1
|
Wang A, Hu X, Wan Y, Mahai G, Jiang Y, Huo W, Zhao X, Liang G, He Z, Xia W, Xu S. A nationwide study of the occurrence and distribution of atrazine and its degradates in tap water and groundwater in China: Assessment of human exposure potential. Chemosphere 2020; 252:126533. [PMID: 32217410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite frequent detection of atrazine (ATZ) and its degradates (including hydroxyatrazine, ATZ-OH; deethylatrazine, DEA; deisopropylatrazine, DIA; and deethyldeisopropylatrazine, DACT) in a variety of water bodies, documentation of their occurrence and distribution in tap water in China is still scarce. A nationwide survey about ATZ and its degradates (ATZs) in tap water from 31 provinces in 7 regions of mainland China and Hong Kong was conducted during June 2019. At least one of the analytes was found in all the water samples (n = 884). The median sum concentrations of ATZs (ΣATZs) was 21.0 ng/L (range: 0.02 ng/L-3.04 μg/L). The predominant compounds of ATZs in tap water were ATZ and DEA, with a detection frequency of 99.5% and 98.0%, respectively, followed by ATZ-OH (87.3%), DACT (84.0%), and DIA (78.1%). Significant regional variations (p < 0.05) were found in the concentrations of ATZs in tap water, and the highest concentration of ΣATZs (median: 254 ng/L, range: 0.44 ng/L-3.04 μg/L) was found in Northeastern China, followed by Eastern (37.2 ng/L, 0.02-706 ng/L), Northern (30.2 ng/L, 0.04-317 ng/L), Central (29.3 ng/L, 0.04-256 ng/L), Southern (25.0 ng/L, 0.04-297 ng/L), Southwestern (17.2 ng/L, 0.02-388 ng/L), and Northwestern China (3.22 ng/L, 0.06-214 ng/L). The level of ΣATZs in groundwater from rural area of China was about 1/3 of that found in tap water. ATZs cannot be removed by boiling tap water. The highest estimated daily intake of ΣATZs (248 ng/kg-body weight/day) was found in the infant population of Changchun, Jilin, Northeastern China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Xun Hu
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, PR China.
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, PR China.
| | - Gaga Mahai
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518054, PR China.
| | - Wenqian Huo
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
| | - Xiuge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Gaodao Liang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, Hubei, 430015, PR China.
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ryberg KR, Stone WW, Baker NT. Causal factors for pesticide trends in streams of the United States: Atrazine and deethylatrazine. J Environ Qual 2020; 49:152-162. [PMID: 33016367 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are important for agriculture in the United States, and atrazine is one of the most widely used and widely detected pesticides in surface water. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which atrazine and its degradation product, deethylatrazine, increase and decrease in surface waters can help inform future decisions for water quality improvement. This study considers causal factors for trends in pesticide concentration in U.S. streams and models the causal factors, other than use, in structural equation models. The structural equation models use a concomitant trend in corn (Zea mays L.) and a latent variable model, indicating moisture supply and management. The moisture supply and management latent variable model incorporates long-term moisture conditions in the individual watersheds by using the Palmer hydrologic drought index, human influence on the hydrologic cycle through the percentage of the watershed drained by tile drains in 2012, and the base-flow contribution to streamflow, using the base-flow index. The structural equation models explain 77 and 38% of the variability in atrazine and deethylatrazine trends, respectively, across the conterminous United States. The models highlight future water quality challenges, particularly in tile-drained settings where fall precipitation and heavy precipitation are increasing.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen N, Valdes D, Marlin C, Ribstein P, Alliot F, Aubry E, Blanchoud H. Transfer and degradation of the common pesticide atrazine through the unsaturated zone of the Chalk aquifer (Northern France). Environ Pollut 2019; 255:113125. [PMID: 31520903 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater in the Chalk aquifer is an important water resource whose quality has degraded due to fertilizer and pesticide use. Atrazine, classified as a priority substance, has been one of the most applied pesticides and also one of the most frequently detected pesticides in groundwater. The present study investigated the transfer and degradation of atrazine in the unsaturated zone of the Chalk aquifer in Northern France. The study was conducted in an underground quarry (Saint-Martin-le-Noeud), which provides a direct access to the water table and intercepts the unsaturated zone at different depths. The lake and the ceiling percolation of 16 sites throughout the quarry were followed. For 16 sites, the percolating flow rate and lake level were measured and the lake water was sampled for nitrate, atrazine and deethylatrazine (DEA, main degradation product of atrazine) analysis over 2.5 years. High spatial variations in hydrodynamics (percolating flow rate and lake level) and in lake water quality (atrazine between 55±11 and 202±40 ng L-1 and DEA between 269±53 and 1727±345 ng L-1) indicate that the properties of the unsaturated zone influence the transfer and the degradation of atrazine. A counterclockwise hysteresis characterizes the relationship between the lake level and atrazine concentration. Temporal variation shows that the atrazine is transferred through the matrix and fractures with a delay caused by the sorption process that differs in atrazine and DEA. The layer of clay-with-flints is shown to favor the degradation of atrazine near the surface. Preferential pathways may be created below clay-with-flints, through which the transfer of atrazine is quicker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningxin Chen
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Danièle Valdes
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christelle Marlin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8148 GEOPS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Ribstein
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Alliot
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UMR Metis 7619 (CNRS), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Aubry
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Blanchoud
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UMR Metis 7619 (CNRS), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dennis ML, Esquirol L, Nebl T, Newman J, Scott C, Peat TS. The evolving story of AtzT, a periplasmic binding protein. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2019; 75:995-1002. [PMID: 31692473 PMCID: PMC6834077 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798319013883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrazine is an s-triazine-based herbicide that is used in many countries around the world in many millions of tons per year. A small number of organisms, such as Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP, have evolved to use this modified s-triazine as a food source, and the various genes required to metabolize atrazine can be found on a single plasmid. The atomic structures of seven of the eight proteins involved in the breakdown of atrazine by Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP have been determined by X-ray crystallography, but the structures of the proteins required by the cell to import atrazine for use as an energy source are still lacking. The structure of AtzT, a periplasmic binding protein that may be involved in the transport of a derivative of atrazine, 2-hydroxyatrazine, into the cell for mineralization, has now been determined. The structure was determined by SAD phasing using an ethylmercury phosphate derivative that diffracted X-rays to beyond 1.9 Å resolution. `Native' (guanine-bound) and 2-hydroxyatrazine-bound structures were also determined to high resolution (1.67 and 1.65 Å, respectively), showing that 2-hydroxyatrazine binds in a similar way to the purportedly native ligand. Structural similarities led to the belief that it may be possible to evolve AtzT from a purine-binding protein to a protein that can bind and detect atrazine in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Dennis
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lygie Esquirol
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, GPO Box 1700, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tom Nebl
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Janet Newman
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, GPO Box 1700, Acton, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Thomas S. Peat
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Foradori CD, Healy JE, Zimmerman AD, Kemppainen RJ, Jones MA, Read CC, White BD, Yi KD, Hinds LR, Lacagnina AF, Quihuis AM, Breckenridge CB, Handa RJ. Characterization of Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by the Herbicide Atrazine in the Female Rat. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3378-3388. [PMID: 30060079 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is a commonly used pre-emergence and early postemergence herbicide. Rats gavaged with ATR and its chlorometabolites desethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA) respond with a rapid and dose-dependent rise in plasma corticosterone, whereas the major chlorometabolite, diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), has little or no effect on corticosterone levels. In this study, we investigated the possible sites of ATR activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. ATR treatment had no effect on adrenal weights but altered adrenal morphology. Hypophysectomized rats or rats under dexamethasone suppression did not respond to ATR treatment, suggesting that ATR does not directly stimulate the adrenal gland to induce corticosterone synthesis. Immortalized mouse corticotrophs (AtT-20) and primary rat pituitary cultures were treated with ATR, DEA, DIA, or DACT. None of the compounds induced an increase in ACTH secretion or potentiated ACTH release in conjunction with CRH on ACTH release. In female rats gavaged with ATR, pretreatment with the CRH receptor antagonist astressin completely blocked the ATR-induced rise in corticosterone concentrations, implicating CRH release in ATR-induced HPA activation. Intracerebroventricular infusion of ATR, DEA, and DIA but not DACT at concentrations equivalent to peak plasma concentrations after gavage dosing resulted in an elevation of plasma corticosterone concentrations. However, ATR did not induce c-Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. These results indicate that ATR activates the HPA axis centrally and requires CRH receptor activation, but it does not stimulate cellular pathways associated with CRH neuronal excitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad D Foradori
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Jessica E Healy
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Arthur D Zimmerman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Robert J Kemppainen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Melaney A Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Casey C Read
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - B Douglas White
- Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management, College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Kun Don Yi
- Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Laura R Hinds
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Anthony F Lacagnina
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Alicia M Quihuis
