1
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Li J, Li J, Lin C, Zhou J, Wang J, Wang F, Li H, Zhou Z. Genetically proxied PCSK9 inhibition is associated with reduced psoriatic arthritis risk. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:475-484. [PMID: 38341813 PMCID: PMC10894168 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid pathways play a crucial role in psoriatic arthritis development, and some lipid-lowering drugs are believed to have therapeutic benefits due to their anti-inflammatory properties. Traditional observational studies face issues with confounding factors, complicating the interpretation of causality. This study seeks to determine the genetic link between these medications and the risk of psoriatic arthritis. METHODS This drug target study utilized the Mendelian randomization strategy. We harnessed high-quality data from population-level genome-wide association studies sourced from the UK Biobank and FinnGen databases. The inverse variance-weighted method, complemented by robust pleiotropy methods, was employed. We examined the causal relationships between three lipid-lowering agents and psoriatic arthritis to unveil the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS A significant association was observed between genetically represented proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition and a decreased risk of psoriatic arthritis (odds ratio [OR]: 0.51; 95% CI 0.14-0.88; P < 0.01). This association was further corroborated in an independent dataset (OR 0.60; 95% CI 0.25-0.94; P = 0.03). Sensitivity analyses affirmed the absence of statistical evidence for pleiotropic or genetic confounding biases. However, no substantial associations were identified for either 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors or Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS This Mendelian randomization analysis underscores the pivotal role of PCSK9 in the etiology of psoriatic arthritis. Inhibition of PCSK9 is associated with reduced psoriatic arthritis risk, highlighting the potential therapeutic benefits of existing PCSK9 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Li
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Guangming District, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 66 Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Guangming District, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 66 Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Chengkai Lin
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Guangming District, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 66 Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Guangming District, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 66 Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Fuan Wang
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Guangming District, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 66 Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Haizhen Li
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Guangming District, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 66 Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Guangming District, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 66 Gongchang Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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2
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Harrison TJ, Chen X, Yasoshima K, Bauer D. Phototoxicity─Medicinal Chemistry Strategies for Risk Mitigation in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37450689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Phototoxicity is a common safety concern encountered by project teams in pharmaceutical research and has the potential to stop progression of an otherwise promising candidate molecule. This perspective aims to provide an overview of the approaches toward mitigation of phototoxicity that medicinal chemists have taken during the lead optimization phase in the context of regulatory standards for photosafety evaluation. Various strategies are laid out based on available literature examples in order to highlight how structural modification can be utilized toward successful mitigation of a phototoxicity liability. A proposed flowchart is presented as a guidance tool to be used by the practicing medicinal chemist when facing a phototoxicity risk. The description of available tools to consider in the drug design process will include an overview of the evolution of in silico methods and their application as well as structure alerts for consideration as potential phototoxicophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Harrison
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xin Chen
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kayo Yasoshima
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel Bauer
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Scherbakov A, Zakharov AV, Mikhaevich EI, Salnikova DI, Yadykov AV, Kozhevnikova AA, Shirinian VZ. Photostability and Antiproliferative Activity of Furan Analogues of Combretastatin A-4. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2014-2024. [PMID: 36084334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most serious health problems that usually require heavy medical treatment. It is important to ensure that no additional burden is placed on patients due to the modes of administration and/or poor quality of pharmaceuticals. In this regard, understanding, quantifying, and improving the photostability (resistance to UV light or sunlight) of drugs is among the important elements that can improve the patient's quality of life. In this work, the photochemical properties of a wide range of furanone analogues of combretastatin A-4 and their antiproliferative activity against A-431 epidermoid carcinoma cells were studied in a search for compounds with improved photostability and antiproliferative activity. It was found that the incorporation of an arylidene moiety led to a significant improvement in photostability, while the antiproliferative activity strongly depends on the nature of the aryl residue in the arylidene moiety. The high photostability of arylidenes was achieved due to the delocalization of the central double bond of the 1,3,5-hexatriene system, which limited the 6π-electrocyclization. The best results in terms of antiproliferative activity were obtained for thiophene arylidene (IC50 = 0.6 μM) and 3,4-diarylfuran (IC50 = 0.047 μM). The obtained results address the lack of data available now in scientific literature on the photodegradation of combretastatin A-4 analogues and should be taken into account in studies of the side effects of pharmaceuticals based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Scherbakov
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye sh. 24, 115522 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V Zakharov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina I Mikhaevich
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye sh. 24, 115522 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Diana I Salnikova
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye sh. 24, 115522 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anton V Yadykov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Arina A Kozhevnikova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Valerii Z Shirinian
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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4
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The main side effects of statins in clinical practice. КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ ПРАКТИКА 2022. [DOI: 10.17816/clinpract108076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins have long occupied a central place in cardiovascular medicine, being an integral component of the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease and its main clinical forms, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction; transient ischemic attacks, ischemic strokes, etc.). By blocking a key enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA-reductase), statins normalize the parameters of the lipid spectrum, primarily, the serum levels of atherogenic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, in addition to the beneficial effects of statins, side effects are also characteristic, which are a significant problem in modern clinical practice due to the fact that they can cause dangerous disorders, forcing physicians to reduce dosages or completely cancel these drugs. Understanding the side effects and the mechanisms underlying their formation is important for improving the measures for the early detection, prevention and treatment of those disorders. This article discusses such side effects of statins as myotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying these toxic effects of statins are discussed. A particular attention is paid to the effect of statins on the oxidative stress, the mechanisms of oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules (lipids, proteins and DNA) and their potential role in the development of myotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
