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Hammond S, Olsson-Brown A, Grice S, Gibson A, Gardner J, Castrejón-Flores JL, Jolly C, Fisher BA, Steven N, Betts C, Pirmohamed M, Meng X, Naisbitt DJ. Checkpoint inhibition reduces the threshold for drug-specific T-Cell priming and increases the incidence of sulfasalazine hypersensitivity. Toxicol Sci 2021; 186:58-69. [PMID: 34850240 PMCID: PMC8883351 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging clinical issue associated with immune-oncology agents is the collateral effects on the tolerability of concomitant medications. One report of this phenomenon was the increased incidence of hypersensitivity reactions observed in patients receiving concurrent immune checkpoint inhibitors and sulfasalazine. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the T-cells involved in the pathogenesis of such reactions, and recapitulate the effects of inhibitory checkpoint blockade on de-novo priming responses to compounds within in-vitro platforms. A regulatory competent human dendritic cell/T-cell co-culture assay was used to model the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors on de-novo nitroso sulfamethoxazole- and sulfapyridine (the sulfonamide component of sulfasalazine) hydroxylamine-specific priming responses. The role of T-cells in the pathogenesis of the observed reactions was explored in three patients through phenotypic characterization of sulfapyridine/sulfapyridine hydroxylamine-responsive T-cell clones, and assessment of cross-reactivity and pathways of T-cell activation. Augmentation of the frequency of responding drug-specific T-cells and intensity of the T-cell response was observed with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Monoclonal populations of sulfapyridine- and sulfapyridine hydroxylamine-responsive T-cells were isolated from all three patients. A core secretory effector molecule profile (IFN-γ, IL-13, granzyme B and perforin) was identified for sulfapyridine and sulfapyridine hydroxylamine responsive T-cell clones, which proceeded through Pi and hapten mechanisms, respectively. Data presented herein provides evidence that drug-responsive T-cells are effectors of hypersensitivity reactions observed in oncology patients administered immune checkpoint inhibitors and sulfasalazine. Perturbation of drug-specific T-cell priming is a plausible explanation for clinical observations of how an increased incidence of these adverse events is occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Hammond
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.,ApconiX, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Anna Olsson-Brown
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Sophie Grice
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, WA, 6150
| | - Joshua Gardner
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Jose Luis Castrejón-Flores
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Mexico City, 07340, México
| | - Carol Jolly
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Benjamin Alexis Fisher
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, and Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Neil Steven
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Cancer Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Catherine Betts
- Pathology Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dean John Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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2
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García-Aranda MI, Gonzalez-Padilla JE, Gómez-Castro CZ, Gómez-Gómez YM, Rosales-Hernández MC, García-Báez EV, Franco-Hernández MO, Castrejón-Flores JL, Padilla-Martínez II. Anti-inflammatory effect and inhibition of nitric oxide production by targeting COXs and iNOS enzymes with the 1,2-diphenylbenzimidazole pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115427. [PMID: 32205045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Being the base of several non-communicable diseases, including cancer, inflammation is a complex process generated by tissue damage or change in the body homeostatic state. Currently, the therapeutic treatment for chronic inflammation related diseases is based on the use of selective cyclooxygenase II enzyme, COX-2, inhibitors or Coxibs, which have recently regained attention giving their preventive role in colon cancer. Thus, the discovery of new molecules that selectively inhibit COX-2 and other inflammatory mediators is a current challenge in the medicinal chemistry field. 1-Phenylbenzimidazoles have shown potential COX inhibitory activity, because they can reproduce the interaction profile of known COX inhibitors. Therefore, in the present investigation a series of 1,2-diphenylbenzimidazoles (DPBI) with different aromatic substitutions in the para position were synthesized and their interaction with COX-2 and nitric oxide synthase, iNOS, was determined in silico, in vitro and in vivo. Compound 2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole showed the best inhibition towards COX-2, while compounds N-(4-(2-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)acetamide and N-(4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)acetamide diminished the production of NO in vitro. Additionally, they had a significant anti-inflammatory activity in vivo when given orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica I García-Aranda
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jazmin E Gonzalez-Padilla
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Z Gómez-Castro
- CONACyT - Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, km 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Col. Carboneras, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo 42184, Mexico