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Robert J Handa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Neuwirthová N, Bílková Z, Vašíčková J, Hofman J, Bielská L. Concentration/time-dependent dissipation, partitioning and plant accumulation of hazardous current-used pesticides and 2-hydroxyatrazine in sand and soil. Chemosphere 2018; 203:219-227. [PMID: 29621678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation, partitioning dynamics and biouptake was measured for selected hazardous current-used pesticides (conazole fungicides: epoxiconazole, flusilazole, tebuconazole; prochloraz, chlorpyrifos, pendimethalin) and for a transformation product (2-hydroxyatrazine) in agricultural soil and quartz sand as representatives of a real and a worst-case scenario. Dissipation, uptake to Lactuca sativa and the freely dissolved concentration along with the organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficients (Koc) were determined on days 12, 40, and 90 following the application of compounds at three fortification levels (0.1-1.0-10 mg/kg). Conazole fungicides showed similar dissipation patterns and were more persistent in soil than prochloraz, chlorpyrifos and pendimethalin. 2-Hydroxyatrazine showed a concentration-depended decrease in persistency in soil. Lettuce roots were shown to accumulate higher amounts than shoots where the extent of root uptake was driven by compound partitioning. This was evidenced by the ability of freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) to reliably (r2 = 0.94) predict root uptake. Concentration in leaves did not exceed the maximum residue levels (MRLs) for lettuce, which was likely given by the low root-to-shoot translocation factors (TFs) of the tested compounds varying between 0.007 and 0.14. Koc values were in the range of literature values. Sorption to soil was higher than to sand for all compounds, yet following the Koc dynamics compounds did not appear to be sequestered in soil with increasing residence time. From these results, it follows that the tested compounds may persist in soil but since they did not accumulate in lettuce above MRLs, contamination of the food web is unlikely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Neuwirthová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bílková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vašíčková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bielská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ 62500, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bu L, Zhu S, Zhou S. Degradation of atrazine by electrochemically activated persulfate using BDD anode: Role of radicals and influencing factors. Chemosphere 2018; 195:236-244. [PMID: 29268181 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel advanced oxidation process using boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode to activate persulfate (PS) with low concentration of electrolyte was systematically investigated in this study. Compared to direct electrochemical oxidation of atrazine (ATZ) using BDD anode, the addition and activation of PS significantly declined the demand for electrolytes. It was confirmed by scavenger experiments that both radical and non-radical oxidation occurred in this system. Degradation of ATZ was enhanced with the increase of current density and dosage of PS, and decrease of initial pH. However, the increase of current density can also lead to the decrease of current efficiency, then increase of energy consumption. Besides, the inhibitory effect of anions on the degradation of ATZ followed the order of HCO3->H2PO4->NO3-, while the presence of Cl- accelerated the degradation of ATZ. Furthermore, the degradation products mainly resulting from de-alkylation, de-chlorination, and hydroxylation were detected. Due to the distinctive preference to ethyl group in BDD/PS system, the formation of deethyl-atrazine was quicker than that of deisopropyl-atrazine. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding on the potential application of BDD/PS system in water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China
| | - Shumin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, PR China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sánchez V, López-Bellido FJ, Cañizares P, Rodríguez L. Assessing the phytoremediation potential of crop and grass plants for atrazine-spiked soils. Chemosphere 2017; 185:119-126. [PMID: 28688845 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of soil and groundwater by atrazine has become an increasing environmental concern in the last decade. A phytoremediation test using plastic pots was conducted in order to assess the ability of several crops and grasses to remove atrazine from a soil of low permeability spiked with this herbicide. Four plant species were assessed for their ability to degrade or accumulate atrazine from soils: two grasses, i.e., ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), and two crops, i.e., barley (Hordeum vulgare) and maize (Zea mays). Three different doses of atrazine were used for the contamination of the pots: 2, 5 and 10 mg kg-1. 16 days after spiking, the initial amount of atrazine was reduced by 88.6-99.6% in planted pots, while a decrease of only 63.1-78.2% was found for the unplanted pots, thus showing the contribution of plants to soil decontamination. All the plant species were capable of accumulating atrazine and its N-dealkylated metabolites, i.e., deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine, in their tissues. Some toxic responses, such as biomass decreases and/or chlorosis, were observed in plants to a greater or lesser extent for initial soil doses of atrazine above 2 mg kg-1. Maize was the plant species with the highest ability to accumulate atrazine derivatives, reaching up to 38.4% of the initial atrazine added to the soil. Rhizosphere degradation/mineralization by microorganisms or plant enzymes, together with degradation inside the plants, have been proposed as the mechanisms that contributed to a higher extent than plant accumulation to explain the removal of atrazine from soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virtudes Sánchez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela, s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier López-Bellido
- Department of Plant Production and Agricultural Technology, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ronda de Calatrava, s/n, 13003, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela, 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Luis Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Camilo José Cela, s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hakoun V, Orban P, Dassargues A, Brouyère S. Factors controlling spatial and temporal patterns of multiple pesticide compounds in groundwater (Hesbaye chalk aquifer, Belgium). Environ Pollut 2017; 223:185-199. [PMID: 28139324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Factors governing spatial and temporal patterns of pesticide compounds (pesticides and metabolites) concentrations in chalk aquifers remain unclear due to complex flow processes and multiple sources. To uncover which factors govern pesticide compound concentrations in a chalk aquifer, we develop a methodology based on time series analyses, uni- and multivariate statistics accounting for concentrations below detection limits. The methodology is applied to long records (1996-2013) of a restricted compound (bentazone), three banned compounds (atrazine, diuron and simazine) and two metabolites (deethylatrazine (DEA) and 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM)) sampled in the Hesbaye chalk aquifer in Belgium. In the confined area, all compounds had non-detects fractions >80%. By contrast, maximum concentrations exceeded EU's drinking-water standard (100 ng L-1) in the unconfined area. This contrast confirms that recent recharge and polluted water did not reach the confined area, yet. Multivariate analyses based on variables representative of the hydrogeological setting revealed higher diuron and simazine concentrations in the southeast of the unconfined area, where urban activities dominate land use and where the aquifer lacks protection from a less permeable layer of hardened chalk. At individual sites, positive correlations (up to τ=0.48 for bentazone) between pesticide compound concentrations and multi-annual groundwater level fluctuations confirm occurrences of remobilization. A downward temporal trend of atrazine concentrations likely reflects decreasing use of this compound over the last 28 years. However, the lack of a break in concentrations time series and maximum concentrations of atrazine, simazine, DEA and BAM exceeding EU's standard post-ban years provide evidence of persistence. Contrasting upward trends in bentazone concentrations show that a time lag is required for restriction measures to be efficient. These results shed light on factors governing pesticide compound concentrations in chalk aquifers. The developed methodology is not restricted to chalk aquifers, it could be transposed to study other pollutants with concentrations below detection limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Hakoun
- Université de Liège, Département ArGEnCo, Hydrogéologie et Géologie de l'Environnement, Bât. B52/3 - Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Orban
- Université de Liège, Département ArGEnCo, Hydrogéologie et Géologie de l'Environnement, Bât. B52/3 - Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Dassargues
- Université de Liège, Département ArGEnCo, Hydrogéologie et Géologie de l'Environnement, Bât. B52/3 - Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Serge Brouyère
- Université de Liège, Département ArGEnCo, Hydrogéologie et Géologie de l'Environnement, Bât. B52/3 - Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sassine L, Le Gal La Salle C, Khaska M, Verdoux P, Meffre P, Benfodda Z, Roig B. Spatial distribution of triazine residues in a shallow alluvial aquifer linked to groundwater residence time. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:6878-6888. [PMID: 27448811 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
At present, some triazine herbicides occurrence in European groundwater, 13 years after their use ban in the European Union, remains of great concern and raises the question of their persistence in groundwater systems due to several factors such as storage and remobilization from soil and unsaturated zone, limited or absence of degradation, sorption in saturated zones, or to continuing illegal applications. In order to address this problem and to determine triazine distribution in the saturated zone, their occurrence is investigated in the light of the aquifer hydrodynamic on the basis of a geochemical approach using groundwater dating tracers (3H/3He). In this study, atrazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and deethylterbuthylazine are measured in 66 samples collected between 2011 and 2013 from 21 sampling points, on the Vistrenque shallow alluvial aquifer (southern France), covered by a major agricultural land use. The frequencies of quantification range from 100 to 56 % for simazine and atrazine, respectively (LQ = 1 ng L-1). Total triazine concentrations vary between 15 and 350 ng L-1 and show three different patterns with depth below the water table: (1) low concentrations independent of depth but related to water origin, (2) an increase in concentrations with depth in the aquifer related to groundwater residence time and triazine use prior to their ban, and (3) relatively high concentrations at low depths in the saturated zone more likely related to a slow desorption of these compounds from the soil and unsaturated zone. The triazine attenuation rate varies between 0.3 for waters influenced by surface water infiltration and 4.8 for water showing longer residence times in the aquifer, suggesting an increase in these rates with water residence time in the saturated zone. Increasing triazine concentrations with depth is consistent with a significant decrease in the use of these pesticides for the last 10 years on this area and highlights the efficiency of their ban.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Sassine
- Univ. Nîmes, EA 7352 CHROME, rue du Dr Georges Salan, 30021, Nîmes, France.
