1
|
Bai X, Dong C, Shao X, Rahman FU, Hao H, Zhang Y. Research progress of fullerenes and their derivatives in the field of PDT. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116398. [PMID: 38614061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
In contemporary studies, the predominant utilization of C60 derivatives pertains to their role as photosensitizers or agents that scavenge free radicals. The intriguing coexistence of these divergent functionalities has prompted extensive investigation into water-soluble fullerenes. The photodynamic properties of these compounds find practical applications in DNA cleavage, antitumor interventions, and antibacterial endeavors. Consequently, photodynamic therapy is progressively emerging as a pivotal therapeutic modality within the biomedical domain, owing to its notable levels of safety and efficacy. The essential components of photodynamic therapy encompass light of the suitable wavelength, oxygen, and a photosensitizer, wherein the reactive oxygen species generated by the photosensitizer play a pivotal role in the therapeutic mechanism. The remarkable ability of fullerenes to generate singlet oxygen has garnered significant attention from scholars worldwide. Nevertheless, the limited permeability of fullerenes across cell membranes owing to their low water solubility necessitates their modification to enhance their efficacy and utilization. This paper reviews the applications of fullerene derivatives as photosensitizers in antitumor and antibacterial fields for the recent years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Chungeng Dong
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Xinle Shao
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Faiz-Ur Rahman
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Huifang Hao
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China; Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernandes NB, Shenoy RUK, Kajampady MK, DCruz CEM, Shirodkar RK, Kumar L, Verma R. Fullerenes for the treatment of cancer: an emerging tool. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58607-58627. [PMID: 35790637 PMCID: PMC9399030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a most common cause of mortality globally. Available medicines possess severe side effects owing to their non-specific targeting. Hence, there is a need of an alternative in the healthcare system that should have high efficacy with the least side effects, also having the ability to achieve site-specific targeting and be reproducible. This is possible with the help of fullerenes. Fullerenes are having the unique physicochemical and photosensitizer properties. This article discusses the synthesis, functionalization, mechanism, various properties, and applications of C60 fullerenes in the treatment of cancer. The review article also addresses the various factors influencing the activity of fullerenes including the environmental conditions, toxicity profile, and future prospective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Benedicta Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghavendra Udaya Kumar Shenoy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Mandira Kashi Kajampady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Cleona E M DCruz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Goa College of Pharmacy, 18th June Road, Panaji, 403 001, Goa, India
| | - Rupesh K Shirodkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Goa College of Pharmacy, 18th June Road, Panaji, 403 001, Goa, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Udupi, Karnataka, India.
| | - Ruchi Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Udupi, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grebowski J, Litwinienko G. Metallofullerenols in biomedical applications. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114481. [PMID: 35665690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metallofullerenols (MFs) are functionalized endohedral fullerenes connecting at least three levels of organization of matter: atomic, molecular, and supramolecular, resulting in their unique activity at the nanoscale. Biomedical applications of MFs started from gadolinium-containing contrasting agents, but today their potential medical applications go far beyond diagnostics and magnetic resonance imaging. In many cases, preclinical studies have shown a great therapeutic value of MFs, and here we provide an overview of interactions of MFs with high-energy radiation and with reactive oxygen species generated during radiation as a ground for potential applications in modern therapy of cancer patients. We also present the current knowledge on interactions of MFs with proteins and with other components of cells and tissues. Due to their antioxidant properties, as well as their ability to regulate the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, and stimulation of the immune response, MFs can contribute to inhibition of tumor growth and protection of normal cells. MFs with enclosed gadolinium act as inhibitors of tumor growth in targeted therapy along with imaging techniques, but we hope that the data gathered in this review will help to accelerate further progress in the implementation of MFs, also the ones containing rare earth metals other than gadolinium, in a broad range of bioapplications covering not only diagnostics and bioimaging but also radiation therapy and cancer treatment by not-cytotoxic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Grebowski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland; The Military Medical Training Center, 6-Sierpnia 92, 90-646, Lodz, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hamblin MR. Fullerenes as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy: pros and cons. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1515-1533. [PMID: 30043032 PMCID: PMC6224300 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00195b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One class of carbon nanomaterials is the closed cages known as fullerenes. The first member to be discovered in 1985 was C60, called "buckminsterfullerene" as its cage structure resembled a geodesic dome. Due to their extended π-conjugation they absorb visible light, possess a high triplet yield and can generate reactive oxygen species upon illumination, suggesting a possible role of fullerenes in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Pristine C60 is highly hydrophobic and prone to aggregation, necessitating functionalization to provide aqueous solubility and biocompatibility. The most common functional groups attached are anionic (carboxylic or sulfonic acids) or cationic (various quaternary ammonium groups). Depending on the functionalization, these fullerenes can be designed to be taken up into cancer cells, or to bind to microbial cells (Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi). Fullerenes can be excited with a wide range of wavelengths, UVA, blue, green or white light. We have reported a series of functionalized fullerenes (C60, C70, C82) with attached polycationic chains and additional light-harvesting antennae that can be used in vitro and in animal models of localized infections. Advantages of fullerenes as photosensitizers are: (a) versatile functionalization; (b) light-harvesting antennae; (c) ability to undergo Type 1, 2, and 3 photochemistry; (d) electron transfer can lead to oxygen-independent photokilling; (e) antimicrobial activity can be potentiated by inorganic salts; (f) can self-assemble into supramolecular fullerosomes; (g) components of theranostic nanoparticles; (h) high resistance to photobleaching. Disadvantages include: (a) highly hydrophobic and prone to aggregation; (b) overall short wavelength absorption; (c) relatively high molecular weight; (d) paradoxically can be anti-oxidants; (e) lack of fluorescence emission for imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma H, Wang X, Song B, Wang L, Tang Z, Luo T, Yuan J. Extending the excitation wavelength from UV to visible light for a europium complex-based mitochondria targetable luminescent probe for singlet oxygen. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:12852-12857. [PMID: 30151539 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02829j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-excitable Eu3+ complex-based luminescent probe, [Eu(pdap)3(DPBT)], has been proposed for time-gated luminescence imaging of singlet oxygen in the mitochondria of living cells, as well as in tumor tissues and laboratory animals. Extension of the excitation window to the visible-light region makes the probe more favorable for practical usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Bo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Liu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhixin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Tianlie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu X, Xiao S, Zhou D, Sollogoub M, Zhang Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of water-soluble per-O-methylated cyclodextrin-C 60 conjugates as anti-influenza virus agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:194-205. [PMID: 29407950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The most common fullerene member C60 displays many biological applications, such as, anticancer, human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus inhibitors, O2 uptake inhibitor and vectors for drug and DNA. Nevertheless, the innate hydrophobicity of C60 constrains its further development. We introduced cyclodextrins to enhance the water-solubility of C60. Nine cyclodextrin-C60 conjugates, including seven α-cyclodextrin-C60 conjugates and two γ-cyclodextrin-C60 conjugates, were designed and synthesized. All of these conjugates did not show obvious cytotoxicity. The anti-influenza virus activity of nine conjugates was assessed. Two γ-cyclodextrin-C60 conjugates, which were relatively more water-soluble, exerted higher inhibition with IC50 values of 87.73 μM and 75.06 μM, respectively, than seven α-cyclodextrin-C60 conjugates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sulong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, 430056 Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hasunuma N, Kawakami M, Hiramatsu H, Nakabayashi T. Preparation and photo-induced activities of water-soluble amyloid β-C60 complexes. RSC Adv 2018; 8:17847-17853. [PMID: 35542080 PMCID: PMC9080474 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02789g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown that fullerene (C60) becomes soluble in water by mixing fullerene and amyloid β peptide (Aβ40) whose fibril structures are considered to be associated with Alzheimer's disease. The water-solubility of fullerene arises from the generation of a nanosized complex between fullerene and the monomer species of Aβ40 (Aβ40-C60). The prepared Aβ40-C60 exhibits photo-induced activity with visible light to induce the inhibition of Aβ40 fibrillation and the cytotoxicity for cultured HeLa cells. The observed photo-induced phenomena result from the generation of singlet oxygen via photoexcitation, inducing oxidative damage to Aβ40 and HeLa cells. The oxidized Aβ40 following photoexcitation of Aβ40-C60 was confirmed by mass spectrometry. We have shown that fullerene (C60) becomes soluble in water by mixing fullerene and amyloid β peptide (Aβ40) whose fibril structures are considered to be associated with Alzheimer's disease.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawakami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8578
- Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Hiramatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu 30010
- Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Narayanan KB, Han SS. Icosahedral plant viral nanoparticles - bioinspired synthesis of nanomaterials/nanostructures. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 248:1-19. [PMID: 28916111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanotechnology utilizes virus nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) of plant viruses as highly versatile platforms for materials synthesis and molecular entrapment that can be used in the nanotechnological fields, such as in next-generation nanoelectronics, nanocatalysis, biosensing and optics, and biomedical applications, such as for targeting, therapeutic delivery, and non-invasive in vivo imaging with high specificity and selectivity. In particular, plant virus capsids provide biotemplates for the production of novel nanostructured materials with organic/inorganic moieties incorporated in a very precise and controlled manner. Interestingly, capsid proteins of spherical plant viruses can self-assemble into well-organized icosahedral three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale multivalent architectures with high monodispersity and structural symmetry. Using viral genetic and protein engineering of icosahedral viruses with a variety of sizes, the interior, exterior and the interfaces between coat protein (CP) subunits can be manipulated to fabricate materials with a wide range of desirable properties allowing for biomineralization, encapsulation, infusion, controlled self-assembly, and multivalent ligand display of nanoparticles or molecules for varied applications. In this review, we discuss the various functional nanomaterials/nanostructures developed using the VNPs and VLPs of different icosahedral plant viruses and their nano(bio)technological and nanomedical applications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Luo T, Chen J, Song B, Ma H, Fu Z, Peijnenburg WJGM. Time-gated luminescence imaging of singlet oxygen photoinduced by fluoroquinolones and functionalized graphenes in Daphnia magna. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 191:105-112. [PMID: 28810137 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) can be photogenerated by photoactive xenobiotics and is capable of causing adverse effects due to its electrophilicity and its high reactivity with biological molecules. Detection of the production and distribution of 1O2 in living organisms is therefore of great importance. In this study, a luminescent probe ATTA-Eu3+ combined with time-gated luminescence imaging was adopted to detect the distribution and temporal variation of 1O2 photoinduced by fluoroquinolone antibiotics and carboxylated/aminated graphenes in Daphnia magna. Results show that the xenobiotics generate 1O2 in living daphnids under simulated sunlight irradiation (SSR). The photogeneration of 1O2 by carboxylated/aminated graphenes was also confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The strongest luminescence signals of 1O2 were observed in the hindgut of daphnids, and the signals in different areas of the daphnids (gut, thoracic legs and post-abdominal claw) displayed a similar trend of enhancement over irradiation time. Mean 1O2 concentrations at different regions of daphnids within one hour of SSR irradiation were estimated to be in the range of 0.5∼4.8μM. This study presented an efficient method for visualizing and quantifying the temporal and spatial distribution of 1O2 photogenerated by xenobiotics in living organisms, which can be employed for phototoxicity evaluation of xenobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianlie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Bo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Hua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mousavi SZ, Nafisi S, Maibach HI. Fullerene nanoparticle in dermatological and cosmetic applications. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:1071-1087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
11
|
Albert K, Hsu HY. Carbon-Based Materials for Photo-Triggered Theranostic Applications. Molecules 2016; 21:E1585. [PMID: 27879628 PMCID: PMC6273851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials serve as a type of smart material for photo-triggered disease theranostics. The inherent physicochemical properties of these nanomaterials facilitate their use for less invasive treatments. This review summarizes the properties and applications of materials including fullerene, nanotubes, nanohorns, nanodots and nanographenes for photodynamic nanomedicine in cancer and antimicrobial therapies. Carbon nanomaterials themselves do not usually act as photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents owing to the high hydrophobicity, however, when the surface is passivated or functionalized, these materials become great vehicles for PDT. Moreover, conjugation of carbonaceous nanomaterials with the photosensitizer (PS) and relevant targeting ligands enhances properties such as selectivity, stability, and high quantum yield, making them readily available for versatile biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karunya Albert
- Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yun Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao-Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bioengineered protein-based nanocage for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:157-171. [PMID: 26994591 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nature, in its wonders, presents and assembles the most intricate and delicate protein structures and this remarkable phenomenon occurs in all kingdom and phyla of life. Of these proteins, cage-like multimeric proteins provide spatial control to biological processes and also compartmentalizes compounds that may be toxic or unstable and avoids their contact with the environment. Protein-based nanocages are of particular interest because of their potential applicability as drug delivery carriers and their perfect and complex symmetry and ideal physical properties, which have stimulated researchers to engineer, modify or mimic these qualities. This article reviews various existing types of protein-based nanocages that are used for therapeutic purposes, and outlines their drug-loading mechanisms and bioengineering strategies via genetic and chemical functionalization. Through a critical evaluation of recent advances in protein nanocage-based drug delivery in vitro and in vivo, an outlook for de novo and in silico nanocage design, and also protein-based nanocage preclinical and future clinical applications will be presented.
