in the KeratinoSens assay. Preliminary cross-linking studies indicate that it has promising properties compared to commercially used ERMs. Pinoresinol diglycidyl ether could be seen as a lead compound for further development of alternative ERMs with a better safety profile based on natural and renewable sources for construction of epoxy resin polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M O’Boyle
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David J Ponting
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tina Seifert
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Seifert T, Malo M, Kokkola T, Stéen EJL, Meinander K, Wallén EAA, Jarho EM, Luthman K. A scaffold replacement approach towards new sirtuin 2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115231. [PMID: 31848116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRT1-SIRT7) are an evolutionary conserved family of NAD+-dependent protein deacylases regulating the acylation state of ε-N-lysine residues of proteins thereby controlling key biological processes. Numerous studies have found association of the aberrant enzymatic activity of SIRTs with various diseases like diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Previously, we have shown that substituted 2-alkyl-chroman-4-one/chromone derivatives can serve as selective inhibitors of SIRT2 possessing an antiproliferative effect in two human cancer cell lines. In this study, we have explored the bioisosteric replacement of the chroman-4-one/chromone core structure with different less lipophilic bicyclic scaffolds to overcome problems associated to poor physiochemical properties due to a highly lipophilic substitution pattern required for achieve a good inhibitory effect. Various new derivatives based on the quinolin-4(1H)-one scaffold, bicyclic secondary sulfonamides or saccharins were synthesized and evaluated for their SIRT inhibitory effect. Among the evaluated scaffolds, the benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide-based compounds showed the highest SIRT2 inhibitory activity. Molecular modeling studies gave insight into the binding mode of the new scaffold-replacement analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Seifert
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Marcus Malo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Johanna L Stéen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kristian Meinander
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI- 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik A A Wallén
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI- 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina M Jarho
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Ponting DJ, Ortega MA, Niklasson IB, Karlsson I, Seifert T, Stéen J, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Development of New Epoxy Resin Monomers - A Delicate Balance between Skin Allergy and Polymerization Properties. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:57-66. [PMID: 30543284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resin monomers (ERMs) are used as building blocks for thermosetting polymers in applications where strong, flexible, and lightweight materials are required. Most epoxy resins are polymers of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). It is highly allergenic and causes occupational allergic contact dermatitis and contact allergy in the general population. Thus, measures to prevent exposure by protective clothing and education are not enough. This work describes a continuation of our research aiming at reducing the skin-sensitizing potency of ERMs while maintaining the ability to form polymers. Alternative ERMs were designed and synthesized whereafter the sensitizing potency was determined using the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). The reactivity of the diepoxides toward a nucleophilic peptide was investigated, and the differences in reactivity explained using computational studies. The diepoxides were reacted with triethylenetetramine, and the formed polymers were tested for technical applicability using thermogravimetric analysis. We had previously shown that the absence of an oxygen atom in the side chains or removal of aromaticity reduced the sensitizing potency compared to that of DGEBA. Thus, a cycloaliphatic analogue 1 of DGEBA without ether oxygen in the side chains was considered promising and was synthesized. As predicted, the sensitizing potency was considerably reduced (10 times) compared to that of DGEBA. However, the technical properties of the polymer of this compound were not considered sufficient. More polar aromatic analogues were investigated, but they could not compete with our previously described ERMs regarding polymerization properties and with 1 regarding low skin sensitization properties. Development of alternative epoxy materials is a delicate balance between allergenic activity and polymerization properties. Tuning of structural properties together with investigation of polymerization conditions combined with skin sensitization studies should be used in industrial research and development. ERM 1 could be used as a lead compound for further studies of aliphatic ERMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Ponting
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Miguel A Ortega
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Ida B Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Isabella Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Tina Seifert
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Johanna Stéen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry , University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg , Sweden
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Hagvall L, Niklasson IB, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Can the epoxides of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal show new cases of contact allergy? Contact Dermatitis 2018; 78:399-405. [PMID: 29603274 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinnamyl alcohol is considered to be a prohapten and prehapten with cinnamal as the main metabolite. However, many individuals who are allergic to cinnamyl alcohol do not react to cinnamal. Sensitizing epoxides of cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal have been identified as metabolites and autoxidation products of cinnamyl alcohol. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical relevance of contact allergy to epoxycinnamyl alcohol and epoxycinnamal. METHODS Irritative effects of the epoxides were investigated in 12 dermatitis patients. Epoxycinnamyl alcohol and epoxycinnamal were patch tested in 393 and 390 consecutive patients, respectively. In parallel, cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal were patch tested in 607 and 616 patients, respectively. RESULTS Both epoxides were irritants, but no more positive reactions were detected than when testing was performed with cinnamyl alcohol and cinnamal. Late allergic reactions to epoxycinnamyl alcohol were observed. In general, patients with late reactions showed doubtful or positive reactions to cinnamal and fragrance mix I at regular patch testing. CONCLUSION The investigated epoxides are not important haptens in contact allergy to cinnamon fragrance. The high frequency of fragrance allergy among patients included in the irritancy study showed the difficulty of suspecting fragrance allergy on the basis of history; patch testing broadly with fragrance compounds is therefore important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Occupational Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Seifert T, Malo M, Lengqvist J, Sihlbom C, Jarho EM, Luthman K. Identification of the Binding Site of Chroman-4-one-Based Sirtuin 2-Selective Inhibitors using Photoaffinity Labeling in Combination with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10794-10799. [PMID: 27933951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoaffinity labeling (PAL) was used to identify the binding site of chroman-4-one-based SIRT2-selective inhibitors. The photoactive diazirine 4, a potent SIRT2 inhibitor, was subjected to detailed photochemical characterization. In PAL experiments with SIRT2, a tryptic peptide originating from the covalent attachment of photoactivated 4 was identified. The peptide covers both the active site of SIRT2 and the proposed binding site of chroman-4-one-based inhibitors. A high-power LED was used as source for the monochromatic UV light enabling rapid photoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Seifert