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5
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Significance of stressor media on the stability of statins: a critical assessment. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Götzinger F, Reichrath J, Millenaar D, Lauder L, Meyer MR, Böhm M, Mahfoud F. Photoinduced skin reactions of cardiovascular drugs-a systematic review. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2022; 8:420-430. [PMID: 35278085 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This systemic review aims to provide a practical overview of the prevalence, clinical manifestation, and management of adverse photoinduced skin reactions caused by frequently used cardiovascular drugs and to assess their potential relevance for skin cancer development. Data search included PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. A systematic review of peer-reviewed studies reporting the photosensitizing and/or skin cancer-inducing properties of common cardiovascular drugs was performed and a guide to clinical management of photoinduced skin eruptions by cardiovascular drugs was provided. Study quality was assessed for major methodological biases. A total of 58 studies were identified (i.e. 23 case reports, 14 observational studies, 10 review articles, 10 experimental studies, and 1 meta-analysis). Most commonly, drug-associated adverse photoinduced cutaneous reactions were caused by phototoxic and photoallergic mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting that amiodarone and dronedarone, thiazide diuretics, thiazide-like diuretics, angiotensin receptor blockers, dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blockers, and certain angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins may cause photoinduced adverse cutaneous reactions. Other drugs such as anticoagulants, antiplatelets, aldosterone antagonists, and fibrates have not been linked with photosensitizing reactions or adverse cutaneous reactions. Some drugs, i.e. thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics, were associated with an increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancers (basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma). Certain commonly used cardiovascular drugs have been associated with adverse photoinduced cutaneous reactions. If they occur, further diagnosis and treatment might be needed, depending on the severity and progress. Whether photosensitizing drugs increase the risk of skin cancer remains elusive and further randomized controlled trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Götzinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Saarland, Saarland University, Geb. 41, Kirrbergerstraβe 100, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Reichrath
- Department of Adult and Pediatric Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology, University Hospital Saarland, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Dominic Millenaar
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Saarland, Saarland University, Geb. 41, Kirrbergerstraβe 100, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Lucas Lauder
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Saarland, Saarland University, Geb. 41, Kirrbergerstraβe 100, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Böhm
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Saarland, Saarland University, Geb. 41, Kirrbergerstraβe 100, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Felix Mahfoud
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Saarland, Saarland University, Geb. 41, Kirrbergerstraβe 100, 66424 Homburg, Germany
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7
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da Silva JWV, Ribeiro JI, de Souza LX, da Silva Aquino KA, Kishishita J, Sobrinho JLS, Leal LB, de Santana DP, de Castro WV, Bedor DCG. Development of the stability-indicating method, structural elucidation of new photodegradation products from terconazole by LC-MS TOF, and in vitro toxicity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 216:114794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Scherbakov AM, Balakhonov RY, Salnikova DI, Sorokin DV, Yadykov AV, Markosyan AI, Shirinian VZ. Light-driven photoswitching of quinazoline analogues of combretastatin A-4 as an effective approach for targeting skin cancer cells. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7670-7677. [PMID: 34524348 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel quinazoline series of photoswitchable combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) analogues were synthesized and their photochemical properties and antiproliferative activity against A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells were studied. It was found that quinazoline analogues, in contrast to the majority of the known CA-4, exhibit high antiproliferative activity in the E-form as well. Photoswitching of the E-form to the Z-form resulted in a multiple (9-fold) increase in antiproliferative activity. 1H NMR monitoring showed that these compounds are very resistant to UV (λ = 365 nm) or sunlight irradiation and do not undergo photodegradation with a loss of antiproliferative activity that is inherent in heterocyclic analogues of CA-4. Similar photoswitching and an increase in antiproliferative activity are observed on exposure to sunlight. A selected compound (1a-Z51) in sub-micromolar concentrations induced apoptosis in A431 cells, while rad50/ATM/p53 were not involved in cell death. The growth of A431 cells was significantly inhibited after combination treatment with compound 1a-Z51 and chemotherapy drugs (cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil). In summary, the quinazoline analogues of CA-4 represent a promising strategy to achieve a photoswitchable potency for the treatment of cancers, including the development of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Scherbakov
- Department of Experimental Tumor Biology, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye sh. 24, Moscow 115522, Russian Federation
| | - R Yu Balakhonov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - D I Salnikova
- Department of Experimental Tumor Biology, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye sh. 24, Moscow 115522, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - D V Sorokin
- Department of Experimental Tumor Biology, Blokhin N.N. National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye sh. 24, Moscow 115522, Russian Federation
| | - A V Yadykov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - A I Markosyan
- Scientific Technological Center of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - V Z Shirinian
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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9
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Oprica M, Iota M, Daescu M, Fejer SN, Negrila C, Baibarac M. Spectroscopic studies on photodegradation of atorvastatin calcium. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15338. [PMID: 34321518 PMCID: PMC8319406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the photodegradation process of atorvastatin calcium (ATC) is reported as depending on: (1) the presence and the absence of excipients in the solid state; (2) the chemical interaction of ATC with phosphate buffer (PB) having pH equal to 7 and 8; and (3) hydrolysis reaction of ATC in the presence of aqueous solution of NaOH. The novelty of this work consists in the monitoring of the ATC photodegradation by photoluminescence (PL). The exposure of ATC in solid state to UV light induces the photo-oxygenation reactions in the presence of water vapors and oxygen from air. According to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies, we demonstrate that the photo-oxygenation reaction leads to photodegradation compounds having a high share of C=O bonds compared to ATC before exposure to UV light. Both in the presence of PB and NaOH, the photodegradation process of ATC is highlighted by a significant decrease in the intensity of the PL and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra. According to PLE spectra, the exposure of ATC in the presence of NaOH to UV light leads to the appearance of a new band in the spectral range 340-370 nm, this belonging to the photodegradation products. Arguments concerning the chemical compounds, that resulted in this last case, are shown by Raman scattering and FTIR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Oprica
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Miruna Iota
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Monica Daescu
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Szilard N Fejer
- Pro-Vitam Ltd., Muncitorilor Street 16, Sfantu Gheorghe, Romania
| | - Catalin Negrila
- Nanoscale Condensed Matter Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Mihaela Baibarac
- Laboratory of Optical Processes in Nanostructured Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street 405A, P.O. Box MG-7, 77125, Magurele, Romania.
