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Wang ZD, Wang BT, Jin L, Ruan HH, Jin FJ. Implications of carbon catabolite repression for Aspergillus-based cell factories: A review. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300551. [PMID: 38403447 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is a global regulatory mechanism that allows organisms to preferentially utilize a preferred carbon source (usually glucose) by suppressing the expression of genes associated with the utilization of nonpreferred carbon sources. Aspergillus is a large genus of filamentous fungi, some species of which have been used as microbial cell factories for the production of organic acids, industrial enzymes, pharmaceuticals, and other fermented products due to their safety, substrate convenience, and well-established post-translational modifications. Many recent studies have verified that CCR-related genetic alterations can boost the yield of various carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), even under CCR conditions. Based on these findings, we emphasize that appropriate regulation of the CCR pathway, especially the expression of the key transcription factor CreA gene, has great potential for further expanding the application of Aspergillus cell factories to develop strains for industrial CAZymes production. Further, the genetically modified CCR strains (chassis hosts) can also be used for the production of other useful natural products and recombinant proteins, among others. We here review the regulatory mechanisms of CCR in Aspergillus and its direct application in enzyme production, as well as its potential application in organic acid and pharmaceutical production to illustrate the effects of CCR on Aspergillus cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Dong Wang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bao-Teng Wang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Jin
- College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong-Hua Ruan
- College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng-Jie Jin
- College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Martín JF. Interaction of calcium responsive proteins and transcriptional factors with the PHO regulon in yeasts and fungi. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1225774. [PMID: 37601111 PMCID: PMC10437122 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1225774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate and calcium ions are nutrients that play key roles in growth, differentiation and the production of bioactive secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi. Phosphate concentration regulates the biosynthesis of hundreds of fungal metabolites. The central mechanisms of phosphate transport and regulation, mediated by the master Pho4 transcriptional factor are known, but many aspects of the control of gene expression need further research. High ATP concentration in the cells leads to inositol pyrophosphate molecules formation, such as IP3 and IP7, that act as phosphorylation status reporters. Calcium ions are intracellular messengers in eukaryotic organisms and calcium homeostasis follows elaborated patterns in response to different nutritional and environmental factors, including cross-talking with phosphate concentrations. A large part of the intracellular calcium is stored in vacuoles and other organelles forming complexes with polyphosphate. The free cytosolic calcium concentration is maintained by transport from the external medium or by release from the store organelles through calcium permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. Calcium ions, particularly the free cytosolic calcium levels, control the biosynthesis of fungal metabolites by two mechanisms, 1) direct interaction of calcium-bound calmodulin with antibiotic synthesizing enzymes, and 2) by the calmodulin-calcineurin signaling cascade. Control of very different secondary metabolites, including pathogenicity determinants, are mediated by calcium through the Crz1 factor. Several interactions between calcium homeostasis and phosphate have been demonstrated in the last decade: 1) The inositol pyrophosphate IP3 triggers the release of calcium ions from internal stores into the cytosol, 2) Expression of the high affinity phosphate transporter Pho89, a Na+/phosphate symporter, is controlled by Crz1. Also, mutants defective in the calcium permeable TRPCa7-like of Saccharomyces cerevisiae shown impaired expression of Pho89. This information suggests that CrzA and Pho89 play key roles in the interaction of phosphate and calcium regulatory pathways, 3) Finally, acidocalcisomes organelles have been found in mycorrhiza and in some melanin producing fungi that show similar characteristics as protozoa calcisomes. In these organelles there is a close interaction between orthophosphate, pyrophosphate and polyphosphate and calcium ions that are absorbed in the polyanionic polyphosphate matrix. These advances open new perspectives for the control of fungal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Martín
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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3
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Fierro F, Vaca I, Castillo NI, García-Rico RO, Chávez R. Penicillium chrysogenum, a Vintage Model with a Cutting-Edge Profile in Biotechnology. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030573. [PMID: 35336148 PMCID: PMC8954384 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of penicillin entailed a decisive breakthrough in medicine. No other medical advance has ever had the same impact in the clinical practise. The fungus Penicillium chrysogenum (reclassified as P. rubens) has been used for industrial production of penicillin ever since the forties of the past century; industrial biotechnology developed hand in hand with it, and currently P. chrysogenum is a thoroughly studied model for secondary metabolite production and regulation. In addition to its role as penicillin producer, recent synthetic biology advances have put P. chrysogenum on the path to become a cell factory for the production of metabolites with biotechnological interest. In this review, we tell the history of P. chrysogenum, from the discovery of penicillin and the first isolation of strains with high production capacity to the most recent research advances with the fungus. We will describe how classical strain improvement programs achieved the goal of increasing production and how the development of different molecular tools allowed further improvements. The discovery of the penicillin gene cluster, the origin of the penicillin genes, the regulation of penicillin production, and a compilation of other P. chrysogenum secondary metabolites will also be covered and updated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fierro