Collapse
|
13
|
Gsponer NS, Agazzi ML, Spesia MB, Durantini EN. Approaches to unravel pathways of reactive oxygen species in the photoinactivation of bacteria induced by a dicationic fulleropyrrolidinium derivative. Methods 2016; 109:167-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
14
|
Wang XX, Zha YY, Yang B, Chen L, Wang M. Suppression of synaptic plasticity by fullerenol in rat hippocampus in vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:4947-4955. [PMID: 27729790 PMCID: PMC5047730 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fullerenol, a water-soluble fullerene derivative, has attracted much attention due to its bioactive properties, including the antioxidative properties and free radical scavenging ability. Due to its superior nature, fullerenol represents a promising diagnostic, therapeutic, and protective agent. Therefore, elucidation of the possible side effects of fullerenol is important in determining its potential role. In the present study, we investigated the acute effects of 5 μM fullerenol on synaptic plasticity in hippocampal brain slices of rats. Incubation with fullerenol for 20 minutes significantly decreased the peak of paired-pulse facilitation and long-term potentiation, indicating that fullerenol suppresses the short- and long-term synaptic plasticity of region I of hippocampus. We found that fullerenol depressed the activity and the expression of nitric oxide (NO) synthase in hippocampus. In view of the important role of NO in synaptic plasticity, the inhibition of fullerenol on NO synthase may contribute to the suppression of synaptic plasticity. These findings may facilitate the evaluation of the side effects of fullerenol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases; Auditory Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Zha
- Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases
| | - Lin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases; Auditory Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases; Auditory Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhu X, Sollogoub M, Zhang Y. Biological applications of hydrophilic C60 derivatives (hC60s)- a structural perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 115:438-52. [PMID: 27049677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and radical scavenging are dual properties of hydrophilic C60 derivatives (hC60s). hC60s eliminate radicals in dark, while they produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of irradiation and oxygen. Compared to the pristine C60 suspension, the aqueous solution of hC60s is easier to handle in vivo. hC60s are diverse and could be placed into two general categories: covalently modified C60 derivatives and pristine C60 solubilized non-covalently by macromolecules. In order to present in detail, the above categories are broken down into 8 parts: C60(OH)n, C60 with carboxylic acid, C60 with quaternary ammonium salts, C60 with peptide, C60 containing sugar, C60 modified covalently or non-covalently solubilized by cyclodextrins (CDs), pristine C60 delivered by liposomes, functionalized C60-polymer and pristine C60 solubilized by polymer. Each hC60 shows the propensity to be ROS producer or radical scavenger. This preference is dependent on hC60s structures. For example, major application of C60(OH)n is radical scavenger, while pristine C60/γ-CD complex usually serves as ROS producer. In addition, the electron acceptability and innate hydrophobic surface confer hC60s with O2 uptake inhibition, HIV inhibition and membrane permeability. In this review, we summarize the preparation methods and biological applications of hC60s according to the structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Wuhan 430056, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Prylutska S, Grynyuk I, Matyshevska O, Prylutskyy Y, Evstigneev M, Scharff P, Ritter U. C60 fullerene as synergistic agent in tumor-inhibitory Doxorubicin treatment. Drugs R D 2016; 14:333-40. [PMID: 25504158 PMCID: PMC4269825 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-014-0074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the most potent anticancer drugs, but its successful use is hampered by high toxicity caused mainly by generation of reactive oxygen species. One approach to protect against Dox-dependent chemical insult is combined use of the cytostatic drug with antioxidants. C60 fullerene has a nanostructure with both antioxidant and antitumor potential and may be useful in modulating cell responses to Dox. Objective The aim of this study was to estimate the antitumor effect and antioxidant enzyme activity of combined C60 fullerene and Dox (C60 + Dox) in the liver and heart of mice with Lewis lung carcinoma compared with Dox treatment alone. Methods Highly stable pristine C60 fullerene aqueous colloid solution (concentration 1.0 mg/ml, average hydrodynamic diameter of nanoparticles 50 nm) was used in the study and characterized by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). The in vivo investigation of C60-Dox action was performed via the standard methods of histological and enzyme activity analyses. Results Dox (total dose 2.5 mg/kg) combined with C60 fullerene (total dose 25 mg/kg) in tumor-bearing animals resulted in tumor growth inhibition, prolongation of life, metastasis inhibition, and increased number of apoptotic tumor cells and was more effective than the corresponding course of Dox treatment alone. C60 fullerene demonstrated a protective effect against superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase inhibition induced by Dox-dependent oxidative insult in the liver and heart. Conclusion Combined treatment with C60 + Dox is considered to be a promising approach for cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Prylutska
- Joint Ukrainian-German Center on Nanobiotechnology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Iryna Grynyuk
- Joint Ukrainian-German Center on Nanobiotechnology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Olga Matyshevska
- Joint Ukrainian-German Center on Nanobiotechnology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Prylutskyy
- Joint Ukrainian-German Center on Nanobiotechnology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Str., 64, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Maxim Evstigneev
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Belgorod State University, 85 Pobedy Str., Belgorod, 308015 Russia
| | - Peter Scharff
- Joint Ukrainian-German Center on Nanobiotechnology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Ilmenau, Weimarer Str. 25, Ilmenau, 098693 Germany
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Joint Ukrainian-German Center on Nanobiotechnology, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Ilmenau, Weimarer Str. 25, Ilmenau, 098693 Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rokitskaya TI, Antonenko YN. Fullerenol C60(OH)24 increases ion permeability of lipid membranes in a pH-dependent manner. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1165-74. [PMID: 26874205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fullerenols are water-soluble analogs of fullerene exhibiting both antioxidant and prooxidant activities in vitro and in vivo. Here we report, for the first time, that fullerenol C60(OH)24 can induce ion permeability of a planar lipid bilayer membrane via the formation of ion pores or conductive defects with a preference for cations over anions. The fullerenol-mediated electrical current displayed non-linear concentration dependence and was reversibly enhanced by alkalinization. Calcium and magnesium ions decreased the fullerenol-induced potassium ion permeability. Voltage dependence of the current was sensitive to membrane composition, with the conductance being well pronounced in fully saturated diphytanoylphosphatidylcholine. Fullerenol did not induce carboxyfluorescein leakage from liposomes, suggesting a small size of fullerenol-induced pores. In contrast to ion permeability, the binding of C60(OH)24 to liposomes increased at acidic pH, as measured by fluorescence quenching of pyrene-labeled lipid. In line with this, the photodynamic action of fullerenol on the peptide gramicidin A also increased at low pH. It is hypothesized that aggregates of fullerenol may stabilize transient conductive lipid defects or pores formed under a variety of stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang YY, Sharma SK, Yin R, Agrawal T, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Functionalized fullerenes in photodynamic therapy. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2015; 10:1918-36. [PMID: 25544837 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2014.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of C60 fullerene in 1985, scientists have been searching for biomedical applications of this most fascinating of molecules. The unique photophysical and photochemical properties of C60 suggested that the molecule would function well as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT uses the combination of non-toxic dyes and harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species that kill unwanted cells. However the extreme insolubility and hydrophobicity of pristine CO60, mandated that the cage be functionalized with chemical groups that provided water solubility and biological targeting ability. It has been found that cationic quaternary ammonium groups provide both these features, and this review covers work on the use of cationic fullerenes to mediate destruction of cancer cells and pathogenic microorganisms in vitro and describes the treatment of tumors and microbial infections in mouse models. The design, synthesis, and use of simple pyrrolidinium salts, more complex decacationic chains, and light-harvesting antennae that can be attached to C60, C70 and C84 cages are covered. In the case of bacterial wound infections mice can be saved from certain death by fullerene-mediated PDT.