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10
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Wang H, Liu P, Wang M, Wu X, Shi Y, Huang H, Gao S. Enhanced phototransformation of atorvastatin by polystyrene microplastics: Critical role of aging. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124756. [PMID: 33373953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from light irradiation of microplastics (MPs) can potentially affect the environmental fate of organic contaminants when they coexist in the same environment. This study investigated the effect of polystyrene (PS) MPs with different aging degrees on the phototransformation of atorvastatin (ATV) under simulated sunlight. Results showed that the presence of PS MPs facilitated the phototransformation of ATV, and the degradation rate was linearly correlated with the aging degree (i.e., carbonyl index) of MPs. The enhanced effects mainly depended on the contents of oxygen-containing functional groups of PS MPs, which increased the absorption of light energy and the generation of ROS (e.g., singlet oxygen (1O2) and triplet-excited state PS (3PS*)). Quenching experiments indicated that 1O2 generated from photosensitization of PS was the major contributor to the increased phototransformation of ATV. Additionally, the role of 3PS* became more important in the photodegradation mediated by higher degree aged MPs because much more 1O2 was generated from the 3PS* . PS MPs also increased the types and yields of degradation products, especially for higher degree aged MPs, despite the low effect on leachate toxicity. The findings provide a novel insight into the critical role of MPs in the fate of organic contaminants in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Hexinyue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Ham A, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, Schneider GF. A Three‐Step Synthesis of 4
H
‐Cyclopenta[
def
]phenanthrene from Pyrene. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ham
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory F. Schneider
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Pluskota-Karwatka D, Hoffmann M. Computational studies on statins photoactivity. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2020-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Statins are popular drugs widely prescribed to control hypercholesterolaemia and to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Synthetic statins constitute a group of pharmaceuticals which are very sensitive to exposure to light in both UVA and UVB ranges. Light, by causing drugs degradation, can essentially change their pharmaceutical properties leading even to the loss of therapeutic activity and/or to the formation of deleterious photoproducts. Drugs which exhibit photochemical reactivity may elicit undesired adverse effects. A detailed understanding of mechanisms involved in molecular basis of these effects origin is very important for evaluating the photobiological risk associated with therapy in which drugs prone to exposure to light are involved. In this work we critically discussed finding regarding the mechanisms of synthetic statins phototransformation. We showed inconsistency of some previously reported facts and revised earlier presented studies. We also completed the lack of information on pitavastatin photobehaviour. This all together resulted in proposal of new schemes for the statins photodecomposition. We reviewed data derived from both experimental and computational methods. Studies of photochemical problems by the use of theoretical methods enable getting insight into areas of some fascinating events that experimental techniques can touch only indirectly. Besides effect of light, phenomenon of statins’ sensitivity to pH and resulting implications were discussed. Statins undergo pH-dependent interconversion between their pharmacologically active hydroxy acid and inactive lactone forms, and it was shown that for both forms, drugs’ interactions should be considered. Knowledge of the statins interconversion mechanisms is important for understanding how differences in the structures of their molecules can affect the drugs’ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Pluskota-Karwatka
- Faculty of Chemistry , Adam Mickiewicz University , Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Marcin Hoffmann
- Faculty of Chemistry , Adam Mickiewicz University , Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
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13
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Lozzi F, Di Raimondo C, Lanna C, Diluvio L, Mazzilli S, Garofalo V, Dika E, Dellambra E, Coniglione F, Bianchi L, Campione E. Latest Evidence Regarding the Effects of Photosensitive Drugs on the Skin: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1104. [PMID: 33213076 PMCID: PMC7698592 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitivity induced by drugs is a widely experienced problem, concerning both molecule design and clinical practice. Indeed, photo-induced cutaneous eruptions represent one of the most common drug adverse events and are frequently an important issue to consider in the therapeutic management of patients. Phototoxicity and photoallergy are the two different pathogenic mechanisms involved in photosensitization. Related cutaneous manifestations are heterogeneous, depending on the culprit drug and subject susceptibility. Here we report an updated review of the literature with respect to pathogenic mechanisms of photosensitivity, clinical manifestations, patient management, and prediction and evaluation of drug-induced photosensitivity. We present and discuss principal groups of photosensitizing drugs (antimicrobials, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-hypertensives, anti-arrhythmics, cholesterol, and glycemia-lowering agents, psychotropic drugs, chemotherapeutics, etc.) and their main damage mechanisms according to recent evidence. The link between the drug and the cutaneous manifestation is not always clear; more investigations would be helpful to better predict drug photosensitizing potential, prevent and manage cutaneous adverse events and find the most appropriate alternative therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Lozzi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Cosimo Di Raimondo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Caterina Lanna
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Laura Diluvio
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Sara Mazzilli
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Virginia Garofalo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Emi Dika
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 1-40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Elena Dellambra
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy;
| | - Filadelfo Coniglione
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
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14
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Wang M, Xiang X, Zuo Y, Peng J, Lu K, Dempsey C, Liu P, Gao S. Singlet oxygen production abilities of oxidated aromatic compounds in natural water. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 258:127308. [PMID: 32535450 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is well known to be formed through energy transfer from excited state organic matters to O2, playing an important role in the transformations of contaminants. However, the contribution of small oxidated aromatic compounds (OACs) to the production of 1O2 in surface water is unclear. In this study, 28 OACs were selected to investigate the correlations between their photochemical production abilities of 1O2 and molecular structures. Our results showed that the steady-state concentrations and quantum yields of 1O2 (Φ1O2) generated by OACs were in the range of 7.0 × 10-14-1.4 × 10-12 M and 2.2 × 10-4-4.7 × 10-2, respectively, indicating that the photochemical production abilities of 1O2 by OACs varied greatly with types and positions of functional groups on the molecule. More importantly, the observed photochemical production of 1O2 was most notable in cases of molecules containing -OCH3 group and benzoquinone. A good quantitative structure-property relationship model was established between 1O2 producing ability, energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (ELUMO) and the most positive net charge of hydrogen atoms (qH+) of OACs. In addition, the role of 1O2 produced by 2, 6-dimethoxy-1, 4-benzoquinone, the OAC with the highest Φ1O2, in the photodegradation of organic contaminants was validated by the enhanced degradation of atorvastatin under simulated sunlight, suggesting that OACs ubiquitously existed in surface water may greatly affect the fate and ecological risks of organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xueying Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuegang Zuo