| | - Yolanda M Gómez-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha C Rosales-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biofísica y Biocatálisis, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Efrén V García-Báez
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marina O Franco-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L Castrejón-Flores
- Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular y Biología Molecular, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Itzia I Padilla-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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3
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Zhao Q, Alhilali K, Alzahrani A, Almutairi M, Amjad J, Liu H, Sun Y, Sun L, Zhang H, Meng X, Gibson A, Ogese MO, Kevin Park B, Liu J, Ostrov DA, Zhang F, Naisbitt DJ. Dapsone- and nitroso dapsone-specific activation of T cells from hypersensitive patients expressing the risk allele HLA-B*13:01. Allergy 2019; 74:1533-1548. [PMID: 30844087 PMCID: PMC6767778 DOI: 10.1111/all.13769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into drug hypersensitivity associated with the expression of specific HLA alleles has focussed on the interaction between parent drug and the HLA with no attention given to reactive metabolites. For this reason, we have studied HLA-B*13:01-linked dapsone hypersensitivity to (a) explore whether the parent drug and/or nitroso metabolite activate T cells and (b) determine whether HLA-B*13:01 is involved in the response. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from six patients were cultured with dapsone and nitroso dapsone, and proliferative responses and IFN-γ release were measured. Dapsone- and nitroso dapsone-specific T-cell clones were generated and phenotype, function, HLA allele restriction, and cross-reactivity assessed. Dapsone intermediates were characterized by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from six patients and cloned T cells proliferated and secreted Th1/2/22 cytokines when stimulated with dapsone (clones: n = 395; 80% CD4+ CXCR3hi CCR4hi , 20% CD8+CXCR3hi CCR4hi CCR6hi CCR9hi CCR10hi ) and nitroso dapsone (clones: n = 399; 78% CD4+, 22% CD8+ with same chemokine receptor profile). CD4+ and CD8+ clones were HLA class II and class I restricted, respectively, and displayed three patterns of reactivity: compound specific, weakly cross-reactive, and strongly cross-reactive. Nitroso dapsone formed dimers in culture and was reduced to dapsone, providing a rationale for the cross-reactivity. T-cell responses to nitroso dapsone were dependent on the formation of a cysteine-modified protein adduct, while dapsone interacted in a labile manner with antigen-presenting cells. CD8+ clones displayed an HLA-B*13:01-restricted pattern of activation. CONCLUSION These studies describe the phenotype and function of dapsone- and nitroso dapsone-responsive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from hypersensitive patients. Discovery of HLA-B*13:01-restricted CD8+ T-cell responses indicates that drugs and their reactive metabolites participate in HLA allele-linked forms of hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin DiseaseShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and VenereologyShandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Khetam Alhilali
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Abdulaziz Alzahrani
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Al Baha University, Prince Mohammad Bin SaudAl BahahSaudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, College of Clinical PharmacyAlBaha UniversityAl BahaSaudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak Almutairi
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Juwaria Amjad
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin DiseaseShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and VenereologyShandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Yonghu Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin DiseaseShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and VenereologyShandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Lele Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin DiseaseShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and VenereologyShandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin DiseaseShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and VenereologyShandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Andrew Gibson
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Monday O. Ogese
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- Pathological Sciences, drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech UnitAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human GeneticsGenome Institute of Singapore, A*STARSingaporeSingapore
| | - David A. Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida
| | - Furen Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin DiseaseShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and VenereologyShandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical PharmacologyThe University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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4
