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Hughes-Oliver JM, Xu G, Baynes RE. Skin Permeation of Solutes from Metalworking Fluids to Build Prediction Models and Test A Partition Theory. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123076. [PMID: 30477249 PMCID: PMC6320844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Permeation of chemical solutes through skin can create major health issues. Using the membrane-coated fiber (MCF) as a solid phase membrane extraction (SPME) approach to simulate skin permeation, we obtained partition coefficients for 37 solutes under 90 treatment combinations that could broadly represent formulations that could be associated with occupational skin exposure. These formulations were designed to mimic fluids in the metalworking process, and they are defined in this manuscript using: one of mineral oil, polyethylene glycol-200, soluble oil, synthetic oil, or semi-synthetic oil; at a concentration of 0.05 or 0.5 or 5 percent; with solute concentration of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, or 5 ppm. A single linear free-energy relationship (LFER) model was shown to be inadequate, but extensions that account for experimental conditions provide important improvements in estimating solute partitioning from selected formulations into the MCF. The benefit of the Expanded Nested-Solute-Concentration LFER model over the Expanded Crossed-Factors LFER model is only revealed through a careful leave-one-solute-out cross-validation that properly addresses the existence of replicates to avoid an overly optimistic view of predictive power. Finally, the partition theory that accompanies the MCF approach is thoroughly tested and found to not be supported under complex experimental settings that mimic occupational exposure in the metalworking industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guangning Xu
- Wells Fargo and Company, Charlotte, NC 28202-0901, USA.
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research & Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Beriro DJ, Cave MR, Wragg J, Thomas R, Wills G, Evans F. A review of the current state of the art of physiologically-based tests for measuring human dermal in vitro bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 305:240-259. [PMID: 26686483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons are classed as Persistent Organic Pollutants, a large group of compounds that share similar characteristics. They are lipophilic, resistant to degradation in the environment and harmful to human and environmental health. Soil has been identified as the primary reservoir for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom. This study reviews the literature associated with, or is relevant to, the measurement and modelling of dermal absorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from soils. The literature illustrates the use of in vivo, in vitro and in silico methods from a wide variety of scientific disciplines including occupational and environmental exposure, medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic research and associated mathematical modelling. The review identifies a number of practical shortcomings which must be addressed if dermal bioavailability tests are to be applied to laboratory analysis of contaminated soils for human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Beriro
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Mark R Cave
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Joanna Wragg
- British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Russell Thomas
- Parsons Brinckerhoff Queen Victoria House, Redland Hill, Bristol BS6 6US, UK
| | - Gareth Wills
- Parsons Brinckerhoff Queen Victoria House, Redland Hill, Bristol BS6 6US, UK
| | - Frank Evans
- National Grid Property, National Grid House, Warwick Technology Park, Gallows Hill, Warwick, CV34 6DA, UK
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Karadzovska D, Riviere JE. Assessing vehicle effects on skin absorption using artificial membrane assays. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:569-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Karadzovska D, Riviere J. Assessing vehicle effects on skin absorption of non-volatile compounds using membrane-coated fiber arrays. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2013; 32:283-9. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2013.781617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Karadzovska D, Brooks JD, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Riviere JE. Predicting skin permeability from complex vehicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:265-77. [PMID: 22342772 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that vehicle and formulation components influence the rate and extent of passive chemical absorption through skin. Significant progress, over the last decades, has been made in predicting dermal absorption from a single vehicle; however the effect of a complex, realistic mixture has not received its due attention. Recent studies have aimed to bridge this gap by extending the use of quantitative structure-permeation relationship (QSPR) models based on linear free energy relationships (LFER) to predict dermal absorption from complex mixtures with the inclusion of significant molecular descriptors such as a mixture factor that accounts for the physicochemical properties of the vehicle/mixture components. These models have been compiled and statistically validated using the data generated from in vitro or ex vivo experimental techniques. This review highlights the progress made in predicting skin permeability from complex vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Karadzovska
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Baynes R, Riviere J, Franz T, Monteiro-Riviere N, Lehman P, Peyrou M, Toutain PL. Challenges obtaining a biowaiver for topical veterinary dosage forms. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35 Suppl 1:103-14. [PMID: 22413798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining a biowaiver for topical drugs used in veterinary species faces many of the same challenges associated with human topicals. However, the skin of domestic animals varies anatomically and biochemically and experimental approaches to assess bioequivalence (BE) in veterinary species have challenges that are not often encountered with human skin. This is especially the situation with locally acting drugs. The focus of this paper is to address several of the challenges associated with (i) determining the BE of these locally acting drugs and (ii) critically examine the current technological advances that can act as a surrogate for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Baynes
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Riviere JE, Brooks JD. Predicting skin permeability from complex chemical mixtures: dependency of quantitative structure permeation relationships on biology of skin model used. Toxicol Sci 2010; 119:224-32. [PMID: 20947718 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermal absorption of topically applied chemicals usually occurs from complex chemical mixtures; yet, most attempts to quantitate dermal permeability use data collected from single chemical exposure in aqueous solutions. The focus of this research was to develop quantitative structure permeation relationships (QSPR) for predicting chemical absorption from mixtures through skin using two levels of in vitro porcine skin biological systems. A total of 16 diverse chemicals were applied in 384 treatment mixture combinations in flow-through diffusion cells and 20 chemicals in 119 treatment combinations in isolated perfused porcine skin. Penetrating chemical flux into perfusate from diffusion cells was analyzed to estimate a normalized dermal absorptive flux, operationally an apparent permeability coefficient, and total perfusate area under the curve from perfused skin studies. These data were then fit to a modified dermal QSPR model of Abraham and Martin including a sixth term to account for mixture interactions based on physical chemical properties of the mixture components. Goodness of fit was assessed using correlation coefficients (r²), internal and external validation metrics (q²L00, q²L25%, q²EXT), and applicable chemical domain determinations. The best QSPR equations selected for each experimental biological system had r² values of 0.69-0.73, improving fits over the base equation without the mixture effects. Different mixture factors were needed for each model system. Significantly, the model of Abraham and Martin could also be reduced to four terms in each system; however, different terms could be deleted for each of the two biological systems. These findings suggest that a QSPR model for estimating percutaneous absorption as a function of chemical mixture composition is possible and that the nature of the QSPR model selected is dependent upon the biological level of the in vitro test system used, both findings having significant implications when dermal absorption data are used for in vivo risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim E Riviere
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
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Ngo MA, O'Malley M, Maibach HI. Percutaneous absorption and exposure assessment of pesticides. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:91-114. [PMID: 20033883 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to a diverse range of chemicals may result from various uses. In order to assess exposure and estimate potential risks, accurate quantitative data on absorption are required. Various factors will influence the final results and interpretations of studies designed to assess the ability of compounds to penetrate the skin. This overview will discuss skin penetration by pesticides, emphasizing key parameters to be considered from the perspective of exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai A Ngo
- Department of Pesticide Regulation, California Environmental Protection Agency, California 95812, USA.
