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Qin L, Xiao J, Yang H, Liang J, Li L, Wu S, Peng D. Rapid immunoassays for the detection of quinoxalines and their metabolites residues in animal-derived foods: A review. Food Chem 2024; 443:138539. [PMID: 38320375 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Quinoxalines are a class of veterinary drugs with antibacterial and growth-promoting functions. They are often widely used to treat and prevent animal diseases and are illegally used as animal growth promoters to increase economic benefits. Quinoxalines could be easily metabolized in animals to various residue markers and remain in animal-derived foods, which would pose a serious threat to human health. Consequently, it is necessary to detect the residues of quinoxalines and their metabolites. This article reviewed and evaluated immunoassays for quinoxalines and their metabolites in animal-derived foods, mainly including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, fluorescence immunosorbent assays, immunochromatography, and surface plasmon resonance biosensors. In addition, we deeply explored the design of haptens for quinoxalines and their metabolites and analyzed the effect of haptens on antibody performance. This paper aims to provide guidance and references for their accurate and sensitive detection, thereby ensuring food safety and human public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangni Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiaxu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jixiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shixiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dapeng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China; Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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An H, Li Y, Li Y, Gong S, Zhu Y, Li X, Zhou S, Wu Y. Advances in Metabolism and Metabolic Toxicology of Quinoxaline 1,4-Di-N-oxides. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:528-539. [PMID: 38507288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-Oxides (QdNOs) have been used as synthetic antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry and aquaculture. The metabolism and potential toxicity have been also concerns in recently years. The metabolism investigations showed that there were 8 metabolites of Carbadox (CBX), 34 metabolites of Cyadox (CYA), 33 metabolites of Mequindox (MEQ), 35 metabolites of Olaquindox (OLA), and 56 metabolites of Quinocetone (QCT) in different animals. Among them, Cb3 and Cb8, M6, and O9 are metabolic residual markers of CBX, MEQ and OLA, which are associated with N → O reduction. Toxicity studies revealed that QdNOs exhibited severe tumorigenicity, cytotoxicity, and adrenal toxicity. Metabolic toxicology showed that toxicity of QdNOs metabolites might be related to the N → O group reduction, and some metabolites exhibited higher toxic effects than the precursor, which could provide guidance for further research on the metabolic toxicology of QdNOs and provide a wealth of information for food safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxian An
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanmin Gong
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya'ning Zhu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinru Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100017, People's Republic of China
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Buravchenko GI, Shchekotikhin AE. Quinoxaline 1,4-Dioxides: Advances in Chemistry and Chemotherapeutic Drug Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1174. [PMID: 37631089 PMCID: PMC10459860 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Oxides of heterocyclic compounds are the focus of medical chemistry due to their diverse biological properties. The high reactivity and tendency to undergo various rearrangements have piqued the interest of synthetic chemists in heterocycles with N-oxide fragments. Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides are an example of an important class of heterocyclic N-oxides, whose wide range of biological activity determines the prospects of their practical use in the development of drugs of various pharmaceutical groups. Derivatives from this series have found application in the clinic as antibacterial drugs and are used in agriculture. Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides present a promising class for the development of new drugs targeting bacterial infections, oncological diseases, malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and amoebiasis. The review considers the most important methods for the synthesis and key directions in the chemical modification of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives, analyzes their biological properties, and evaluates the prospects for the practical application of the most interesting compounds.
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Quercetin Attenuates Quinocetone-Induced Cell Apoptosis In Vitro by Activating the P38/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway and Inhibiting the ROS/Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081498. [PMID: 36009217 PMCID: PMC9405464 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinocetone (QCT), a member of the quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (QdNOs) family, can cause genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, however, the precise molecular mechanisms of QCT are unclear. This present study investigated the protective effect of quercetin on QCT-induced cytotoxicity and the underlying molecular mechanisms in human L02 and HepG2 cells. The results showed that quercetin treatment (at 7.5–30 μM) significantly improved QCT-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage in human L02 and HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, quercetin treatment at 30 μM significantly inhibited QCT-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, an increase in the expression of the CytC protein and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and an increase in caspases-9 and -3 activity, and finally improved cell apoptosis. Quercetin pretreatment promoted the expression of the phosphorylation of p38, Nrf2, and HO-1 proteins. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 significantly inhibited quercetin-mediated activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Consistently, pharmacological inhibitions of the Nrf2 or p38 pathways both promoted QCT-induced cytotoxicity and partly abolished the protective effects of quercetin. In conclusion, for the first time, our results reveal that quercetin could improve QCT-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis by activating the p38/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibiting the ROS/mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Our study highlights that quercetin may be a promising candidate for preventing QdNOs-induced cytotoxicity in humans or animals.
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Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides: a review of the importance of their structure in the development of drugs against infectious diseases and cancer. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02731-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lv Y, Yu Z, Huang S, Deng F, Zheng K, Yang G, Liu Y, Lin C, Ye X, Liu M. Rapidly photocatalytic mineralization of typical veterinary drugs with the SnO 2/SnIn 4S 8 composite. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 271:129452. [PMID: 33434825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Considering the high environmental risk, the remediation of veterinary drug pollutants aroused numerous concerning. In this paper, a novel photocatlyst, SnO2/SnIn4S8, was fabricated by in situ precipitation and hydrothermal method and then employed to simulate photocatalytic degradation of olaquindox under visible light. The SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS and electrochemical results clearly showed that the n-type heterojunction between SnO2 and SnIn4S8 was successfully constructed, which greatly reduce the recombination of the photogenic electron and holes, leading to the improvement of photocalytic performance and stability (recycled over 10 times). Besides, the SnO2/SnIn4S8 composite also exhibited good ability to mineralize the olaquindox. Under the optimal condition (pH of 3, 1 g L-1 of 30 wt% SnO2/SnIn4S8 and 10 mg L-1 of initial olaquindox concentration), the olaquindox could be fully and rapidly degraded in 25 min, and completely mineralized in 2 h (99.3 ± 1.7%). LC-QTOF-MS analysis evidently displayed 10 intermediates during the olaquindox degradation. In addition, with the attack of the reactive oxygen species (h+, •OH and •O2-), olaquindox could be effectively decomposed via deoxygenation, hydroxylation and carboxylation reactions. Importantly, compared to photodegradation, the photocatalytic process was an ideal way to eliminate the olaquindox form water because it could avoid the accumulation of toxic byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancai Lv
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Environment & Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
| | - Zhendong Yu
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Environment & Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
| | - Siyi Huang
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Environment & Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
| | - Fucai Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Process and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, PR China.