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA, 02747-2300, USA
| | - Jianbiao Peng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Kun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Caroline Dempsey
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA, 02747-2300, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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15
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Andreu I, Lence E, González-Bello C, Mayorga C, Cuquerella MC, Vayá I, Miranda MA. Protein Binding of Lapatinib and Its N- and O-Dealkylated Metabolites Interrogated by Fluorescence, Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:576495. [PMID: 33192518 PMCID: PMC7662899 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.576495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lapatinib (LAP) is an anticancer drug generally used to treat breast and lung cancer. It exhibits hypersensitivity reactions in addition to dermatological adverse effects and photosensitivity. Moreover, LAP binds to serum proteins and is readily biotransformed in humans, giving rise to several metabolites, such as N- and O-dealkylated products (N-LAP and O-LAP, respectively). In this context, the aim of the present work is to obtain key information on drug@protein complexation, the first step involved in a number of hypersensitivity reactions, by a combination of fluorescence, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Following this approach, the behavior of LAP and its metabolites has been investigated in the presence of serum proteins, such as albumins and α1-acid glycoproteins (SAs and AGs, respectively) from human and bovine origin. Fluorescence results pointed to a higher affinity of LAP and its metabolites to human proteins; the highest one was found for LAP@HSA. This is associated to the coplanar orientation adopted by the furan and quinazoline rings of LAP, which favors emission from long-lived (up to the ns time-scale) locally-excited (LE) states, disfavoring population of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) states. Moreover, the highly constrained environment provided by subdomain IB of HSA resulted in a frozen conformation of the ligand, contributing to fluorescence enhancement. Computational studies were clearly in line with the experimental observations, providing valuable insight into the nature of the binding sites and the conformational arrangement of the ligands inside the protein cavities. Besides, a good correlation was found between the calculated binding energies for each ligand@protein complex and the relative affinities observed in competition experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Andreu
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain.,Unidad Mixta de Investigación UPV-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Lence
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Concepción González-Bello
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristobalina Mayorga
- Allergy Clinical Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga and Allergy Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Consuelo Cuquerella
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain.,Unidad Mixta de Investigación UPV-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Vayá
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain.,Unidad Mixta de Investigación UPV-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain.,Unidad Mixta de Investigación UPV-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) La Fe, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Hinoshita M, Abe T, Sato A, Maeda Y, Takeyoshi M. Development of a new photosafety test method based on singlet oxygen generation detected using electron spin resonance. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:247-255. [PMID: 32671887 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosafety evaluations of chemicals used in consumer products, such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, are very important. Currently, two non-animal tests for photosafety evaluations, the in vitro 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity test (NRU PT) and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, are used to detect photoreactive chemicals. However, these two tests are difficult to apply to hydrophobic chemicals. In the present study, we attempted to develop a new photosafety test method, named the electron spin resonance-based photosafety test (ESR-PT), that would be applicable even to hydrophobic chemicals based on the detection of singlet oxygen generation after irradiation using ESR spectroscopy with 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine as a spin trap reagent. To achieve a quantitative evaluation, the singlet oxygen formation (SOF) value, which can be calculated as the increment in relative intensity after irradiation of the test mixture normalized by the increment in relative intensity after irradiation of the vehicle control solution, was calculated. The performance of the ESR-PT was evaluated by testing all the proficiency chemicals of the ROS assay plus additional chemicals, including hydrophobic chemicals and chemicals that tested false negative in the 3T3-NRU PT and ROS assay. SOF values were successfully calculated for all the chemicals tested including the hydrophobic chemicals, and the accuracy of the ESR-PT using a tentative cutoff value of 2.8 against the photosafety information was 100%. Therefore, the SOF value could be an effective parameter for photosafety evaluations, suggesting that the newly developed ESR-PT is a promising non-animal test applicable even to hydrophobic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Hinoshita
- CERI Osaka, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Abe
- CERI Tokyo, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Asako Sato
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Maeda
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeyoshi
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
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17
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Photoprotective Effects of Selected Amino Acids on Naproxen Photodegradation in Aqueous Media. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13060135. [PMID: 32604908 PMCID: PMC7345999 DOI: 10.3390/ph13060135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to develop a photostabilization strategy to ensure the quality of photosensitive compounds, including pharmaceuticals. This study focused on the protective effects of 20 amino acids on the photodegradation of naproxen (NX), a photosensitive pharmaceutical, to clarify the important nature of a good photostabilizer. Our previous report indicated the photodegradability of NX and the protective effects of some antioxidants on its photodegradation, therefore, this compound was used as a model compound. The degradation of NX in aqueous media during ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation and the protective effects of selected amino acids were monitored through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), equipped with a reverse-phase column. Addition of cysteine, tryptophan, and tyrosine induced the significant suppression of NX photodegradation after UV irradiation for 3 h (residual amount of NX; 15.35%, 6.82%, and 15.64%, respectively). Evaluation of the antioxidative activity and UV absorption spectrum showed that cysteine suppressed NX degradation through its antioxidative ability, while tryptophan and tyrosine suppressed it through their UV filtering ability. Furthermore, three amino acids at higher concentrations (more than 100 µmol/L) showed more protective effects on NX photodegradation. For 10 mmol/L, residual amounts of NX with cysteine, tryptophan, and tyrosine were 58.51%, 69.34%, and 82.40%, respectively. These results showed the importance of both photoprotective potencies (antioxidative potency and UV filtering potency) and stability to UV irradiation for a good photostabilizer of photosensitive pharmaceuticals.
