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Design and Characterization of a Novel Hapten and Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody for Detecting Atrazine. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121726. [PMID: 35741925 PMCID: PMC9223028 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study provides the first design and synthetic protocol for preparing highly sensitive and specific atrazine (ATR) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In this work, a previously unreported hapten, 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine, was designed and synthesized, which maximally exposed the characteristic amino group ATR to an animal immune system to induce the expected antibody. The molecular weight of the ATR hapten was 259.69 Da, and its purity was 97.8%. The properties of the anti-ATR mAb were systematically characterized. One 9F5 mAb, which can detect ATR, was obtained with an IC50 value (the concentration of analyte that produced 50% inhibition of ATR) of 1.678 µg/L for ATR. The molecular weight for the purified 9F5 mAb was approximately 52 kDa for the heavy chain and 15 kDa for the light chain. The anti-ATR mAb prepared in this study was the IgG1 type. The working range of the standard curve (IC20 (the concentration of analyte that produced 20% inhibition of ATR)-IC80 (the concentration of analyte that produced 80% inhibition of ATR)) was 0.384 to 11.565 µg/L. The prepared anti-ATR mAb had high specificity, sensitivity, and affinity with low cross-reactivity. The prepared anti-ATR mAb could provide the core raw material for establishing an ATR immunoassay.
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2
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Non-targeted mercapturic acid screening in urine using LC-MS/MS with matrix effect compensation by postcolumn infusion of internal standard (PCI-IS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7771-7781. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Zimmerman AD, Breckenridge CB, Yi KD, Sawhney Coder P, Wanders D, Judd RL, Foradori CD. Changes in hepatic phase I and phase II biotransformation enzyme expression and glutathione levels following atrazine exposure in female rats. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:867-881. [PMID: 28882082 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1374486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. To determine the effects of repeated atrazine (ATR) treatment on hepatic phase I and II enzymes, adult female rats were treated with vehicle or 100 mg/kg of ATR for 1, 2, 3 or 4 days. Glutathione-s-transferases (GST) mRNA expression, protein levels (mu, pi, alpha, omega), and activity (cytosolic and microsomal), along with bioavailable glutathione (GSH) were assayed. 2. GST expression, concentrations and activity were increased, along with GSH levels, in animals treated with ATR for 3 and 4 days. 3. A subsequent study was performed with animals treated with vehicle, 6.5, 50 or 100 mg/kg/day for 4, 8 or 14 days. Expression of hepatic phase I CYP 450 enzymes was evaluated in conjugation with GST expression, protein and activity. Nineteen of the 45 CYP enzymes assayed displayed increased mRNA levels after eight days of treatment in animals treated with 50 or 100 mg/kg/day. After 14 days of treatment, all CYP expression levels returned to control levels except for CYP2B2, CYP2B3, CYP2C7, CYP2C23, CYP2E1, CYP3A9, CYP4A3 and CYP27A1, which remained elevated. 4. Results indicate that there may be a habituation or adaptation of liver phase I and phase II expression following repeated ATR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Zimmerman
- a Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | | | - Kun D Yi
- b Syngenta Crop Protection LLC , Greensboro, NC , USA
| | | | - Desiree Wanders
- d Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Robert L Judd
- a Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Chad D Foradori
- a Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
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4
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Liu S, Zhang H, Liu W, Zhou B, Ma Q, Ge J, Wu J, Wang P. Investigation of biological cell–small molecule interactions with a gold surface plasmon resonance sensor using a laser scanning confocal imaging-surface plasmon resonance system. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10396k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In our work, we investigated the interactions between a small molecule, folic acid, and biological cells through the interaction of folic acid and folate receptors using a laser scanning confocal imaging-surface plasmon resonance (LSCI-SPR) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Bingjiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Qian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jiechao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
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5
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Li G, Wang L, Fei T, Liu H, Wu D, Zheng S. Ionic Liquid-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Combined with HPLC–MS/MS for the Determination of Seven Mercapturic Acids in Human Urine. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Mendaš G, Vuletić M, Galić N, Drevenkar V. Urinary metabolites as biomarkers of human exposure to atrazine: Atrazine mercapturate in agricultural workers. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:174-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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7
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Multiplexed immunoassay to detect anabolic androgenic steroids in human serum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1361-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Na Y, Sheng W, Yuan M, Li L, Liu B, Zhang Y, Wang S. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of atrazine in water samples. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Triazine herbicides are very common and only 0.1 % reach the target pests, while the rest moves into other environmental compartments. Their fate in the environment depends on their movement through the air, water, and soil and on the rate of their degradation or transformation. Triazine compounds may be transformed by water, microorganisms, and sunlight. Widespread use and persistence of triazine herbicides in soil has resulted in contamination of surface, drinking, and even rain water with parent compounds and degradation products, posing a risk to the general population.The metabolism and effects of triazine herbicides have been studied in experimental animals and in experiments in vitro. There are only a few studies of their metabolism and excretion in humans. Agricultural and manufacturing workers are exposed to triazines during application and production. Human exposure is monitored by determining parent compounds and their metabolites in urine. Due to the low concentrations of urinary metabolites in occupationally exposed persons, very sensitive analytical methods are required. This paper describes the structure and properties of symmetric triazine herbicides, their metabolism, and effects in humans and animals and the levels of these compounds in the urine of occupationally exposed persons.