| | - Kaiyun Zheng
- School of Civil and Environment Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Guifang Yang
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Environment & Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
| | - Yifan Liu
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Environment & Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
| | - Chunxiang Lin
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Environment & Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Ye
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Environment & Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
| | - Minghua Liu
- Research Institute of Photocatalysis, College of Environment & Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
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Rivera G. Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-Oxide Derivatives: Are They Unselective or Selective Inhibitors? Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:15-25. [PMID: 33573542 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210126142541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For decades, the quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide ring has been considered a privileged structure to develop new antibacterial, antitumoural, and antiprotozoal agents, among others, however its mechanism of action is not clear. OBJECTIVE The main aim of this mini-review was to analyze the mechanism of action of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives reported as antibacterial, antitumoural and antiprotozoal agents. RESULTS Initially, the mechanism of action of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives against bacteria, tumoural cell lines, and parasites has been described as nonspecific, but recently, the results against different organisms have shown that these compounds have an inhibitory action on specific targets such as trypanothione reductase, triosephosphate isomerase, and other essential enzymes. CONCLUSION In summary, quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide is a scaffold to develop new anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, antitumoural and antiprotozoal agents, however, understanding the mechanism of action of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives in each microorganism could contribute to the development of new, and more potent selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
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Gao YQ, Ge L, Han Z, Hao X, Zhang ML, Zhang XJ, Zhou CJ, Zhang DJ, Liang CG. Oral administration of olaquindox negatively affects oocytes quality and reproductive ability in female mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110826. [PMID: 32521368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As an effective feed additive in the livestock industry, olaquindox (OLA) has been widely used in domestic animal production. However, it is unclear whether OLA has negative effects on mammalian oocyte quality and fetal development. In this study, toxic effects of OLA were tested by intragastric gavage ICR mice with water, low-dose OLA (5 mg/kg/day), or high-dose OLA (60 mg/kg/day) for continuous 45 days. Results showed that high-dose OLA gavage severely affected the offspring birth and growth. Significantly, high-dose OLA impaired oocyte maturation and early embryo development, indicated by the decreased percentage of germinal vesicle breakdown, first polar body extrusion and blastocyst formation. Meanwhile, oxidative stress levels were increased in oocytes or ovaries, indexed by the increased levels of ROS, MDA, H2O2, NO, and decreased levels of GSH, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and GSH-Rd. Furthermore, aberrant mitochondria distribution, defective spindle assembly, abnormal H3K4me2/H3K9me3 levels, increased DNA double-strand breaks and early apoptosis rate, were observed after high-dose OLA gavage. Taken together, our results for the first time illustrated that high-dose OLA gavage led to sub-fertility of females, which means that restricted utilization of OLA as feed additive should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Guang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China.
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Li D, Zhang Y, Pei X, Liu X, Dai C, Li C, Li L, Zhang J, Xiao X, Tang S. Molecular mechanism of olaquindox-induced hepatotoxicity and the hepatic protective role of curcumin. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111727. [PMID: 32898599 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Olaquindox (OLA) is a chemosynthetic growth promoter, which could promote the treatment of bacterial infections and improve feed energy efficiency. Hepatotoxicity is still a poor feature associated with the adverse effects of OLA. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of OLA-induced hepatotoxicity and the protective role of curcumin in mice and HepG2 cells. The result showed that representative biomarkers involved in mitochondrial pathway, p53 pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, autophagy and antioxidant pathway were activated. Furthermore, curcumin attenuated OLA-induced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and liver damage in mice. In addition, cell viability of HepG2 was enhanced by curcumin pretreatment at 5, 10 and 20 μM. Meanwhile, curcumin markedly ameliorated OLA-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, curcumin pretreatment significantly up-regulated the expressions of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and down-regulated the expressions of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) and p53 through reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-kB induced by OLA. In summary, our findings indicated that OLA-induced hepatotoxicity involved in mitochondrial apoptosis, autophagy, p53 pathway, Nrf2/HO-1 pathways, and curcumin regulated OLA-induced liver damage, oxidative stress and apoptosis via activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppression of p53 and NF-kB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daowen Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Jinjing Road No.22, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Jinjing Road No.22, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xingyao Pei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Jinjing Road No.22, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chongshan Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cun Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Jinjing Road No.22, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Liuan Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Jinjing Road No.22, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Jinjing Road No.22, Xiqing District, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xilong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shusheng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No.2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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ZHANG Y, WANG Y, SHI Y, HUANG H, WANG X, ZHAO L. One Step Synthesis of Covalent Connected Three-dimensional Graphene/Carbon Nanotube for Olaquindox Electrochemical Sensor. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.18-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yubin ZHANG
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Northwest University
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University
| | - Yang WANG
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Northwest University
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University
| | - Yifei SHI
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Northwest University
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University
| | - Huayu HUANG
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Northwest University
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University
| | - Xingyu WANG
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Northwest University
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University
| | - Liangju ZHAO
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface System and Environmental Carrying Capacity, Northwest University
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University