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS-IRD UM 34 CEREGE, Technopôle de l'Environnement Arbois-Méditerranée, BP80, 13545, Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | | | - Mahmoud Khaska
- Univ. Nîmes, EA 7352 CHROME, rue du Dr Georges Salan, 30021, Nîmes, France
| | - Patrick Verdoux
- Univ. Nîmes, EA 7352 CHROME, rue du Dr Georges Salan, 30021, Nîmes, France
| | - Patrick Meffre
- Univ. Nîmes, EA 7352 CHROME, rue du Dr Georges Salan, 30021, Nîmes, France
| | - Zohra Benfodda
- Univ. Nîmes, EA 7352 CHROME, rue du Dr Georges Salan, 30021, Nîmes, France
| | - Benoît Roig
- Univ. Nîmes, EA 7352 CHROME, rue du Dr Georges Salan, 30021, Nîmes, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Z, Fu Z, Jin Y. Immunotoxic effects of atrazine and its main metabolites at environmental relevant concentrations on larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere 2017; 166:212-220. [PMID: 27697710 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) and its main metabolites, i.e., diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), deisopropylatrazine (DIP), and deethylatrazine (DE), have been widely detected in surface water around the world. In the present study, to determine their immunotoxic effects, zebrafish during the early developmental stage were exposed to ATZ and its main metabolites at environmental concentrations (30, 100, 300 μg L-1). It was observed that ATZ, DACT, DIP and DE selectively induced the transcription of immunotoxic related genes including Tnfα, Il-1β, Il-6, Il-8, Cxcl-clc and Cc-chem in larval zebrafish. Pretreatment with ATZ and its metabolites also changed the immune response of larval zebrafish to LPS and E. coli challenge, which was indicated by the alternation in the mRNA levels of some cytokines. In addition, 300 μg L-1 ATZ and DACT exposure could also increase the release of tryptase into water, indicating that they increased the anaphylactoid reaction in the larval zebrafish. According to these results, both of ATZ and its metabolites exposure could cause the immunotoxicity in larval zebrafish. Thus, we thought that the ecological risks of the metabolites of ATZ on aquatic organisms could not be ignored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maazouzi C, Coureau C, Piscart C, Saplairoles M, Baran N, Marmonier P. Individual and joint toxicity of the herbicide S-metolachlor and a metabolite, deethylatrazine on aquatic crustaceans: Difference between ecological groups. Chemosphere 2016; 165:118-125. [PMID: 27643657 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the individual and joint acute toxicity of S-metolachlor (SMOC) and deethylatrazine (DEA - a metabolite of atrazine) on different non-target freshwater crustaceans. We used animals from different ecological groups: two amphipods from surface running water (Gammarus pulex and Gammarus cf. orinos), an isopod from surface stagnant water (Asellus aquaticus) and an amphipod living in groundwater (Niphargus rhenorhodanensis). Organisms were exposed to different levels of SMOC and DEA, alone or in binary mixture. Temperature effect on SMOC toxicity was assessed by exposing G. pulex and N. rhenorhodanensis to SMOC at 11 °C and 15 °C. Studying mortality as the biological endpoint, N. rhenorhodanensis was more resistant than surface water species towards SMOC and DEA. Among surface water species, G. pulex was the most sensitive while Gammarus cf. orinos and A. aquaticus showed similar responses to both compounds. Temperature increase did not change SMOC toxicity but modify the shape and steepness of the dose-response curve. We used a Model Deviation Ratio (MDR) approach to evaluate the predictability of Concentration Addition (CA) and Independent Action (IA) models to mixture toxicity. Results indicated either an additive or an antagonistic or a synergistic interaction depending on the concentrations combination and the test species. Our finding conclusively show the suitability of CA and IA in predicting mixture toxicities but results should be interpreted with caution according to ecological group of exposed species in risk assessment procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Maazouzi
- Université de Lyon, UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - C Coureau
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 6009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - C Piscart
- Université de Lyon, UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Saplairoles
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, 3 rue Marie Curie, B.P. 49, 31527 Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
| | - N Baran
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 6009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - P Marmonier
- Université de Lyon, UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, CNRS, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
la Cecilia D, Maggi F. Kinetics of atrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and deethylatrazine soil biodecomposers. J Environ Manage 2016; 183:673-686. [PMID: 27639300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-two experimental sets were used to determine the biodecomposition parameters of atrazine (ATZ), deisopropylatrazine (DIATZ), and deethylatrazine (DEATZ) by inverse solution of Michaelis-Menten-Monod kinetic equations. The averaged maximum specific growth rate (μ), Michaelis-Menten half-saturation concentration (K), and biomass yield (Y) ranged between 2.00 × 10-7 and 4.62 × 10-5 1/s, 3.43 × 10-6 and 1.39 × 101 mol/L, and 1.20 × 102 and 2.98 × 105 mg-wet-Bio/mol-Subs, respectively. Parameters grouped by reaction pathway appeared clustered by aerobic and anaerobic catabolic breakdown, and were poorly correlated between each other (R ranging from -0.27 to 0.63, p ≥ 0.05). The tested bacterial strains decomposed ATZ, DIATZ, and DEATZ relatively rapidly in laboratory conditions, with an half-life (t1/2) ranging between 3 and 6 days. Numerical modeling showed that ATZ, DIATZ, and DEATZ half-lives were particularly sensitive to their initial concentration and the initial microbial biomass concentration. This study suggests that these bacterial strains can effectively be used or enhanced for bioremediation of agricultural soils where atrazine has been applied as long as these bacteria already coexist in or can integrate with the local soil microbial population at a given location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele la Cecilia
- Laboratory for Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Bld. J05, 2006 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Federico Maggi
- Laboratory for Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Bld. J05, 2006 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu Z, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Yang E, Feng X, Fu Z, Jin Y. Atrazine and its main metabolites alter the locomotor activity of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). Chemosphere 2016; 148:163-170. [PMID: 26803580 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) and its main chlorometabolites, i.e., diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), deisopropylatrazine (DIP), and deethylatrazine (DE), have been widely detected in aquatic systems near agricultural fields. However, their possible effects on aquatic animals are still not fully understood. In this study, it was observed that several developmental endpoints such as the heart beat, hatchability, and morphological abnormalities were influenced by ATZ and its metabolites in different developmental stages. In addition, after 5 days of exposure to 30, 100, 300 μg L(-1) ATZ and its main chlorometabolites, the swimming behaviors of larval zebrafish were significantly disturbed, and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were consistently inhibited. Our results also demonstrate that ATZ and its main chlorometabolites are neuroendocrine disruptors that impact the expression of neurotoxicity-related genes such as Ache, Gap43, Gfap, Syn2a, Shha, Mbp, Elavl3, Nestin and Ngn1 in early developmental stages of zebrafish. According to our results, it is possible that not only ATZ but also its metabolites (DACT, DIP and DE) have the same or even more toxic effects on different endpoints of the early developmental stages of zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Liu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yueyi Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Enlu Yang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiayan Feng
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kong X, Jiang J, Ma J, Yang Y, Liu W, Liu Y. Degradation of atrazine by UV/chlorine: Efficiency, influencing factors, and products. Water Res 2016; 90:15-23. [PMID: 26724435 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the degradation of atrazine by the combination of UV and chlorine (UV/chlorine) due to the formation of radicals during chlorine photolysis was systematically investigated in terms of efficiency, factors that influence the degradation kinetics, as well as oxidation products. It was found that the degradation efficiency of atrazine was enhanced by UV/chlorine compared to UV or chlorine alone. The degradation efficiency of atrazine was favorable at a lower pH, but was inhibited in the presence of natural organic matters. Meanwhile, the initial chlorine dosage, alkalinity, and chloride barely influenced the degradation efficiency under neutral pH conditions. The degradation of atrazine by UV/chlorine was inhibited in real waters (i.e., surface water and ground water) compared to in deionized water but was still more effective than UV alone. The oxidation products of atrazine resulting from de-alkylation, dechlorination-hydroxylation, alkylic-hydroxylation, alkylic-oxidation, alkylic-hydroxylation-dehydration, deamination-hydroxylation, and dechlorination-hydrogenation in UV/chlorine process were detected, which were slightly different from those formed in UV/H2O2 (commonly used UV-based advanced oxidation process). Particularly, the yields of three primary transformation products (desethyl-atrazine (DEA), desisopropyl-atrazine (DIA), and desethyl-desisopropyl-atrazine (DEIA)) were comparatively quantified in these two processes. The different trend of them formed in UV/chlorine system (DEA:DIA≈4) compared to that formed in UV/H2O2 system (DEA:DIA≈1) could be ascribed to the different reaction reactivities and mechanisms between HO• and Cl• with atrazine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Weili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yulei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kumar A, Singh N. Atrazine and its metabolites degradation in mineral salts medium and soil using an enrichment culture. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:142. [PMID: 26846292 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An atrazine-degrading enrichment culture was used to study degradation of atrazine metabolites viz. hydroxyatrazine, deethylatrazine, and deisopropylatrazine in mineral salts medium. Results suggested that the enrichment culture was able to degrade only hydroxyatrazine, and it was used as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Hydroxyatrazine degradation slowed down when sucrose and/or ammonium hydrogen phosphate were supplemented as the additional sources of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. The enrichment culture could degrade high concentrations of atrazine (up to 110 μg/mL) in mineral salts medium, and neutral pH was optimum for atrazine degradation. Further, except in an acidic soil, enrichment culture was able to degrade atrazine in three soil types having different physico-chemical properties. Raising the pH of acidic soil to neutral or alkaline enabled the enrichment culture to degrade atrazine suggesting that acidic pH inhibited atrazine-degrading ability. The study suggested that the enrichment culture can be successfully utilized to achieve complete degradation of atrazine and its persistent metabolite hydroxyatrazine in the contaminated soil and water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Neera Singh