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg , Kemivagen 10, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Malo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg , Kemivagen 10, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Johan Lengqvist
- The Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- The Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , SE-41390 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Elina M Jarho
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland , P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg , Kemivagen 10, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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Hagvall L, Niklasson IB, Rudbäck J, O'Boyle NM, Niklasson E, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Assessment of cross-reactivity of new less sensitizing epoxy resin monomers in epoxy resin-allergic individuals. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 75:144-50. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; 405 03 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ida B. Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry; University of Gothenburg; 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Johanna Rudbäck
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry; University of Gothenburg; 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Radiology and Medicine Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry; Södra Älvsborg Hospital; 501 82 Borås Sweden
| | - Niamh M. O'Boyle
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry; University of Gothenburg; 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Dublin Ireland
| | - Eva Niklasson
- Department of Dermatology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; 405 03 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry; University of Gothenburg; 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry; University of Gothenburg; 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
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Fridén-Saxin M, Seifert T, Malo M, da Silva Andersson K, Pemberton N, Dyrager C, Friberg A, Dahlén K, Wallén EA, Grøtli M, Luthman K. Chroman-4-one and chromone based somatostatin β-turn mimetics. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pettersson M, Quant M, Min J, Iconaru L, Kriwacki RW, Waddell MB, Guy RK, Luthman K, Grøtli M. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of 2,5-Diketopiperazines as Inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 Interaction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137867. [PMID: 26427060 PMCID: PMC4591261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 is the main tumour suppressor in cells and many cancer types have p53 mutations resulting in a loss of its function. In tumours that retain wild-type p53 function, p53 activity is down-regulated by MDM2 (human murine double minute 2) via a direct protein-protein interaction. We have designed and synthesised two series of 2,5-diketopiperazines as inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction. The first set was designed to directly mimic the α-helical region of the p53 peptide, containing key residues in the i, i+4 and i+7 positions of a natural α-helix. Conformational analysis indicated that 1,3,6-trisubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazines were able to place substituents in the same spatial orientation as an α-helix template. The key step of the synthesis involved the cyclisation of substituted dipeptides. The other set of tetrasubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazines were designed based on structure-based docking studies and the Ugi multicomponent reaction was used for the synthesis. This latter set comprised the most potent inhibitors which displayed micromolar IC50-values in a biochemical fluorescence polarisation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariell Pettersson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Quant
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jaeki Min
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States of America
| | - Luigi Iconaru
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Kriwacki
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States of America
| | - M. Brett Waddell
- Molecular Interaction Analysis Shared Resource, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States of America
| | - R. Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States of America
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Morten Grøtli
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Seifert T, Malo M, Kokkola T, Engen K, Fridén-Saxin M, Wallén EAA, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Jarho EM, Luthman K. Chroman-4-one- and Chromone-Based Sirtuin 2 Inhibitors with Antiproliferative Properties in Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9870-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500930h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Seifert
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Malo
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Tarja Kokkola
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Karin Engen
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Maria Fridén-Saxin
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik A. A. Wallén
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Elina M. Jarho
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Kemivagen 10, SE-412
96 Göteborg, Sweden
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11
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Delaine T, Ponting DJ, Niklasson IB, Emter R, Hagvall L, Norrby PO, Natsch A, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Epoxyalcohols: bioactivation and conjugation required for skin sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1860-70. [PMID: 25195701 DOI: 10.1021/tx500297d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Allylic alcohols, such as geraniol 1, are easily oxidized by varying mechanisms, including the formation of both 2,3-epoxides and/or aldehydes. These epoxides, aldehydes, and epoxy-aldehydes can be interconverted to each other, and the reactivity of them all must be considered when considering the sensitization potential of the parent allylic alcohol. An in-depth study of the possible metabolites and autoxidation products of allylic alcohols is described, covering the formation, interconversion, reactivity, and sensitizing potential thereof, using a combination of in vivo, in vitro, in chemico, and in silico methods. This multimodal study, using the integration of diverse techniques to investigate the sensitization potential of a molecule, allows the identification of potential candidate(s) for the true culprit(s) in allergic responses to allylic alcohols. Overall, the sensitization potential of the investigated epoxyalcohols and unsaturated alcohols was found to derive from metabolic oxidation to the more potent aldehyde where possible. Where this is less likely, the compound remains weakly or nonsensitizing. Metabolic activation of a double bond to form a nonconjugated, nonterminal epoxide moiety is not enough to turn a nonsensitizing alcohol into a sensitizer, as such epoxides have low reactivity and low sensitizing potency. In addition, even an allylic 2,3-epoxide moiety is not necessarily a potent sensitizer, as shown for 2, where formation of the epoxide weakens the sensitization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Delaine