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18
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Hossaini Nasr S, Rashidijahanabad Z, Ramadan S, Kauffman N, Parameswaran N, Zinn KR, Qian C, Arora R, Agnew D, Huang X. Effective atherosclerotic plaque inflammation inhibition with targeted drug delivery by hyaluronan conjugated atorvastatin nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9541-9556. [PMID: 32314997 PMCID: PMC7234819 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00308e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is associated with inflammation in the arteries, which is a major cause of heart attacks and strokes. Reducing the extent of local inflammation at atherosclerotic plaques can be an attractive strategy to combat atherosclerosis. While statins can exhibit direct anti-inflammatory activities, the high dose required for such a therapy renders it unrealistic due to their low systemic bioavailabilities and potential side effects. To overcome this, a new hyaluronan (HA)-atorvastatin (ATV) conjugate was designed with the hydrophobic statin ATV forming the core of the nanoparticle (HA-ATV-NP). The HA on the NPs can selectively bind with CD44, a cell surface receptor overexpressed on cells residing in atherosclerotic plaques and known to play important roles in plaque development. HA-ATV-NPs exhibited significantly higher anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages compared to ATV alone in vitro. Furthermore, when administered in an apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis following a 1-week treatment regimen, HA-ATV-NPs markedly decreased inflammation in advanced atherosclerotic plaques, which were monitored through contrast agent aided magnetic resonance imaging. These results suggest CD44 targeting with HA-ATV-NPs is an attractive strategy to reduce harmful inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedmehdi Hossaini Nasr
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Zahra Rashidijahanabad
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Sherif Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Qaliobiya 13518, Egypt
| | - Nate Kauffman
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | - Kurt R Zinn
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Radiology Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Chunqi Qian
- Department of Radiology Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Ripla Arora
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Dalen Agnew
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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19
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Mechanistic analysis on the photochemistry of the anti-inflammatory drug etoricoxib in aqueous solution. Cytotoxicity of photoproducts. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Blakely KM, Drucker AM, Rosen CF. Drug-Induced Photosensitivity-An Update: Culprit Drugs, Prevention and Management. Drug Saf 2020; 42:827-847. [PMID: 30888626 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-019-00806-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitive drug eruptions are cutaneous adverse events due to exposure to a medication and either ultraviolet or visible radiation. In this review, the diagnosis, prevention and management of drug-induced photosensitivity is discussed. Diagnosis is based largely on the history of drug intake and the appearance of the eruption primarily affecting sun-exposed areas of the skin. This diagnosis can also be aided by tools such as phototesting, photopatch testing and rechallenge testing. The mainstay of management is prevention, including informing patients of the possibility of increased photosensitivity as well as the use of appropriate sun protective measures. Once a photosensitivity reaction has occurred, it may be necessary to discontinue the culprit medication and treat the reaction with corticosteroids. For certain medications, long-term surveillance may be indicated because of a higher risk of developing melanoma or squamous cell carcinoma at sites of earlier photosensitivity reactions. A large number of medications have been implicated as causes of photosensitivity, many with convincing clinical and scientific supporting evidence. We review the medical literature regarding the evidence for the culpability of each drug, including the results of phototesting, photopatch testing and rechallenge testing. Amiodarone, chlorpromazine, doxycycline, hydrochlorothiazide, nalidixic acid, naproxen, piroxicam, tetracycline, thioridazine, vemurafenib and voriconazole are among the most consistently implicated and warrant the most precaution by both the physician and patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Blakely
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron M Drucker
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl F Rosen
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Division of Dermatology, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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21
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Phototransformations of pitavastatin - The inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Socha M, Pietrzak A, Grywalska E, Pietrzak D, Matosiuk D, Kiciński P, Rolinski J. The effect of statins on psoriasis severity: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:1-7. [PMID: 32051699 PMCID: PMC6963135 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.90343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins may reduce the severity of psoriasis, but the available evidence is unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies (RCTs) that investigated the effect of statins on psoriasis severity assessed with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). MATERIAL AND METHODS Two investigators searched independently the following databases: Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to February 2019. Additionally, reference lists from all available articles were searched manually. We included only RCTs carried out among adult (≥ 16 years) patients with psoriasis who received oral statins for ≥ 8 weeks and had psoriasis severity assessed with the PASI at baseline and at the end of follow-up. We used random effects meta-analysis to calculate the mean difference (D) in PASI change between patients who received either a statin or a comparator. RESULTS Of 279 records identified, there were 5 eligible RCTs, with a total of 223 patients, including 128 patients who received a statin (atorvastatin or simvastatin). The improvement in psoriasis severity (PASI) was significantly greater in patients who received statins than in those who received comparators (D = 2.76, 95% CI: 0.49-5.04, p = 0.017). In subgroup analyses, the improvement in PASI values was significant for simvastatin (D = 3.70, 95% CI: 2.52-4.89, p < 0.001) but not for atorvastatin (D = 2.30, 95% CI: -1.28-5.88, p = 0.210). CONCLUSIONS Oral statins may improve psoriasis, particularly in patients with severe disease. This observation should be verified in long-term, well-designed studies that will enable analyses adjusted for clinical variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Socha
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, 1 Military Clinical Hospital, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aldona Pietrzak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Pediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniel Pietrzak
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Matosiuk
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Kiciński
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Rolinski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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23
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Yadykov AV, Scherbakov AM, Trofimova VV, Lvov AG, Markosyan AI, Zavarzin IV, Shirinian VZ. Photoswitching off the Antiproliferative Activity of Combretastatin A-4 Analogues. Org Lett 2019; 21:9608-9612. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton V. Yadykov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, 47, Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander M. Scherbakov
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Kashirskoye sh. 24, 115522 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Victoria V. Trofimova
- D.I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey G. Lvov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, 47, Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ashot I. Markosyan
- Scientific Technological Center of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NAS RA, Yerevan 0014, Republic of Armenia
| | - Igor V. Zavarzin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, 47, Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valerii Z. Shirinian