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Inmaculada Vaca
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Nancy I. Castillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Ramón Ovidio García-Rico
- Grupo de Investigación GIMBIO, Departamento De Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia;
| | - Renato Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170020, Chile;
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4
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Yang Q, Lin W, Xu J, Guo N, Zhao J, Wang G, Wang Y, Chu J, Wang G. Changes in Oxygen Availability during Glucose-Limited Chemostat Cultivations of Penicillium chrysogenum Lead to Rapid Metabolite, Flux and Productivity Responses. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010045. [PMID: 35050169 PMCID: PMC8780904 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioreactor scale-up from the laboratory scale to the industrial scale has always been a pivotal step in bioprocess development. However, the transition of a bioeconomy from innovation to commercialization is often hampered by performance loss in titer, rate and yield. These are often ascribed to temporal variations of substrate and dissolved oxygen (for instance) in the environment, experienced by microorganisms at the industrial scale. Oscillations in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration are not uncommon. Furthermore, these fluctuations can be exacerbated with poor mixing and mass transfer limitations, especially in fermentations with filamentous fungus as the microbial cell factory. In this work, the response of glucose-limited chemostat cultures of an industrial Penicillium chrysogenum strain to different dissolved oxygen levels was assessed under both DO shift-down (60% → 20%, 10% and 5%) and DO ramp-down (60% → 0% in 24 h) conditions. Collectively, the results revealed that the penicillin productivity decreased as the DO level dropped down below 20%, while the byproducts, e.g., 6-oxopiperidine-2-carboxylic acid (OPC) and 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6APA), accumulated. Following DO ramp-down, penicillin productivity under DO shift-up experiments returned to its maximum value in 60 h when the DO was reset to 60%. The result showed that a higher cytosolic redox status, indicated by NADH/NAD+, was observed in the presence of insufficient oxygen supply. Consistent with this, flux balance analysis indicated that the flux through the glyoxylate shunt was increased by a factor of 50 at a DO value of 5% compared to the reference control, favoring the maintenance of redox status. Interestingly, it was observed that, in comparison with the reference control, the penicillin productivity was reduced by 25% at a DO value of 5% under steady state conditions. Only a 14% reduction in penicillin productivity was observed as the DO level was ramped down to 0. Furthermore, intracellular levels of amino acids were less sensitive to DO levels at DO shift-down relative to DO ramp-down conditions; this difference could be caused by different timescales between turnover rates of amino acid pools (tens of seconds to minutes) and DO switches (hours to days at steady state and minutes to hours at ramp-down). In summary, this study showed that changes in oxygen availability can lead to rapid metabolite, flux and productivity responses, and dynamic DO perturbations could provide insight into understanding of metabolic responses in large-scale bioreactors.
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Maglangit F, Yu Y, Deng H. Bacterial pathogens: threat or treat (a review on bioactive natural products from bacterial pathogens). Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:782-821. [PMID: 33119013 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00061b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to the second quarter of 2020 Threat or treat? While pathogenic bacteria pose significant threats, they also represent a huge reservoir of potential pharmaceuticals to treat various diseases. The alarming antimicrobial resistance crisis and the dwindling clinical pipeline urgently call for the discovery and development of new antibiotics. Pathogenic bacteria have an enormous potential for natural products drug discovery, yet they remained untapped and understudied. Herein, we review the specialised metabolites isolated from entomopathogenic, phytopathogenic, and human pathogenic bacteria with antibacterial and antifungal activities, highlighting those currently in pre-clinical trials or with potential for drug development. Selected unusual biosynthetic pathways, the key roles they play (where known) in various ecological niches are described. We also provide an overview of the mode of action (molecular target), activity, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) towards bacteria and fungi. The exploitation of pathogenic bacteria as a rich source of antimicrobials, combined with the recent advances in genomics and natural products research methodology, could pave the way for a new golden age of antibiotic discovery. This review should serve as a compendium to communities of medicinal chemists, organic chemists, natural product chemists, biochemists, clinical researchers, and many others interested in the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleurdeliz Maglangit
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, College of Science, University of the Philippines Cebu, Lahug, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines. and Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Hai Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