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Yang Q, He J, He SY, Wang KY, Geng Y, Chen DF, Huang XL, Ou-Yang P. Acute and Subacute toxicity study of Olaquindox by feeding to common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:342-349. [PMID: 29890435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Olaquindox, is a growth-promoting feed additive for food-producing animals. As the banned medicinal feed additive, olaquindox in animal feed and water must be concerned as an important hazard index. To improve studies of the toxicity of olaquindox, we provide a toxicological effects of olaquindox on a common freshwater fish, Cyprinus carpio L. The results of acute toxicity tests showed that the 7d-LD50 of olaquindox administered by feeding for common carp was determined to be 3746.3 mg/kg. We also found that the accumulation coefficient of olaquindox in carp was 1.45-1.9. Based on the studied hematological and blood biochemical parameters (RBCs count, hemoglobin content, ALT, AST and SOD activity), we found that olaquindox induced significant alterations in all studied parameters. Regarding bioaccumulation, the results showed that olaquindox had more efficiency to internalize fish tissues (liver, kidneys and muscle). The histopathological investigation of tissues from poisoning fish revealed various alterations that varied between adaptation responses and permanent tissue damage. Our results indicate that olaquindox are toxic to common carp and have obvious accumulation, and all the data from acute and subacute toxicity experiments in common carp may provide a useful tool for assessing the toxicity of olaquindox to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No.211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No.211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Sheng-Yu He
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No.211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Kai-Yu Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No.211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No.211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - De-Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No.211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No.211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Li Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No.211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No.211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ping Ou-Yang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No. 211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Huimin Road No.211, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
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12
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Miao X, Xu L, Li H, Yang Z. Determination of olaquindox, carbadox and cyadox in animal feeds by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1257-1265. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1461255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Miao
- Centre for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Centre for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
- Changsha Animal Disease Prevention and Control Centre, Changsha, PR China
| | - Haipu Li
- Centre for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Centre for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
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13
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Liu Q, Lei Z, Guo J, Liu A, Lu Q, Fatima Z, Khaliq H, Shabbir MAB, Maan MK, Wu Q, Dai M, Wang X, Pan Y, Yuan Z. Mequindox-Induced Kidney Toxicity Is Associated With Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in the Mouse. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:436. [PMID: 29765325 PMCID: PMC5938394 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mequindox (MEQ), belonging to quinoxaline-di-N-oxides (QdNOs), is a synthetic antimicrobial agent widely used in China. Previous studies found that the kidney was one of the main toxic target organs of the QdNOs. However, the mechanisms underlying the kidney toxicity caused by QdNOs in vivo still remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of kidney toxicity in mice after chronic exposure to MEQ. MEQ led to the oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial damage in the kidney of mice. Meanwhile, MEQ upregulated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, disrupted mitochondrial permeability transition pores, caused cytochrome c release, and a cascade activation of caspase, eventually induced apoptosis. The oxidative stress mediated by MEQ might led to mitochondria damage and apoptosis in a mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, upregulation of the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway was also observed. Our findings revealed that the oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway were associated with the kidney apoptosis induced by MEQ in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingchao Guo
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aimei Liu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qirong Lu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zainab Fatima
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haseeb Khaliq
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad A B Shabbir
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Kashif Maan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Menghong Dai
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, China
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14
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Liu Q, Lei Z, Wu Q, Huang D, Xie S, Wang X, Pan Y, Yuan Z. Mequindox Induced Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:361. [PMID: 29692735 PMCID: PMC5902691 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mequindox (MEQ), acting as an inhibitor of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis, is a synthetic heterocyclic N-oxides. To investigate the potential carcinogenicity of MEQ, four groups of Kun-Ming (KM) mice (50 mice/sex/group) were fed with diets containing MEQ (0, 25, 55, and 110 mg/kg) for one and a half years. The result showed adverse effects on body weights, feed consumption, hematology, serum chemistry, organ weights, relative organ weights, and incidence of tumors during most of the study period. Treatment-related changes in hematology, serum chemistry, relative weights and histopathological examinations revealed that the hematological system, liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands, as well as the developmental and reproductive system, were the main targets after MEQ administration. Additionally, MEQ significantly increased the frequency of micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow cells of mice. Furthermore, MEQ increased the incidence of tumors, including mammary fibroadenoma, breast cancer, corticosuprarenaloma, haemangiomas, hepatocarcinoma, and pulmonary adenoma. Interestingly, the higher incidence of tumors was noted in M25 mg/kg group, the lowest dietary concentration tested, which was equivalent to approximately 2.25 and 1.72 mg/kg b.w./day in females and males, respectively. It was assumed that the lower toxicity might be a reason for its higher tumor incidence in M25 mg/kg group. This finding suggests a potential relationships among the dose, general toxicity and carcinogenicity in vivo, and further study is required to reveal this relationship. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that MEQ is a genotoxic carcinogen in KM mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Wu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deyu Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, China
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15
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Liu Q, Lei Z, Huang A, Lu Q, Wang X, Ahmed S, Awais I, Yuan Z. Mechanisms of the Testis Toxicity Induced by Chronic Exposure to Mequindox. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:679. [PMID: 29018347 PMCID: PMC5622959 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mequindox (MEQ) is a synthetic antimicrobial agent widely used in China since the 1980s. Although the toxicity of MEQ is well recognized, its testis toxicity has not been adequately investigated. In the present study, we provide evidence that MEQ triggers oxidative stress, mitochondrion dysfunction and spermatogenesis deficiency in mice after exposure to MEQ (0, 25, 55, and 110 mg/kg in the diet) for up to 18 months. The genotoxicity and adrenal toxicity may contribute to sperm abnormalities caused by MEQ. Moreover, using LC/MS-IT-TOF analysis, two metabolites, 3-methyl-2-(1-hydroxyethyl) quinoxaline-N4-monoxide (M4) and 3-methyl-2-(1-hydroxyethyl) quinoxaline-N1-monoxide (M8), were detected in the serum of mice, which directly confirms the relationship between the N→O group reduction metabolism of MEQ and oxidative stress. Interestingly, only M4 was detected in the testes, suggesting that the higher reproductive toxicity of M4 than M8 might be due to the increased stability of M4-radical (M4-R) compared to M8-radical (M8-R). Furthermore, the expression of the blood-testis barrier (BTB)-associated junctions such as tight junctions, gap junctions and basal ectoplasmic specializations were also examined. The present study demonstrated for the first time the role of the M4 in testis toxicity, and illustrated that the oxidative stress, mitochondrion dysfunction and interference in spermatogenesis, as well as the altered expression of BTB related junctions, were involved in the reproductive toxicity mediated by MEQ in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixin Lei