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, 47, Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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24
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Wiehe A, O'Brien JM, Senge MO. Trends and targets in antiviral phototherapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2565-2612. [PMID: 31397467 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment option in the treatment of certain cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions. Though best-known for its application in tumor therapy, historically the photodynamic effect was first demonstrated against bacteria at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, in light of spreading antibiotic resistance and the rise of new infections, this photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is gaining considerable attention. This review focuses on the PDI of viruses as an alternative treatment in antiviral therapy, but also as a means of viral decontamination, covering mainly the literature of the last decade. The PDI of viruses shares the general action mechanism of photodynamic applications: the irradiation of a dye with light and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are the effective phototoxic agents damaging virus targets by reacting with viral nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Interestingly, a light-independent antiviral activity has also been found for some of these dyes. This review covers the compound classes employed in the PDI of viruses and their various areas of use. In the medical area, currently two fields stand out in which the PDI of viruses has found broader application: the purification of blood products and the treatment of human papilloma virus manifestations. However, the PDI of viruses has also found interest in such diverse areas as water and surface decontamination, and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wiehe
- biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany. and Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica M O'Brien
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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26
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Wang M, Li J, Shi H, Miao D, Yang Y, Qian L, Gao S. Photolysis of atorvastatin in aquatic environment: Influencing factors, products, and pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:467-475. [PMID: 30153618 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atorvastatin (ATV), a second generation cholesterol-lowering drug, is detected frequently in natural water because of its extensive use and incomplete removal from wastewater. In this study, the photochemical behavior of ATV under simulated solar irradiation was systematically investigated in order to assess the potential of photolysis as its transformation pathway in aquatic environment. The quantum yield of ATV direct photolysis was determined to be 0.0041. Among various water components investigated, including pH, Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA), Fe3+, HCO3-, SO42- and NO3-, the major factors contributing to the indirect photolysis of ATV were SRFA and NO3-, and the co-existence of SRFA and NO3- showed no interaction in synthetic water containing the above water components. The results were further verified in natural water samples. Singlet oxygen (1O2) played dominant role in the indirect photolysis of ATV, and the contributions of 1O2 and ·OH to the photolysis of ATV in the solution with optimum combination of water components were calculated to be 67.14% and 0.66%, respectively. Nine phototransformation intermediates were identified by liquid chromatography - time-of-flight - mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS), and the degradation pathways were speculated as hydroxyl addition, pyrrole-ring open and debenzamide reactions. In addition, the evolution of products in the degradation process showed that the ring-opened product P416 and hydroxylation product P575 still remained at a certain level after two days of photodegradation, which may accumulate and cause additional ecological risks. This study provides significant information for understanding the risk and fate of ATV in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Huanhuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Dong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Li Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Jarmużek D, Pedzinski T, Hoffmann M, Siodła T, Salus K, Pluskota-Karwatka D. Experimental and theoretical studies on fluvastatin primary photoproduct formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [PMID: 28650504 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01094j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluvastatin (FLV) belongs to the group of compounds referred to as statins, also known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors. Statins act as cholesterol-lowering agents and are among the most frequently prescribed drugs. They upregulate low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver by binding to the active site of HMG-CoA reductase, which is the key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Statins have been detected as contaminants in natural waters and are susceptible to degradation upon exposure to light. Fluvastatin is extremely sensitive to light; upon irradiation it forms a range of photoproducts. In this study the fluvastatin molar absorption coefficient and the quantum yield of the drug photodegradation were determined. The FLV photodegradation quantum yield value determined in this work (Φ = 0.13 ± 0.02) was found to be significantly larger than that previously reported in the literature. Our results also showed that the generation of singlet oxygen is not involved in the drug photodecomposition indicating that the excited triplet state of fluvastatin is not populated efficiently. Moreover, experimental methods and DFT calculations were applied to get insight into the possible mechanisms of fluvastatin primary photoproduct formation. Using the transient absorption spectroscopy technique, the transient species formed immediately after the drug excitation were followed, and the scheme for fluvastatin primary photochemistry was suggested. The primary photoproducts were identified on the basis of spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. A new mechanism for photooxygenation leading to the formation of one of the identified photoproducts (FP2) was proposed and a new approach to the formation of the other photoproduct (FP1) was provided. The theoretical mechanistic explanation of the photoproduct formation is in excellent agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Jarmużek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89b, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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Photodegradation of aqueous argatroban investigated by LC/MS n: Photoproducts, transformation processes and potential implications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:223-232. [PMID: 27599353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Argatroban (ARGA), used as intravenous anticoagulant drug, has been reported to photodegrade under light exposure, requiring specific precautions at handling, storage and administration. Thus, for the first time, aqueous ARGA photodegradation under aerobic conditions has been described in terms of photoproducts, phototransformation processes and potential implications. ARGA significant photoproducts were successfully separated and characterized by gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (LC/HR-MSn). Hitherto still not available in literature, ARGA in-depth fragmentation study was conducted so as to thoroughly sort out the main mechanisms specific to the molecule and therefore, to propose a fragmentation pattern relevant to the identification of ARGA related substances. Thereafter, in view of the structural characteristics of the photoproducts formed, ARGA photodegradation pathways could be worked out, showing that whether by direct photolysis or through photosensitization, the methyltetrahydroquinoline nitrogen and that of guanidine group would be mainly involved in photolysis initiation reactions, through one-electron oxidation along with proton loss. Desulfonation, cyclisation affording compounds of diazinane type, and/or rearrangements with transfer of the methyltetrahydroquinoline group toward the guanidine function were observed accordingly. Having a good insight into ARGA photodegradation pathways allows for consistent measures in view of mitigating or avoiding the drug decay and the related potential effects.