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Barrios-González J, Pérez-Sánchez A, Bibián ME. New knowledge about the biosynthesis of lovastatin and its production by fermentation of Aspergillus terreus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8979-8998. [PMID: 32930839 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lovastatin, and its semisynthetic derivative simvastatine, has great medical and economic importance, besides great potential for other uses. In the last years, a deeper and more complex view of secondary metabolism regulation has emerged, with the incorporation of cluster-specific and global transcription factors, and their relation to signaling cascades, as well as the new level of epigenetic regulation. Recently, a new mechanism, which regulates lovastatin biosynthesis, at transcriptional level, has been discovered: reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation; also new unexpected environmental stimuli have been identified, which induce the synthesis of lovastatin, like quorum sensing-type molecules and support stimuli. The present review describes this new panorama and uses this information, together with the knowledge on lovastatin biosynthesis and genomics, as the foundation to analyze literature on optimization of fermentation parameters and medium composition, and also to fully understand new strategies for strain genetic improvement. This new knowledge has been applied to the development of more effective culture media, with the addition of molecules like butyrolactone I, oxylipins, and spermidine, or with addition of ROS-generating molecules to increase internal ROS levels in the cell. It has also been applied to the development of new strategies to generate overproducing strains of Aspergillus terreus, including engineering of the cluster-specific transcription factor (lovE), global transcription factors like the ones implicated in ROS regulation (or even mitochondrial alternative respiration aox gen), or the global regulator LaeA. Moreover, there is potential to apply some of these findings to the development of novel unconventional production systems. KEY POINTS: • New findings in regulation of lovastatin biosynthesis, like ROS regulation. • Induction by unexpected stimuli: autoinducer molecules and support stimuli. • Recent reports on culture medium and process optimization from this stand point. • Applications to molecular genetic strain improvement methods and production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Barrios-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana -Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ailed Pérez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana -Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Esmeralda Bibián
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana -Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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7
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Impact of nitrogen metabolism-associated culture pH changes on regulation of Fusarium trichothecene biosynthesis: revision of roles of polyamine agmatine and transcription factor AreA. Curr Genet 2020; 66:1179-1190. [PMID: 32812074 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum produces trichothecene mycotoxins in infected grains and axenic liquid culture. A proposed regulatory model of trichothecene biosynthesis was examined in relation to nitrogen utilization. First, we showed that an important factor for the stimulation of trichothecene biosynthesis was not the occurrence of agmatine as a specific inducer molecule, but rather continuous acidification of the liquid culture medium arising from agmatine catabolism. When the pH of the L-Gln synthetic medium was frequently adjusted to the pH of the agmatine culture, trichothecene productivity of the L-Gln culture was equal to that of the agmatine culture. For efficient trichothecene biosynthesis, the culture pH should be lowered at an appropriate time point during the early growth stage. Second, we re-evaluated the role of the nitrogen regulatory GATA transcription factor AreA in trichothecene biosynthesis. Since Tri6 encodes a transcription factor indispensable for trichothecene biosynthesis, all fifteen AreA-binding consensus sequences in the Tri6 promoter were mutated. The mutant could catabolize L-Phe as the sole nitrogen source; furthermore, the pH profile of the synthetic L-Phe medium (initial pH 4.2) was the same as that of the wild-type (WT) strain. Under such conditions, the promoter mutant exhibited approximately 72% of the trichothecene productivity compared to the WT strain. Thus, F. graminearum AreA (FgAreAp) is dispensable for the functioning of the Tri6 promoter, but it contributes to the increased production of mycotoxin under mildly acidic conditions to some extent. Further investigations on the culture pH revealed that extremely low pH bypasses the function of FgAreAp.
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8
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García-Estrada C, Martín JF, Cueto L, Barreiro C. Omics Approaches Applied to Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillin Production: Revealing the Secrets of Improved Productivity. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060712. [PMID: 32604893 PMCID: PMC7348727 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillin biosynthesis by Penicillium chrysogenum is one of the best-characterized biological processes from the genetic, molecular, biochemical, and subcellular points of view. Several omics studies have been carried out in this filamentous fungus during the last decade, which have contributed to gathering a deep knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying improved productivity in industrial strains. The information provided by these studies is extremely useful for enhancing the production of penicillin or other bioactive secondary metabolites by means of Biotechnology or Synthetic Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Estrada
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León). Avda. Real 1—Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain; (L.C.); (C.B.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +34-987210308
| | - Juan F. Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | - Laura Cueto
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León). Avda. Real 1—Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain; (L.C.); (C.B.)
| | - Carlos Barreiro
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León). Avda. Real 1—Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain; (L.C.); (C.B.)
