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Srdič M, Fessner ND, Yildiz D, Glieder A, Spiertz M, Schwaneberg U. Preparative Production of Functionalized (N- and O-Heterocyclic) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Human Cytochrome P450 3A4 in a Bioreactor. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020153. [PMID: 35204652 PMCID: PMC8961652 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their N- and O-containing derivatives (N-/O-PAHs) are environmental pollutants and synthetically attractive building blocks in pharmaceuticals. Functionalization of PAHs can be achieved via C-H activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes (e.g., P450 CYP3A4) in an environmentally friendly manner. Despite its broad substrate scope, the contribution of CYP3A4 to metabolize common PAHs in humans was found to be small. We recently showcased the potential of CYP3A4 in whole-cell biocatalysis with recombinant yeast Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) catalysts for the preparative-scale synthesis of naturally occurring metabolites in humans. In this study, we aimed at exploring the substrate scope of CYP3A4 towards (N-/O)-PAHs and conducted a bioconversion experiment at 10 L scale to validate the synthetic potential of CYP3A4 for the preparative-scale production of functionalized PAH metabolites. Hydroxylated products were purified and characterized using HPLC and NMR analysis. In total, 237 mg of fluorenol and 48 mg of fluorenone were produced from 498 mg of fluorene, with peak productivities of 27.7 μmol/L/h for fluorenol and 5.9 μmol/L/h for fluorenone; the latter confirmed that CYP3A4 is an excellent whole-cell biocatalyst for producing authentic human metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Srdič
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nico D. Fessner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Deniz Yildiz
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Markus Spiertz
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (U.S.)
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (U.S.)
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Chen C, Min Y, Li X, Chen D, Shen J, Zhang D, Sun H, Bian Q, Yuan H, Wang SL. Mutagenicity risk prediction of PAH and derivative mixtures by in silico simulations oriented from CYP compound I-mediated metabolic activation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147596. [PMID: 33991922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PAHs and their derivatives are the main sources of mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in airborne particular matter and cause serious public health and environmental problems. Risk assessment is challenging due to the mixed nature and deficiency of toxicity data of most PAHs and their derivatives. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) play important roles in PAH-induced carcinogenicity via metabolic activation, and CYP conformations with compound I structures strongly influence metabolic sites and metabolite species. In this study, complexes of BaP with CYP1A1, CYP1B1 or CYP2C19 compound I were successfully simulated by QM/MM methods and verified by metabolic clearance, and the mutagenicity of chemicals was then predicted by the BaP-7,8-epoxide-related metabolic conformation fitness (MCF) approach, which was validated by Ames tests, showing satisfying accuracy (R2 = 0.46-0.66). Furthermore, a prediction model of the mutagenicity risk of PAH and derivative mixtures was established based on the relative potential factor (RPF) approach and the RPF calculated from the mathematical relationship between the minimum MCF (MCFmin) and RPF, which was successfully validated by the mutagenesis of PAH and derivative mixture mimic-simulating PM2.5 samples collected in eastern China. This study provides fast reliable tools for assessing risk of the complex components of environmental PAHs and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Yue Min
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Xuxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China; School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Dongyin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Jiemiao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China
| | - Hong Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 172 Jiangsu Rd., Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qian Bian
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 172 Jiangsu Rd., Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Haoliang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Shou-Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China; School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, PR China.