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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O’Boyle NM, Niklasson IB, Tehrani-Bagha AR, Delaine T, Holmberg K, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Epoxy Resin Monomers with Reduced Skin Sensitizing Potency. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1002-10. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5000624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M. O’Boyle
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B. Niklasson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ali R. Tehrani-Bagha
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Applied Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tamara Delaine
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Krister Holmberg
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Applied Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Delaine T, Hagvall L, Rudbäck J, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Correction to Skin Sensitization of Epoxyaldehydes: Importance of Conjugation. Chem Res Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500007v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Niklasson IB, Ponting DJ, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Bioactivation of Cinnamic Alcohol Forms Several Strong Skin Sensitizers. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:568-75. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400428f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ida B. Niklasson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David J. Ponting
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Delaine T, Hagvall L, Rudbäck J, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Skin Sensitization of Epoxyaldehydes: Importance of Conjugation. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:674-84. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Delaine
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rudbäck
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Malo M, Persson R, Svensson P, Luthman K, Brive L. Development of 7TM receptor-ligand complex models using ligand-biased, semi-empirical helix-bundle repacking in torsion space: application to the agonist interaction of the human dopamine D2 receptor. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2013; 27:277-91. [PMID: 23553533 PMCID: PMC3639355 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-013-9640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of 3D structures of membrane proteins, and of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in particular, is motivated by their importance in biological systems and the difficulties associated with experimental structure determination. In the present study, a novel method for the prediction of 3D structures of the membrane-embedded region of helical membrane proteins is presented. A large pool of candidate models are produced by repacking of the helices of a homology model using Monte Carlo sampling in torsion space, followed by ranking based on their geometric and ligand-binding properties. The trajectory is directed by weak initial restraints to orient helices towards the original model to improve computation efficiency, and by a ligand to guide the receptor towards a chosen conformational state. The method was validated by construction of the β1 adrenergic receptor model in complex with (S)-cyanopindolol using bovine rhodopsin as template. In addition, models of the dopamine D2 receptor were produced with the selective and rigid agonist (R)-N-propylapomorphine ((R)-NPA) present. A second quality assessment was implemented by evaluating the results from docking of a library of 29 ligands with known activity, which further discriminated between receptor models. Agonist binding and recognition by the dopamine D2 receptor is interpreted using the 3D structure model resulting from the approach. This method has a potential for modeling of all types of helical transmembrane proteins for which a structural template with sequence homology sufficient for homology modeling is not available or is in an incorrect conformational state, but for which sufficient empirical information is accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Malo
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ronnie Persson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peder Svensson
- NeuroSearch Sweden AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
- Present Address: Astra Zeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lars Brive
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Cygnal Bioscience, Björnvägen 15, SE-435 43 Pixbo, Sweden
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17
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Niklasson IB, Delaine T, Islam MN, Karlsson R, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Cinnamyl alcohol oxidizes rapidly upon air exposure. Contact Dermatitis 2013; 68:129-38. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Meinander K, Weisell J, Pakkala M, Tadd AC, Hekim C, Kallionpää R, Widell K, Stenman UH, Koistinen H, Närvänen A, Vepsäläinen J, Luthman K, Wallén EAA. Pseudopeptides with a centrally positioned alkene-based disulphide bridge mimetic stimulate kallikrein-related peptidase 3 activity. Med Chem Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md20292e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
First successful pseudopeptides of the KLK3-activating bicyclic peptide “C-4” are reported.
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19
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20
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O'Boyle NM, Delaine T, Luthman K, Natsch A, Karlberg AT. Analogues of the Epoxy Resin Monomer Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol F: Effects on Contact Allergenic Potency and Cytotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2469-78. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M. O'Boyle
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tamara Delaine
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Natsch
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and
Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Fridén-Saxin M, Seifert T, Hansen LK, Grøtli M, Erdelyi M, Luthman K. Proline-mediated formation of novel chroman-4-one tetrahydropyrimidines. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Fridén-Saxin M, Seifert T, Landergren MR, Suuronen T, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Jarho EM, Luthman K. Synthesis and evaluation of substituted chroman-4-one and chromone derivatives as sirtuin 2-selective inhibitors. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7104-13. [PMID: 22746324 PMCID: PMC3426190 DOI: 10.1021/jm3005288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A series of substituted chromone/chroman-4-one derivatives
has
been synthesized and evaluated as novel inhibitors of SIRT2, an enzyme
involved in aging-related diseases, e.g., neurodegenerative disorders.