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Xu T, Ni D, Chen X, Wu F, Ge P, Lu W, Hu H, Zhu Z, Chen W. Self-floating graphitic carbon nitride/zinc phthalocyanine nanofibers for photocatalytic degradation of contaminants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 317:17-26. [PMID: 27239724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effective elimination of micropollutants by an environmentally friendly method has received extensive attention recently. In this study, a photocatalyst based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-supported graphitic carbon nitride coupled with zinc phthalocyanine nanofibers (g-C3N4/ZnTcPc/PAN nanofibers) was successfully prepared, where g-C3N4/ZnTcPc was introduced as the catalytic entity and the PAN nanofibers were employed as support to overcome the defects of easy aggregation and difficult recycling. Herein, rhodamine B (RhB), 4-chlorophenol and carbamazepine (CBZ) were selected as the model pollutants. Compared with the typical hydroxyl radical-dominated catalytic system, g-C3N4/ZnTcPc/PAN nanofibers displayed the targeted adsorption and degradation of contaminants under visible light or solar irradiation in the presence of high additive concentrations. According to the results of the radical scavenging techniques and the electron paramagnetic resonance technology, the degradation of target substrates was achieved by the attack of active species, including photogenerated hole, singlet oxygen, superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals. Based on the results of ultra-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, the role of free radicals on the photocatalytic degradation intermediates was identified and the final photocatalytic degradation products of both RhB and CBZ were some biodegradable small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiefeng Xu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Dongjing Ni
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xia Chen
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fei Wu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pengfei Ge
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wangyang Lu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Hongguang Hu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - ZheXin Zhu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Tajima S, Fukunaga A, Nishigori C. A case of atorvastatin-induced solar urticaria. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2016; 32:317-319. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tajima
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Faculty of Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Faculty of Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology; Department of Internal Related; Faculty of Medicine; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Japan
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31
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Klobčar S, Prosen H. Isolation of oxidative degradation products of atorvastatin with supercritical fluid chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1901-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Prosen
- University of Ljubljana; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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32
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Zhao Y, Shi M, Ye JH, Zheng XQ, Lu JL, Liang YR. Photo-induced chemical reaction of trans-resveratrol. Food Chem 2015; 171:137-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nardi G, Manet I, Monti S, Miranda MA, Lhiaubet-Vallet V. Scope and limitations of the TEMPO/EPR method for singlet oxygen detection: the misleading role of electron transfer. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:64-70. [PMID: 25236741 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For many biological and biomedical studies, it is essential to detect the production of (1)O2 and quantify its production yield. Among the available methods, detection of the characteristic 1270-nm phosphorescence of singlet oxygen by time-resolved near-infrared (TRNIR) emission constitutes the most direct and unambiguous approach. An alternative indirect method is electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in combination with a singlet oxygen probe. This is based on the detection of the TEMPO free radical formed after oxidation of TEMP (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) by singlet oxygen. Although the TEMPO/EPR method has been widely employed, it can produce misleading data. This is demonstrated by the present study, in which the quantum yields of singlet oxygen formation obtained by TRNIR emission and by the TEMPO/EPR method are compared for a set of well-known photosensitizers. The results reveal that the TEMPO/EPR method leads to significant overestimation of singlet oxygen yield when the singlet or triplet excited state of the photosensitizer is efficiently quenched by TEMP, acting as electron donor. In such case, generation of the TEMP(+) radical cation, followed by deprotonation and reaction with molecular oxygen, gives rise to an EPR-detectable TEMPO signal that is not associated with singlet oxygen production. This knowledge is essential for an appropriate and error-free application of the TEMPO/EPR method in chemical, biological, and medical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Nardi
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ilse Manet
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Monti
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Virginie Lhiaubet-Vallet
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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Nardi G, Marin ML, de Souza PA, Lhiaubet-Vallet V, Miranda MA. Generation of reactive aryl radical intermediates in the reductive photodehalogenation of itraconazole. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43644f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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35
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Mosiewicz J, Pietrzak A, Chodorowska G, Trojnar M, Szepietowski J, Reich K, Rizzo M. Rational for statin use in psoriatic patients. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:467-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kim H, Kim W, Mackeyev Y, Lee GS, Kim HJ, Tachikawa T, Hong S, Lee S, Kim J, Wilson LJ, Majima T, Alvarez PJJ, Choi W, Lee J. Selective oxidative degradation of organic pollutants by singlet oxygen-mediated photosensitization: tin porphyrin versus C60 aminofullerene systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:9606-13. [PMID: 22852818 DOI: 10.1021/es301775k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the potential application of tin porphyrin- and C(60) aminofullerene-derivatized silica (SnP/silica and aminoC(60)/silica) as (1)O(2) generating systems for photochemical degradation of organic pollutants. Photosensitized (1)O(2) production with SnP/silica, which was faster than with aminoC(60)/silica, effectively oxidized a variety of pharmaceuticals. Significant degradation of pharmaceuticals in the presence of the 400-nm UV cutoff filter corroborated visible light activation of both photosensitizers. Whereas the efficacy of aminoC(60)/silica for (1)O(2) production drastically decreased under irradiation with λ > 550 nm, Q-band absorption caused negligible loss of the photosensitizing activity of SnP/silica in the long wavelength region. Faster destruction of phenolates by SnP/silica and aminoC(60)/silica under alkaline pH conditions further implicated (1)O(2) involvement in the oxidative degradation. Direct charge transfer mediated by SnP, which was inferred from nanosecond laser flash photolysis, induced significant degradation of neutral phenols under high power light irradiation. Self-sensitized destruction caused gradual activity loss of SnP/silica in reuse tests unlike aminoC(60)/silica. The kinetic comparison of SnP/silica and TiO(2) photocatalyst in real wastewater effluents showed that photosensitized singlet oxygenation of pharmaceuticals was still efficiently achieved in the presence of background organic matters, while significant interference was observed for photocatalyzed oxidation involving non-selective OH radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heechan Kim
- Water Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Korea
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Cozzani E, Scaparro M, Parodi A. A case of psoriasis worsened by atorvastatin. J Dermatol Case Rep 2011; 3:60-1. [PMID: 21886735 DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2009.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Statins are known to have a number of cutaneous adverse effects including the induction of autoimmune diseases like systemic and subacute lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, lichen planus pemphigoides and the drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Statins have been also reported as a triggering factor of psoriasis. We report a case of psoriasis vulgaris that worsened three months after atorvastatin was introduced and improved after its discontinuance.