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avda. Astorga s/n, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain
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9
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Si J, Feng L, Gao J, Huang Y, Zhang G, Mo J, Zhu S, Qi W, Liang J, Lan G. Evaluating the association between feed efficiency and the fecal microbiota of early-life Duroc pigs using 16S rRNA sequencing. AMB Express 2020; 10:115. [PMID: 32562009 PMCID: PMC7305293 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the predication efficiency of porcine production performance at early stage will contribute to reducing the breeding and production costs. The intestinal microbiota had received plenty of attention in recent years due to their influence on host health and performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the fecal microbiota at early growth period and porcine feed efficiency (FE) under a commercial feeding environment. Ninety-one pigs were reordered according to the residual feed intake (RFI) values between day 90 on test and day 160 off test, 9 lowest RFI pigs and 9 highest RFI pigs were selected as the LRFI group and the HRFI group, respectively. Fecal samples from pigs in the early grower phase (day 80) were performed for microbial diversity, composition, and predicted functionality by using 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that no significant differences in microbial alpha diversity were observed between two RFI groups, whereas, some RFI-associated compositional differences were revealed. In particular, the microbiota of the LRFI group (more feed-efficient) had significantly higher levels of some members of Clostridiales and Bacteroidales (e.g., g_1_68 and g_norank_f_p_2534_18B5), which may promoted FE through protecting gut barrier function, compared with those of the HRFI pigs. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis found that the LRFI pigs were likely have microbiota with higher levels of amino acid metabolism. Moreover, redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that litter size, parity, and date of birth had significant effects on the bacterial community structure. These results improved our knowledge of the porcine early-life fecal microbiota and its potential link underlying RFI, which would be useful for future development of microbial biomarkers for predicting and improving porcine FE as well as investigation of targets for dietary strategies.
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Martín JF. Transport systems, intracellular traffic of intermediates and secretion of β-lactam antibiotics in fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 32351700 PMCID: PMC7183595 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites are synthesized by complex biosynthetic pathways catalized by enzymes located in different subcellular compartments, thus requiring traffic of precursors and intermediates between them. The β-lactam antibiotics penicillin and cephalosporin C serve as an excellent model to understand the molecular mechanisms that control the subcellular localization of secondary metabolites biosynthetic enzymes. Optimal functioning of the β-lactam biosynthetic enzymes relies on a sophisticated temporal and spatial organization of the enzymes, the intermediates and the final products. The first and second enzymes of the penicillin pathway, ACV synthetase and IPN synthase, in Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus nidulans are cytosolic. In contrast, the last two enzymes of the penicillin pathway, phenylacetyl-CoA ligase and isopenicillin N acyltransferase, are located in peroxisomes working as a tandem at their optimal pH that coincides with the peroxisomes pH. Two MFS transporters, PenM and PaaT have been found to be involved in the import of the intermediates isopenicillin N and phenylacetic acid, respectively, into peroxisomes. Similar compartmentalization of intermediates occurs in Acremonium chrysogenum; two enzymes isopenicillin N-CoA ligase and isopenicillin N-CoA epimerase, that catalyse the conversion of isopenicillin N in penicillin N, are located in peroxisomes. Two genes encoding MFS transporters, cefP and cefM, are located in the early cephalosporin gene cluster. These transporters have been localized in peroxisomes by confocal fluorescence microscopy. A third gene of A. chrysogenum, cefT, encodes an MFS protein, located in the cell membrane involved in the secretion of cephalosporin C, although cefT-disrupted mutants are still able to export cephalosporin by redundant transporters. The secretion of penicillin from peroxisomes to the extracellular medium is still unclear. Attempts have been made to identify a gene encoding the penicillin secretion protein among the 48 ABC-transporters of P. chrysogenum. The highly efficient secretion system that exports penicillin against a concentration gradient may involve active penicillin extrusion systems mediated by vesicles that fuse to the cell membrane. However, there is no correlation of pexophagy with penicillin or cephalosporin formation since inactivation of pexophagy leads to increased penicillin or cephalosporin biosynthesis due to preservation of peroxisomes. The penicillin biosynthesis finding shows that in order to increase biosynthesis of novel secondary metabolites it is essential to adequately target enzymes to organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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11