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3
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Bi-enzymatic virus-like bionanoreactors for the transformation of endocrine disruptor compounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:415-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Michalska M, Grudzień K, Małecki P, Grela K. Gold(I)-Catalyzed Formation of Naphthalene/Acenaphthene Heterocyclic Acetals. Org Lett 2018; 20:954-957. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malina Michalska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical
Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Grudzień
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical
Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Małecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical
Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical
Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Kakimoto K, Murayama N, Takenaka S, Nagayoshi H, Lim YR, Kim V, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Komori M, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Cytochrome P450 2A6 and other human P450 enzymes in the oxidation of flavone and flavanone. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:131-142. [PMID: 29310511 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1426133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. We previously reported that flavone and flavanone interact spectrally with cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 2A6 and 2A13 and other human P450s and inhibit catalytic activities of these P450 enzymes. In this study, we studied abilities of CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2A13, 2C9 and 3A4 to oxidize flavone and flavanone. 2. Human P450s oxidized flavone to 6- and 5-hydroxylated flavones, seven uncharacterized mono-hydroxylated flavones, and five di-hydroxylated flavones. CYP2A6 was most active in forming 6-hydroxy- and 5-hydroxyflavones and several mono- and di-hydroxylated products. 3. CYP2A6 was also very active in catalyzing flavanone to form 2'- and 6-hydroxyflavanones, the major products, at turnover rates of 4.8 min-1 and 1.3 min-1, respectively. Other flavanone metabolites were 4'-, 3'- and 7-hydroxyflavanone, three uncharacterized mono-hydroxylated flavanones and five mono-hydroxylated flavones, including 6-hydroxyflavone. CYP2A6 catalyzed flavanone to produce flavone at a turnover rate of 0.72 min-1 that was ∼3-fold higher than that catalyzed by CYP2A13 (0.29 min-1). 4. These results indicate that CYP2A6 and other human P450s have important roles in metabolizing flavone and flavanone, two unsubstituted flavonoids, present in dietary foods. Chemical mechanisms of P450-catalyzed desaturation of flavanone to form flavone are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Kakimoto
- a Osaka Institute of Public Health , Higashinari-ku , Osaka , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- c Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino , Osaka , Japan
| | - Haruna Nagayoshi
- a Osaka Institute of Public Health , Higashinari-ku , Osaka , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masayuki Komori
- e Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan , and
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- f Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- e Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan , and
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Karunakaran J, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthesis of Benzo[k
]fluoranthene Derivatives through Diels-Alder Reaction of 1,3-Diarylbenzo[c
]furans. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayachandran Karunakaran
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Madras; Guindy Campus 600025 Chennai Tamil Nadu India
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Karich A, Ullrich R, Scheibner K, Hofrichter M. Fungal Unspecific Peroxygenases Oxidize the Majority of Organic EPA Priority Pollutants. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1463. [PMID: 28848501 PMCID: PMC5552789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) are secreted fungal enzymes with promiscuity for oxygen transfer and oxidation reactions. Functionally, they represent hybrids of P450 monooxygenases and heme peroxidases; phylogenetically they belong to the family of heme-thiolate peroxidases. Two UPOs from the basidiomycetous fungi Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO) and Marasmius rotula (MroUPO) converted 35 out of 40 compounds listed as EPA priority pollutants, including chlorinated benzenes and their derivatives, halogenated biphenyl ethers, nitroaromatic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic acid derivatives. These oxygenations and oxidations resulted in diverse products and—if at all—were limited for three reasons: (i) steric hindrance caused by multiple substitutions or bulkiness of the compound as such (e.g., hexachlorobenzene or large PAHs), (ii) strong inactivation of aromatic rings (e.g., nitrobenzene), and (iii) low water solubility (e.g., complex arenes). The general outcome of our study is that UPOs can be considered as extracellular counterparts of intracellular monooxygenases, both with respect to catalyzed reactions and catalytic versatility. Therefore, they should be taken into consideration as a relevant biocatalytic detoxification and biodegradation tool used by fungi when confronted with toxins, xenobiotics and pollutants in their natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Karich