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Adeyanju K, Bend JR, Rieder MJ, Dekaban GA. HIV-1 tat expression and sulphamethoxazole hydroxylamine mediated oxidative stress alter the disulfide proteome in Jurkat T cells. Virol J 2018; 15:82. [PMID: 29743079 PMCID: PMC5944096 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0991-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a significant problem for HIV patients, with the risk of developing ADRs increasing as the infection progresses to AIDS. However, the pathophysiology underlying ADRs remains unknown. Sulphamethoxazole (SMX) via its active metabolite SMX-hydroxlyamine, when used prophylactically for pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-positive individuals, is responsible for a high incidence of ADRs. We previously demonstrated that the HIV infection and, more specifically, that the HIV-1 Tat protein can exacerbate SMX-HA-mediated ADRs. In the current study, Jurkat T cell lines expressing Tat and its deletion mutants were used to determine the effect of Tat on the thiol proteome in the presence and absence of SMX-HA revealing drug-dependent changes in the disulfide proteome in HIV infected cells. Protein lysates from HIV infected Jurkat T cells and Jurkat T cells stably transfected with HIV Tat and Tat deletion mutants were subjected to quantitative slot blot analysis, western blot analysis and redox 2 dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis to analyze the effects of SMX-HA on the thiol proteome. Results Redox 2D gel electrophoresis demonstrated that untreated, Tat-expressing cells contain a number of proteins with oxidized thiols. The most prominent of these protein thiols was identified as peroxiredoxin. The untreated, Tat-expressing cell lines had lower levels of peroxiredoxin compared to the parental Jurkat E6.1 T cell line. Conversely, incubation with SMX-HA led to a 2- to 3-fold increase in thiol protein oxidation as well as a significant reduction in the level of peroxiredoxin in all the cell lines, particularly in the Tat-expressing cell lines. Conclusion SMX-HA is an oxidant capable of inducing the oxidation of reactive protein cysteine thiols, the majority of which formed intermolecular protein bonds. The HIV Tat-expressing cell lines showed greater levels of oxidative stress than the Jurkat E6.1 cell line when treated with SMX-HA. Therefore, the combination of HIV Tat and SMX-HA appears to alter the activity of cellular proteins required for redox homeostasis and thereby accentuate the cytopathic effects associated with HIV infection of T cells that sets the stage for the initiation of an ADR. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-0991-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemi Adeyanju
- BioTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Rm 2214, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - John R Bend
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Michael J Rieder
- Drug Safety Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Rm 2214, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gregory A Dekaban
- BioTherapeutics Research Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Rm 2214, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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5
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Gkrouzman E, Chirch L, Lakshminarayanan S. Drug-Induced Sweet Syndrome in a Man With Sarcoidosis: Are There Any Common Mechanisms of Pathogenesis? J Clin Rheumatol 2018. [PMID: 29538086 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gkrouzman
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Division of Rheumatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
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6
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Ogese MO, Saide K, Faulkner L, Whitaker P, Peckham D, Alfirevic A, Baker DM, Sette A, Pirmohamed M, Park BK, Naisbitt DJ. HLA-DQ allele-restricted activation of nitroso sulfamethoxazole-specific CD4-positive T lymphocytes from patients with cystic fibrosis. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:1305-16. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. O. Ogese
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - K. Saide
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - L. Faulkner
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - P. Whitaker
- Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Unit; St James's Hospital; Leeds UK
| | - D. Peckham
- Regional Adult Cystic Fibrosis Unit; St James's Hospital; Leeds UK
| | - A. Alfirevic
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - D. M. Baker
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology; La Jolla San Diego CA USA
| | - A. Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology; La Jolla San Diego CA USA
| | - M. Pirmohamed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - B. K. Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
| | - D. J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; University of Liverpool; Liverpool UK
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7
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Naisbitt DJ, Nattrass RG, Ogese MO. In vitro diagnosis of delayed-type drug hypersensitivity: mechanistic aspects and unmet needs. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2015; 34:691-705, x. [PMID: 25017686 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Several laboratories use the lymphocyte transformation test for the diagnosis of delayed-type drug hypersensitivity reactions. Recently, the availability of multiple readouts has improved our ability to diagnose reactions. It is important to note that most published studies characterizing the usefulness of diagnostic tests utilize blood samples from well-defined test and control patient groups. The purpose of this article is to briefly summarize the cellular and chemical basis of delayed-type drug hypersensitivity reactions and to review in vitro assays that are available for drug hypersensitivity diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean J Naisbitt
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, England.