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Hassan N, Rafiq M, Rehman M, Sajjad W, Hasan F, Abdullah S. Fungi in acidic fire: A potential source of industrially important enzymes. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Transcription Factors Controlling Primary and Secondary Metabolism in Filamentous Fungi: The β-Lactam Paradigm. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation4020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Ferreira-Guedes S, Leitão AL. Simultaneous removal of dihydroxybenzenes and toxicity reduction by Penicillium chrysogenum var. halophenolicum under saline conditions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 150:240-250. [PMID: 29288905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dihydroxybenzenes are widely found in wastewater and usually more than one of these aromatic compounds co-exist as pollutants of water resources. The current study investigated and compared the removal efficiency of hydroquinone, catechol and resorcinol in binary substrate systems under saline conditions by Penicillium chrysogenum var. halophenolicum, to clarify the potential of this fungal strain to degrade these aromatic compounds. Since P. chrysogenum is a known penicillin producer, biosynthetic penicillin genes were examined and antibiotic was quantified in mono and binary dihydroxybenzene systems to elucidate the carbon flux of dihydroxybenzenes metabolism in the P. chrysogenum var. halophenolicum to the secondary metabolism. In binary substrate systems, the three assayed dihydroxybenzene compounds were found to be co-metabolized by fungal strain. The fungal strain preferentially degraded hydroquinone and catechol. Resorcinol was degraded slower and supports higher antibiotic titers than either catechol or hydroquinone. Dihydroxybenzenes were faster removed in mixtures compared to mono substrate systems, except for the case of hydroquinone. In this context, the expression of penicillin biosynthetic gene cluster was not related to the removal of dihydroxybenzenes. Penicillin production was triggered simultaneously or after dihydroxybenzene degradation, but penicillin yields, under these conditions, did not compromise dihydroxybenzene biological treatment. To investigate the decrease in dihydroxybenzenes toxicity due to the fungal activity, viability tests with human colon cancer cells (HCT116) and DNA damage by alkaline comet assays were performed. For all the conditions assays, a decrease in saline medium toxicity was observed, indicating its potential as detoxification agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaya Ferreira-Guedes
- MEtRICs, Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Lúcia Leitão
- MEtRICs, Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia da Biomassa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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14
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Wang G, Zhao J, Haringa C, Tang W, Xia J, Chu J, Zhuang Y, Zhang S, Deshmukh AT, van Gulik W, Heijnen JJ, Noorman HJ. Comparative performance of different scale-down simulators of substrate gradients in Penicillium chrysogenum cultures: the need of a biological systems response analysis. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:486-497. [PMID: 29333753 PMCID: PMC5902331 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a 54 m3 large‐scale penicillin fermentor, the cells experience substrate gradient cycles at the timescales of global mixing time about 20–40 s. Here, we used an intermittent feeding regime (IFR) and a two‐compartment reactor (TCR) to mimic these substrate gradients at laboratory‐scale continuous cultures. The IFR was applied to simulate substrate dynamics experienced by the cells at full scale at timescales of tens of seconds to minutes (30 s, 3 min and 6 min), while the TCR was designed to simulate substrate gradients at an applied mean residence time (τc) of 6 min. A biological systems analysis of the response of an industrial high‐yielding P. chrysogenum strain has been performed in these continuous cultures. Compared to an undisturbed continuous feeding regime in a single reactor, the penicillin productivity (qPenG) was reduced in all scale‐down simulators. The dynamic metabolomics data indicated that in the IFRs, the cells accumulated high levels of the central metabolites during the feast phase to actively cope with external substrate deprivation during the famine phase. In contrast, in the TCR system, the storage pool (e.g. mannitol and arabitol) constituted a large contribution of carbon supply in the non‐feed compartment. Further, transcript analysis revealed that all scale‐down simulators gave different expression levels of the glucose/hexose transporter genes and the penicillin gene clusters. The results showed that qPenG did not correlate well with exposure to the substrate regimes (excess, limitation and starvation), but there was a clear inverse relation between qPenG and the intracellular glucose level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- State key laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, China
| | - Junfei Zhao
- State key laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, China
| | - Cees Haringa
- Transport Phenomena, Chemical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wenjun Tang
- State key laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, China
| | - Jianye Xia
- State key laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, China
| | - Ju Chu
- State key laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State key laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, China
| | - Siliang Zhang
- State key laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, China
| | | | - Walter van Gulik
- Cell Systems Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph J Heijnen
- Cell Systems Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Noorman
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Delft, The Netherlands.,Bio Process Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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Wang G, Wu B, Zhao J, Haringa C, Xia J, Chu J, Zhuang Y, Zhang S, Heijnen JJ, van Gulik W, Deshmukh AT, Noorman HJ. Power input effects on degeneration in prolonged penicillin chemostat cultures: A systems analysis at flux, residual glucose, metabolite, and transcript levels. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:114-125. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Junfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Cees Haringa
- Transport Phenomena, Chemical Engineering Department; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
| | - Jianye Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Yingping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Siliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST); Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph J. Heijnen