The analogues were efficiently synthesized in a one-step procedure
including a base-mediated aldol condensation using microwave irradiation.
The most potent compounds, with inhibitory concentrations in the low
micromolar range, were substituted in the 2-, 6-, and 8-positions.
Larger, electron-withdrawing substituents in the 6- and 8-positions
were favorable. The most potent inhibitor of SIRT2 was 6,8-dibromo-2-pentylchroman-4-one
with an IC50 of 1.5 μM. The synthesized compounds
show high selectivity toward SIRT2 over SIRT1 and SIRT3 and represent
an important starting point for the development of novel SIRT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fridén-Saxin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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23
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Berggren K, Vindebro R, Bergström C, Spoerry C, Persson H, Fex T, Kihlberg J, von Pawel-Rammingen U, Luthman K. 3-aminopiperidine-based peptide analogues as the first selective noncovalent inhibitors of the bacterial cysteine protease IdeS. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2549-60. [PMID: 22369147 PMCID: PMC3310199 DOI: 10.1021/jm201517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of eight peptides corresponding to the amino acid sequence of the hinge region of IgG and 17 newly synthesized peptide analogues containing a piperidine moiety as a replacement of a glycine residue were tested as potential inhibitors of the bacterial IgG degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes , IdeS. None of the peptides showed any inhibitory activity of IdeS, but several piperidine-based analogues were identified as inhibitors. Two different analysis methods were used: an SDS-PAGE based assay to detect IgG cleavage products and a surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy based assay to quantify the degree of inhibition. To investigate the selectivity of the inhibitors for IdeS, all compounds were screened against two other related cysteine proteases (SpeB and papain). The selectivity results show that larger analogues that are active inhibitors of IdeS are even more potent as inhibitors of papain, whereas smaller analogues that are active inhibitors of IdeS inhibit neither SpeB nor papain. Two compounds were identified that exhibit high selectivity against IdeS and will be used for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Berggren
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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24
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Malo M, Brive L, Luthman K, Svensson P. Investigation of D₁ receptor-agonist interactions and D₁/D₂ agonist selectivity using a combination of pharmacophore and receptor homology modeling. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:483-94, 338. [PMID: 22315216 PMCID: PMC3382191 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to use a combined structure and pharmacophore modeling approach to extract information regarding dopamine D₁ receptor agonism and D₁/D₂ agonist selectivity. A 3D structure model of the D₁ receptor in its agonist-bound state was constructed with a full D₁ agonist present in the binding site. Two different binding modes were identified using (+)-doxanthrine or SKF89626 in the modeling procedure. The 3D model was further compared with a selective D₁ agonist pharmacophore model. The pharmacophore feature arrangement was found to be in good agreement with the binding site composition of the receptor model, but the excluded volumes did not fully reflect the shape of the agonist binding pocket. A new receptor-based pharmacophore model was developed with forbidden volumes centered on atom positions of amino acids in the binding site. The new pharmacophore model showed a similar ability to discriminate as the previous model. A comparison of the 3D structures and pharmacophore models of D₁ and D₂ receptors revealed differences in shape and ligand-interacting features that determine selectivity of D₁ and D₂ receptor agonists. A hydrogen bond pharmacophoric feature (Ser-TM5) was shown to contribute most to the selectivity. Non-conserved residues in the binding pocket that strongly contribute to D₁/D₂ receptor agonist selectivity were also identified; those were Ser/Cys³·³⁶, Tyr/Phe⁵·³⁸, Ser/Tyr⁵·⁴¹, and Asn/His⁶·⁵⁵ in the transmembrane (TM) helix region, together with Ser/Ile and Leu/Asn in the second extracellular loop (EC2). This work provides useful information for the design of new selective D₁ and D₂ agonists. The combined receptor structure and pharmacophore modeling approach is considered to be general, and could therefore be applied to other ligand-protein interactions for which experimental information is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Malo
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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25
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Malo M, Brive L, Luthman K, Svensson P. Inside Cover: Investigation of D2 Receptor-Agonist Interactions Using a Combination of Pharmacophore and Receptor Homology Modeling / Investigation of D1 Receptor-Agonist Interactions and D1/D2 Agonist Selectivity Using a Combination of Pharmacophore and. ChemMedChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201290007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Malo M, Brive L, Luthman K, Svensson P. Investigation of D₂ receptor-agonist interactions using a combination of pharmacophore and receptor homology modeling. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:471-82, 338. [PMID: 22315215 PMCID: PMC3382189 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A combined modeling approach was used to identify structural factors that underlie the structure–activity relationships (SARs) of full dopamine D2 receptor agonists and structurally similar inactive compounds. A 3D structural model of the dopamine D2 receptor was constructed, with the agonist (−)-(R)-2-OH-NPA present in the binding site during the modeling procedure. The 3D model was evaluated and compared with our previously published D2 agonist pharmacophore model. The comparison revealed an inconsistency between the projected hydrogen bonding feature (Ser-TM5) in the pharmacophore model and the TM5 region in the structure model. A new refined pharmacophore model was developed, guided by the shape of the binding site in the receptor model and with less emphasis on TM5 interactions. The combination of receptor and pharmacophore modeling also identified the importance of His3936.55 for agonist binding. This convergent 3D pharmacophore and protein structure modeling strategy is considered to be general and can be highly useful in less well-characterized systems to explore ligand–receptor interactions. The strategy has the potential to identify weaknesses in the individual models and thereby provides an opportunity to improve the discriminating predictivity of both pharmacophore searches and structure-based virtual screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Malo