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Báez ME, Espinoza J, Silva R, Fuentes E. Sorption-desorption behavior of pesticides and their degradation products in volcanic and nonvolcanic soils: interpretation of interactions through two-way principal component analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:8576-85. [PMID: 25561264 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sorption-desorption behavior of six pesticides and some degradation products was assessed on seven agricultural volcanic and nonvolcanic soils belonging to Andisol, Ultisol, Mollisol, and Alfisol orders. The global interpretation of sorption data was performed by principal component analysis. Results showed exceptionally high sorption of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) (the breakdown product) on volcanic soils (K f > 1500 μg(1 - 1 / n) mL(1 / n) g(-1)) related mainly to contents of amorphous aluminum oxides (Andisols) and crystalline minerals (Ultisols). The lower sorption on nonvolcanic soils was associated to low organic matter contents and lack of significant minerals. Metsulfuron-methyl and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (metabolite of chlorpyrifos) were weakly to substantially sorbed on Andisols and Ultisols, but the first one was not sorbed at pH > 6.4, including nonvolcanic soils. The metabolite of diazinon, 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine, was weakly sorbed on all soils (K f = 0.4 to 3.6 μg(1 - 1 / n) mL(1 / n) g(-1)). Acidic compounds would be lixiviated in Mollisols and Alfisols, but they could leach also in Andisols and Ultisols if they reach greater depths. Atrazine and deethylatrazine sorption was related to organic carbon content; therefore, they were weakly retained on nonvolcanic soils (K f = 0.7 to 2.2 μg(1 - 1 / n) mL(1 / n) g(-1)). Chlorpyrifos was highly sorbed on all soils reaching K OC values of >8000. Finally, the significant retention of chlorothalonil and diazinon on Mollisols and Alfisols in spite of their low OC contents showed the contribution of clay minerals in the sorption process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María E Báez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 1007, 8380000, Santiago, Chile,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Douros DL, Gaines KF, Novak JM. Atrazine and glyphosate dynamics in a lotic ecosystem: the common snapping turtle as a sentinel species. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187:114. [PMID: 25678354 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine and glyphosate are two of the most common pesticides used in the US Midwest that impact water quality via runoff, and the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) is an excellent indicator species to monitor these pesticides especially in lotic systems. The goals of this study were to (1) quantify atrazine, the atrazine metabolite diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), and glyphosate burdens in common snapping turtle tissue from individuals collected within the Embarras River in Illinois; (2) quantify atrazine, DACT, and glyphosate loads in water from the aquatic habitats in which common snapping turtles reside; and (3) investigate tissue loads based on turtle morphology and habitat choice. Concentrations of atrazine, DACT, and glyphosate in tissue did not show any relationship with lake habitat, carapace length, width, or mass. Both atrazine and glyphosate tissue samples varied as a function of site (river vs. lake), but DACT did not. Atrazine and glyphosate concentrations in water samples showed a linear effect on distance from the reservoir spillway and a deviation from linearity. Water column concentrations of all three contaminants varied across capture sites, but atrazine water concentration did not influence DACT water concentration nor did it exhibit a site interaction. Water atrazine and glyphosate concentrations were greater than tissue concentrations, whereas DACT water and tissue concentrations did not differ. This study showed that turtles are useful in long-term pesticide monitoring, and because DACT as a metabolite is less sensitive to variation, it should be considered as a preferred biomarker for pesticide runoff.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick L Douros
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, IL, 61920, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vonberg D, Vanderborght J, Cremer N, Pütz T, Herbst M, Vereecken H. 20 years of long-term atrazine monitoring in a shallow aquifer in western Germany. Water Res 2014; 50:294-306. [PMID: 24188580 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine was banned in Germany in 1991 due to findings of atrazine concentrations in ground- and drinking waters exceeding threshold values. Monitoring of atrazine concentrations in the groundwater since then provides information about the resilience of the groundwater quality to changing agricultural practices. In this study, we present results of a monitoring campaign of atrazine concentrations in the Zwischenscholle aquifer. This phreatic aquifer is exposed to intensive agricultural land use and susceptible to contaminants due to a shallow water table. In total 60 observation wells (OWs) have been monitored since 1991, of which 15 are sampled monthly today. Descriptive statistics of monitoring data were derived using the "regression on order statistics" (ROS) data censoring approach, estimating values for nondetects. The monitoring data shows that even 20 years after the ban of atrazine, the groundwater concentrations of sampled OWs remain on a level close to the threshold value of 0.1 μg l(-1) without any considerable decrease. The spatial distribution of atrazine concentrations is highly heterogeneous with OWs exhibiting permanently concentrations above the regulatory threshold on the one hand and OWs were concentrations are mostly below the limit of quantification (LOQ) on the other hand. A deethylatrazine-to-atrazine ratio (DAR) was used to distinguish between diffuse - and point-source contamination, with a global mean value of 0.84 indicating mainly diffuse contamination. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) of the monitoring dataset demonstrated relationships between the metabolite desisopropylatrazine, which was found to be exclusively associated with the parent compound simazine but not with atrazine, and between deethylatrazine, atrazine, nitrate, and the specific electrical conductivity. These parameters indicate agricultural impacts on groundwater quality. The findings presented in this study point at the difficulty to estimate mean concentrations of contamination for entire aquifers and to evaluate groundwater quality based on average parameters. However, analytical data of monthly sampled single observation wells provide adequate information to characterize local contamination and evolutionary trends of pollutant concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Vonberg
- Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Jan Vanderborght
- Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Nils Cremer
- Erftverband, Am Erftverband 6, 50126 Bergheim, Germany.
| | - Thomas Pütz
- Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Michael Herbst
- Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Harry Vereecken
- Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jin Y, Wang L, Chen G, Lin X, Miao W, Fu Z. Exposure of mice to atrazine and its metabolite diaminochlorotriazine elicits oxidative stress and endocrine disruption. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 37:782-90. [PMID: 24632104 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Effects of atrazine (ATZ) and its metabolite diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) on the induction of oxidative stress and endocrine disruption were studied in mice. Body and liver weights decreased in all ATZ and DACT treated groups. Hepatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased significantly after 1 week of intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg ATZ, 100 and 200 mg/kg DACT. Hepatic activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were also affected by the treatment with 200 mg/kg DACT. In serum, the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and GST activities and glutathione (GSH) content decreased significantly in the 200 mg/kg DACT treated group. Moreover, the administration of ATZ and DACT decreased the transcription levels of key genes related to cholesterol transport and testosterone (T) synthesis including scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1), cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) and cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (P450 17α) in testes. Furthermore, the treatment with 200 mg/kg DACT significantly decreased the serum and testicular T levels, while the treatment with 200 mg/kg ATZ significantly decreased the testicular T levels. The results indicated that the acute exposure to ATZ and DACT induced oxidative stress and endocrine disruption in mice, and DACT showed much more toxic than ATZ did.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Linggang Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Guanliang Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiaojian Lin
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wenyu Miao
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Joshi N, Rhoades MG, Bennett GD, Wells SM, Mirvish SS, Breitbach MJ, Shea PJ. Developmental abnormalities in chicken embryos exposed to N-nitrosoatrazine. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2013; 76:1015-1022. [PMID: 24168037 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.831721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate and atrazine (ATR) occur in combination in some drinking-water supplies and might react to form N-nitrosoatrazine (NNAT), which is reportedly more toxic than nitrate, nitrite, or ATR. Current evidence from population-based studies indicates that exposure to nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosatable compounds increases the risk of congenital defects and/or rate of embryo lethality. To test the hypothesis that NNAT induces malformations during embryogenesis, chicken embryos were examined for lethality and developmental abnormalities after treating fertilized eggs with 0.06-3.63 μg NNAT. After 5 d of incubation (Hamburger and Hamilton stage 27), 90% of embryos in NNAT-treated eggs were alive, of which 23% were malformed. Malformations included heart and neural-tube defects, caudal regression, gastroschisis, microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and craniofacial hypoplasia. The findings from this investigation suggest further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms underlying NNAT-induced embryotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Joshi
- a Department of Environmental , Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vryzas Z, Papadakis EN, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E. Leaching of Br-, metolachlor, alachlor, atrazine, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine in clayey vadoze zone: a field scale experiment in north-east Greece. Water Res 2012; 46:1979-1989. [PMID: 22325931 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An extensive four-year research program has been carried out to explore and acquire knowledge about the fundamental agricultural practices and processes affecting the mobility and bioavailability of pesticides in soils under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. Pesticide leaching was studied under field conditions at five different depths using suction cups. Monitoring of metolachlor, alachlor, atrazine, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), and bromide ions in soil water, as well as dye patterns made apparent the significant role of preferential flow to the mobility of the studied compounds. Irrespective to their adsorption capacities and degradation rates, atrazine, metolachlor and bromide ions were simultaneously detected to 160 cm depth. Following 40 mm irrigation, just after their application, both alachlor and atrazine were leached to 160 cm depth within 18 h, giving maximum concentrations of 211 and 199 μg L(-1), respectively. Metolachlor was also detected in all depth when its application was followed by a rainfall event (50 mm) two weeks after its application. The greatest concentrations of atrazine, alachlor and metolachlor in soil water were 1795, 1166 and 845 μg L(-1), respectively. The greatest concentrations of atrazine's degradation products (both DEA and DIA) appeared later in the season compared to the parent compound. Metolachlor exhibited the greatest persistence with concentrations up to 10 μg L(-1) appearing in soil water 18 months after its application. Brilliant blue application followed by 40 mm irrigation clearly depict multi-branching network of preferential flow paths allowing the fast flow of the dye down to 150 cm within 24 h. This network was created by soil cracks caused by shrinking of dry soils, earthworms and plant roots. Chromatographic flow of the stained soil solution was evident only in the upper 10-15 cm of soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zisis Vryzas
- Democritus University of Thrace, Faculty of Agricultural Development, Laboratory of Agricultural Pharmacology and Ecotoxicology, 193 Pantazidou, 682 00 Orestias, Greece.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stackelberg PE, Barbash JE, Gilliom RJ, Stone WW, Wolock DM. Regression models for estimating concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine in shallow groundwater in agricultural areas of the United States. J Environ Qual 2012; 41:479-494. [PMID: 22370411 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2011.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tobit regression models were developed to predict the summed concentration of atrazine [6-chloro--ethyl--(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and its degradate deethylatrazine [6-chloro--(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5,-triazine-2,4-diamine] (DEA) in shallow groundwater underlying agricultural settings across the conterminous United States. The models were developed from atrazine and DEA concentrations in samples from 1298 wells and explanatory variables that represent the source of atrazine and various aspects of the transport and fate of atrazine and DEA in the subsurface. One advantage of these newly developed models over previous national regression models is that they predict concentrations (rather than detection frequency), which can be compared with water quality benchmarks. Model results indicate that variability in the concentration of atrazine residues (atrazine plus DEA) in groundwater underlying agricultural areas is more strongly controlled by the history of atrazine use in relation to the timing of recharge (groundwater age) than by processes that control the dispersion, adsorption, or degradation of these compounds in the saturated zone. Current (1990s) atrazine use was found to be a weak explanatory variable, perhaps because it does not represent the use of atrazine at the time of recharge of the sampled groundwater and because the likelihood that these compounds will reach the water table is affected by other factors operating within the unsaturated zone, such as soil characteristics, artificial drainage, and water movement. Results show that only about 5% of agricultural areas have greater than a 10% probability of exceeding the USEPA maximum contaminant level of 3.0 μg L. These models are not developed for regulatory purposes but rather can be used to (i) identify areas of potential concern, (ii) provide conservative estimates of the concentrations of atrazine residues in deeper potential drinking water supplies, and (iii) set priorities among areas for future groundwater monitoring.