- Cell Systems Engineering, Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
| | - Walter van Gulik
- Cell Systems Engineering, Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
| | | | - Henk J. Noorman
- DSM Biotechnology Center; Delft The Netherlands
- Bio Process Engineering, Department of Biotechnology; Delft University of Technology; Delft The Netherlands
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Monroy AA, Stappler E, Schuster A, Sulyok M, Schmoll M. A CRE1- regulated cluster is responsible for light dependent production of dihydrotrichotetronin in Trichoderma reesei. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182530. [PMID: 28809958 PMCID: PMC5557485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Changing light conditions, caused by the rotation of earth resulting in day and night or growth on the surface or within a substrate, result in considerably altered physiological processes in fungi. For the biotechnological workhorse Trichoderma reesei, regulation of glycoside hydrolase gene expression, especially cellulase expression was shown to be a target of light dependent gene regulation. Analysis of regulatory targets of the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1 under cellulase inducing conditions revealed a secondary metabolite cluster to be differentially regulated in light and darkness and by photoreceptors. We found that this cluster is involved in production of trichodimerol and that the two polyketide synthases of the cluster are essential for biosynthesis of dihydrotrichotetronine (syn. bislongiquinolide or bisorbibutenolide). Additionally, an indirect influence on production of the peptaibol antibiotic paracelsin was observed. The two polyketide synthetase genes as well as the monooxygenase gene of the cluster were found to be connected at the level of transcription in a positive feedback cycle in darkness, but negative feedback in light, indicating a cellular sensing and response mechanism for the products of these enzymes. The transcription factor TR_102497/YPR2 residing within the cluster regulates the cluster genes in a light dependent manner. Additionally, an interrelationship of this cluster with regulation of cellulase gene expression was detected. Hence the regulatory connection between primary and secondary metabolism appears more widespread than previously assumed, indicating a sophisticated distribution of resources either to degradation of substrate (feed) or to antagonism of competitors (fight), which is influenced by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Alonso Monroy
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | - Eva Stappler
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | - Andre Schuster
- TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health & Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Zhuonan Z, Sen G, Zhipeng J, Maoyou Z, Linglan Y, Gangping W, Cheng J, Zhongliang M, Tian J, Peijian Z, Kesen X. Hypoxia preconditioning induced HIF-1α promotes glucose metabolism and protects mitochondria in liver I/R injury. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39:610-9. [PMID: 25726501 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the main lesions after liver transplantation. This study aims to detect hypoxia-induced HIF-1α protects transplanted liver against I/R injury by promoting glucose metabolism to decrease mitochondrial injury and apoptosis on rat model. METHODS The rats were given a treatment of 90 min non-lethal hypoxic preconditioning to induce and increase the HIF-1α expression. The autologous orthotopic liver transplantation model was used to imitate liver I/R injury. RESULTS Hypoxic-induced HIF-1α was detected to increase in liver tissue after 90-minute hypoxic environment (HP vs. Ctrl, *P<0.001). After operation, the expression of HIF-1α in liver tissue was also stayed at a high level. At 24h after operation, several genes were promoted, such as the levels of HK-2 (HP vs. AT, 24h, *P=0.004), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) (HP vs. AT, 24h, *P=0.003), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK-1) (HP vs. AT, 24h, *P=0.007), even the NF-κB and Erk pathways. From the TUNEL assay, the apoptosis in hypoxic preconditioning liver tissue was decreased compared with non-HP operative group at 12h after operation. The expressions of cleaved-caspase 3 (HP vs. AT, *P=0.0119) and PARP (HP vs. AT, *P=0.0134) in HP group were also significantly lower than AT group. CONCLUSION The hypoxia-induced HIF-1α could promote glucose metabolism to protect hepatocellular mitochondria from damage. It could be a useful way to protect liver against I/R injuries and inflammatory injury, and particularly promote the recovery of graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhuonan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250000 Jinan, China
| | - Guo Sen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250000 Jinan, China
| | - Ji Zhipeng
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Hospital of Shandong University, 250033 Jinan, China
| | - Zhuang Maoyou
- Department of Neurology, Rizhao First People Hospital, 276800 Rizhao, China
| | - Yin Linglan
- Department of Surgery, the Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Yangzhou University, 225001 Yangzhou, China
| | - Wang Gangping
- Department of Pathology, Rizhao First People Hospital, 276800 Rizhao, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Research Institute of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Yangzhou University, 225001 Yangzhou, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Center, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, 214041, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Zhongliang
- Research Institute of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Yangzhou University, 225001 Yangzhou, China
| | - Jessie Tian
- Department of Thoracic medical oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, 77030 TX, United States
| | - Zhang Peijian
- Research Institute of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Yangzhou University, 225001 Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xu Kesen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 250000 Jinan, China.