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10
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Singh M, Sandhir R, Kiran R. Effects on antioxidant status of liver following atrazine exposure and its attenuation by vitamin E. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:269-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Salvador JP, Sánchez-Baeza F, Marco MP. A high-throughput screening (HTS) immunochemical method for the analysis of stanozolol metabolites in cattle urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:243-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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13
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Quantification of atrazine and its metabolites in urine by on-line solid-phase extraction–high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1931-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Choi DH, Katakura Y, Matsuda R, Hayashi Y, Ninomiya K, Shioya S. Simulation model for predicting limit of detection and range of quantitation of competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 103:427-31. [PMID: 17609157 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.103.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The limit of detection (LOD) and range of quantitation (ROQ) of competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were determined from a model describing the calibration curve and precision profile of the assay. The calibration curve is given by solving the differential equations describing the change in the concentrations of an antigen-antibody complex and an enzyme-conjugated antigen-antibody complex by a Runge-Kutta method. The precision profile is described in terms of possible error sources such as the pipetting volumes of the analyte, enzyme-conjugated antigen, antibody and substrate solutions, calibration curve and inherent absorbances between the wells in an ELISA plate. An appropriate concentration of the enzyme-conjugated antigen that balances a low detection limit and sufficient color development was found to be in a narrow range, which is consistent with the empirical rule. The optimum conditions for competitive ELISA using an antibody with a kinetic property can be designed from our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hwan Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Nichkova M, Dosev D, Davies AE, Gee SJ, Kennedy IM, Hammock BD. Quantum Dots as Reporters in Multiplexed Immunoassays for Biomarkers of Exposure to Agrochemicals. ANAL LETT 2007; 40:1423-1433. [PMID: 19079795 DOI: 10.1080/00032710701327088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The application of quantum dots (QDs) as labels in immunoassay microarrays for the multiplex detection of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA) and atrazine-mercapturate (AM) has been demonstrated. PBA and AM are biomarkers of exposure to the pyrethroid insecticides and to the herbicide atrazine, respectively. Microarrays were fabricated by microcontact printing of the coating antigens in line patterns onto glass substrates. Competitive immunoassays were successfully performed using QDs (QD560 and QD620) as reporters. The multiplexed immunoassays were characterized by fluorescence microscopy and SEM. The application of QD fluorophores facilitates multiplex assays and therefore can contribute to enhanced throughput in biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nichkova
- University of California, Davis, California
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16
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Margariti MG, Tsakalof AK, Tsatsakis AM. Analytical Methods of Biological Monitoring for Exposure to Pesticides: Recent Update. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:150-63. [PMID: 17417068 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31803d3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive use of synthetic pesticides for agricultural and nonagricultural purposes began in the past 50 years. As a result of their wide and extensive application, exposure to hazardous pesticides is a concern to the general population and occupationally exposed persons. Robust methods are therefore needed for measuring markers of pesticide exposure. This article presents a review of the most recently published analytical methodologies and instrumentations developed for and applied to biological monitoring of exposure to pesticides of various classes. Most of the methods reviewed here are based on chromatography combined with mass spectrometry detection. This work clearly demonstrates that although gas chromatography still appears to be the most widely employed technique for pesticide analysis in various biological samples, recently a trend has been observed toward the use of liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Margariti
- Departments of Medicine, Centre of Toxicology Science and Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
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17