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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27
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Delaine T, Niklasson IB, Emter R, Luthman K, Karlberg AT, Natsch A. Structure–Activity Relationship between the in Vivo Skin Sensitizing Potency of Analogues of Phenyl Glycidyl Ether and the Induction of Nrf2-Dependent Luciferase Activity in the KeratinoSens in Vitro Assay. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1312-8. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200196s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Delaine
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida B. Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roger Emter
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Natsch
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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28
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Dyrager C, Wickström M, Fridén-Saxin M, Friberg A, Dahlén K, Wallén EA, Gullbo J, Grøtli M, Luthman K. Inhibitors and promoters of tubulin polymerization: Synthesis and biological evaluation of chalcones and related dienones as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2659-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Niklasson IB, Delaine T, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Impact of a Heteroatom in a Structure−Activity Relationship Study on Analogues of Phenyl Glycidyl Ether (PGE) from Epoxy Resin Systems. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:542-8. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100417r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ida B. Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tamara Delaine
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Tadd
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, PO Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian Meinander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, PO Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry−Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik A. A. Wallén
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, PO Box 56, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Ankner T, Fridén-Saxin M, Pemberton N, Seifert T, Grøtli M, Luthman K, Hilmersson G. KHMDS enhanced SmI(2)-mediated reformatsky type alpha-cyanation. Org Lett 2010; 12:2210-3. [PMID: 20429501 DOI: 10.1021/ol100424y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel combination of SmI(2), KHMDS, and TsCN can be utilized to introduce a cyano group into structurally diverse and highly sensitive 2-alkyl-chroman-4-ones. Subsequent oxidation allows the formed 2-alkyl-3-cyanochromones to be isolated in yields ranging from 49 to 77%. In addition, alpha-bromoketones and esters were found to undergo equally effective alpha-cyanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ankner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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32
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Lehmann F, Currier EA, Olsson R, Ma JN, Burstein ES, Hacksell U, Luthman K. Optimization of isochromanone based urotensin II receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:4844-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Malo M, Brive L, Luthman K, Svensson P. Selective pharmacophore models of dopamine D(1) and D(2) full agonists based on extended pharmacophore features. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:232-46. [PMID: 20077461 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study is focused on the identification of structural features that determine the selectivity of dopamine receptor agonists toward D(1) and D(2) receptors. Selective pharmacophore models were developed for both receptors. The models were built by using projected pharmacophoric features that represent the main agonist interaction sites in the receptor (the Ser residues in TM5 and the Asp in TM3), a directional aromatic feature in the ligand, a feature with large positional tolerance representing the positively charged nitrogen in the ligand, and sets of excluded volumes reflecting the shapes of the receptors. The sets of D(1) and D(2) ligands used for modeling were carefully selected from published sources and consist of structurally diverse, conformationally rigid full agonists as active ligands together with structurally related inactives. The robustness of the models in discriminating actives from inactives was tested against four ensembles of conformations generated by using different established methods and different force fields. The reasons for the selectivity can be attributed to both geometrical differences in the arrangement of the features, e.g., different tilt angels of the pi system, as well as shape differences covered by the different sets of excluded volumes. This work provides useful information for the design of new D(1) and D(2) agonists and also for comparative homology modeling of D(1) and D(2) receptors. The approach is general and could therefore be applied to other ligand-protein interactions for which no experimental protein structure is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Malo
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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34
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Malo M, Brive L, Luthman K, Svensson P. Inside Cover: Selective Pharmacophore Models of Dopamine D 1and D 2Full Agonists Based on Extended Pharmacophore Features (ChemMedChem 2/2010). ChemMedChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201090001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Dyrager C, Friberg A, Dahlén K, Fridén-Saxin M, Börjesson K, Wilhelmsson LM, Smedh M, Grøtli M, Luthman K. 2,6,8-Trisubstituted 3-Hydroxychromone Derivatives as Fluorophores for Live-Cell Imaging. Chemistry 2009; 15:9417-23. [PMID: 19670192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dyrager
- Department of Chemistry-Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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36