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Pitavastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, induces phototoxicity in human keratinocytes NCTC-2544 through the formation of benzophenanthridine-like photoproducts. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:483-96. [PMID: 22038141 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the results of an investigation of the phototoxicity mechanism induced by pitavastatin and its photoproducts, namely 6-cyclopropyl-10-fluoro-7,8-dihydrobenzo[k]phenanthridine (PP3) and 6-cyclopropyl-10-fluorobenzo[k]phenanthridine (PP4). The phototoxicity was tested in human keratinocytes cell lines NCTC-2544, and the results proved that under the same conditions, all three compounds exhibited phototoxic effects in the model tested. The reduction in cell viability was found to be both concentration- and UVA dose-dependent. A point of note is that both the photoproducts produced a dramatic decrease in cell viability with GI(50) values one order of magnitude lower compared to the parent compound. In particular, the fully aromatic derivative (PP4) showed the highest antiproliferative activity. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that pitavastatin and the photoproduct PP4 principally induced necrosis, as revealed by the large appearance of propidium iodide-positive cells and also confirmed by the rapid drop in cellular ATP levels. Further studies committed to better understanding of photoinduced cell death mechanism(s) revealed that neither pitavastatin nor PP4 induced mitochondrial depolarization or lysosomal damage, but, interestingly, extensive cell lipid membrane peroxidation along with a significant oxidation of model proteins occurred, suggesting that pitavastatin and PP4 exert their phototoxic effect mainly in the cellular membranes. The present results suggest that the phototoxicity of pitavastatin may be mediated by the formation of benzophenanthridine-like photoproducts that appear to have high potential as photosensitizers.
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Nardi G, Lhiaubet-Vallet V, Leandro-Garcia P, Miranda MA. Potential phototoxicity of rosuvastatin mediated by its dihydrophenanthrene-like photoproduct. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1779-85. [PMID: 21923146 DOI: 10.1021/tx200341f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, rosuvastatin has been used to gain insight into the molecular basis of statin photosensitization. This lipid-lowering drug, also known as "superstatin", contains a 2-vinylbiphenyl-like moiety and has been previously described to decompose under solar irradiation, yielding stable dihydrophenanthrene analogues. During photophysical characterization of rosuvastatin, only a long-lived transient at ca. 550 nm was observed and assigned to the primary photocyclization intermediate. Thus, the absence of detectable triplet-triplet absorption and the low yield of fluorescence rules out the role of the parent drug as an efficient sensitizer. In this context, the attention has been placed on the rosuvastatin main photoproduct (ppRSV). Indeed, the photobehavior of this dihydrophenanthrene-like compound presents the essential components needed for an efficient biomolecule photosensitizer i.e. (i) a high intersystem crossing quantum yield (Φ(ISC) = 0.8), (ii) a triplet excited state energy of ca. 67 kcal mol(-1), and (iii) a quantum yield of singlet oxygen formation (Φ(Δ)) of 0.3. Furthermore, laser flash photolysis studies revealed a triplet-triplet energy transfer from the triplet excited state of ppRSV to thymidine, leading to the formation of cyclobutane thymidine dimers, an important type of DNA lesion. Finally, tryptophan has been used as a probe to investigate the type I and/or type II character of ppRSV-mediated oxidation. In this way, both an electron transfer process giving rise to the tryptophanyl radical and a singlet oxygen mediated oxidation were observed. On the basis of the obtained results, rosuvastatin, through its major photoproduct ppRSV, should be considered as a potential sensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Nardi
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia, Spain
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Razavi B, Ben Abdelmelek S, Song W, O'Shea KE, Cooper WJ. Photochemical fate of atorvastatin (lipitor) in simulated natural waters. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:625-631. [PMID: 20801479 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol-lowering statin drugs are among the most frequently prescribed for reducing human blood cholesterol and they have been detected as contaminants in natural waters. In this study the photochemical behavior of atorvastatin (lipitor) was investigated at two different concentrations of 35.8 μM (20 mg L(-1)) and 35.8 nM (20 μg L(-1)) using a solar simulator and a UV reactor. Photochemical fate in natural waters can be described in most cases by the sum of the loss due to hydrolysis, direct photolysis, and, reaction with hydroxyl radical (•OH), singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) (or O(2) ((1)D)), and excited state dissolved organic matter (DOM). The absolute bimolecular reaction rate constant with OH was measured, using pulsed radiolysis, (1.19 ± 0.04) × 10(10) M(-1) s(-1). The reaction rate constant of (1)O(2) was determined to be (3.1 ± 0.2) × 10(8) M(-1) s(-1). Under the experimental conditions used, at high atorvastatin concentration (35.8 μM) the contribution of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) to the photodegradation of atorvastatin in natural waters was higher than that of hydroxyl radical, and accounted for up to 23% of the loss in aqueous solutions. Whereas, at a concentration of 35.8 nM, (1)O(2) (and •OH) both played a minor role in the removal of this compound. Lastly, it also appears that atorvastatin reacts with (3)DOM* contributing to its loss in simulated natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Razavi
- Urban Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA.
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Viola G, Grobelny P, Linardi MA, Salvador A, Basso G, Mielcarek J, Dall'Acqua S, Vedaldi D, Dall'Acqua F. The Phototoxicity of Fluvastatin, an HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor, Is Mediated by the formation of a Benzocarbazole-Like Photoproduct. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:236-50. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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42
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Alarcón E, González-Béjar M, Gorelsky S, Ebensperger R, Lopez-Alarcón C, Netto-Ferreira JC, Scaiano JC. Photophysical characterization of atorvastatin (Lipitor®) ortho-hydroxy metabolite: role of hydroxyl group on the drug photochemistry. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:1378-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00102c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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