- Department of Bio-and Environmental Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden-International Institute ZittauZittau, Germany
| | - René Ullrich
- Department of Bio-and Environmental Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden-International Institute ZittauZittau, Germany
| | - Katrin Scheibner
- Enzyme Technology Unit, Brandenburg University of TechnologyCottbus, Germany
| | - Martin Hofrichter
- Department of Bio-and Environmental Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden-International Institute ZittauZittau, Germany
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Shimada T, Murayama N, Kakimoto K, Takenaka S, Lim YR, Yeom S, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Komori M. Oxidation of 1-chloropyrene by human CYP1 family and CYP2A subfamily cytochrome P450 enzymes: catalytic roles of two CYP1B1 and five CYP2A13 allelic variants. Xenobiotica 2017. [PMID: 28648140 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1347306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
1. 1-Chloropyrene, one of the major chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants, was incubated with human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes including CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2A13, 2B6, 2C9, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4 and 3A5. Catalytic differences in 1-chloropyrene oxidation by polymorphic two CYP1B1 and five CYP2A13 allelic variants were also examined. 2. CYP1A1 oxidized 1-chloropyrene at the 6- and 8-positions more actively than at the 3-position, while both CYP1B1.1 and 1B1.3 preferentially catalyzed 6-hydroxylation. 3. Five CYP2A13 allelic variants oxidized 8-hydroxylation much more than 6- and 3-hydroxylation, and the variant CYP2A13.3 was found to slowly catalyze these reactions with a lower kcat value than other CYP2A13.1 variants. 4. CYP2A6 catalyzed 1-chloropyrene 6-hydroxylation at a higher rate than the CYP2A13 enzymes, but the rate was lower than the CYP1A1 and 1B1 variants. Other human P450 enzymes had low activities towards 1-chloropyrene. 5. Molecular docking analysis suggested differences in the interaction of 1-chloropyrene with active sites of CYP1 and 2 A enzymes. In addition, a naturally occurring Thr134 insertion in CYP2A13.3 was found to affect the orientation of Asn297 in the I-helix in interacting with 1-chloropyrene (and also 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, NNK) and caused changes in the active site of CYP2A13.3 as compared with CYP2A13.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo
| | | | - Shigeo Takenaka
- d Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea , and
| | - Sora Yeom
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea , and
| | - Donghak Kim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea , and
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- f Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Masayuki Komori
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka , Japan
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Shimada T. Inhibition of Carcinogen-Activating Cytochrome P450 Enzymes by Xenobiotic Chemicals in Relation to Antimutagenicity and Anticarcinogenicity. Toxicol Res 2017; 33:79-96. [PMID: 28443179 PMCID: PMC5402866 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2017.33.2.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of xenobiotic chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aryl- and heterocyclic amines and tobacco related nitrosamines, are ubiquitous environmental carcinogens and are required to be activated to chemically reactive metabolites by xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, including cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP), in order to initiate cell transformation. Of various human P450 enzymes determined to date, CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A13, 2A6, 2E1, and 3A4 are reported to play critical roles in the bioactivation of these carcinogenic chemicals. In vivo studies have shown that disruption of Cyp1b1 and Cyp2a5 genes in mice resulted in suppression of tumor formation caused by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, respectively. In addition, specific inhibitors for CYP1 and 2A enzymes are able to suppress tumor formation caused by several carcinogens in experimental animals in vivo, when these inhibitors are applied before or just after the administration of carcinogens. In this review, we describe recent progress, including our own studies done during past decade, on the nature of inhibitors of human CYP1 and CYP2A enzymes that have been shown to activate carcinogenic PAHs and tobacco-related nitrosamines, respectively, in humans. The inhibitors considered here include a variety of carcinogenic and/or non-carcinogenic PAHs and acethylenic PAHs, many flavonoid derivatives, derivatives of naphthalene, phenanthrene, biphenyl, and pyrene and chemopreventive organoselenium compounds, such as benzyl selenocyanate and benzyl selenocyanate; o-XSC, 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-phenylenebis( methylene)selenocyanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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Shimada T, Kakimoto K, Takenaka S, Koga N, Uehara S, Murayama N, Yamazaki H, Kim D, Guengerich FP, Komori M. Roles of Human CYP2A6 and Monkey CYP2A24 and 2A26 Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in the Oxidation of 2,5,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1899-1909. [PMID: 27625140 PMCID: PMC6047209 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.072991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