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Niklasson IB, Broo K, Jonsson C, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Reduced sensitizing capacity of epoxy resin systems: a structure-activity relationship study. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1787-94. [PMID: 19725531 DOI: 10.1021/tx900193s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resins can be prepared from numerous chemical compositions. Until recently, alternatives to epoxy resins based on diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A (DGEBA) or bisphenol F (DGEBF) monomers have not received commercial interest, but are presently doing so, as epoxy resins with various properties are desired. Epoxy resin systems are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis because of contents of uncured monomers, reactive diluents, and hardeners. Reactive diluents, for example, glycidyl ethers, which also contain epoxide moieties, are added to reduce viscosity and improve polymerization. We have investigated the contact allergenic properties of a series of six analogues to phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE), all with similar basic structures but with varying carbon chain lengths and degrees of saturation. The chemical reactivity of the compounds in the test series toward the hexapeptide H-Pro-His-Cys-Lys-Arg-Met-OH was investigated. All epoxides were shown to bind covalently to both cysteine and proline residues. The percent depletion of nonreacted peptide was also studied resulting in 88% depletion when using PGE and 46% when using butyl glycidyl ether (5) at the same time point, thus revealing a large difference between the fastest and the slowest reacting epoxide. The skin sensitization potencies of the epoxides using the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) were evaluated in relation to the observed physicochemical and reactivity properties. To enable determination of statistical significance between structurally closely related compounds, a nonpooled LLNA was performed. It was found that the compounds investigated ranged from strong to weak sensitizers, congruent with the reactivity data, indicating that even small changes in chemical structure result in significant differences in sensitizing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida B Niklasson
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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37
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Lehmann F, Currier EA, Clemons B, Hansen LK, Olsson R, Hacksell U, Luthman K. Novel and potent small-molecule urotensin II receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4657-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Fridén-Saxin M, Pemberton N, Andersson KDS, Dyrager C, Friberg A, Grøtli M, Luthman K. Synthesis of 2-alkyl-substituted chromone derivatives using microwave irradiation. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2755-9. [PMID: 19323574 DOI: 10.1021/jo802783z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A base-promoted condensation between 2-hydroxyacetophenones and aliphatic aldehydes has been studied. The reaction has been optimized to afford 2-alkyl-substituted 4-chromanones in an efficient manner using microwave heating. Performing the reaction using diisopropylamine in EtOH at 170 degrees C for 1 h gave moderate to high yields (43-88%). The 4-chromanones could be further converted into highly functionalized 2,3,6,8-tetrasubstituted chromones in which a 3-substituent (acetate, amine, or bromine) was introduced via straightforward chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fridén-Saxin
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, SE-41296 Goteborg, Sweden
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39
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Flaten GE, Awoyemi O, Luthman K, Brandl M, Massing U. The Phospholipid Vesicle-Based Drug Permeability Assay: 5. Development toward an Automated Procedure for High-Throughput Permeability Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jala.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In vitro screening for oral absorption has become an essential part of drug discovery and development. Recently, a new phospholipid vesicle-based permeation assay was developed which has shown to satisfyingly predict passive absorption of drugs in humans. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether the assay may be further developed into a high-throughput tool by automating its most time-consuming steps. The following challenges were addressed: (1) to design, build, and test a heat-sealing machine for mounting of the desired type of filter support onto both single wells and 24-well titer plate inserts and (2) to transfer the permeability assay to a robotic workstation with attached ultraviolet (UV) reader. The workstation is able to pipette and transport both plates and filter inserts and perform on-line photometric quantification of the amount of drug permeated. To enable the robot to move single (Standard Transwell; Corning Inc, Lowell, MA) filter inserts, an extension of the gripping arm was designed, built, and tested. Furthermore, in an alternative approach 24-well filter plates (Millicell; Millipore, Billerica, MA) were used instead of single filter inserts. The latter turned out to be more suitable in terms of error-free high-throughput robotic handling. The permeability values of drugs gained by the two automated procedures were compared with those measured by manual handling of the assay. Only neglectable differences in permeability values were seen. In conclusion, the most time-consuming steps of the assay were shown to be eligible for automation. This represents an interesting addition to the toolbox of in vitro permeability screening assays running in a medium- to high-throughput format due to its easiness, its transferability to other laboratories, and its good correlation with in vivo data on fraction absorbed of drugs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Opeyemi Awoyemi
- University of Tromsø, Institute of Pharmacy, Tromsø, Norway
- Tumor Biology Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Brandl
- University of Tromsø, Institute of Pharmacy, Tromsø, Norway
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40
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Flaten GE, Luthman K, Vasskog T, Brandl M. Drug permeability across a phospholipid vesicle-based barrier. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 34:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Nilsson AM, Luthman K, Nilsson JLG, Karlberg AT. FC02.1
A diene identified as a prohapten metabolised to epoxides in the skin. Contact Dermatitis 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.0309ax.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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42