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Koivunen ME, Dettmer K, Vermeulen R, Bakke B, Gee SJ, Hammock BD. Improved methods for urinary atrazine mercapturate analysis—Assessment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a novel liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method utilizing online solid phase extraction (SPE). Anal Chim Acta 2006; 572:180-9. [PMID: 17723476 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of interfering substances in urine by solid phase extraction (SPE) prior to analysis resulted in 10-fold improvement in the sensitivity of atrazine mercapturate (AM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) compared to previous reports. Of the two tested SPE systems, Oasis HLB and MCX, the mixed-mode MCX gave good recoveries (82%) of AM in spiked samples measured by ELISA, whereas the reverse-phase HLB phase was not compatible with the immunochemical method. At relatively high concentrations of urinary AM (>20 ng mL(-1)), sample dilution was effective enough for the elimination of interfering substances. The new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method developed for AM utilizes online-SPE with Oasis HLB, column switching and a stable-isotope internal standard. The limit of quantification (0.05 ng mL(-1)) indicates improved sensitivity compared with most previously published LC-MS methods for AM. Validation of all three methods, LC-MS, ELISA+SPE and ELISA+dilution with spiked urine samples showed good correlation between the known and measured concentrations with R2 values of 0.996, 0.957 and 0.961, respectively. When a set (n=70 plus 12 blind duplicates) of urine samples from farmers exposed to atrazine was analyzed, there was a good agreement (R2=0.917) between the log normalized data obtained by ELISA+SPE and LC-MS. High correlation among the data obtained by the two tested methods and the LC-MS method by the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), together with low variability among the blind duplicates, suggests that both methods reported here would be suitable for the analysis of urinary AM as a biomarker for human exposure of atrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja E Koivunen
- Department of Entomology and the UC Davis Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, United States
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18
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Ahn KC, Ma SJ, Tsai HJ, Gee SJ, Hammock BD. An immunoassay for a urinary metabolite as a biomarker of human exposure to the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:713-22. [PMID: 16416099 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Permethrin is the most popular synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used in agriculture and public health. For the assessment of human exposure to permethrin, a competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of the glycine conjugate of a major metabolite, cis-/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (DCCA), of permethrin was developed based on a polyclonal antibody. An assay based on an antibody with a high sensitivity was optimized and characterized. The IC50 value and the detection range for trans-DCCA-glycine, in the assay buffer were 1.2 and 0.2-7.0 microg/L, respectively. The antibody recognized trans-DCCA-glycine and the mixture of cis-/trans-DCCA-glycine with an isomer range from 30:70 to 50:50 nearly equally. Little or no cross-reactivity to permethrin and its other free metabolites or glycine conjugates was measured. The integration of the ELISA and solid-phase extraction which was used to reduce the matrix effect from human urine samples provided for analysis of total cis-/trans-DCCA-glycine at low parts per billion levels in the samples. The limit of quantitation of the target analyte was 1.0 microg/L in urine with a limit of detection of 0.1 microg/L in buffer. This assay might be a useful tool for monitoring human exposure to permethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Chang Ahn
- Department of Entomology and UCD Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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19
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Cummins CM, Koivunen ME, Stephanian A, Gee SJ, Hammock BD, Kennedy IM. Application of europium(III) chelate-dyed nanoparticle labels in a competitive atrazine fluoroimmunoassay on an ITO waveguide. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:1077-85. [PMID: 16368482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated the use of an optical indium tin oxide (ITO) (quartz) waveguide as a new platform for immunosensors with fluorescent europium(III) chelate nanoparticle labels (Seradyn) in a competitive atrazine immunoassay. ITO as a solid surface facilitated the successful use of particulate labels in a competitive assay format. The limit of detection in the new nanoparticle assay was similar to a conventional ELISA. The effect of particle size on bioconjugate binding kinetics was studied using three sizes of bioconjugated particle labels (107, 304, and 396nm) and a rabbit IgG/anti-IgG system in a 96-well plate. A decrease in particle size resulted in faster binding but did not increase the assay sensitivity. Flux calculations based on the particle diffusivity prove that faster binding of the small particles in this study was primarily due to diffusion kinetics and not necessarily to a higher density of antibodies on the particle surface. The results suggest that ITO could make a good platform for an optical immunosensor using fluorescent nanoparticle labels in a competitive assay format for small molecule detection. However, when used in combination with fluorescent particulate labels, a highly sensitive excitation/detection system needs to be developed to fully utilize the kinetic advantage from small particle size. Different regeneration methods tested in this study showed that repeated washings with 0.1 M glycine-HCl facilitated the reuse of the ITO waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Cummins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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20