2,5,2',5'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) induced type I binding spectra with cytochrome P450 (P450) 2A6 and 2A13, with Ks values of 9.4 and 0.51 µM, respectively. However, CYP2A6 oxidized 2,5,2',5'-TCB to form 4-hydroxylated products at a much higher rate (∼1.0 minute-1) than CYP2A13 (∼0.02 minute-1) based on analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Formation of 4-hydroxy-2,5,2',5'-TCB by CYP2A6 was greater than that of 3-hydroxy-2,5,2',5'-TCB and three other hydroxylated products. Several human P450 enzymes, including CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2B6, 2D6, 2E1, 2C9, and 3A4, did not show any detectable activities in oxidizing 2,5,2',5'-TCB. Cynomolgus monkey CYP2A24, which shows 95% amino acid identity to human CYP2A6, catalyzed 4-hydroxylation of 2,5,2',5'-TCB at a higher rate (∼0.3 minute-1) than CYP2A26 (93% identity to CYP2A6, ∼0.13 minute-1) and CYP2A23 (94% identity to CYP2A13, ∼0.008 minute-1). None of these human and monkey CYP2A enzymes were catalytically active in oxidizing other TCB congeners, such as 2,4,3',4'-, 3,4,3',4'-, and 3,5,3',5'-TCB. Molecular docking analysis suggested that there are different orientations of interaction of 2,5,2',5'-TCB with the active sites (over the heme) of human and monkey CYP2A enzymes, and that ligand interaction energies (U values) of bound protein-ligand complexes show structural relationships of interaction of TCBs and other ligands with active sites of CYP2A enzymes. Catalytic differences in human and monkey CYP2A enzymes in the oxidation of 2,5,2',5'-TCB are suggested to be due to amino acid changes at substrate recognition sites, i.e., V110L, I209S, I300F, V365M, S369G, and R372H, based on the comparison of primary sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Kensaku Kakimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Nobuyuki Koga
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Donghak Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan (T.S., S.T., M.K.); Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan (K.K.); Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, Johnan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan (N.K.); Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan (S.U., N.M., H.Y.); Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea (D.K.); and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (F.P.G.)
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11
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Shimada T, Takenaka S, Kakimoto K, Murayama N, Lim YR, Kim D, Foroozesh MK, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Komori M. Structure-Function Studies of Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Biphenyl, and Their Derivatives in Interaction with and Oxidation by Cytochromes P450 2A13 and 2A6. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1029-40. [PMID: 27137136 PMCID: PMC5293596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene, phenanthrene, biphenyl, and their derivatives having different ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, and propargyl ether substitutions were examined for their interaction with and oxidation by cytochromes P450 (P450) 2A13 and 2A6. Spectral interaction studies suggested that most of these chemicals interacted with P450 2A13 to induce Type I binding spectra more readily than with P450 2A6. Among the various substituted derivatives examined, 2-ethynylnaphthalene, 2-naphthalene propargyl ether, 3-ethynylphenanthrene, and 4-biphenyl propargyl ether had larger ΔAmax/Ks values in inducing Type I binding spectra with P450 2A13 than their parent compounds. P450 2A13 was found to oxidize naphthalene, phenanthrene, and biphenyl to 1-naphthol, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 2- and/or 4-hydroxybiphenyl, respectively, at much higher rates than P450 2A6. Other human P450 enzymes including P450s 1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2C9, and 3A4 had lower rates of oxidation of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and biphenyl than P450s 2A13 and 2A6. Those alkynylated derivatives that strongly induced Type I binding spectra with P450s 2A13 and 2A6 were extensively oxidized by these enzymes upon analysis with HPLC. Molecular docking studies supported the hypothesis that ligand-interaction energies (U values) obtained with reported crystal structures of P450 2A13 and 2A6 bound to 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, indole, pilocarpine, nicotine, and coumarin are of use in understanding the basis of possible molecular interactions of these xenobiotic chemicals with the active sites of P450 2A13 and 2A6 enzymes. In fact, the ligand-interaction energies with P450 2A13 4EJG bound to these chemicals were found to relate to their induction of Type I binding spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kensaku Kakimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Maryam K. Foroozesh