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anxiong Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qirong Lu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ihsan Awais
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, China.,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, China
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16
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Peng T, Pei X, Zheng Y, Wang J, Wang Q, Li J, Xia X, Jiang H. Performance of fluorescence microspheres-based immunochromatography in simultaneous monitoring of five quinoxalines. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1354357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyao Pei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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17
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A two-year dietary carcinogenicity study of cyadox in Sprague-Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 87:9-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetics of cyadox nanosuspension. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2289. [PMID: 28536446 PMCID: PMC5442105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02523-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in number of newly developed synthetic drugs displays bioavailability constraints because of poor water solubility. Nanosuspensions formulation may help to overwhelm these problems by increasing dissolution velocity and saturation solubility. In the present study, cyadox (Cyx) nanosuspension was successfully prepared by recrystallization based on acid–base neutralization combined with high pressure homogenization method using Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP) as stabilizer. The nanosuspension had uniform particle distribution, excellent sedimentation rate and redispersibility. The nanosuspension significantly improved the solubility, dissolution and bioavailability. The saturation solubility of Cyx nanocrystal was higher than that of bulk Cyx and released the total drug in very short time. Further, pharmacokinetics of Cyx nanosuspension and normal suspension following oral administration was investigated in beagle dogs. Nanosuspension improved the bioavailability of Cyx which could be beneficial for intestinal bacterial infection in animals. Maximum concentration and area under concentration time curve were increased with particles size reduction which might give rise to pronounce fluctuations in plasma concentration and more intensified antibacterial effects. The terminal half-life and mean resident time of Cyx nanosuspension had also increased compared to normal Cyx suspension. In conclusion, nanosuspensions may be a suitable delivery approach to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
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19
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Li D, Zhao K, Yang X, Xiao X, Tang S. TCS2 Increases Olaquindox-Induced Apoptosis by Upregulation of ROS Production and Downregulation of Autophagy in HEK293 Cells. Molecules 2017; 22:E595. [PMID: 28387735 PMCID: PMC6154664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Olaquindox, a feed additive, has drawn public attention due to its potential mutagenicity, genotoxicity, hepatoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC2) pathways in olaquindox-induced autophagy in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. The results revealed that olaquindox treatment reduced the cell viability of HEK293 cells and downregulated the expression of TSC2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Meanwhile, olaquindox treatment markedly induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cascaded to autophagy, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death, which was effectively eliminated by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Furthermore, overexpression of TSC2 attenuated olaquindox-induced autophagy in contrast to inducing the production of ROS, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Consistently, knockdown of TSC2 upregulated autophagy, and decreased olaquindox-induced cell apoptosis. In conclusion, our findings indicate that TSC2 partly participates in olaquindox-induced autophagy, oxidative stress and apoptosis, and demonstrate that TSC2 has a negative regulation role in olaquindox-induced autophagy in HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kena Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiayun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xilong Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shusheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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20
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Liu L, Peng J, Xie Z, Song S, Kuang H, Xu C. Development of an icELISA and Immunochromatographic Assay for Methyl-3-Quinoxaline-2-Carboxylic Acid Residues in Fish. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Toxic metabolites, MAPK and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathways involved in oxidative toxicity in mice liver after chronic exposure to Mequindox. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41854. [PMID: 28157180 PMCID: PMC5291092 DOI: 10.1038/srep41854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mequindox (MEQ) is a synthetic antimicrobial agent of quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide group (QdNOs). The liver is regarded as the toxicity target of QdNOs, and the role of N → O group-associated various toxicities mediated by QdNOs is well recognized. However, the mechanism underlying the in vivo effects of MEQ on the liver, and whether the metabolic pathway of MEQ is altered in response to the pathophysiological conditions still remain unclear. We now provide evidence that MEQ triggers oxidative damage in the liver. Moreover, using LC/MS-ITTOF analysis, two metabolites of MEQ were detected in the liver, which directly confirms the potential connection between N → O group reduction metabolism of MEQ and liver toxicity. The gender difference in MEQ-induced oxidative stress might be due to adrenal toxicity and the generation of M4 (2-isoethanol 1-desoxymequindox). Furthermore, up-regulation of the MAPK and Nrf2-Keap1 family and phase II detoxifying enzymes (HO-1, GCLC and NQO1) were also observed. The present study demonstrated for the first time the protein peroxidation and a proposal metabolic pathway after chronic exposure of MEQ, and illustrated that the MAPK, Nrf2-Keap1 and NF-кB signaling pathways, as well as the altered metabolism of MEQ, were involved in oxidative toxicity mediated by MEQ in vivo.
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22
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GADD45a Regulates Olaquindox-Induced DNA Damage and S-Phase Arrest in Human Hepatoma G2 Cells via JNK/p38 Pathways. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010124. [PMID: 28098804 PMCID: PMC6155949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Olaquindox, a quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivative, is widely used as a feed additive in many countries. The potential genotoxicity of olaquindox, hence, is of concern. However, the proper mechanism of toxicity was unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of growth arrest and DNA damage 45 alpha (GADD45a) on olaquindox-induced DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cells. The results showed that olaquindox could induce reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated DNA damage and S-phase arrest, where increases of GADD45a, cyclin A, Cdk 2, p21 and p53 protein expression, decrease of cyclin D1 and the activation of phosphorylation-c-Jun N-terminal kinases (p-JNK), phosphorylation-p38 (p-p38) and phosphorylation-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p-ERK) were involved. However, GADD45a knockdown cells treated with olaquindox could significantly decrease cell viability, exacerbate DNA damage and increase S-phase arrest, associated with the marked activation of p-JNK, p-p38, but not p-ERK. Furthermore, SP600125 and SB203580 aggravated olaquindox-induced DNA damage and S-phase arrest, suppressed the expression of GADD45a. Taken together, these findings revealed that GADD45a played a protective role in olaquindox treatment and JNK/p38 pathways may partly contribute to GADD45a regulated olaquindox-induced DNA damage and S-phase arrest. Our findings increase the understanding on the molecular mechanisms of olaquindox.