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Riviere JE, Brooks JD, Yeatts JL, Koivisto EL. Surfactant effects on skin absorption of model organic chemicals: implications for dermal risk assessment studies. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:725-737. [PMID: 20391115 DOI: 10.1080/15287391003614026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Occupational and environmental exposures to chemicals are major potential routes of exposure for direct skin toxicity and for systemic absorption. The majority of these exposures are to complex mixtures, yet most experimental studies to assess topical chemical absorption are conducted neat or in simple aqueous vehicles. A component of many industrial mixtures is surfactants that solubilize ingredients and stabilize mixtures of oily components when present in aqueous vehicles. The purpose of this series of experiments was to use two well-developed experimental techniques to assess how solution interactions present in a pure nonbiological in vitro system (membrane coated fibers, MCF) compare to those seen in a viable ex vivo biological preparation (isolated perfused porcine skin flap, IPPSF). Two widely encountered anionic surfactants, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), were studied in 10% solutions. The rank orders of absorption were: water: pentachlorophenol (PCP) > 4-nitrophenol (PNP) > parathion > fenthion > simazine > propazine; SLS: PNP > PCP > parathion > simazine > fenthion > propazine; and LAS: PNP > PCP > simazine > parathion > fenthion > propazine. For all penetrants, absorption was greater in SLS compared to LAS mixtures, a finding consistent with smaller micelle sizes seen with SLS. For these low-water-solubility compounds, absorption was greater from aqueous solutions in nearly every case. The inert three-fiber MCF array predicted absorptive fluxes seen in the ex vivo IPPSF, suggesting lack of any biological effects of the surfactants on skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim E Riviere
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
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Abstract
The purpose of this contribution is to review new technologies and make an educated prediction as to how they will impact veterinary pharmacology over the coming decades. By examining past developments, it becomes evident that change is incremental and predictable unless either a transforming discovery or a change in societal behaviour occurs. In the last century, both discoveries and behaviours have dramatically changed medicine, pharmacology and therapeutics. In this chapter, the potential effects of six transforming technologies on veterinary therapeutics are examined: continued advances in computer technology, microfluidics, nanotechnology, high-throughput screening, control and targeted drug delivery and pharmacogenomics. These should lead to the more efficacious and safer use of existing medicants, and the development of novel drugs across most therapeutic classes through increases in our knowledge base, as well as more efficient drug development. Although this growth in technology portends major advances over the next few decades, economic and regulatory constraints must still be overcome for these new drugs or therapeutic approaches to become common practise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim E Riviere
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA.
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Baynes RE, Xia XR, Vijay V, Riviere JE. A solvatochromatic approach to quantifying formulation effects on dermal permeability. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 19:615-630. [PMID: 19061079 DOI: 10.1080/10629360802551026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dermal risk assessments are most often concerned with the occupational and environmental exposure to a single chemical and then determining solute permeability through in vitro or in vivo experimentation with various animal models and/or computational approaches. Oftentimes, the skin is exposed to more than one chemical that could potentially modulate dermal permeability of the chemical that could cause adverse health effects. The focus of this article is to demonstrate that these formulation effects on dermal permeability can occur with simple solvent formulations or complex industrial formulations and that these effects can be modeled within the context of a linear solvation energy relationship (LSER). This research demonstrated that formulation-specific strength coefficients (r p a b v) predicted (r(2) = 0.75-0.83) changes in the dermal permeability of phenolic compounds when formulated with commercial metal-working fluid (MWF) formulations or 50% ethanol. Further experimentation demonstrated that chemical-induced changes in skin permeability with 50% ethanol are strongly correlated (r(2) = 0.91) to similar changes in an inert membrane-coated fiber (MCF) array system consisting of three chemically diverse membranes. Changes in specific strength coefficients pertaining to changes in hydrogen donating ability (Deltab) and hydrophobicity (Deltav) across membrane systems were identified as important quantitative interactions associated with ethanol mixtures. This solvatochromatic approach along with the use of a MCF array system holds promise for predicting dermal permeability of complex chemical formulations in occupational exposures where performance additives can potentially modulate permeability of potential toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Baynes
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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