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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12
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Kakimoto K, Nagayoshi H, Inazumi N, Tani A, Konishi Y, Kajimura K, Ohura T, Nakano T, Tang N, Hayakawa K, Toriba A. Identification and characterization of oxidative metabolites of 1-chloropyrene. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1728-36. [PMID: 26252339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants that bind to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and exhibit mutagenic potential. It is difficult to monitor human exposure levels to ClPAHs because the exposure routes are complicated, and environmental concentrations are not always correlated with the levels of PAHs. Urinary PAH metabolites are useful biomarkers for evaluating PAH exposure, and ClPAH metabolites may therefore contribute to the estimation of ClPAH exposure. One of the most abundant ClPAHs present in the environment is 1-chloropyrene (ClPyr), and urinary ClPyr metabolites have the potential to be good biomarkers to evaluate the level of exposure to ClPAHs. Since the metabolic pathways involving ClPAHs are still undetermined, we investigated the effect of human cytochrome P450 enzymes on ClPyr and identified three oxidative metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. We found that ClPyr was metabolized most efficiently by the P450 1A1 enzyme, followed by the 1B1 and 1A2 enzymes. Similar to ClPyr, these metabolites were shown to have agonist activity for the human AhR. We detected these metabolites when ClPyr reacted with a pooled human liver S9 fraction as well as in human urine samples. These results suggest that the metabolites may be used as biomarkers to evaluate the extent of exposure to ClPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Kakimoto
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan.,Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Haruna Nagayoshi
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Naoya Inazumi
- Technical Support Division, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , 1-1, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tani
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , 1-1, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Konishi
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Keiji Kajimura
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health , 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohura
- Department of Environmental Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University , 1-501, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University , 2-4, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akira Toriba
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University , Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Shimada T, Takenaka S, Murayama N, Kramlinger VM, Kim JH, Kim D, Liu J, Foroozesh MK, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Komori M. Oxidation of pyrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-nitropyrene and 1-acetylpyrene by human cytochrome P450 2A13. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:211-24. [PMID: 26247835 PMCID: PMC5270756 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1069419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pyrene, 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-nitropyrene and 1-acetylpyrene, were found to induce Type I binding spectra with human cytochrome P450 (P450) 2A13 and were converted to various mono- and di-oxygenated products by this enzyme. 2. Pyrene was first oxidized by P450 2A13 to 1-hydroxypyrene which was further oxidized to di-oxygenated products, i.e. 1,8- and 1,6-dihydroxypyrene. Of five other human P450s examined, P450 1B1 catalyzed pyrene oxidation to 1-hydroxypyrene at a similar rate to P450 2A13 but was less efficient in forming dihydroxypyrenes. P450 2A6, a related human P450 enzyme, which did not show any spectral changes with these four PAHs, showed lower activities in oxidation of these compounds than P450 2A13. 3. 1-Nitropyrene and 1-acetylpyrene were also found to be efficiently oxidized by P450 2A13 to several oxygenated products, based on mass spectrometry analysis. 4. Molecular docking analysis supported preferred orientations of pyrene and its derivatives in the active site of P450 2A13, with lower interaction energies (U values) than observed for P450 2A6 and that several amino acid residues (including Ala-301, Asn-297 and Ala-117) play important roles in directing the orientation of these PAHs in the P450 2A13 active site. In addition, Phe-231 and Gly-329 were found to interact with pyrene to orient this compound in the active site of P450 1B1. 5. These results suggest that P450 2A13 is one of the important enzymes that oxidizes these PAH compounds and may determine how these chemicals are detoxicated and bioactivated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Valerie M. Kramlinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Joo-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Maryam K. Foroozesh
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-Orai-Kita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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