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23
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Zhu X, Huang L, Xu Y, Xie S, Pan Y, Chen D, Liu Z, Yuan Z. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for quinocetone in pigs and extrapolation to mequindox. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:192-210. [PMID: 28001497 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1258121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Dai C, Li B, Zhou Y, Li D, Zhang S, Li H, Xiao X, Tang S. Curcumin attenuates quinocetone induced apoptosis and inflammation via the opposite modulation of Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-kB pathway in human hepatocyte L02 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 95:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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Sattar A, Xie S, Huang L, Iqbal Z, Qu W, Shabbir MA, Pan Y, Hussain HI, Chen D, Tao Y, Liu Z, Iqbal M, Yuan Z. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Cyadox and Its Main Metabolites in Beagle Dogs Following Oral, Intramuscular, and Intravenous Administration. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:236. [PMID: 27536243 PMCID: PMC4971586 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyadox (Cyx) is an antibacterial drug of the quinoxaline group that exerts markedly lower toxicity in animals, compared to its congeners. Here, the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of Cyx after oral (PO), intramuscular (IM), and intravenous (IV) routes of administration were studied to establish safety criteria for the clinical use of Cyx in animals. Six beagle dogs (3 males, 3 females) were administered Cyx through PO (40 mg kg−1 b.w.), IM (10 mg kg−1 b.w.), and IV (10 mg kg−1 b.w.) routes with a washout period of 2 weeks in a crossover design. Highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) was employed for determination of Cyx and its main metabolites, 1, 4-bisdesoxycyadox (Cy1), cyadox-1-monoxide (Cy2), N-(quinoxaline-2-methyl)-cyanide acetyl hydrazine (Cy4), and quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (Cy6) in plasma, urine and feces of dogs. The oral bioavailability of Cyx was 4.75%, suggesting first-pass effect in dogs. The concentration vs. time profile in plasma after PO administration indicates that Cyx is rapidly dissociated into its metabolites and eliminated from plasma earlier, compared to its metabolites. The areas under the curve (AUC) of Cyx after PO, IM and IV administration were 1.22 h × μg mL−1, 6.3 h × μg mL−1, and 6.66 h × μg mL−1, while mean resident times (MRT) were 7.32, 3.58 and 0.556 h, respectively. Total recovery of Cyx and its metabolites was >60% with each administration route. In feces, 48.83% drug was recovered after PO administration, while 18.15% and 17.11% after IM and IV injections, respectively, suggesting renal clearance as the major route of excretion with IM and IV administration and feces as the major route with PO delivery. Our comprehensive evaluation of Cyx has uncovered detailed information that should facilitate its judicious use in animals by improving understanding of its pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Sattar
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zahid Iqbal
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad A Shabbir
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Hafiz I Hussain
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Mujahid Iqbal
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Wang X, Martínez MA, Cheng G, Liu Z, Huang L, Dai M, Chen D, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Anadón A, Yuan Z. The critical role of oxidative stress in the toxicity and metabolism of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides in vitro and in vivo. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:159-82. [PMID: 27285897 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1189560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives (QdNOs) have been widely used as growth promoters and antibacterial agents. Carbadox (CBX), olaquindox (OLA), quinocetone (QCT), cyadox (CYA) and mequindox (MEQ) are the classical members of QdNOs. Some members of QdNOs are known to cause a variety of toxic effects. To date, however, almost no review has addressed the toxicity and metabolism of QdNOs in relation to oxidative stress. This review focused on the research progress associated with oxidative stress as a plausible mechanism for QdNO-induced toxicity and metabolism. The present review documented that the studies were performed over the past 10 years to interpret the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress as the results of QdNO treatment and have correlated them with various types of QdNO toxicity, suggesting that oxidative stress plays critical roles in their toxicities. The major metabolic pathways of QdNOs are N→O group reduction and hydroxylation. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), aldehyde oxidase (SsAOX1), carbonyl reductase (CBR1) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes were involved in the QdNOs metabolism. Further understanding the role of oxidative stress in QdNOs-induced toxicity will throw new light onto the use of antioxidants and scavengers of ROS as well as onto the blind spots of metabolism and the metabolizing enzymes of QdNOs. The present review might contribute to revealing the QdNOs toxicity, protecting against oxidative damage and helping to improve the rational use of concurrent drugs, while developing novel QdNO compounds with more efficient potentials and less toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- a National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Wuhan , Hubei , China ;,b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Guyue Cheng
- c MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Zhaoying Liu
- d Hunan Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine , Hunan Agricultural University , Changsha , Hunan , China
| | - Lingli Huang
- c MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Menghong Dai
- c MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- c MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- b Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- a National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Wuhan , Hubei , China ;,c MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei , China ;,e Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei , China
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Liu Q, Zhang J, Luo X, Ihsan A, Liu X, Dai M, Cheng G, Hao H, Wang X, Yuan Z. Further investigations into the genotoxicity of quinoxaline-di-N-oxides and their primary metabolites. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 93:145-57. [PMID: 27170491 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Quinoxaline-di-N-oxides (QdNOs) are potential antibacterial agents with a wide range of biological properties. Quinocetone (QCT), carbadox (CBX), olaquindox (OLA), mequindox (MEQ) and cyadox (CYA) are classical QdNOs. Though the genotoxicity of parent drugs has been evaluated, the genotoxicity of their primary N → O reduced metabolites remains unclear. In the present study, a battery of four different short-term tests, mouse lymphoma assay (MLA), Ames test, chromosomal aberration assay in vitro and bone marrow erythrocyte micronucleus assay in vivo was carried out to investigate the genotoxicity of the six primary N → O reduced metabolites. Additionally, the genotoxicity of five parent drugs was evaluated by the MLA. Strong genotoxicity of N1-MEQ, B-MEQ and B-CBX was found in three of the assays but not in the Ames assay, and the rank order was N1-MEQ>B-MEQ>B-CBX that is consistent with prototype QdNOs. Negative results for the five QdNOs were noted in the MLA. We present for the first time a comparison of the genotoxicity of primary N → O reduced metabolites, and evaluate the ability of five QdNOs to cause mutations in the MLA. The present study demonstrates that metabolites are involved in genetic toxicity mediated by QdNOs, and improve the prudent use of QdNOs for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jianwu Zhang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xun Luo