Collapse
|
19
|
Nakagawa Y, Inomata A, Ogata A, Nakae D. Comparative effects of sulfhydryl compounds on target organellae, nuclei and mitochondria, of hydroxylated fullerene-induced cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1465-72. [PMID: 25809591 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage and cytotoxicity induced by a hydroxylated fullerene [C60 (OH)24 ], which is a spherical nanomaterial and/or a water-soluble fullerene derivative, and their protection by sulfhydryl compounds were studied in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. The exposure of hepatocytes to C60 (OH)24 at a concentration of 50 μM caused time (0 to 3 h)-dependent cell death accompanied by the formation of cell surface blebs, the loss of cellular levels of ATP and reduced glutathione, accumulation of glutathione disulfide, and induction of DNA fragmentation assayed using alkali single-cell agarose-gel electrophoresis. C60 (OH)24 -induced cytotoxicity was effectively prevented by pretreatment with sulfhydryl compounds. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), L-cysteine and L-methionine, at a concentration of 2.5 mM, ameliorated cell death, accompanied by a decrease in cellular ATP levels, formation of cell surface blebs, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by C60 (OH)24 . In addition, DNA fragmentation caused by C60 (OH)24 was also inhibited by NAC, whereas an antioxidant ascorbic acid did not affect C60 (OH)24 -induced cell death and DNA damage in rat hepatocytes. Taken collectively, these results indicate that incubation of rat hepatocytes with C60 (OH)24 elicits DNA damage, suggesting that nuclei as well as mitochondria are target sites of the hydroxylated fullerene; and induction of DNA damage and oxidative stress is ameliorated by an increase in cellular GSH levels, suggesting that the onset of toxic effects may be partially attributable to a thiol redox-state imbalance caused by C60 (OH)24 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Nakagawa
- Division of Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Akiko Inomata
- Division of Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Akio Ogata
- Division of Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Dai Nakae
- Division of Toxicology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stasheuski AS, Galievsky VA, Stupak AP, Dzhagarov BM, Choi MJ, Chung BH, Jeong JY. Photophysical properties and singlet oxygen generation efficiencies of water-soluble fullerene nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:997-1003. [PMID: 24893622 PMCID: PMC4277690 DOI: 10.1111/php.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As various fullerene derivatives have been developed, it is necessary to explore their photophysical properties for potential use in photoelectronics and medicine. Here, we address the photophysical properties of newly synthesized water-soluble fullerene-based nanoparticles and polyhydroxylated fullerene as a representative water-soluble fullerene derivative. They show broad emission band arising from a wide-range of excitation energies. It is attributed to the optical transitions from disorder-induced states, which decay in the nanosecond time range. We determine the kinetic properties of the singlet oxygen ((1)O2) luminescence generated by the fullerene nanoparticles and polyhydroxylated fullerene to consider the potential as photodynamic agents. Triplet state decay of the nanoparticles was longer than (1)O2 lifetime in water. Singlet oxygen quantum yield of a series of the fullerene nanoparticles is comparably higher ranging from 0.15 to 0.2 than that of polyhydroxylated fullerene, which is about 0.06.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Stasheuski
- B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of BelarusMinsk, Belarus
| | - Victor A Galievsky
- B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of BelarusMinsk, Belarus
| | - Alexander P Stupak
- B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of BelarusMinsk, Belarus
| | - Boris M Dzhagarov
- B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of BelarusMinsk, Belarus
| | - Mi Jin Choi
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Bong Hyun Chung
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Jeong
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
He W, Liu Y, Wamer WG, Yin JJ. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy for the study of nanomaterial-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species. J Food Drug Anal 2014; 22:49-63. [PMID: 24673903 PMCID: PMC9359146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the biological applications and effects of nanomaterials are attributed to their ability to facilitate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a direct and reliable method to identify and quantify free radicals in both chemical and biological environments. In this review, we discuss the use of ESR spectroscopy to study ROS generation mediated by nanomaterials, which have various applications in biological, chemical, and materials science. In addition to introducing the theory of ESR, we present some modifications of the method such as spin trapping and spin labeling, which ultimately aid in the detection of short-lived free radicals. The capability of metal nanoparticles in mediating ROS generation and the related mechanisms are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei He
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, Xuchang University, Xuchang, Henan, China; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Yitong Liu
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Wayne G Wamer
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jun-Jie Yin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang W, Gong X, Liu C, Piao Y, Sun Y, Diao G. Water-soluble inclusion complex of fullerene with γ-cyclodextrin polymer for photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:5107-5115. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00560k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed to obtain a highly water-soluble C60–γ-CDP inclusion complex, which could efficiently generate 1O2 species with UVA irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology
- Seoul National University
| | - Xiangdong Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Medicine
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhe Piao
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology
- Seoul National University
- Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology
- Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Medicine
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guowang Diao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu Q, Xu L, Zhang X, Li N, Zheng J, Guan M, Fang X, Wang C, Shu C. Enhanced photodynamic efficiency of an aptamer-guided fullerene photosensitizer toward tumor cells. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2370-6. [PMID: 23907978 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene-based photosensitizers exhibit great potential in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Based on the high photodynamic efficacy of trimalonic acid-modified C70 fullerene (TF70), we constructed an aptamer-guided TF70 photosensitizer and investigated its photodynamic effect. Conjugation of the novel aptamer (named R13) could effectively enhance the PDT efficiency of TF70 against A549 lung cancer cells in the presence of serum. The lysosomal location of the TF70-R13 conjugate inside cells facilitates the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can efficiently kill cells, under light irradiation. The enhanced photodynamic efficiency, along with its good biocompatibility in the dark, makes TF70-R13 a highly promising photosensitizer for tumor-specific PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 1062561085
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Andreoni A, Nardo L, Bondani M, Zhao B, Roberts JE. Time-resolved fluorescence studies of fullerene derivatives. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:7203-9. [PMID: 23646878 DOI: 10.1021/jp400877h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene (nano-C60) and its water-soluble derivatives have several clinical applications including use as a drug carrier to bypass the blood-ocular and blood-brain barriers. However, in vitro and in vivo detection of these nanomaterials is limited by their very low fluorescence quantum yield. The accumulation of fullerene and its derivatives in cells is particularly difficult to measure using standard fluorescence microscopy because their fluorescence is barely detectable in aqueous media. We have developed a time-correlated single-photon counting apparatus with which we were not only able to detect the fluorescence of fullerene and its derivatives in water but could also measure fluorescence temporal decays and determine lifetimes in the range of tens of picoseconds. The compounds studied in this report are C60 (fullerene), the partially hydrogenated hydride C60H36, a monomeric cyclodextrin complexed fullerene [(γ-CyD)2/C60], and C60(OH)24 (fullerol). In addition, we examined the effect of aggregation on photophysical properties and identified a very short lifetime component belonging to the fluorescence decay of monomeric fullerene, which is lost with increasing aggregation. These data will help to design nanoparticles that have the appropriate structural and photophysical properties to ultimately be of use in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Andreoni