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Domínguez-Santos R, García-Estrada C, Kosalková K, Prieto C, Santamarta I, Martín JF. PcFKH1, a novel regulatory factor from the forkhead family, controls the biosynthesis of penicillin in Penicillium chrysogenum. Biochimie 2015; 115:162-76. [PMID: 26049046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum (re-identified as Penicillium rubens) is a good example of a biological process subjected to complex global regulatory networks and serves as a model to study fungal secondary metabolism. The winged-helix family of transcription factors recently described, which includes the forkhead type of proteins, is a key type of regulatory proteins involved in this process. In yeasts and humans, forkhead transcription factors are involved in different processes (cell cycle regulation, cell death control, pre-mRNA processing and morphogenesis); one member of this family of proteins has been identified in the P. chrysogenum genome (Pc18g00430). In this work, we have characterized this novel transcription factor (named PcFKH1) by generating knock-down mutants and overexpression strains. Results clearly indicate that PcFKH1 positively controls antibiotic biosynthesis through the specific interaction with the promoter region of the penDE gene, thus regulating penDE mRNA levels. PcFKH1 also binds to the pcbC promoter, but with low affinity. In addition, it also controls other ancillary genes of the penicillin biosynthetic process, such as phlA (encoding phenylacetyl CoA ligase) and ppt (encoding phosphopantetheinyl transferase). PcFKH1 also plays a role in conidiation and spore pigmentation, but it does not seem to be involved in hyphal morphology or cell division in the improved laboratory reference strain Wisconsin 54-1255. A genome-wide analysis of processes putatively coregulated by PcFKH1 and PcRFX1 (another winged-helix transcription factor) in P. chrysogenum provided evidence of the global effect of these transcription factors in P. chrysogenum metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Domínguez-Santos
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain; INBIOTEC, Instituto de Biotecnología de León, Avda. Real nº. 1, Parque Científico de León, 24006, León, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- INBIOTEC, Instituto de Biotecnología de León, Avda. Real nº. 1, Parque Científico de León, 24006, León, Spain.
| | - Katarina Kosalková
- INBIOTEC, Instituto de Biotecnología de León, Avda. Real nº. 1, Parque Científico de León, 24006, León, Spain
| | - Carlos Prieto
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Servicio NUCLEUS de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad de Salamanca (USAL), Edificio I+D+i, Calle Espejo, 2, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Irene Santamarta
- INBIOTEC, Instituto de Biotecnología de León, Avda. Real nº. 1, Parque Científico de León, 24006, León, Spain
| | - Juan-Francisco Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
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Siti Junaidah A, Suhaini S, Mohd Sidek H, Basri DF, Zin NM. Anti-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Activity and Optimal Culture Condition of Streptomyces sp. SUK 25. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e16784. [PMID: 26060562 PMCID: PMC4458357 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.16784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The potential of secondary metabolites extracted from Streptomyces sp. to treat bacterial infections including infections with Staphylococcus aureus is previously documented. The current study showed significant antimicrobial activities associated with endophytic Streptomyces sp. isolated from medicinal plants in Peninsular Malaysia. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine anti-methicillin-resistant-Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activities of Streptomyces sp. isolates. Materials and Methods: Disc diffusion and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay were used to determine the antibacterial activity of Streptomyces sp. isolates. Optimization of fermentation parameters for the most potent anti-MRSA extract in terms of medium type, pH, aeration rate, and culture period was also carried out. Lastly, toxicity of the extract against Chang liver cells was determined employing the MTT, 2- (3, 5- diphenyltetrazol-2-ium-2-yl) -4, 5-dimethyl -1, 3 - thiazole; bromide assay. Results: The results indicated Streptomyces sp. SUK 25 isolates showed the most potent anti-MRSA activity. Disc diffusion assay revealed that spread plate technique was more efficient in screening anti-MRSA activity compared to pour plate (P < 0.05). To determine anti–MRSA MIC of Streptomyces sp. SUK 25, Thronton media was used. Therefore, MIC was determined as 2.44 ± 0.01 µg/mL, and accordingly, the lowest MIC was 1.95 µg/mL based on a seven-day culture, pH7, and aeration rate of 140 rpm. The crude extract was not toxic against Chang liver cells (IC50 = 43.31 ± 1.24 µg/mL). Conclusions: The Streptomyces sp. SUK 25 culturing was optimized using Thronton media, at pH 7 and aeration of 140 rpm. Further isolation and identification of bioactive compounds will develop anti-MRSA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Siti Junaidah
- School of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Sudi Suhaini
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology Study, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasidah Mohd Sidek
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology Study, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dayang Fredalina Basri
- School of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Noraziah Mohamad Zin
- School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Corresponding author: Mohamad Zin Noraziah, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: +60-392897373, E-mail:
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Distribution, industrial applications, and enzymatic synthesis of d-amino acids. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3341-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Pérez EA, Fernández FJ, Fierro F, Mejía A, Marcos AT, Martín JF, Barrios-González J. Yeast HXK2 gene reverts glucose regulation mutation of penicillin biosynthesis in P. chrysogenum. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:873-83. [PMID: 25477921 PMCID: PMC4204972 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutant Penicillium chrysogenum strain dogR5, derived from strain AS-P-78, does not respond to glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and β-galactosidase, and is partially deficient in D-glucose phosphorilating activity. We have transformed strain dogR5 with the (hexokinase) hxk2 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Transformants recovered glucose control of penicillin biosynthesis in different degrees, and acquired a hexokinase (fructose phosphorylating) activity absent in strains AS- P-78 and dogR5. Interestingly, they also recovered glucose regulation of β-galactosidase. On the other hand, glucokinase activity was affected in different ways in the transformants; one of which showed a lower activity than the parental dogR5, but normal glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis. Our results show that Penicillium chrysogenum AS-P-78 and dogR5 strains lack hexokinase, and suggest that an enzyme with glucokinase activity is involved in glucose regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and β-galactosidase, thus signaling glucose in both primary and secondary metabolism; however, catalytic and signaling activities seem to be independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo A. Pérez
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolitos SecundariosDepartamento de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Autónoma MetropolitanaMexico D.F.MexicoLaboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolitos Secundarios, Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico D.F., Mexico.