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Xianglian Liu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Wang X, Bai Y, Cheng G, Ihsan A, Zhu F, Wang Y, Tao Y, Chen D, Dai M, Liu Z, Yuan Z. Genomic and proteomic analysis of the inhibition of synthesis and secretion of aldosterone hormone induced by quinocetone in NCI-H295R cells. Toxicology 2016; 350-352:1-14. [PMID: 27046791 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides (QdNOs) are widely used as a kind of antibacterial growth promoter in animal husbandry. The adrenal cortex was found to be one of the main toxic targets of QdNOs, accompanied by a decreased aldosterone level. However, the way in which QdNOs decrease production of the hormone aldosterone is far from clear. To illustrate the mechanism by which QdNOs damage the adrenal cortex and decrease aldosterone hormone levels, the QdNOs were screened to choose the drug with most toxic effects on aldosterone production, and then to reveal the mechanism between the gene and protein profiles in human adrenocortical cells (NCI-H295R cells). The results found that quinocetone (QCT) showed the highest adrenal toxic effect among QdNOs. After exposing H295R cells to 10 and 20μM QCT for 24h, compared with blank cells, the gene and protein expression profiles obtained were analyzed by microarray and MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry, respectively. The results of microarray analysis suggested that ABCG1 and SREBF1, which were involved in the cholesterol biosynthetic and metabolic processes, and CYP17A1, NR4A2 and G6PD, which were related to aldosterone biosynthesis, were important molecular targets. It has been speculated that PKC and ERK pathways might be involved in the reduction of aldosterone production caused by QCT, through enhanced mRNA expression of CYP17A1. Additionally, JNK and p38MAPK signal transduction pathways might participate in apoptosis induced by QCT. Twenty-nine and 32 protein spots were successfully identified when cells were treated with 10 and 20μM QCT, respectively. These identified proteins mainly included material synthesis and energy metabolism-related proteins, transcription/translation processing-related proteins, signal transduction proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, molecular chaperones, proteins related to response to stress, and transport proteins. Further investigations suggested that oxidative stress caused by QCT was exacerbated through disruption of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE anti-oxidative stress pathway. Taken together, the data demonstrated for the first time that the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway plays a crucial role in adrenal toxicity, and that CYP17A1 was the key switch to reduce the aldosterone production induced by QCT. Furthermore, large numbers of genes and proteins and entry points for research in the inhibition of aldosterone synthesis induced by QCT were offered, which will provide new insight into the adrenal toxicity of QdNOs and help to provide a theoretical foundation for the formulation of safety controls for products obtained from animals and to design new QdNOs with less harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yijie Bai
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Feng Zhu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengli Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Cheng G, Sa W, Cao C, Guo L, Hao H, Liu Z, Wang X, Yuan Z. Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-Oxides: Biological Activities and Mechanisms of Actions. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:64. [PMID: 27047380 PMCID: PMC4800186 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (QdNOs) have manifold biological properties, including antimicrobial, antitumoral, antitrypanosomal and antiinflammatory/antioxidant activities. These diverse activities endow them broad applications and prospects in human and veterinary medicines. As QdNOs arouse widespread interest, the evaluation of their medicinal chemistry is still in progress. In the meantime, adverse effects have been reported in some of the QdNO derivatives. For example, genotoxicity and bacterial resistance have been found in QdNO antibacterial growth promoters, conferring urgent need for discovery of new QdNO drugs. However, the modes of actions of QdNOs are not fully understood, hindering the development and innovation of these promising compounds. Here, QdNOs are categorized based on the activities and usages, among which the antimicrobial activities are consist of antibacterial, antimycobacterial and anticandida activities, and the antiprotozoal activities include antitrypanosomal, antimalarial, antitrichomonas, and antiamoebic activities. The structure-activity relationship and the mode of actions of each type of activity of QdNOs are summarized, and the toxicity and the underlying mechanisms are also discussed, providing insight for the future research and development of these fascinating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Wei Sa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Liangliang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Wang X, Yang P, Li J, Ihsan A, Liu Q, Cheng G, Tao Y, Liu Z, Yuan Z. Genotoxic risk of quinocetone and its possible mechanism in in vitro studies. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:446-460. [PMID: 30090359 PMCID: PMC6062406 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00341e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoxalines possessing the quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide (QdNOs) basic structure are used for their antibacterial action, although their mechanism of genotoxicity is not clear. After comparing the sensitivity of V79 cells and HepG2 cells to quinocetone (QCT) and other QdNOs, it was found that HepG2 cells are more sensitive. The results show that QCT induces the generation of O2˙- and OH˙ during metabolism. Free radicals could then attack guanine and induce 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanine (8-OHdG) generation, causing DNA strand breakage, the inhibition of topoisomerase II (topo II) activity, and alter PCNA, Gadd45 and topo II gene expression. QCT also caused mutations in the mtDNA genes COX1, COX3 and ATP6, which might affect the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nuclear extracts from HepG2 cells treated with QCT had markedly reduced topo II activity, as judged by the inability to convert pBR322 DNA from the catenated to the decatenated form by producing stable DNA-topo II complexes. This study suggests that QCT electrostatically bound to DNA in a groove, affecting the dissociation of topo II from DNA and impacting DNA replication. Taken together, these data reveal that DNA damage induced by QCT resulted from O2˙- and OH˙ generated in the metabolism process. This data throws new light onto the genotoxicity of quinoxalines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87287186
| | - Panpan Yang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Juan Li
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Sahiwal , Pakistan
| | - Qianying Liu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Zhengli Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei , China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-27-87287186