- Department of Science and High Tech and C.N.I.S.M., Unita' di Como, University of Insubria, Como, 22100 Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang L, Wang M, Dai T, Sperandio FF, Huang YY, Xuan Y, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with decacationic monoadducts and bisadducts of [70]fullerene: in vitro and in vivo studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 9:253-66. [PMID: 23738632 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy uses photosensitizers designed to bind to microorganisms and generate reactive oxygen species when illuminated with visible light. MATERIALS & METHODS We synthesized a highly water-soluble [70]fullerene monoadduct, C70[>M(C3N6(+)C3)2]-(I(-))10 (LC17), and bisadduct, C70[>M(C3N6(+)C3)2][>M(C3N6C3)2] (LC18), both with a well-defined decacationic quaternary ammonium iodide moiety with ten positive charges per C70 to give water solubility and bacterial binding. We determined the antimicrobial effects against human pathogens, Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative species (Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii) when activated by UVA or white light. RESULTS White light was more effective with LC17, while UVA light was more effective with LC18. Both compounds were effective in a mouse model of Gram-negative third-degree burn infections determined by bioluminescence imaging. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION We propose that the attachment of an additional deca(tertiary-ethylenylamino)malonate arm to C70 allowed the moiety to act as a potent electron donor and increased the generation yield of hydroxyl radicals under UVA illumination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated College & Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Fullerenes are a relatively new group of compounds and represent a class of sphere-shaped molecules made exclusively of carbon atoms. Since their discovery in 1985, many aspects of both fullerene and its analogues have been intensively studied to reveal their physical and chemical reactivity, as well as potential use in biological systems. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that polyhydroxylated fullerene derivatives, fullerenol nanoform (C60(OH) n , n = 2-72), can be potential antioxidative agents in biological systems. This chapter represents a review of published studies of fullerenes' biological activities with special accent on the most tested fullerenol nanoform C60(OH)24.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sperandio FF, Sharma SK, Wang M, Jeon S, Huang YY, Dai T, Nayka S, de Sousa SCOM, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Photoinduced electron-transfer mechanisms for radical-enhanced photodynamic therapy mediated by water-soluble decacationic C₇₀ and C₈₄O₂ Fullerene Derivatives. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 9:570-9. [PMID: 23117043 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fullerenes are promising candidates for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Thus, C₇₀ and novel C₈₄O₂ fullerenes were functionalized with and without an additional deca-tertiary ethyleneamino-chain as an electron source, giving rise to two distinct pairs of photosensitizers, the monoadducts LC-17, LC-19 and the bisadducts LC18 and LC-20 to perform PDT in HeLa cells with UVA, blue, green, white and red light. Shorter wavelengths gave more phototoxicity with LC-20 while LC-19 was better at longer wavelengths; the ratio between killing obtained with LC-19 and LC-20 showed an almost perfect linear correlation (R = 0.975) with wavelength. The incorporation of a deca-tertiary amine chain in the C₈₄O₂ fullerene gave more PDT killing when excited with shorter wavelengths or in the presence of low ascorbate concentration through higher generation of hydroxyl radicals. Photoactivated C₈₄O₂ fullerenes induced apoptosis of HeLa cancer cells, together with mitochondrial and lysosomal damage demonstrated by acridine orange and rhodamine 123 fluorescent probes. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Photoactivated C₇₀ and C₈₄O₂ fullerenes were demonstrated to induce apoptosis of HeLa cancer cells, together with mitochondrial and lysosomal damage, as a function of wavelength. The study is paving the way to future clinical uses of these agents in photodynamic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe F Sperandio
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ema M, Matsuda A, Kobayashi N, Naya M, Nakanishi J. Dermal and ocular irritation and skin sensitization studies of fullerene C60nanoparticles. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012; 32:128-34. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2012.727937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
29
|
Liu S, Sui Y, Guo K, Yin Z, Gao X. Spectroscopic study on the interaction of pristine C60 and serum albumins in solution. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:433. [PMID: 22856352 PMCID: PMC3562194 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of nanomaterials with biological macromolecules is an important foundation of the design and the biological safety assessments of nanomaterials. This work aims to investigate the interaction between pristine C60 and serum albumins (human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin) in solution. Stable aqueous dispersion of C60 was prepared by simple direct ultrasonic method and characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometry, transmission electronic microscopy and dynamic light scattering techniques, and spectroscopic methods (fluorescence spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy) were utilized for the investigation. It was found that the fluorescence of serum albumins could be quenched by C60 nanoparticles in a substantially similar way. Slight changes of the surrounding microenvironment of amino residues were observed, while little effects on the protein secondary structure occurred. The different effects of dispersion methods on the interaction of C60 nanoparticles with serum protein were also compared and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Liu
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Sui
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Guo
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Yin
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xibao Gao
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu Q, Guan M, Xu L, Shu C, Jin C, Zheng J, Fang X, Yang Y, Wang C. Structural effect and mechanism of C70-carboxyfullerenes as efficient sensitizers against cancer cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:2070-7. [PMID: 22508680 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Carboxyfullerenes with different adduct numbers and cage sizes are tested as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The photodynamic efficiency of these carboxyfullerenes depends mainly on the cage size, C(60) versus C(70) , and to a lesser extent on the adduct numbers. In particular, malonic acid modified C(70) fullerenes are more efficient than their C(60) counterparts as photosensitizers, and the mechanism of cell death induced by C(70) -carboxyfullerene under light irradiation is investigated in detail. The results indicate that cell death occurs via necrosis accompanied by membrane blebbing, which is a unique phenomenon for photosensitizer-induced cell death. Since C(70) -carboxyfullerene displays an efficient PDT property and negligible dark cytotoxicity, it is promising for use in PDT applications, especially in vascular capillary diseases usually occurring under the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ma Y, Nolte RJM, Cornelissen JJLM. Virus-based nanocarriers for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:811-25. [PMID: 22285585 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
New nanocarrier platforms based on natural biological building blocks offer great promises in revolutionalizing medicine. The usage of specific protein cage structures: virus-like particles (VLPs) for drug packaging and targetted delivery is summarized here. Versatile chemical and genetic modifications on the outer surfaces and inner cavities of VLPs facilitate the preparation of new materials that could meet the biocompatibility, solubility and high uptake efficiency requirements for drug delivery. A full evaluation on the toxicity, bio-distribution and immunology of these materials are envisaged to boost their application potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ma