| | - Ryan G Nattrass
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, England
| | - Monday O Ogese
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, England
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8
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Duran-Figueroa N, Badillo-Corona JA, Naisbitt DJ, Castrejon-Flores JL. Towards the development of mechanism-based biomarkers to diagnose drug hypersensitivity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00238e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells are activated by different mechanisms in the presence of drugs, metabolites or haptens, and they release several molecules that can be used in the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Duran-Figueroa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - J. A. Badillo-Corona
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología
- Mexico City
- Mexico
| | - D. J. Naisbitt
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science
- Department of Pharmacology
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - J. L. Castrejon-Flores
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
- Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología
- Mexico City
- Mexico
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9
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Guyon C, Métay E, Popowycz F, Lemaire M. Synthetic applications of hypophosphite derivatives in reduction. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7879-906. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to collect the applications in fine synthesis of hypophosphite derivatives as reducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Guyon
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
| | - Estelle Métay
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
| | - Florence Popowycz
- Equipe Chimie Organique et Bioorganique
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA Lyon)
- F-69621 Villeurbanne Cedex
| | - Marc Lemaire
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- UMR-CNRS 5246
- Université de Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1
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10
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White AG, Wolsic CL, Campbell KL, Lavergne SN. Canine progenitor epidermal keratinocytes express various inflammatory markers, including interleukin-8 and CD40, which are affected by certain antibiotics. Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:493-502, e81-2. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G. White
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; 1008 W Hazelwood Drive Urbana IL 61802 USA
| | - Cassandra L. Wolsic
- Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; 2001 South Lincoln Avenue Urbana IL 61802 USA
| | - Karen L. Campbell
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; 1008 W Hazelwood Drive Urbana IL 61802 USA
| | - Sidonie N. Lavergne
- Comparative Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Illinois; 2001 South Lincoln Avenue Urbana IL 61802 USA
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11
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Voie KL, Lucas BE, Schaeffer D, Kim D, Campbell KL, Lavergne SN. The effect of 'allergenic' and 'nonallergenic' antibiotics on dog keratinocyte viability in vitro. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:501-e119. [PMID: 24025020 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated adverse drug reactions (drug hypersensitivity) are relatively common in veterinary medicine, but their pathogenesis is not well understood. For an unknown reason, delayed drug hypersensitivity often targets the skin. Antibiotics, especially β-lactams and sulfonamides, are commonly associated with these adverse events. The 'danger theory' hypothesizes that 'danger' signals, such as drug-induced cell death, might be part of the pathogenesis of drug hypersensitivity reactions. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to determine whether antibiotics that are commonly associated with cutaneous drug hypersensitivity (allergenic) decrease canine keratinocyte viability in vitro more than antibiotics that rarely cause such reactions (nonallergenic). METHODS Immortalized canine keratinocytes (CPEK cells) were exposed to a therapeutic range of drug concentrations of four 'allergenic' antibiotics (two β-lactams, i.e. amoxicillin and cefalexin, and two sulfonamides, i.e. sulfamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine) or two 'nonallergenic' antibiotics (enrofloxacin and amikacin) over 48 h (2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h). The reactive nitroso metabolite of sulfamethoxazole was also tested. RESULTS Cefalexin (2 mmol/L) significantly decreased cell viability after 48 h (28 ± 7%; P = 0.035). The nitroso metabolite of sulfamethoxazole (100 μmol/L) decreased cell viability after 2 h (21 ± 7%; P = 0.049), but cell numbers were increased after 8 h (22 ± 6%; P = 0.018). In addition, enrofloxacin (500 μmol/L) also significantly decreased cell viability by 37% (±6%; P = 0.0035) at 24 h and by 70% (±8%; P < 0.001) at 48 h. CONCLUSION It appears that the effect of drugs on the in vitro viability of dog keratinocytes is not a good predictor of the 'allergenic' potential of an antibiotic. Further work is required to investigate other drug-induced 'danger' signals in dog keratinocytes exposed to 'allergenic' antibiotics in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine L Voie