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Wuhan , Hubei , China
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Huang Q, Ihsan A, Guo P, Luo X, Cheng G, Hao H, Chen D, Jamil F, Tao Y, Wang X, Yuan Z. Evaluation of the safety of primary metabolites of cyadox: Acute and sub-chronic toxicology studies and genotoxicity assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 74:123-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Wang X, Yang C, Ihsan A, Luo X, Guo P, Cheng G, Dai M, Chen D, Liu Z, Yuan Z. High risk of adrenal toxicity of N1-desoxy quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives and the protection of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) in the inhibition of the expression of aldosterone synthetase in H295R cells. Toxicology 2016; 341-343:1-16. [PMID: 26802905 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives (QdNOs) with a wide range of biological activities are used in animal husbandry worldwide. It was found that QdNOs significantly inhibited the gene expression of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, the key aldosterone synthases, and thus reduced aldosterone levels. However, whether the metabolites of QdNOs have potential adrenal toxicity and the role of oxidative stress in the adrenal toxicity of QdNOs remains unclear. The relatively new QdNOs, cyadox (CYA), mequindox (MEQ), quinocetone (QCT) and their metabolites, were selected for elucidation of their toxic mechanisms in H295R cells. Interestingly, the results showed that the main toxic metabolites of QCT, MEQ, and CYA were their N1-desoxy metabolites, which were more harmful than other metabolites and evoked dose and time-dependent cell damage on adrenal cells and inhibited aldosterone production. Gene and protein expression of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 and mRNA expression of transcription factors, such as NURR1, NGFIB, CREB, SF-1, and ATF-1, were down regulated by N1-desoxy QdNOs. The natural inhibitors of oxidant stress, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), could upregulate the expression of diverse transcription factors, including CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, and elevated aldosterone levels to reduce adrenal toxicity. This study demonstrated for the first time that N1-desoxy QdNOs have the potential to be the major toxic metabolites in adrenal toxicity, which may shed new light on the adrenal toxicity of these fascinating compounds and help to provide a basic foundation for the formulation of safety controls for animal products and the design of new QdNOs with less harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Xun Luo
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pu Guo
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Provision of Ultrasensitive Quantitative Gold Immunochromatography for Rapid Monitoring of Olaquindox in Animal Feed and Water Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0360-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Huang L, Yin F, Pan Y, Chen D, Li J, Wan D, Liu Z, Yuan Z. Metabolism, Distribution, and Elimination of Mequindox in Pigs, Chickens, and Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9839-9849. [PMID: 26376954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mequindox (MEQ), a quinoxaline-N,N-dioxide antibacterial agent used to control bacterial enteritis in various food-producing animals, is a potential violative residue in food animal-derived products. The disposition and elimination of MEQ in rats, pigs, and chickens was comprehensively investigated to identify the marker residue and target tissue of MEQ in food animals for residue monitoring. Following a single oral administration, 62-71% of MEQ was rapidly excreted via urine and feces in all species within 24 h. Urinary excretion of radioactivity was 84 and 83.5% of the administered dose in rats and pigs, respectively. More than 92% of the administered dose was excreted in all species within 15 days. Radioactivity was found in nearly all tissues at the first 6 h after dosing, with the majority of radioactivity cleared within 4-6 days. The highest radioactivity and longest persisting time were found to be in the liver and kidney. Totals of 11, 12, and 7 metabolites were identified in rats, chickens, and pigs, respectively. No parent drug could be detected in any of the tissues of pigs and chickens. 3-Methyl-2-acetyl quinoxaline (M1), 3-methyl-2-(1-hydroxyethyl) quinoxaline-N4-monoxide (M4), and 3-methyl-2-(1-hydroxyethyl) quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide (M6) were the common and major metabolites of MEQ in all three species. Additionally, 3-methyl-2-(1-hydroxyethyl) quinoxaline (M5), 3-hydroxymethyl-2-ethanol quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide (M7), and 3-methyl-2-(1-hydroxyethyl) quinoxaline-N1-monoxide (M8) were the major metabolites of MEQ in rats, pigs, and chickens, respectively. M1 was designated to be the marker residue of MEQ in pigs and chickens. These results provide scientific data for the determination of marker residues and withdrawal time of MEQ in food animals and improve the understanding of the toxicity and disposition of MEQ in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Huang
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products and ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Fujun Yin
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products and ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products and ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products and ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Juan Li
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products and ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dan Wan
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products and ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products and ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products and ‡National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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Huang L, Lin Z, Zhou X, Zhu M, Gehring R, Riviere JE, Yuan Z. Estimation of residue depletion of cyadox and its marker residue in edible tissues of pigs using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:2002-17. [PMID: 26414219 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are powerful tools to predict tissue distribution and depletion of veterinary drugs in food animals. However, most models only simulate the pharmacokinetics of the parent drug without considering their metabolites. In this study, a PBPK model was developed to simultaneously describe the depletion in pigs of the food animal antimicrobial agent cyadox (CYA), and its marker residue 1,4-bisdesoxycyadox (BDCYA). The CYA and BDCYA sub-models included blood, liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, muscle, fat and other organ compartments. Extent of plasma-protein binding, renal clearance and tissue-plasma partition coefficients of BDCYA were measured experimentally. The model was calibrated with the reported pharmacokinetic and residue depletion data from pigs dosed by oral gavage with CYA for five consecutive days, and then extrapolated to exposure in feed for two months. The model was validated with 14 consecutive day feed administration data. This PBPK model accurately simulated CYA and BDCYA in four edible tissues at 24-120 h after both oral exposure and 2-month feed administration. There was only slight overestimation of CYA in muscle and BDCYA in kidney at earlier time points (6-12 h) when dosed in feed. Monte Carlo analysis revealed excellent agreement between the estimated concentration distributions and observed data. The present model could be used for tissue residue monitoring of CYA and BDCYA in food animals, and provides a foundation for developing PBPK models to predict residue depletion of both parent drugs and their metabolites in food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Huang