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Saitton S, Del Tredici AL, Saxin M, Stenström T, Kihlberg J, Luthman K. Synthesis and evaluation of novel pyridine based PLG tripeptidomimetics. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:1647-54. [PMID: 18421399 DOI: 10.1039/b718058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Analogues of the pyridine based PLG (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH(2)) peptidomimetic were synthesized and evaluated as dopamine modulating agents. Modifications in the position corresponding to the leucine side chain in PLG afforded derivatives , and , substituted with H, Me and Bn instead of the isobutyl group, respectively. Changes in the proline residue produced derivative , substituted with a symmetrical piperidine ring instead of the pyrrolidine ring and , in which the pyrrolidine ring is connected to the pyridine ring via a hydroxymethyl group instead of a keto function. The peptidomimetics were tested for their ability to enhance the maximal effect of N-propylapomorphine (NPA) at dopamine D2 receptors in the functional cell-based R-SAT assay. Compounds , , and , produced a statistically significant increase in the maximal NPA response at 10 nM (117 +/- 6%, 118 +/- 6%, and 116 +/- 3%, respectively), which is similar to the effect of PLG in this assay, whereas was able to potentiate the response to a similar extent at 1 nM concentration (115 +/- 5%). All derivatives produced a bell-shaped dose-response curve and none of the compounds were active at the D2 receptor alone, which indicates that the mechanism behind the activity of both the pyridine based mimetics and PLG is the same. Interestingly, l-Pro-d-Leu-Gly-NH(2) was found to be more potent than PLG and produced a 119 +/- 1% increase in the NPA response at 1 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Saitton
- Göteborg University, Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, SE-412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
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43
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Bergström MA, Andersson SI, Broo K, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Oximes: Metabolic Activation and Structure−Allergenic Activity Relationships. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2541-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701092n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moa Andresen Bergström
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, and Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sofia I Andersson
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, and Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Broo
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, and Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Luthman
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, and Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, and Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Karlberg AT, Bergström MA, Börje A, Luthman K, Nilsson JLG. Allergic contact dermatitis--formation, structural requirements, and reactivity of skin sensitizers. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 21:53-69. [PMID: 18052130 DOI: 10.1021/tx7002239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Contact allergy is caused by a wide range of chemicals after skin contact. Its clinical manifestation, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), is developed upon repeated contact with the allergen. This perspective focuses on two areas that have yielded new useful information during the last 20 years: (i) structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of contact allergy based on the concept of hapten-protein binding and (ii) mechanistic investigations regarding activation of nonsensitizing compounds to contact allergens by air oxidation or skin metabolism. The second area is more thoroughly reviewed since the full picture has previously not been published. Prediction of the sensitizing capacity of a chemical is important to avoid outbreaks of ACD in the population. Much research has been devoted to the development of in vitro and in silico predictive testing methods. Today, no method exists that is sensitive enough to detect weak allergens and that is robust enough to be used for routine screening. To cause sensitization, a chemical must bind to macromolecules (proteins) in the skin. Expert systems containing information about the relationship between the chemical structure and the ability of chemicals to haptenate proteins are available. However, few designed SAR studies based on mechanistic investigations of prohaptens have been published. Many compounds are not allergenic themselves but are activated in the skin (e.g., metabolically) or before skin contact (e.g., via air oxidation) to form skin sensitizers. Thus, more basic research is needed on the chemical reactions involved in the antigen formation and the immunological mechanisms. The clinical importance of air oxidation to activate nonallergenic compounds has been demonstrated. Oxidized fragrance terpenes, in contrast to the pure terpenes, gave positive patch test reactions in consecutive dermatitis patients as frequently as the most common standard allergens. This shows the importance of using compounds to which people are exposed when screening for ACD in dermatology clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy and Medical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Götegorg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Hubatsch I, Arvidsson PI, Seebach D, Luthman K, Artursson P. β- and γ-Di- and Tripeptides as Potential Substrates for the Oligopeptide Transporter hPepT1. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5238-42. [PMID: 17887660 DOI: 10.1021/jm070148u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hPepT1-mediated transport properties of a series of 11 synthesized beta- and gamma-peptides have been studied in Caco-2 cells. The results show that several of the compounds interact with the peptide transporter, but only two beta-dipeptides act as substrates and are transported across the cell monolayers. These two are less-efficient substrates than alpha-peptides. Larger derivatives than beta-dipeptides do not act as hPepT1 substrates, but instead, they appear to be substrates for P-glycoprotein efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Hubatsch
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ahlström MM, Ridderström M, Zamora I, Luthman K. CYP2C9 Structure−Metabolism Relationships: Optimizing the Metabolic Stability of COX-2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4444-52. [PMID: 17696334 DOI: 10.1021/jm0705096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family is composed of a large group of monooxygenases that mediate the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. CYP2C9, one of the major isoforms of the CYP family, is responsible for the phase I metabolism of a variety of drugs. The aim of the present investigation is to use rational design together with MetaSite, a metabolism site prediction program, to synthesize compounds that retain their pharmacological effects but that are metabolically more stable in the presence of CYP2C9. The model compound for the study is the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib, a COX-2 selective inhibitor and known CYP2C9 substrate. Thirteen analogs of celecoxib were designed, synthesized, and evaluated with regard to their metabolic properties and pharmacologic effects. The docking solutions and the predictions from MetaSite gave useful information leading to the design of new compounds with improved metabolic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie M Ahlström
- Discovery DMPK and Bioanalytical Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, S-431 81 Mölndal, Sweden.