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
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Pavlos R, Mallal S, Phillips E. HLA and pharmacogenetics of drug hypersensitivity. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 13:1285-306. [PMID: 22920398 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunologically mediated drug reactions have been traditionally classified as unpredictable based on the fact that they cannot be predicted strictly on the pharmacological action of the drug. Such adverse drug reactions are associated with considerable morbidity and include severe cutaneous adverse reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis and the drug hypersensitivity syndromes (drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms/drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome). Over the last decade there have been many associations between these syndromes and Class I and II HLA alleles of the MHC, which have enriched and driven our knowledge of their immunopathogenesis. Significant translation has also occurred in the case of HLA-B*5701 screening being used to exclude at risk patients from abacavir and prevent abacavir hypersensitivity. The ultimate translation of the knowledge of how drugs interact with HLA would be applicable to preclinical drug screening programs to improve the safety and cost-effectiveness of drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Pavlos
- The Institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Western Australia
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Uetrecht J, Naisbitt DJ. Idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions: current concepts. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:779-808. [PMID: 23476052 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for patients; they also markedly increase the uncertainty of drug development. The major targets are skin, liver, and bone marrow. Clinical characteristics suggest that IDRs are immune mediated, and there is substantive evidence that most, but not all, IDRs are caused by chemically reactive species. However, rigorous mechanistic studies are very difficult to perform, especially in the absence of valid animal models. Models to explain how drugs or reactive metabolites interact with the MHC/T-cell receptor complex include the hapten and P-I models, and most recently it was found that abacavir can interact reversibly with MHC to alter the endogenous peptides that are presented to T cells. The discovery of HLA molecules as important risk factors for some IDRs has also significantly contributed to our understanding of these adverse reactions, but it is not yet clear what fraction of IDRs have a strong HLA dependence. In addition, with the exception of abacavir, most patients who have the HLA that confers a higher IDR risk with a specific drug will not have an IDR when treated with that drug. Interindividual differences in T-cell receptors and other factors also presumably play a role in determining which patients will have an IDR. The immune response represents a delicate balance, and immune tolerance may be the dominant response to a drug that can cause IDRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Uetrecht
- Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S3M2.
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Abstract
Although some drugs cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI) through direct damage to hepatocytes or intereference with bile secretion, others cause delayed, often idiosyncratic, DILI with clinical features, such as mild lymphocytic infiltrate, that are reminiscent of allergic reactions involving activation of the adaptive immune system. Even in cases of direct drug-induced hepatotoxicity, infiltration of inflammatory cells into the liver is often observed, suggesting a role for the innate immune system (e.g., neutrophils, macrophages, and so on). Therefore, a variety of hypotheses for the pathogenesis of DILI center around a pathogenic role of drug- (or drug-metabolite-) specific adaptive immune cells, as well as hepatic-injury-induced innate immune responses in the development, progression, and/or resolution of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ju
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, USA.