Collapse
|
24
|
Chevrier C, Limon G, Monfort C, Rouget F, Garlantézec R, Petit C, Durand G, Cordier S. Urinary biomarkers of prenatal atrazine exposure and adverse birth outcomes in the PELAGIE birth cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119:1034-41. [PMID: 21367690 PMCID: PMC3222984 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence of atrazine toxicity in developing organisms from experimental studies, few studies--and fewer epidemiologic investigations--have examined the potential effects of prenatal exposure. OBJECTIVES We assessed the association between adverse birth outcomes and urinary biomarkers of prenatal atrazine exposure, while taking into account exposures to other herbicides used on corn crops (simazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and acetochlor). METHODS This study used a case-cohort design nested in a prospective birth cohort conducted in the Brittany region of France from 2002 through 2006. We collected maternal urine samples to examine pesticide exposure biomarkers before the 19th week of gestation. RESULTS We found quantifiable levels of atrazine or atrazine mercapturate in urine samples from 5.5% of 579 pregnant women, and dealkylated and identified hydroxylated triazine metabolites in 20% and 40% of samples, respectively. The presence versus absence of quantifiable levels of atrazine or a specific atrazine metabolite was associated with fetal growth restriction [odds ratio (OR) = 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-2.2] and small head circumference for sex and gestational age (OR = 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-2.7). Associations with major congenital anomalies were not evident with atrazine or its specific metabolites. Head circumference was inversely associated with the presence of quantifiable urinary metolachlor. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to assess associations of birth outcomes with multiple urinary biomarkers of exposure to triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides. Evidence of associations with adverse birth outcomes raises particular concerns for countries where atrazine is still in use.
Collapse
|
25
|
Dooley GP, Ashley AK, Legare ME, Handa RJ, Hanneman WH. Proteomic analysis of diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) adducts in three brain regions of Wistar rats. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:17-21. [PMID: 20688138 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATRA) is the most commonly applied herbicide in the United States and is detected frequently in drinking water at significant levels. Following oral exposure, metabolism of ATRA generates diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), an electrophilic molecule capable of forming covalent protein adducts. At high doses, both ATRA and DACT can disrupt the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in rats, thereby altering normal reproductive function. This research was designed to identify DACT protein adducts formed in three distinct brain regions of ATRA-exposed rats, including the preoptic area (POA), medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), and cortex (CTX). Proteins with DACT adducts were identified following 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), immunodetection, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. Western blots from exposed animals revealed over 30 DACT-modified spots that were absent in controls. Protein spots were matched to concurrently run 2-DE gels stained with Sypro Ruby, excised, and in-gel digested with trypsin.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Atrazine/administration & dosage
- Atrazine/analogs & derivatives
- Atrazine/chemistry
- Atrazine/metabolism
- Atrazine/toxicity
- Blotting, Western
- Cerebral Cortex/chemistry
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Female
- Herbicides/administration & dosage
- Herbicides/toxicity
- Hypothalamus, Middle/chemistry
- Hypothalamus, Middle/drug effects
- Hypothalamus, Middle/metabolism
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Peptide Mapping
- Preoptic Area/chemistry
- Preoptic Area/drug effects
- Preoptic Area/metabolism
- Proteins/chemistry
- Proteins/metabolism
- Proteomics/methods
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Dooley
- The Center for Environmental Medicine, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Singh KV, Khanna P, Suri CR, Garg ML. Structural and immunogenic effects of multiple hapten loading on carrier protein. J AOAC Int 2010; 93:59-65. [PMID: 20334166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Haptens are low-molecular-weight compounds that are usually nonimmunogenic in nature. These compounds are, in general, conjugated with carrier proteins to elicit an immune response for antibody production. In this work, we report the effect of multiple hapten loading on carrier protein after conjugation by monitoring the structural and immunogenic properties of the protein. Biochemical conjugation of carboxylated hapten (atrazine derivative) to bovine serum albumin via epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues was monitored by the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of tryptophan residues of protein. A significant blue shift of emission maxima confirmed the conformational changes with increasing molar ratio of hapten:protein. Circular dichroism spectroscopy suggested a decreasing trend for alpha-helical and increased formation of beta-sheet structures in hapten-loaded protein. A further insight was sought by using molecular modeling methods for understanding of structural changes in the native protein post-hapten conjugation. A sequential approach for hapten loading on the carrier confirmed that initial binding could affect the possible binding sites for subsequent incorporation of hapten molecules. These changes play a major role in the immunogenic response of hapten-carrier conjugate. The approach taken to develop this model is promising, and can be generalized for studies with other protein-hapten combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanwar Vikas Singh
- Panjab University, Department of Biophysics, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ralston-Hooper K, Hardy J, Hahn L, Ochoa-Acuña H, Lee LS, Mollenhauer R, Sepúlveda MS. Acute and chronic toxicity of atrazine and its metabolites deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine on aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicology 2009; 18:899-905. [PMID: 19533344 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the toxicity of the atrazine (ATRZ) metabolites desethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA). We evaluated the acute and chronic toxicity of ATRZ, DEA, and DIA on the amphipods Hyalella azteca and Diporeia spp., and the unicellular algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. In general, acute and chronic toxicity was ranked ATRZ > DEA > DIA. All 96-h median inhibition concentrations (IC(50)) were above concentrations found in the environment (>1,500 microg/L), and sensitivity was highest for the algae. When amphipods were exposed chronically (21 days), Diporeia was several orders of magnitude more sensitive compared to H. azteca. Neither ATRZ nor DEA altered H. azteca sex ratios. In conclusion, our results suggest that short-term exposures of these chemicals to algae and amphipods to concentrations routinely detected in surface waters are unlikely to be a cause of concern. However, the unexpected high sensitivity of Diporeia spp. to these herbicides deserves further attention considering the declining status of this amphipod in the Great Lakes basin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Ralston-Hooper
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 195 Marsteller St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grenni P, Gibello A, Barra Caracciolo A, Fajardo C, Nande M, Vargas R, Saccà ML, Martinez-Iñigo MJ, Ciccoli R, Martín M. A new fluorescent oligonucleotide probe for in situ detection of s-triazine-degrading Rhodococcus wratislaviensis in contaminated groundwater and soil samples. Water Res 2009; 43:2999-3008. [PMID: 19476963 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial strain (FPA1) capable of using terbuthylazine, simazine, atrazine, 2-hydroxysimazine, deethylatrazine, isopropylamine or ethylamine as its sole carbon source was isolated from a shallow aquifer chronically contaminated with s-triazine herbicides. Based on its 16S rDNA sequence analysis, the strain FPA1 was identified as Rhodococcus wratislaviensis. The disappearance time of 50% of the initial terbuthylazine concentration in the presence of this strain (DT(50)) was 62days. This strain was also able to mineralise the [U-ring (14)C] triazine-ring, albeit at a slow rate. A 16S rRNA target oligonucleotide probe (RhLu) was designed, and the FISH protocol was optimised, in order to detect R. wratislaviensis in s-triazine-contaminated sites. The RhLu probe gave a positive signal (expressed as % of total DAPI-positive cells) in both the groundwater (2.19+/-0.41%) and soil (2.10+/-0.96%) samples analysed. Using the RhLu probe, R. wratislaviensis can be readily detected, and its population dynamics can be easily monitored, in soil and in water ecosystems contaminated with s-triazine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the isolation, from groundwater, of a bacterial strain able to degrade s-triazines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Grenni
- Water Research Institute--National Research Council, Area della Ricerca di Roma 1-Montelibretti, via Salaria km 29,300, CP10 00016 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Saad DA. Agriculture-related trends in groundwater quality of the glacial deposits aquifer, central Wisconsin. J Environ Qual 2008. [PMID: 18765767 DOI: 10.2134/jeq.2007.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Measuring and understanding trends in groundwater quality is necessary for determining whether changes in land-management practices have an effect on groundwater quality. This paper describes an approach that was used to measure and understand trends using data from two groundwater studies conducted in central Wisconsin as part of the USGS NAWQA program. One of the key components of this approach, determining the age of sampled groundwater, gave a temporal component to the snapshots of water quality that were obtained through synoptic-sampling efforts. This approach can be used at other locations where groundwater quality data are collected, groundwater age can be determined, and associated temporal data are available. Results of these studies indicate measured concentrations of nitrate and atrazine plus deethylatrazine were correlated to historical patterns of fertilizer and atrazine use. Concentrations of nitrate in groundwater have increased over time; concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine increased and then decreased. Concentrations of nitrate also were correlated to screen depth below the water level and concentrations of dissolved O(2); concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine were correlated to dissolved O(2) and annual precipitation. To measure trends in concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine, the data, collected over a near-decadal period, were adjusted to account for changes in laboratory-reporting levels and analytical recoveries. Only after accounting for these changes was it apparent that the median concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine decreased over the near-decadal interval between sampling efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Saad
- U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Measuring and understanding trends in groundwater quality is necessary for determining whether changes in land-management practices have an effect on groundwater quality. This paper describes an approach that was used to measure and understand trends using data from two groundwater studies conducted in central Wisconsin as part of the USGS NAWQA program. One of the key components of this approach, determining the age of sampled groundwater, gave a temporal component to the snapshots of water quality that were obtained through synoptic-sampling efforts. This approach can be used at other locations where groundwater quality data are collected, groundwater age can be determined, and associated temporal data are available. Results of these studies indicate measured concentrations of nitrate and atrazine plus deethylatrazine were correlated to historical patterns of fertilizer and atrazine use. Concentrations of nitrate in groundwater have increased over time; concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine increased and then decreased. Concentrations of nitrate also were correlated to screen depth below the water level and concentrations of dissolved O(2); concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine were correlated to dissolved O(2) and annual precipitation. To measure trends in concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine, the data, collected over a near-decadal period, were adjusted to account for changes in laboratory-reporting levels and analytical recoveries. Only after accounting for these changes was it apparent that the median concentrations of atrazine plus deethylatrazine decreased over the near-decadal interval between sampling efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Saad