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Brown K, Tompkins EM, White INH. Applications of accelerator mass spectrometry for pharmacological and toxicological research. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:127-45. [PMID: 16059873 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The technique of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), known for radiocarbon dating of archeological specimens, has revolutionized high-sensitivity isotope detection in pharmacology and toxicology by allowing the direct determination of the amount of isotope in a sample rather than measuring its decay. It can quantify many isotopes, including 26Al, 14C, 41Ca, and 3H with detection down to attomole (10(-18)) amounts. Pharmacokinetic data in humans have been achieved with ultra-low levels of radiolabel. One of the most exciting biomedical applications of AMS with 14C-labeled potential carcinogens is the detection of modified proteins or DNA in tissues. The relationship between low-level exposure and covalent binding of genotoxic chemicals has been compared in rodents and humans. Such compounds include heterocyclic amines, benzene, and tamoxifen. Other applications range from measuring the absorption of 26Al to monitoring 41Ca turnover in bone. In epoxy-embedded tissue sections, high-resolution imaging of 14C label in cells is possible. The uses of AMS are becoming more widespread with the availability of instrumentation dedicated to the analysis of biomedical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Brown
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, The Biocentre, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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Norrgran J, Bravo R, Bishop AM, Restrepo P, Whitehead RD, Needham LL, Barr DB. Quantification of six herbicide metabolites in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 830:185-95. [PMID: 16297668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed a sensitive, selective and precise method for measuring herbicide metabolites in human urine. Our method uses automated liquid delivery of internal standards and acetate buffer and a mixed polarity polymeric phase solid phase extraction of a 2 mL urine sample. The concentrated eluate is analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Isotope dilution calibration is used for quantification of all analytes. The limits of detection of our method range from 0.036 to 0.075 ng/mL. The within- and between-day variation in pooled quality control samples range from 2.5 to 9.0% and from 3.2 to 16%, respectively, for all analytes at concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 12 ng/mL. Precision was similar with samples fortified with 0.1 and 0.25 ng/mL that were analyzed in each run. We validated our selective method against a less selective method used previously in our laboratory by analyzing human specimens using both methods. The methods produced results that were in agreement, with no significant bias observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Norrgran
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F17, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Haufroid V, Lison D. Mercapturic acids revisited as biomarkers of exposure to reactive chemicals in occupational toxicology: a minireview. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005; 78:343-54. [PMID: 15883816 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-005-0620-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A minireview is presented concerning the use of mercapturic acids as biological exposure index for electrophilic chemicals. Besides pure analytical aspects, this minireview considers possible issues in relation to (a) the added value of mercapturic acids as compared to other well validated biomarkers of exposure and (b) the high inter-individual variability in mercapturic acids excretion. Recent field and/or experimental studies confirm the usefulness of mercapturic acids as biological exposure index for electrophilic chemicals and suggest the interest of a toxicogenetic approach for a better interpretation of the results of biological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Haufroid
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de Toxicologie Industrielle et Environnementale, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30 boite 54, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Nichkova M, Marco MP. Development and evaluation of C18 and immunosorbent solid-phase extraction methods prior immunochemical analysis of chlorophenols in human urine. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Matveeva EG, Shan G, Kennedy IM, Gee SJ, Stoutamire DW, Hammock BD. Homogeneous fluoroimmunoassay of a pyrethroid metabolite in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Mendas G, Drevenkar V, Zupancic-Kralj L. Solid-phase extraction with styrene-divinylbenzene sorbent for high-performance liquid or gas chromatographic determination of urinary chloro- and methylthiotriazines. J Chromatogr A 2001; 918:351-9. [PMID: 11407582 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure on a styrene-divinylbenzene (SDB-1 cartridge) for extraction and cleaning of the triazine herbicides atrazine, simazine, ametryn, and prometryn and atrazine monodealkylated metabolites from urine samples was developed and optimised for final high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC-UV diode array detection) and gas chromatographic (GC-electron-capture detection and GC-thermionic-sensitive detection) analyses. Interfering polar matrices were eliminated by rinsing SDB-1 with 1% acetonitrile in water or with pure water. Extraction recoveries were from 78 to 101% with an RSD of about 10% for all studied compounds. The extraction recovery for the didealkylated atrazine metabolite was significantly lower and this compound cannot be determined with these procedures. Sorbent matrix generated interferences, although not detected by the chromatographic system, lowered the response of nitrogen-phosphorus and electron-capture GC detectors for monodealkylated chlorotriazines when compared to standards prepared in n-hexane. HPLC and GC analysis with SPE (SDB-1) preconcentration showed excellent linearity over the concentration range tested, with detection limits in urine of 10 ng ml(-1) for the parent herbicides (HPLC and GC analysis) and 20 ng ml(-1) for monodealkylated chlorotriazines (HPLC analysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mendas
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Mendaš G, Tkalčević B, Drevenkar V. Determination of chloro- and methylthiotriazine compounds in human urine: extraction with diethyl ether and C 18 solid-phase extraction for gas chromatographic analysis with nitrogen-selective and electron capture detection. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lyubimov AV, Garry VF, Carlson RE, Barr DB, Baker SE. Simplified urinary immunoassay for 2,4-D: validation and exposure assessment. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 2000; 136:116-24. [PMID: 10945240 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2000.108150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urinary monitoring of exposed workers by either analytic chemical methods or radioimmunoassay suggests that urinary levels of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) exceeding 30 ppb are indicative of occupational exposure. However, the current methods do not lend themselves to clinical laboratory use in the rural medical setting. The major goal of this project was to provide medical practitioners who care for members of the agricultural community with a cost-efficient way to conduct exposure assessment. This project used a direct 2,4-D enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and measurement of the ratio between 2,4-D-spiked and non-spiked samples of the same urine to quantify 2,4-D levels. This simplified approach minimizes the effects of non-specific interfering substances in urine and eliminates the need for sample extraction and clean-up. Possible urine co-contaminants (2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol) do not significantly interfere with this immunoassay. Twenty-two forest pesticide applicators who apply and use chlorophenoxy herbicides in their work and 14 comparable control subjects were studied to validate the assay in the occupational setting. Coded urine specimens were examined for levels of 2,4-D by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and compared with immunoassay results from the same specimens. A correlation coefficient of r = 0.982 with a P value of .0001 for a plot of HPLC-MS/MS versus immunoassay demonstrated that the results from these methods were comparable over urinary dose levels ranging from not detectable (<19 ppb) to 1700 ppb 2,4-D, as determined by immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Lyubimov
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55414, USA
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Buchholz BA, Fultz E, Haack KW, Vogel JS, Gilman SD, Gee SJ, Hammock BD, Hui X, Wester RC, Maibach HI. HPLC-accelerator MS measurement of atrazine metabolites in human urine after dermal exposure. Anal Chem 1999; 71:3519-25. [PMID: 10464479 DOI: 10.1021/ac990152g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites of atrazine were measured in human urine after dermal exposure using HPLC to separate and identify metabolites and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to quantify them. Ring-labeled [14C]atrazine was applied for 24 h with a dermal patch to human volunteers at low (0.167 mg, 6.45 muCi) and high (1.98 mg, 24.7 muCi) doses. Urine was collected for 7 days. The urine was centrifuged to remove solids, and the supernatant was measured by liquid scintillation counting prior to injection on the HPLC to ensure that < 0.17 Bq (4.5 pCi) was injected on the column. A reversed-phase gradient of 0.1% acetic acid in water and 0.1% acetic acid in acetonitrile became less polar with increasing time and separated the parent compound and major atrazine metabolites over 31 min on an octadecylsilane column. Peaks were identified by coelution with known standards. Elution fractions were collected in 1-min increments; half of each fraction was analyzed by AMS to obtain limits of quantitation of 14 amol. Mercapturate metabolites of atrazine and dealkylated atrazine dominated the early metabolic time points, accounting for approximately 90% of the 14C in the urine. No parent compound was detected. The excreted atrazine metabolites became more polar with increasing time, and an unidentified polar metabolite that was present in all samples became as prevalent as any of the known ring metabolites several days after the dose was delivered. Knowledge of metabolite dynamics is crucial to developing useful assays for monitoring atrazine exposure in agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Buchholz
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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