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Pessayre D, Fromenty B, Berson A, Robin MA, Lettéron P, Moreau R, Mansouri A. Central role of mitochondria in drug-induced liver injury. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 44:34-87. [PMID: 21892896 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.604086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A frequent mechanism for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the formation of reactive metabolites that trigger hepatitis through direct toxicity or immune reactions. Both events cause mitochondrial membrane disruption. Genetic or acquired factors predispose to metabolite-mediated hepatitis by increasing the formation of the reactive metabolite, decreasing its detoxification, or by the presence of critical human leukocyte antigen molecule(s). In other instances, the parent drug itself triggers mitochondrial membrane disruption or inhibits mitochondrial function through different mechanisms. Drugs can sequester coenzyme A or can inhibit mitochondrial β-oxidation enzymes, the transfer of electrons along the respiratory chain, or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase. Drugs can also destroy mitochondrial DNA, inhibit its replication, decrease mitochondrial transcripts, or hamper mitochondrial protein synthesis. Quite often, a single drug has many different effects on mitochondrial function. A severe impairment of oxidative phosphorylation decreases hepatic ATP, leading to cell dysfunction or necrosis; it can also secondarily inhibit ß-oxidation, thus causing steatosis, and can also inhibit pyruvate catabolism, leading to lactic acidosis. A severe impairment of β-oxidation can cause a fatty liver; further, decreased gluconeogenesis and increased utilization of glucose to compensate for the inability to oxidize fatty acids, together with the mitochondrial toxicity of accumulated free fatty acids and lipid peroxidation products, may impair energy production, possibly leading to coma and death. Susceptibility to parent drug-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction can be increased by factors impairing the removal of the toxic parent compound or by the presence of other medical condition(s) impairing mitochondrial function. New drug molecules should be screened for possible mitochondrial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Pessayre
- INSERM, U, Centre de Recherche Bichat Beaujon CRB, Faculté de Médecine Xavier-Bichat, Paris, France.
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El-Ghaiesh S, Sanderson JP, Farrell J, Lavergne SN, Syn WK, Pirmohamed M, Park BK, Naisbitt DJ. Trimethoprim Stimulates T-Cells through Metabolism-Dependent and -Independent Pathways. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:791-3. [DOI: 10.1021/tx2001256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Elsheikh A, Castrejon L, Lavergne SN, Whitaker P, Monshi M, Callan H, El-Ghaiesh S, Farrell J, Pichler WJ, Peckham D, Park BK, Naisbitt DJ. Enhanced antigenicity leads to altered immunogenicity in sulfamethoxazole-hypersensitive patients with cystic fibrosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1543-51.e3. [PMID: 21354601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure of patients with cystic fibrosis to sulfonamides is associated with a high incidence of hypersensitivity reactions. OBJECTIVE To compare mechanisms of antigen presentation and characterize the phenotype and function of T cells from sulfamethoxazole-hypersensitive patients with and without cystic fibrosis. METHODS T cells were cloned from 6 patients and characterized in terms of phenotype and function. Antigen specificity and mechanisms of antigen presentation to specific clones were then explored. Antigen-presenting cell metabolism of sulfamethoxazole was quantified by ELISA. The involvement of metabolism in antigen presentation was evaluated by using enzyme inhibitors. RESULTS Enzyme inhibitable sulfamethoxazole-derived protein adducts were detected in antigen-presenting cells from patients with and without cystic fibrosis. A significantly higher quantity of adducts were detected with cells from patients with cystic fibrosis. Over 500 CD4(+) or CD8(+) T-cell clones were generated and shown to proliferate and kill target cells. Three patterns of MHC-restricted reactivity (sulfamethoxazole-responsive, sulfamethoxazole metabolite-responsive, and cross-reactive) were observed with clones from patients without cystic fibrosis. From patients with cystic fibrosis, sulfamethoxazole metabolite-responsive and cross-reactive, but not sulfamethoxazole-responsive, clones were observed. The response of the cross-reactive clones to sulfamethoxazole was dependent on adduct formation and was blocked by glutathione and enzyme inhibitors. Antigen-stimulated clones from patients with cystic fibrosis secreted higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10, but lower levels of IL-17. CONCLUSION Sulfamethoxazole metabolism and protein adduct formation is critical for the stimulation of T cells from patients with cystic fibrosis. T cells from patients with cystic fibrosis secrete high levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Elsheikh