- U.S. Geological Survey, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Min G, Wang S, Zhu H, Fang G, Zhang Y. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbents for determination of atrazine and its principal metabolites in water and soil samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sci Total Environ 2008; 396:79-85. [PMID: 18372005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel, simple, cost-effective, and sensitive method was developed for the determination of atrazine and its principal metabolites namely deisopropyl-atrazine (DIA) and deethyl-atrazine (DEA) in water and soil samples using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction (SPE) adsorbents coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Several condition parameters, such as sample loading flow-rate, eluent and elution volume, extractant and ratio of extraction solvent to sample, were optimized to achieve good sensitivity and precision for the extraction and elution of analytes. A methanol/water solution (50%, v/v) was used to extract atrazine, DIA and DEA from soil. After the extracts went through SPE cartridges (packed with multi-walled carbon nanotubes) at a flow-rate of 4 mL min(-1), the analytes were eluted by 4 mL ethyl acetate at the rate of 1 mL min(-1) under a vacuum pump. The limit of detection (S/N=3) of the proposed method was 0.02 microg kg(-1) for atrazine in water and 0.3 microg kg(-1) in soil; 0.04 microg kg(-1) for DIA in water and 1.0 microg kg(-1) in soil; 0.05 microg kg(-1) for DEA in water and 0.8 microg kg(-1) in soil. Mean recoveries were in the range of 72.27-109.68%, and the reproducibility was accepted (RSD <13%) under the optimum conditions. This developed method was applied to determine the analytes in real environmental samples, and the concentrations of atrazine were 0.77-10.83 microg kg(-1), while DEA and DIA were not detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Min
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
McMullin TS, Hanneman WH, Cranmer BK, Tessari JD, Andersen ME. Oral absorption and oxidative metabolism of atrazine in rats evaluated by physiological modeling approaches. Toxicology 2007; 240:1-14. [PMID: 17767989 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATRA) is metabolized by cytochrome P450s to the chlorinated metabolites, 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-amino-1,3,5-triazine (ETHYL), 2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-1, 3, 5-triazine (ISO), and diaminochlorotriazine (DACT). Here, we develop a set of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models that describe the influence of oral absorption and oxidative metabolism on the blood time course curves of individual chlorotriazines (Cl-TRIs) in rat after oral dosing of ATRA. These models first incorporated in vitro metabolic parameters to describe time course plasma concentrations of DACT, ETHYL, and ISO after dosing with each compound. Parameters from each individual model were linked together into a final composite model in order to describe the time course of all 4 Cl-TRIs after ATRA dosing. Oral administration of ISO, ETHYL and ATRA produced double peaks of the compounds in plasma time courses that were described by multiple absorption phases from gut. An adequate description of the uptake and bioavailability of absorbed ATRA also required inclusion of additional oxidative metabolic clearance of ATRA to the mono-dealkylated metabolites occurring in GI a tract compartment. These complex processes regulating tissue dosimetry of atrazine and its chlorinated metabolites likely reflect limited compound solubility in the gut from dosing with an emulsion, and sequential absorption and metabolism along the GI tract at these high oral doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tami S McMullin
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Barr DB, Panuwet P, Nguyen JV, Udunka S, Needham LL. Assessing exposure to atrazine and its metabolites using biomonitoring. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:1474-8. [PMID: 17938738 PMCID: PMC2022667 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrazine (ATZ) is the second most abundantly applied pesticide in the United States. When we assessed exposure to ATZ by measuring its urinary mercapturic acid metabolite, general population data indicated that < 5% of the population was exposed to ATZ-related chemicals (limit of detection < 0.8 ng/mL). OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to determine if we were underestimating ATZ exposure by measuring its urinary mercapturic acid metabolite and if the urinary metabole profile changed with the exposure scenario. METHODS We conducted a small-scale study involving 24 persons classified as high- (n = 8), low(n = 5), and environmental- (n = 11) exposed to ATZ. Using online solid phase extraction high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we measured nine ATZ-related metabolites in urine that included dealkylated, hydroxylated, and mercapturic acid metabolites. RESULTS We found that the urinary metabolite profiles varied greatly among exposure scenarios and among persons within each exposure scenario. Although diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) appeared to be the predominant urinary metabolite detected in each exposure category, the variation in proportion of total ATZ metabolites among persons was consistently large, suggesting that one metabolite alone could not be measured as a surrogate for ATZ exposure. CONCLUSIONS We have likely been underestimating population-based exposures by measuring only one urinary ATZ metabolite. Multiple urinary metabolites must be measured to accurately classify exposure to ATZ and its environmental degradates. Regardless, DACT and desethylatrazine appear to be the most important metabolites to measure to evaluate exposures to ATZ-related chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana B Barr
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Xu R, Wei F, Wang Y, Hu W, Ye X, Xu G. [Determination of atrazine and its metabolites in human urines using gas chromatography]. Se Pu 2007; 25:758-761. [PMID: 18161334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrazine (ATZ) was widely used to control broadleaf weeds. Numerous animal experiments have proved that atrazine is a suspicious endocrine disruptor. Thus, further development of the ability to estimate low-dose human exposure to atrazine is requested in epidemiologic studies to correlate the toxicological effects associated with the concentrations of ATZ and its metabolites in human body. A method for detecting ATZ and its metabolites (deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), deethyldeisopropylatrazine (DEDIA)) in human urines using gas chromatography was established. A urine sample was extracted by ethyl acetate, and purified using a Florisil column. Final concentrated extract was analyzed by a gas chromatograph-electron capture detector. The conditions of this method were optimized. The limits of detection were 0. 002 5 mg/L for DEDIA, 0. 005 mg/L for DEA, DIA and ATZ. The linear ranges were from 0.2 to 8 ng for all analytes. The atrazine concentrations in urine samples of the workers collected from an atrazine plant were determined by this method. The concentration ranges were 0.003 -0.301 mg/L for DEDIA, 0.005 -0.011 mg/L for DEA, 0.006 -0.276 mg/L for DIA, and 0.005 -0.012 mg/L for ATZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renji Xu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Baran N, Mouvet C, Négrel P. Hydrodynamic and geochemical constraints on pesticide concentrations in the groundwater of an agricultural catchment (Brévilles, France). Environ Pollut 2007; 148:729-38. [PMID: 17524536 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of a spring and seven piezometers in the 3km(2) Brévilles agricultural catchment (France) over five and a half years revealed considerable spatial and temporal variability in the concentrations of atrazine and its metabolite deethylatrazine (both systematically quantified at the outlet spring): maximum 0.97 and 2.72microgL(-1), mean 0.19 and 0.59microgL(-1), respectively. Isoproturon, the pesticide applied in the greatest amount, was detected in only 10 of the 133 samples. These observations can only partly be explained by land use and intrinsic pesticide properties. Geochemical measurements and tritium dating showed the importance of the stratification of the sandy saturated zone and the buffer function of the unsaturated limestone. Principal component analysis on 39 monthly data series of atrazine, deethylatrazine, nitrate, chloride and piezometric levels revealed a temporal structuring of the data possibly reflecting the existence within the aquifer of two different reservoirs with time-variable contributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Baran
- BRGM, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 6009, 45060 Orléans Cedex 2, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mahía J, Martín A, Carballas T, Díaz-Raviña M. Atrazine degradation and enzyme activities in an agricultural soil under two tillage systems. Sci Total Environ 2007; 378:187-94. [PMID: 17307230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The content of atrazine and its metabolites (hydroxyatrazine, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine) as well as the activities of two soil enzymes (urease and beta-glucosidase) were evaluated in an acid agricultural soil, located in a temperate humid zone (Galicia, NW Spain), with an annual ryegrass-maize rotation under conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT). Samples were collected during two consecutive years from the arable layer at two depths (0-5 cm and 5-20 cm) and different times after atrazine application. Hydroxyatrazine and deisopropylatrazine were the main metabolites resulting from atrazine degradation in the acid soil studied, the highest levels being detected in the surface layer of the NT treatment. A residual effect of atrazine was observed since hydroxyatrazine was detected in the arable layer (0-5 cm, 5-20 cm) even one year after the herbicide application. Soil enzyme activities in the upper 5 cm layer under NT were consistently higher than those in the same layer under CT. Urease and beta-glucosidase activities decreased with depth in the profile under NT but they did not show any differences between the two depths for the plots under CT. For both tillage systems enzyme activities also reflected temporal changes during the maize cultivation; however, no consistent effect of the herbicide application was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mahía
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (CSIC), Apartado 122, E-15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Mineralization of atrazine and formation of extractable and non-extractable "bound" residues were followed under laboratory conditions in two contrasting soils (organic C, texture, and atrazine application history) from northern Spain. The soils, a Humic Cambisol (MP) and a Gleyic Cambisol (G) were incubated with labeled atrazine (ring-13C atrazine) at field application dose and measurements were made at different time intervals during 3 mo. Fate and behavior of atrazine along the incubation showed different patterns between the two soils, the time taken for degradation of 50% (DT50) being 9 and 44 d for MP and G soils, respectively. In MP soil, with 40 yr of atrazine application and lower organic C and clay content, more than 89% of U-13C-atrazine added was mineralized after 12 wk, with most mineralization occurring within the first 2 wk. G soil, with 10 yr of atrazine application, exhibited a more progressive U-13C-atrazine mineralization, reaching 54% of initially added atrazine at 12 wk. Hydroxyatrazine and deisopropylatrazine were the metabolites founded in the extractable fraction, demonstrating that both chemical and biological processes are involved in atrazine degradation. Soil G showed during all the incubation times an extractable residues fraction greater than that in MP soil, indicating a high potential risk of soil and water contamination. Rapid microbial degradation through s-triazine ring cleavage was proposed to be the main decomposition pathway of atrazine for the two soils studied. Bound residues pool also differed notably between soils accounting for 9 and 41% of initially added atrazine, the higher values shown by soil with higher organic matter and clay content (G soil).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Mahía