- Group of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA(+) Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Toxicity of pristine versus functionalized fullerenes: mechanisms of cell damage and the role of oxidative stress. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1809-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
33
|
Sharma SK, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy with fullerenes in vivo: reality or a dream? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 6:1813-25. [PMID: 22122587 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs the combination of nontoxic photosensitizers and visible light that is absorbed by the chromophore to produce long-lived triplet states that can carry out photochemistry in the presence of oxygen to kill cells. The closed carbon-cage structure found in fullerenes can act as a photosensitizer, especially when functionalized to impart water solubility. Although there are reports of the use of fullerenes to carry out light-mediated destruction of viruses, microorganisms and cancer cells in vitro, the use of fullerenes to mediate PDT of diseases such as cancer and infections in animal models is less well developed. It has recently been shown that fullerene PDT can be used to save the life of mice with wounds infected with pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. Fullerene PDT has also been used to treat mouse models of various cancers including disseminated metastatic cancer in the peritoneal cavity. In vivo PDT with fullerenes represents a new application in nanomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sulbha K Sharma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Huang YY, Sharma SK, Dai T, Chung H, Yaroslavsky A, Garcia-Diaz M, Chang J, Chiang LY, Hamblin MR. Can nanotechnology potentiate photodynamic therapy? NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS 2012; 1:111-146. [PMID: 26361572 PMCID: PMC4562697 DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2011-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses the combination of non-toxic dyes and harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species that can kill cancer cells and infectious microorganisms. Due to the tendency of most photosensitizers (PS) to be poorly soluble and to form nonphotoactive aggregates, drug-delivery vehicles have become of high importance. The nanotechnology revolution has provided many examples of nanoscale drug-delivery platforms that have been applied to PDT. These include liposomes, lipoplexes, nanoemulsions, micelles, polymer nanoparticles (degradable and nondegradable), and silica nanoparticles. In some cases (fullerenes and quantum dots), the actual nanoparticle itself is the PS. Targeting ligands such as antibodies and peptides can be used to increase specificity. Gold and silver nanoparticles can provide plasmonic enhancement of PDT. Two-photon excitation or optical upconversion can be used instead of one-photon excitation to increase tissue penetration at longer wavelengths. Finally, after sections on in vivo studies and nanotoxicology, we attempt to answer the title question, "can nano-technology potentiate PDT?"
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Aesthetic and Plastic Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Sulbha K. Sharma
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hoon Chung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anastasia Yaroslavsky
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- College of Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Garcia-Diaz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08017, Spain
| | - Julie Chang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Long Y. Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen Z, Ma L, Liu Y, Chen C. Applications of functionalized fullerenes in tumor theranostics. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:238-50. [PMID: 22509193 PMCID: PMC3326736 DOI: 10.7150/thno.3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionalized fullerenes with specific physicochemical properties have been developed for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Notably, metallofullerene is a new class of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast-enhancing agent, and may have promising applications for clinical diagnosis. Polyhydroxylated and carboxyl fullerenes have been applied to photoacoustic imaging. Moreover, in recent years, functionalized fullerenes have shown potential in tumor therapies, such as photodynamic therapy, photothermal treatment, radiotherapy and chemotherapeutics. Their antitumor effects may be associated with the modulation of oxidative stress, anti-angiogenesis, and immunostimulatory activity. While various types of novel nanoparticle agents have been exploited in tumor theranostics, their distribution, metabolism and toxicity in organisms have also been a source of concern among researchers. The present review summarizes the potential of fullerenes as tumor theranostics agents and their possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.
Collapse
|
36
|
Kong L, Zepp RG. Production and consumption of reactive oxygen species by fullerenes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:136-43. [PMID: 21994164 DOI: 10.1002/etc.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the most important intermediates in chemical, photochemical, and biological processes. To understand the environmental exposure and toxicity of fullerenes better, the production and consumption of ROS (singlet oxygen, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals) by Buckminster fullerene (C(60) ) and fullerenol were investigated in aqueous systems. Fullerenol exhibits higher photoproduction efficiency of singlet oxygen and superoxide than aqueous suspensions of C(60) aggregates (aqu/nC(60) ), and this higher efficiency results in higher steady-state concentrations of these two ROS. Transmission electron microscopy indicates that the C(60) molecules in aqu/nC(60) are much more closely packed than the C(60) cages in fullerenol. These observations provide additional evidence that the lower ROS production efficiency of aqu/nC(60) is attributable primarily to efficient self-quenching of C(60) triplet states. Production of singlet oxygen by aqu/nC(60) is accelerated by increasing oxygen concentration and in part is sensitized by fluorescent photoproducts that accumulate during irradiation. The fullerenes react slowly with singlet oxygen (second-order rate constant <4 × 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) ), but react rapidly with hydroxyl radicals (second-order rate constants of 5.4 × 10(9) and 4 × 10(8) M(-1) s(-1) for aqu/nC(60) and fullerenol, respectively). These results show that environmental conditions, including light exposure and oxygen concentration, have the potential to impact the generation of toxic ROS by fullerenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Kong
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Ecosystem Research Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chitrapriya N, Park J, Wang W, Lee H, Kim SK. Photo-induced DNA scission by Cu(ii)-meso-tetrakis(n-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrins (n = 2, 3, 4) and their binding modes to supercoiled DNA. Metallomics 2012; 4:417-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20015e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
38
|
Braydich-Stolle LK, Castle AB, Maurer EI, Hussain SM. Advantages of using imaged-based fluorescent analysis for nanomaterial studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/17458080.2011.620016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
39
|