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Elsheikh A, Lavergne SN, Castrejon JL, Farrell J, Wang H, Sathish J, Pichler WJ, Park BK, Naisbitt DJ. Drug antigenicity, immunogenicity, and costimulatory signaling: evidence for formation of a functional antigen through immune cell metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6448-60. [PMID: 20980635 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of drugs by immune cells is usually explained by the hapten model, which states that endogenous metabolites bind irreversibly to protein to stimulate immune cells. Synthetic metabolites interact directly with protein-generating antigenic determinants for T cells; however, experimental evidence relating intracellular metabolism in immune cells and the generation of physiologically relevant Ags to functional immune responses is lacking. The aim of this study was to develop an integrated approach using animal and human experimental systems to characterize sulfamethoxazole (SMX) metabolism-derived antigenic protein adduct formation in immune cells and define the relationship among adduct formation, cell death, costimulatory signaling, and stimulation of a T cell response. Formation of SMX-derived adducts in APCs was dose and time dependent, detectable at nontoxic concentrations, and dependent on drug-metabolizing enzyme activity. Adduct formation above a threshold induced necrotic cell death, dendritic cell costimulatory molecule expression, and cytokine secretion. APCs cultured with SMX for 16 h, the time needed for drug metabolism, stimulated T cells from sensitized mice and lymphocytes and T cell clones from allergic patients. Enzyme inhibition decreased SMX-derived protein adduct formation and the T cell response. Dendritic cells cultured with SMX and adoptively transferred to recipient mice initiated an immune response; however, T cells were stimulated with adducts derived from SMX metabolism in APCs, not the parent drug. This study shows that APCs metabolize SMX; subsequent protein binding generates a functional T cell Ag. Adduct formation above a threshold stimulates cell death, which provides a maturation signal for dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Elsheikh
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Park BK, Laverty H, Srivastava A, Antoine DJ, Naisbitt D, Williams DP. Drug bioactivation and protein adduct formation in the pathogenesis of drug-induced toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 192:30-6. [PMID: 20846520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remain a major complication of drug therapy and can be classified as 'on-target' or 'off-target' (idiosyncratic) reactions. On-target reactions can be predicted from the known primary or secondary pharmacology of the drug and often represent an exaggeration of the pharmacological effect of the drug. In contrast, off-target adverse reactions cannot be predicted from knowledge of the basic pharmacology of the drug. The exact mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug reactions are still unclear; however it is believed that they can be initiated by chemically reactive drug metabolites. It is well known that xenobiotics can undergo metabolic bioactivation reactions which have the potential to cause cellular stress and damage. Bioactivation of drugs is thought to have the potential of initiating covalent linkages between cellular protein and drugs which can be recognised by the adaptive immune system in the absence of detectable cellular stress. This process cannot yet be predicted in pre-clinical models or discovered in clinical trials. Because of this hazard perception, the formation of chemically reactive metabolites in early drug discovery remains a serious impediment to the development of new medicines and can lead to withdrawal of an otherwise effective therapeutic agent. The fear of such reactions occurring at the post-licensing stage - when such problems first become evident - is a major contribution to drug attrition. The first step towards such methodology has been the development of chemically reactive metabolite screens. The chemical basis of drug bioactivation can usually be rationalised and synthetic strategies put in place to prevent such bioactivation. However, there is no simple correlation between drug bioactivation in vitro and adverse drug reactions in the clinic. Such a chemical approach is clearly limited by the facts that (a) not all drugs that can undergo bioactivation by human drug-metabolising enzymes are associated with hypersensitivity in the clinic and (b) drug bioactivation may not always be a mandatory step in drug hypersensitivity. To predict such reactions in early drug development, it will require an integrated understanding of the chemical, immunological and genetic basis of adverse drug reactions in patients, which in turn will depend on the development of novel in vitro experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
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