- Departamento de Bioquímica del suelo, Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (CSIC), Avda Vigo s/n, Apartado 122, E-15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Barth JAC, Steidle D, Kuntz D, Gocht T, Mouvet C, von Tümpling W, Lobe I, Langenhoff A, Albrechtsen HJ, Janniche GS, Morasch B, Hunkeler D, Grathwohl P. Deposition, persistence and turnover of pollutants: First results from the EU project AquaTerra for selected river basins and aquifers. Sci Total Environ 2007; 376:40-50. [PMID: 17307233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Deposition, turnover and movement of persistent organic pollutants (POP) were investigated in the EU integrated project "AquaTerra", which is among the first funded environmental projects within the 6th Framework Program by the European Commission. Project work integrates across various disciplines that range from biogeochemistry, environmental engineering, computer modelling and chemistry to socio-economic sciences. Field study areas are the river basins of the Ebro, the Meuse, the Elbe and the Danube as well as the 3-km(2) French catchment of the Brévilles Spring. Within the first 2 years of the project more than 1700 samples of atmospherically deposited particles, sediments, and water have been collected in the above-mentioned systems. Results show clear spatial patterns of deposition of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with the highest rates in the Meuse Basin. For local inputs, in the Brévilles sandy aquifer, the contamination of the groundwater by the pesticides atrazine (AT) and deethylatrazine did not decrease even 5 years after their agricultural inputs were stopped. On the other hand, herbicides such as mecroprop (MCPP), and PAHs, were at least partially degraded microbiologically in laboratory studies with soils and aquifer material from selected sites. For sediment transport of contaminants, new flood sampling techniques revealed highest deposition rates of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) in river sediments at hotspot areas on the Mulde River in the Bitterfeld region (Elbe Basin, Germany). These selected preliminary results of AquaTerra help to improve fundamental understanding of persistent organic pollutants (POP) in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A C Barth
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is widely used in analytical laboratories for the analysis of organic compounds, thanks to its simplicity and versatility. However, the current commercially available fibers are based on nonselective sorbents, making difficult in some cases the final determination of target compounds by chromatographic techniques. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are stable polymers with selective molecular recognition abilities, provided by the template used during their synthesis. In the present work, a simple polymerization strategy allowing the obtainment of molecularly imprinted polymeric fibers to be used in SPME is proposed. Such a strategy is based on the direct synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymeric fibers (monoliths) using silica capillaries as molds, with silica being etched away after polymerization. The system propazine:methacrylic acid was used as a model for the preparation of molecularly imprinted fibers, and its ability to selectively rebind triazines was evaluated. Variables affecting polymer morphology (i.e., polymerization time, fiber thickness) and binding-elution of target analytes (i.e., solvents, time, temperature) were studied in detail. The imprinted fiber showing the best performance in terms of selectivity and affinity for triazines was successfully applied to the extraction of target analytes from environmental and food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Turiel
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente, INIA, Carretera de A Coruña km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huang H, Zhang S, Shan XQ, Chen BD, Zhu YG, Bell JNB. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus caledonium) on the accumulation and metabolism of atrazine in maize (Zea mays L.) and atrazine dissipation in soil. Environ Pollut 2007; 146:452-7. [PMID: 16935399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus caledonium) on accumulation and metabolism of atrazine in maize grown in soil contaminated with different concentrations of atrazine were investigated in a series of pot experiments. Roots of mycorrhizal plants accumulated more atrazine than non-mycorrhizal roots. In contrast, atrazine accumulation in shoot decreased in mycorrhizal compared with non-mycorrhizal plants. No atrazine derivatives were detected in the soil, either with or without mycorrhizal colonization. However, atrazine metabolites, deethylatrazine (DEA) and deisopropylatrazine (DIA), were detected in plant roots and the AM colonization enhanced the metabolism. After plant harvest atrazine concentrations decreased markedly in the soils compared to the initial concentrations. The decreases were the most in rhizosphere soil and then near-rhizosphere soil and the least in bulk soil. Mycorrhizal treatment enhanced atrazine dissipation in the near-rhizosphere and bulk soils irrespective of atrazine application rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 18th Shuangqinglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zablotowicz RM, Locke MA, Krutz LJ, Lerch RN, Lizotte RE, Knight SS, Gordon RE, Steinriede RW. Influence of watershed system management on herbicide concentrations in Mississippi Delta oxbow lakes. Sci Total Environ 2006; 370:552-60. [PMID: 17005240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Mississippi Delta Management Systems Evaluation Area (MD-MSEA) project was established in 1994 in three small watersheds (202 to 1,497 ha) that drain into oxbow lakes (Beasley, Deep Hollow, and Thighman). The primary research objective was to assess the implications of management practices on water quality. Monthly monitoring of herbicide concentrations in lake water was conducted from 2000 to 2003. Water samples were analyzed for atrazine, cyanazine, fluometuron, metolachlor, and atrazine metabolites. Herbicide concentrations observed in the lake water reflected cropping systems of the watershed, e.g., atrazine and metolachlor concentrations were associated with the level of corn and sorghum production, whereas cyanazine and fluometuron was associated with the level of glyphosate-sensitive cotton production. The dynamics of herbicide appearance and dissipation in lake samples were strongly influenced by herbicide use, lake hydrology, rainfall pattern, and land management practices. The highest maximum concentrations of atrazine (7.1 to 23.4 microg L(-1)) and metolachlor (0.7 to 14.9 microg L(-1)) were observed in Thighman Lake where significant quantities of corn were grown. Introduction of s-metolachlor and use of glyphosate-resistant cotton coincided with reduced concentration of metolachlor in lake water. Cyanazine was observed in two lakes with the highest levels (1.6 to 5.5 microg L(-1)) in 2000 and lower concentrations in 2001 and 2002 (<0.4 microg L(-1)). Reduced concentrations of fluometuron in Beasley Lake were associated with greater use of glyphosate-resistant cotton and correspondingly less need for soil-applied fluometuron herbicide. In contrast, increased levels of fluometuron were observed in lake water after Deep Hollow was converted from conservation tillage to conventional tillage, presumably due to greater runoff associated with conventional tillage. These studies indicate that herbicide concentrations observed in these three watersheds were related to crop and soil management practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Zablotowicz
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Southern Weed Science Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Morvan X, Mouvet C, Baran N, Gutierrez A. Pesticides in the groundwater of a spring draining a sandy aquifer: temporal variability of concentrations and fluxes. J Contam Hydrol 2006; 87:176-90. [PMID: 16857293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A 250 ha agricultural catchment has been characterized with respect to its hydrogeology and groundwater contamination by pesticides from October 1999 to August 2004. Five years after the ending of atrazine (At) application, used since the sixties, At and deethylatrazine (DEA) are still systematically quantified at the outlet of the watershed with concentrations from 0.07 to 0.43 microg l(-1) for At, and between 0.14 and 1.16 microg l(-1) for DEA. Isoproturon and chlortoluron are detected in only one (0.3 microg l(-1)) and two (0.7 and 2.0 microg l(-1)) of the 124 semi-monthly samples, respectively. DEA concentrations can be very different between two samples with a 15-day time step. The annual mean exported fluxes of cumulated At and DEA are stable, which indicates a long time transfer in the unsaturated or saturated zone with a progressive leaching of the stock of At and DEA probably accumulated in the soil and the vadose zone. These fluxes, between 0.90% and 2.82% of the annual mean dose of At applied before 1999, similar to those calculated in several studies at the bottom of the root zone, could be explained by low adsorption and degradation properties of At and DEA in the unsaturated and saturated zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Morvan
- BRGM, Water division, 3 Ave. C. Guillemin, BP 6009, 45060 Orleans cedex 2, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hutta M, Chalányová M, Halko R, Góra R, Rybár I, Pajchl M, Dokupilová S. New approach to large-volume injection in reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography: Determination of atrazine and hydroxyatrazine in soil samples. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1977-87. [PMID: 17017010 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A well established method of direct injection of larger than conventional sample volumes ranging from 0.1 mL to 10 mL in HPLC is the injection valve method in which a loop of tubing is totally or partially filled with sample. Recent HPLC pumps have a flow-rate setting accuracy of +/- 1-2% over a flow-rate range from 0.1 mL/min to 10 mL/min and the flow stability is 0.2% or less. Quarternary low pressure gradient pumps are widely available and used, but all their hydraulic lines are seldom utilised. The idea of using one line of a common commercial HPLC quaternary low-pressure pump for direct on-column injection (pumping) of large sample volumes ranging from 1 mL to 100 mL was tested. This approach was evaluated during practical work on the development of an RP-HPLC method of determination of residual atrazine and hydroxyatrazine. In lysimetric environmental experiments hydroxyatrazine was formed in situ in a soil column by hydrolysis of atrazine. The results proved the applicability of this approach not only in experiments with model mixtures of analytes at microg/L levels in solutions. Analysis of 20 mL of soil leachates and extracts of soil samples containing atrazine and hydroxyatrazine at the 10 microg/kg level (in dry soil) revealed that good figures-of-merit were preserved, even in the presence of a large excess of humic substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Hutta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Carabias-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Miranda-Cruz E, Domínguez-Alvarez J, Hernández-Méndez J. Comparison of a non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis method with high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of herbicides and metabolites in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1122:194-201. [PMID: 16690066 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the determination of triazine herbicides and some of their main metabolites in water samples has been developed. The proposed CE method includes an off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure with LiChrolut EN sorbent coupled to a non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) separation with UV detection. The target compounds were the chloro-s-triazines simazine, atrazine, propazine; the methyltio-s-triazines ametryn and prometryn and three main derivatives from the atrazine degradation products; namely, deethylatrazine, deethylhydroxyatrazine and deisopropylhydroxyatrazine. The analytical characteristics of the CE method are reported. The repeatability of the method was studied considering the different steps of the method separately in order to determine the contributions of each step to the total variability of the method. The NACE-UV results are compared with those obtained with a high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) method. The same off-line SPE procedure was applied to both techniques. The results obtained show that both methods afford the same results in the analysis of surface and drinking water samples, with a level of significance regarding the F- and t-tests greater than 0.05 in all the cases. The detection limits in surface water samples were in the 0.04-0.32 microg l(-1) and 0.11-1.2 microg l(-1) ranges for the NACE-UV and HPLC-UV methods, respectively. The recoveries (spiked/found) were significantly 100% in all cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Carabias-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jiang H, Adams C, Graziano N, Roberson A, McGuire M, Khiari D. Occurrence and removal of chloro-s-triazines in water treatment plants. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:3609-16. [PMID: 16786701 DOI: 10.1021/es052038n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine, simazine, and propazine and their major chlorinated degradates (deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and didealkylatrazine) are considered as a group to be endocrine-disrupting chemicals by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. On this basis, regulatory action levels are currently under consideration for the total chloro-s-triazine (TCT) levels in drinking waters. To assess the concentrations of each of these species in drinking water and their treatability in conventional water treatment, a comprehensive, full-scale studywas conducted that included frequent monitoring at 33 and 47 water utilities during 2003 and 2004, respectively. Approximately 900 paired raw and treated water samples were analyzed using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method with preconcentration using a mixed-mode, solid-phase extraction that allowed quantitation of each species including didealkylatrazine. The results showed that atrazine concentrations were generally well within the 3 microg/L maximum contaminant level (MCL) and that simazine and propazine concentrations were generally negligible. Ninety-fifth-percentile values for the ratio of TCT/atrazine were 4.8 and 4.7, respectively. Effectiveness of conventional treatment technologies, including carbon, was observed to vary significantly. Concerns that didealkyatrazine concentrations may be high and significantly elevate the TCT appear to be unfounded. In general, the results suggest that potential treatment requirements for TCT are not likely to be any more difficult for utilities to meet than the current requirements for atrazine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Jiang
- University of Missouri-Rolla, 220 Butler Carlton Hall, Rolla, Missouri 65409, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ross MK, Filipov NM. Determination of atrazine and its metabolites in mouse urine and plasma by LC–MS analysis. Anal Biochem 2006; 351:161-73. [PMID: 16527233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine is a herbicide widely used on agricultural commodities. Existing analytical methods to analyze atrazine and its metabolites in biological matrices have various drawbacks. Thus, further development of such methods will be needed to correlate the growing number of toxicological effects associated with atrazine exposure with the concentrations of this compound and its metabolites in plasma, urine, and tissues. The purpose of this study was to develop a broad and sensitive LC-MS method for the analysis of atrazine and its metabolites in mouse urine and plasma. We were able to simultaneously measure atrazine and its major mammalian metabolites, which include didealkyl atrazine, desisopropyl atrazine, desethyl atrazine, atrazine-glutathione conjugate, and atrazine-mercapturate, using preparation procedures that used small sample volumes of plasma and urine (0.25 and 0.5 ml, respectively). Furthermore, derivatization of analytes prior to analysis was unnecessary. This method was used to analyze plasma and urine samples following single in vivo oral exposures of a limited number of mice to atrazine (doses, 5-250 mg/kg body weight) to demonstrate the utility of this LC-MS method. The data obtained from this study suggest that atrazine is rapidly metabolized in mice. Didealkyl atrazine was the most abundant metabolite detected in the urine and plasma samples (approximately 1000 microM in 24-h urine and approximately 100 microM in plasma following the highest dose of atrazine), with lesser quantities of mono N-dealkylated metabolites and thio conjugates of atrazine observed. We also used this methodology in a preliminary study of cytochrome P450-catalyzed metabolism of atrazine in vitro. The results obtained in this study suggest that this method will be a useful tool for the determination of atrazine and its metabolites in future pharmacokinetic studies and for the subsequent development and refinement of biologically based models of atrazine disposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Ross
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cassano G, Bellantuono V, Ardizzone C, Lippe C. Atrazine increases the sodium absorption in frog (Rana esculenta) skin. Environ Toxicol Chem 2006; 25:509-13. [PMID: 16519313 DOI: 10.1897/05-141r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of atrazine in agricultural sites has been linked to the decline in amphibian populations. The efforts of the scientific community generally are directed toward investigating the long-term effect of atrazine on complex functions (reproduction or respiration), but in the present study, we investigated the short-term effect on the short-circuit current (I(sc)), a quantitative measure of the ion transport operated by frog (Rana esculenta) skin. Treatment with 5 microM atrazine (1.08 mg/L) does not affect the transepithelial outfluxes of [14C]mannitol or [14C]urea; therefore, atrazine does not damage the barrier properties of frog skin. Atrazine causes a dose-dependent increase in the short-circuit current, with a minimum of 4.64 +/- 0.76 microA/cm2 (11.05% +/- 1.22%) and a maximum of 12.7 +/- 0.7 microA/cm2 (35% +/- 2.4%) measured at 10 nM and 5 microM, respectively. An increase in Isc also is caused by 5 microM ametryne, prometryn, simazine, terbuthylazine, or terbutryn (other atrazine derivatives). In particular, atrazine increases the transepithelial 22Na+ influx without affecting the outflux. Finally, stimulation of Isc by atrazine is suppressed by SQ 22536, H89, U73122, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, and W7 (blockers of adenylate cyclase, protein kinase A, phospholipase C, intracellular Ca2+ increase, and calmodulin, respectively), whereas indomethacin and calphostin C (inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and protein kinase C, respectively) have no effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cassano
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia Generale ed Ambientale dell'Università di Bari, Via Amendola 165/A-70126 Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Carabias-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Hernández-Méndez J, Cruz EM, Domínguez-Alvarez J. Ion-pair association and acid–base equilibria in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis of weakly basic compounds. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:423-32. [PMID: 16342322 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CE in nonaqueous media was used to study the migrating behavior of two weakly basic s-triazine pesticides and one of their metabolites. The target pesticides were selected to be representative for each of the two main groups: propazine and deethylatrazine for the chloro-s-triazines group and ametryn for the methylthio-s-triazines group. To elucidate the phenomena involved, systematic studies were carried out in the different organic media studied. Absolute mobilities were determined in 50% v/v methanol (MeOH)/ACN by extrapolation of the effective mobilities to zero ionic strength in the presence of different concentrations of perchloric acid. Conductivity measurements performed in MeOH and 50 and 20% v/v methanol/ACN permitted the evaluation of the associations of the components of the BGE. The effects of ionic strength on the actual mobilities of the compounds were determined in the presence of perchloric acid and SDS in different organic media. Two different ion-pair equilibria were considered: one due to the presence of perchlorate anions present in the BGE and second that from the added dodecyl sulfate anions. Bearing in mind that these weakly basic compounds can exhibit ion-pair and acid-base equilibria, the acid-base and ion-pair parasite reaction coefficients were determined. Finally, the effects of ionic strength, ion-pair interactions and acid-base properties on the effective electrophoretic mobilities of the analytes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carabias-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Norrgran J, Bravo R, Bishop AM, Restrepo P, Whitehead RD, Needham LL, Barr DB. Quantification of six herbicide metabolites in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 830:185-95. [PMID: 16297668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed a sensitive, selective and precise method for measuring herbicide metabolites in human urine. Our method uses automated liquid delivery of internal standards and acetate buffer and a mixed polarity polymeric phase solid phase extraction of a 2 mL urine sample. The concentrated eluate is analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Isotope dilution calibration is used for quantification of all analytes. The limits of detection of our method range from 0.036 to 0.075 ng/mL. The within- and between-day variation in pooled quality control samples range from 2.5 to 9.0% and from 3.2 to 16%, respectively, for all analytes at concentrations ranging from 0.6 to 12 ng/mL. Precision was similar with samples fortified with 0.1 and 0.25 ng/mL that were analyzed in each run. We validated our selective method against a less selective method used previously in our laboratory by analyzing human specimens using both methods. The methods produced results that were in agreement, with no significant bias observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Norrgran
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, Mailstop F17, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Karpel Vel Leitner N, Syoen G, Romat H, Urashima K, Chang JS. Generation of active entities by the pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharge system and application to removal of atrazine. Water Res 2005; 39:4705-14. [PMID: 16256168 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactions induced by the pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharge (PAED) system in aqueous solutions were studied. PAED was generated by a spark gap type power supply (0.5 kJ/pulse) with rod-to-rod type electrodes in water. The measurements of physical parameters showed that the discharge is characterized by a sudden drop of the voltage while a peak of current occurs. The pressure waveform is composed of a positive pressure wave (shock wave) followed by negative pressure waves (expansion waves with a multiple wall reflection wave). The optical emission arc spectrum covers the UV-B, UV-A and visible zone with a maximum intensity in the range 380-425 nm. Peaks were representative of OH() radicals and atomic hydrogen emission lines. The identification of typical by-products from the removal of selected compounds in aqueous solution showed that PAED is the origin of photolysis, oxidation and reduction reactions. The impact of scavengers for OH() radicals or solvated electrons on the removal of atrazine and the concentration of the by-product deethylatrazine allowed the study of the combined and separate effects of the active entities. The energy efficiency of the PAED system can be improved by varying the gap of the electrodes in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Karpel Vel Leitner
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement, UMR 6008, Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Poitiers, 40 avenue du Recteur Pineau 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|