Chao TC, Song G, Hansmeier N, Westerhoff P, Herckes P, Halden RU. Characterization and liquid chromatography-MS/MS based quantification of hydroxylated fullerenes. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1777-83. [PMID: 21294534 DOI: 10.1021/ac1031379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Highly water-soluble hydroxylated fullerene derivatives are being investigated for a wide range of commercial products as well as for potential cytotoxicity. However, no analytical methods are currently available for their quantification at sub-ppm concentrations in environmental matrixes. Here, we report on the development and comparison of liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy (LC-UV/vis) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based detection and quantification methods for commercial fullerols. We achieved good separation efficiency using an amide-type hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column (plate number >2000) under isocratic conditions with 90% acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 42.8 ng/mL (UV detection) to 0.19 pg/mL (using MS with multiple reaction monitoring, MRM). Other MS measurement modes achieved MDLs of 125 pg/mL (single quad scan, Q1) and 1.5 pg/mL (multiple ion monitoring, MI). Each detection method exhibited a good linear response over several orders of magnitude. Moreover, we tested the robustness of these methods in the presence of Suvanee River fulvic acids (SRFA) as an example of organic matter commonly found in environmental water samples. While SRFA significantly interfered with UV- and Q1-based quantifications, the interference was relatively low using MI or MRM (relative error in presence of SRFA: 8.6% and 2.5%, respectively). This first report of a robust MS-based quantification method for modified fullerenes dissolved in water suggests the feasibility of implementing MS techniques more broadly for identification and quantification of fullerols and other water-soluble fullerene derivatives in environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chiao Chao
- School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Torres VM, Posa M, Srdjenovic B, Simplício AL. Solubilization of fullerene C60 in micellar solutions of different solubilizers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 82:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
41
|
Taroni P, D'Andrea C, Valentini G, Cubeddu R, Hu DN, Roberts JE. Fullerol in human lens and retinal pigment epithelial cells: time domain fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:904-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00312c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
42
|
Saitoh Y, Miyanishi A, Mizuno H, Kato S, Aoshima H, Kokubo K, Miwa N. Super-highly hydroxylated fullerene derivative protects human keratinocytes from UV-induced cell injuries together with the decreases in intracellular ROS generation and DNA damages. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2010; 102:69-76. [PMID: 20943412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxylated fullerenes (fullerenols: C(60)(OH)(n)) are known as the major water-soluble fullerene derivatives which possess particular significance as free radical scavengers or antioxidants in biological systems. Recently, the novel polyhydroxylated fullerene (C(60) (OH)(44)·8H(2)O: SHH-F) was successfully synthesized. In the present study, we investigated the radical-scavenging effects and cytoprotective effects of three types of fullerenols (C(60)(OH)(6-12): LH-F, C(60) (OH)(32-34)·7H(2)O: HH-F, and C(60) (OH)(44)·8H(2)O: SHH-F) on UV-irradiation-induced cell injuries. HH-F and SHH-F exerted hydroxyl-radical scavenging activities as shown by DMPO-spin trap/ESR method, more markedly than LH-F. UVA or UVB irradiation-induced injuries in human skin keratinocytes HaCaT were significantly suppressed by HH-F and SHH-F, but scarcely by LF-H. The cytoprotective effects of SHH-F had a tendency to be superior to that of HH-F. And the cytoprotective effects of SHH-F against UVB-induced injuries were more effective than those of UVA. Irradiation with UVB to HaCaT cells was shown to cause rapid increases in cell-injury-associated symptoms such as intracellular oxidative stress levels, the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and chromatin condensation, all of which were repressed by SHH-F. Thus, UVB-induced diverse harmful effects could be prevented by SHH-F, which was suggested to exert the cytoprotective effects through intracellular reactive oxygen species-scavenging in the keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Saitoh
- Laboratory of Cell-Death Control BioTechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Nanatsuka 562, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hotze EM, Bottero JY, Wiesner MR. Theoretical framework for nanoparticle reactivity as a function of aggregation state. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:11170-11175. [PMID: 20527955 DOI: 10.1021/la9046963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Theory is developed that relates the reactivity of nanoparticles to the structure of aggregates they may form in suspensions. This theory is applied to consider the case of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by photosensitization of C(60) fullerenes. Variations in aggregate structure and size appear to account for an apparent paradox in ROS generation as calculated using values for the photochemical kinetics of fullerene (C(60)) and its hydroxylated derivative, fullerol (C(60)(OH)(22-24)) and assuming that structure varies between compact and fractal objects. A region of aggregation-suppressed ROS production is identified where interactions between the particles in compact aggregates dominate the singlet oxygen production. Intrinsic kinetic properties dominate when aggregates are small and/or are characterized by low fractal dimensions. Pseudoglobal sensitivity analysis of model input variables verifies that fractal dimension, and by extension aggregation state, is the most sensitive model parameter when kinetics are well-known. This theoretical framework qualitatively predicts ROS production by fullerol suspensions 2 orders of magnitude higher compared with aggregates of largely undifferentiated C(60) despite nearly an order of magnitude higher quantum yield for the undifferentiated C(60) based on measurements for single molecules. Similar to C(60), other primary nanoparticles will exist as aggregates in many environmental and laboratory suspensions. This work provides a theoretical basis for understanding how the structure of nanoparticle aggregates may affect their reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest M Hotze
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0287, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Horie M, Nishio K, Kato H, Shinohara N, Nakamura A, Fujita K, Kinugasa S, Endoh S, Yamamoto K, Yamamoto O, Niki E, Yoshida Y, Iwahashi H. In vitro evaluation of cellular responses induced by stable fullerene C60 medium dispersion. J Biochem 2010; 148:289-98. [PMID: 20576621 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the expansion of the functionalities available for modification of fullerene C60 and its derivatives, their uses are increasing. However, the consequences of fullerene exposure to human health have not been fully studied. In vitro experiments are useful for risk assessment and for understanding potential applications. However, the insolubility of pristine C60 in water makes the in vitro evaluation of cellular responses difficult. To overcome this problem, we prepared a stable and uniform C60-medium dispersion for in vitro examinations. In addition, we examined the effect of the C60-medium dispersion on human keratinocyte HaCaT cells and human lung carcinoma A549 cells to understand the cellular responses induced by exposure to C60. Results indicated that exposure to C60 did not affect cell viability; neither apoptosis nor necrosis were induced, while cell proliferation was inhibited. Furthermore, intracellular oxidative stress was induced by C60 exposure in both HaCaT and A549 cells. Transmission electron microscopy indicated the cellular uptake of C60 aggregates. The results obtained from this study indicate that C60 has oxidative stress induction potential. Further examinations including in vivo studies are necessary for a more accurate evaluation of biological influences by C60.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Horie
- Health Research Institute (HRI), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Steinmetz NF, Hong V, Spoerke ED, Lu P, Breitenkamp K, Finn MG, Manchester M. Buckyballs meet viral nanoparticles: candidates for biomedicine. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:17093-5. [PMID: 19904938 DOI: 10.1021/ja902293w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes such as C(60) show promise as functional components in several emerging technologies. For biomedical applications, C(60) has been used in gene- and drug-delivery vectors, as imaging agents, and as photosensitizers in cancer therapy. A major drawback of C(60) for bioapplications is its insolubility in water. To overcome this limitation, we covalently attached C(60) derivatives to Cowpea mosaic virus and bacteriophage Qbeta virus-like particles, which are examples of naturally occurring viral nanoparticle (VNP) structures that have been shown to be promising candidates for biomedicine. Two different labeling strategies were employed, giving rise to water-soluble, stable VNP-C(60) and VNP-PEG-C(60) conjugates. Samples were characterized using a combination of transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), gel electrophoresis, size-exclusion chromatography, dynamic light scattering, and Western blotting. "Click" chemistry bioconjugation using a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified propargyl-O-PEG-C(60) derivative gave rise to high loadings of fullerene on the VNP surface, as indicated by the imaging of individual C(60) units using STEM. The cellular uptake of dye-labeled VNP-PEG-C(60) complexes in a human cancer cell line was found by confocal microscopy to be robust, showing that cell internalization was not inhibited by the attached C(60) units. These results open the door for the development of novel therapeutic devices with potential applications in photoactivated tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kawashima T, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S. Photoinduced DNA cleavage by formation of ROS from oxygen with a neurotransmitter and aromatic amino acids. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:994-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b924560j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