- a MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , 430070 , China.,b Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA.,c Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , 430070 , China
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- d National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , 430070 , China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- d National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , 430070 , China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- d National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , 430070 , China
| | - Ronette Gehring
- b Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA
| | - Jim E Riviere
- b Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), College of Veterinary Medicine , Kansas State University , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- a MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , 430070 , China.,c Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , 430070 , China.,d National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , 430070 , China
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36
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Cheng G, Li B, Wang C, Zhang H, Liang G, Weng Z, Hao H, Wang X, Liu Z, Dai M, Wang Y, Yuan Z. Systematic and Molecular Basis of the Antibacterial Action of Quinoxaline 1,4-Di-N-Oxides against Escherichia coli. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136450. [PMID: 26296207 PMCID: PMC4546592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (QdNOs) are widely known as potent antibacterial agents, but their antibacterial mechanisms are incompletely understood. In this study, the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of Escherichia coli exposed to QdNOs were integratively investigated, and the results demonstrated that QdNOs mainly induced an SOS response and oxidative stress. Moreover, genes and proteins involved in the bacterial metabolism, cellular structure maintenance, resistance and virulence were also found to be changed, conferring bacterial survival strategies. Biochemical assays showed that reactive oxygen species were induced in the QdNO-treated bacteria and that free radical scavengers attenuated the antibacterial action of QdNOs and DNA damage, suggesting an oxidative-DNA-damage action of QdNOs. The QdNO radical intermediates, likely carbon-centered and aryl-type radicals, as identified by electron paramagnetic resonance, were the major radicals induced by QdNOs, and xanthine oxidase was one of the QdNO-activating enzymes. This study provides new insights into the action of QdNOs in a systematic manner and increases the current knowledge of bacterial physiology under antibiotic stresses, which may be of great value in the development of new antibiotic-potentiating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Bei Li
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guixia Liang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhifei Weng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xu Wang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- * E-mail: (MD); (YW); (ZY)
| | - Yulian Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- * E-mail: (MD); (YW); (ZY)
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- * E-mail: (MD); (YW); (ZY)
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37
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Wang X, Wan D, Ihsan A, Liu Q, Cheng G, Li J, Liu Z, Yuan Z. Mechanism of adrenocortical toxicity induced by quinocetone and its bidesoxy-quinocetone metabolite in porcine adrenocortical cells in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:115-24. [PMID: 26296292 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Quinocetone (QCT) is a new feeding antibacterial agent in the QdNOs family. The mechanism of its adrenal toxicity is far from clear. This study was conducted to estimate the adrenal cell damage induced by QCT and its bidesoxy-quinocetone (B-QCT) metabolite and to further investigate their mechanisms. Following doses of QCT increasing from 5 to 50 μM, cell apoptosis and necrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and redox imbalance were observed in porcine adrenocortical cells. The mRNA levels of the six components of intermediary enzymes and the adrenal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) displayed a dysregulation induced by QCT, indicating that QCT might influence aldosterone secretion not only through the upstream of the production but also through the downstream of the adrenal RAAS pathway. In contrast, B-QCT had few toxic effects on the cell apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and redox imbalance. Moreover, LCMS-IT-TOF analysis showed that no desoxy metabolites of QCT were found in either cell lysate or supernatant samples. In conclusion, we reported on the cytotoxicity in porcine adrenocortical cells exposed to QCT via oxidative stress, which raised awareness that its toxic effects resulted from N→O groups, and its toxic mechanism might involve the interference of the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, China
| | - Dan Wan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Qianying Liu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Juan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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38
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Dai C, Tang S, Li D, Zhao K, Xiao X. Curcumin attenuates quinocetone-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in human hepatocyte L02 cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2015; 25:340-6. [PMID: 25996037 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1045659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Quinocetone (QCT), a new quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides, has been used as antimicrobial feed additive in China. Potential genotoxicity of QCT was concerned as a public health problem. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of curcumin on QCT-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in human hepatocyte L02 cells. Cell viability and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), biomarkers of oxidative stress including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) level were measured. Meanwhile, comet assay and micronucleus assay were carried out to evaluate genotoxicity. The results showed that, compared to the control group, QCT at the concentration ranges of 2-16 μg/mL significantly decreased L02 cell viability, which was significantly attenuated with curcumin pretreatment (2.5 and 5 μM). In addition, QCT significantly increased cell oxidative stress, characterized by increases of intracellular ROS level, while decreased endogenous antioxidant biomarkers GSH level and SOD activity (all p < 0.05 or 0.01). Curcumin pretreatment significantly attenuated ROS formation, inhibited the decreases of SOD activity and GSH level. Furthermore, curcumin significantly reduced QCT-induced DNA fragments and micronuclei formation. These data suggest that curcumin could attenuate QCT-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in L02 cells, which may be attributed to ROS scavenging and anti-oxidative ability of curcumin. Importantly, consumption of curcumin may be a plausible way to prevent quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides-mediated oxidative stress and genotoxicity in human or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Dai
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing , PR China
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