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Abstract
A useful and efficient synthetic strategy to 2,3,6,8-tetrasubstituted chromone derivatives has been developed. 2-Aryl/styryl-8-bromo-6-chloro-3-hydroxychromone derivatives were synthesized and used as scaffolds by introducing a variety of substituents in the 3-, 6-, and 8-positions using palladium-mediated reactions. Excellent regioselectivity in all positions could be obtained by performing reactions in the 8-position first, in which Stille, Heck, Suzuki, and Sonogashira reactions gave good to excellent yields of product (63-98%). Stille and Heck reactions in the 6-position also gave the desired products in good yields (64-86%). The hydroxy group in the 3-position was activated as a triflate and used in productive Stille reactions (63-94%). This hydroxyl group was also used in O-alkylation reactions with different functionalized alkyl bromides (57-88%). The flavonoids, which are based on the chromone structure, and other related ring systems, have several interesting biological activities. The chromones are also interesting structural scaffolds, and they have for example been designed to be used as mimetics of short peptides. The versatile applicability of chromone derivatives and especially their potential use in drug discovery implicates the importance of access to efficient synthetic routes to such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Dahlén
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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49
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Bergström MA, Luthman K, Karlberg AT. Metabolic Epoxidation of an α,β-Unsaturated Oxime Generates Sensitizers of Extreme Potency. Are Nitroso Intermediates Responsible? Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:927-36. [PMID: 17511479 DOI: 10.1021/tx7000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic activation of inherently nonprotein-reactive compounds (prohaptens) in the skin can lead to development of contact allergy, a chronic skin disease. The prohapten hypothesis has existed for more than 20 years; yet, detailed knowledge regarding the mechanisms of activation as well as what structural moieties can be transformed to protein-reactive sensitizers is still limited. Today, the consideration of cutaneous bioactivation is important when developing nonanimal-based assays for prediction of contact allergenic activity, as only methods that include skin metabolism are able to detect prohaptens as sensitizers. We have studied the mechanism of activation of the prohapten carvoxime (1), a strongly sensitizing but in itself poorly protein-reactive alpha,beta-unsaturated oxime. alpha,beta-Unsaturated oximes represent a novel class of prohaptens, which previously have never been investigated for potential metabolic activation. To identify reactive metabolites formed from 1, liver microsomal incubations in the presence of glutathione were carried out. Putative reactive metabolites were synthesized, and their allergenic activity, chemical reactivity toward nucleophiles, and ability to elicit a contact allergenic response in animals induced with 1 were assessed. We found that 1 is metabolically activated by epoxidation of the allylic carbon-carbon double bond. The alpha,beta-epoxy oxime metabolites were found to be sensitizers of extreme potency in the local lymph node assay and highly reactive toward nucleophilic amino acids and a model peptide. One of the two diastereomeric epoxy metabolites also elicited an allergic reaction in mice sensitized to 1, in the mouse ear swelling test. Furthermore, this study presents strong indications that the basis of the high reactivity and sensitizing capacity observed for the alpha,beta-unsaturated oximes is related to their ability to form highly reactive nitroso intermediates by tautomerization. To our knowledge, the formation of nitrosoalkenes by oxidative metabolism of alpha,beta-unsaturated oximes has not been shown so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa Andresen Bergström
- Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Department of Chemistry, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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50
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] An efficient synthetic route to Cbz-protected 3-aminomethyl-2-aryl-8-bromo-6-chlorochromones has been developed. 3-Aryl-1-(3-bromo-5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one or 2-aryl-8-bromo-6-chlorochroman-4-one could be reacted under Mannich conditions yielding 2-aryl-8-bromo-6-chloro-3-methylenechroman-4-one, which was further converted to the target compound via an aza-Michael reaction followed by an SeO(2) oxidation. This procedure represents a new method to introduce a primary aminomethyl group at the 3-position of a 2-arylchromone scaffold. The Cbz-protected 3-aminomethyl-2-aryl-8-bromo-6-chlorochromones can, e.g., be used in the synthesis of chromone-based beta-turn peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A A Wallén
- Department of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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