47
|
Kong L, Tedrow O, Chan YFK, Zepp RG. Light-initiated transformations of fullerenol in aqueous media. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:9155-9160. [PMID: 20000505 DOI: 10.1021/es901839q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We provide the first evidence that a fullerene derivative can be extensively mineralized under environmental conditions by direct photolysis. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was identified as a major photoproduct of fullerenol, a hydroxylated C(60) molecule and the ratio of moles DIC produced to moles of fullerenol reacted reached 28 or approximately 47% of complete mineralization on extensive irradiation by simulated solar radiation. The direct photoreaction kinetics of fullerenol in dilute aqueous solution can be described by pH-dependent biexponential rate expressions. This photoreaction slowed by a factor of 2 in nitrogen-saturated water. The oxygen dependence is attributed to photoinduced electron or hydrogen atom transfer from fullerenol to oxygen to produce superoxide ions with a quantum yield of 6.2 x 10(-4). Fullerenol can photosensitize the production of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) in dilute aqueous solution with quantum yields ranging from 0.10 in acidic water to 0.05 in neutral and basic solution. However our results indicate that chemical reactions involving diffusive encounters between (1)O(2) or superoxide and fullerenol are too slow to significantly contribute to the fast component of fullerenol photoreaction in sunlight. The pH dependence of the direct and sensitized photoreactions is attributed to changes in intramolecular hemiketal formation in fullerenol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Kong
- National Research Council Associate, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NERL/ERD, Athens Georgia 30605, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kato S, Aoshima H, Saitoh Y, Miwa N. Fullerene-C60/liposome complex: Defensive effects against UVA-induced damages in skin structure, nucleus and collagen type I/IV fibrils, and the permeability into human skin tissue. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 98:99-105. [PMID: 20036139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported biological safety of fullerene-C60 (C60) incorporated in liposome consisting of hydrogenated lecithin and glycine soja sterol, as Liposome-Fullerene (0.5% aqueous phase; a particle size, 76nm; Lpsm-Flln), and its cytoprotective activity against UVA. In the present study, Lpsm-Flln was administered on the surface of three-dimensional human skin tissue model, rinsed out before each UVA-irradiation at 4 J/cm(2), and thereafter added again, followed by 19-cycle-repetition for 4 days (sum: 76 J/cm(2)). UVA-caused corneum scaling and disruption of epidermis layer were detected by scanning electron microscopy. Breakdown of collagen type I/IV, DNA strand cleavage and pycnosis/karyorrhexis were observed in vertical cross-sections of UVA-irradiated skin models visualized with fluorescent immunostain or Hoechst 33342 stain. These skin damages were scarcely repressed by liposome alone, but appreciably repressed by Lpsm-Flln of 250 ppm, containing 0.75 ppm of C60-equivalent to a 1/3300-weight amount vs. the whole liposome. Upon administration with Lpsm-Flln [16.7 microM (12 ppm): C60-equivalent] on human abdomen skin biopsies mounted in Franz diffusion cells, C60 permeated after 24h into the epidermis at 1.86 nmol/g tissue (1.34 ppm), corresponding to 0.3% of the applied amount and a 9.0-fold dilution rate, but C60 was not detected in the dermis by HPLC, suggesting no necessity for considering a toxicity of C60 due to systemic circulation via dermal veins. Thus Lpsm-Flln has a potential to be safely utilized as a cosmetic anti-oxidative ingredient for UVA-protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kato
- Laboratory of Cell-Death Control BioTechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562, Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Huang L, Terakawa M, Zhiyentayev T, Huang YY, Sawayama Y, Jahnke A, Tegos GP, Wharton T, Hamblin MR. Innovative cationic fullerenes as broad-spectrum light-activated antimicrobials. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 6:442-52. [PMID: 19914400 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Photodynamic inactivation is a rapidly developing antimicrobial technology that combines a nontoxic photoactivatable dye or photosensitizer in combination with harmless visible light of the correct wavelength to excite the dye to its reactive-triplet state that will then generate reactive oxygen species that are highly toxic to cells. Buckminsterfullerenes are closed-cage molecules entirely composed of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms, and although their main absorption is in the UV, they also absorb visible light and have a long-lived triplet state. When C(60) fullerene is derivatized with cationic functional groups it forms molecules that are more water-soluble and can mediate photodynamic therapy efficiently upon illumination; moreover, cationic fullerenes can selectively bind to microbial cells. In this report we describe the synthesis and characterization of several new cationic fullerenes. Their relative effectiveness as broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizers against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and a fungal yeast was determined by quantitative structure-function relationships. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a rapidly developing antimicrobial technology in which a non-toxic photoactivatable dye or photosensitizer is excited with harmless visible light to its reactive state, where it will generate highly toxic reactive oxygen species. Buckminsterfullerenes derivatized with cationic functional groups form molecules that are water-soluble and mediate PDI efficiently. These fullerenes can also selectively bind to microbial cells. Several new cationic fullerenes are presented in this paper, and their efficacy against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and a fungal yeast is also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114-2696, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang LW, Yang J, Barron AR, Monteiro-Riviere NA. Endocytic mechanisms and toxicity of a functionalized fullerene in human cells. Toxicol Lett 2009; 191:149-57. [PMID: 19723571 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Derivatized fullerenes could be used in biomedical applications and be suitable vectors for drug delivery due to their small size, large surface area and solubility. However, the interactions of derivatized fullerenes with biological systems and cells are not well understood. A water-soluble fullerene-substituted phenylalanine (Bucky amino acid, Baa) poly-lysine derivative with a FITC label (Baa-Lys(FITC)-(Lys)(8)-OH) was characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy with negative staining, gel electrophoresis, zeta-potential, and UV/vis spectroscopy. Viability assays depicted the cytotoxicity was time, concentration and assay dependent. A decrease in ATP and glutathione at the high concentrations suggests that reactive oxygen species may be involved. Baa-Lys(FITC)-(Lys)(8)-OH was present near the cell membrane at 15 min and entered into the cytoplasm by 30 min but did not localize in the lysosomes. Endocytic inhibitors were used to investigate the uptake mechanism. These results showed that the endocytic pathways could be mediated by caveolae/lipid rafts and cytoskeletal components. A scavenger receptor inhibitor completely blocked the uptake of Baa-Lys(FITC)-(Lys)(8)-OH, suggesting a specific endocytic pathway was strongly involved in Baa-Lys(FITC)-(Lys)(8)-OH cellular uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leshuai W Zhang
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Clinical Science, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|