| | - Francisco J. Fernández
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolitos SecundariosDepartamento de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Autónoma MetropolitanaMexico D.F.MexicoLaboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolitos Secundarios, Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico D.F., Mexico.
| | - Francisco Fierro
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolitos SecundariosDepartamento de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Autónoma MetropolitanaMexico D.F.MexicoLaboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolitos Secundarios, Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico D.F., Mexico.
| | - Armando Mejía
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolitos SecundariosDepartamento de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Autónoma MetropolitanaMexico D.F.MexicoLaboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolitos Secundarios, Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico D.F., Mexico.
| | - Ana T. Marcos
- Instituto de Biotecnología de LeónLeónSpainInstituto de Biotecnología de León, León, Spain.
| | - Juan F. Martín
- Instituto de Biotecnología de LeónLeónSpainInstituto de Biotecnología de León, León, Spain.
- Área de MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias Biológicas y AmbientalesUniversidad de LeónLeónSpainÁrea de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
| | - Javier Barrios-González
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolitos SecundariosDepartamento de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Autónoma MetropolitanaMexico D.F.MexicoLaboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Metabolitos Secundarios, Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico D.F., Mexico.
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García-Estrada C, Barreiro C, Jami MS, Martín-González J, Martín JF. The inducers 1,3-diaminopropane and spermidine cause the reprogramming of metabolism in Penicillium chrysogenum, leading to multiple vesicles and penicillin overproduction. J Proteomics 2013; 85:129-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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The inducers 1,3-diaminopropane and spermidine produce a drastic increase in the expression of the penicillin biosynthetic genes for prolonged time, mediated by the LaeA regulator. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:1004-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Amplification of an MFS Transporter Encoding Gene penT Significantly Stimulates Penicillin Production and Enhances the Sensitivity of Penicillium chrysogenum to Phenylacetic Acid. J Genet Genomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Domínguez-Santos R, Martín JF, Kosalková K, Prieto C, Ullán RV, García-Estrada C. The regulatory factor PcRFX1 controls the expression of the three genes of β-lactam biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:866-81. [PMID: 22960281 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin biosynthesis is subjected to a complex regulatory network of signalling molecules that may serve as model for other secondary metabolites. The information provided by the new "omics" era about Penicillium chrysogenum and the advances in the knowledge of molecular mechanisms responsible for improved productivity, make this fungus an excellent model to decipher the mechanisms controlling the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. In this work, we have characterized a novel transcription factor PcRFX1, which is an ortholog of the Acremonium chrysogenum CPCR1 and Penicillium marneffei RfxA regulatory proteins. PcRFX1 DNA binding sequences were found in the promoter region of the pcbAB, pcbC and penDE genes. We show in this article that these motifs control the expression of the β-galactosidase lacZ reporter gene, indicating that they may direct the PcRFX1-mediated regulation of the penicillin biosynthetic genes. By means of Pcrfx1 gene knock-down and overexpression techniques we confirmed that PcRFX1 controls penicillin biosynthesis through the regulation of the pcbAB, pcbC and penDE transcription. Morphology and development seemed not to be controlled by this transcription factor under the conditions studied and only sporulation was slightly reduced after the silencing of the Pcrfx1 gene. A genome-wide analysis of processes putatively regulated by this transcription factor was carried out in P. chrysogenum. Results suggested that PcRFX1, in addition to regulate penicillin biosynthesis, is also involved in the control of several pathways of primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Domínguez-Santos
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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Martín JF, Ullán RV, García-Estrada C. Role of peroxisomes in the biosynthesis and secretion of β-lactams and other secondary metabolites. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 39:367-82. [PMID: 22160272 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-1063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles surrounded by a single bilayer membrane, containing a variety of proteins depending on the organism; they mainly perform degradation reactions of toxic metabolites (detoxification), catabolism of linear and branched-chain fatty acids, and removal of H(2)O(2) (formed in some oxidative processes) by catalase. Proteins named peroxins are involved in recruiting, transporting, and introducing the peroxisomal matrix proteins into the peroxisomes. The matrix proteins contain the peroxisomal targeting signals PTS1 and/or PTS2 that are recognized by the peroxins Pex5 and Pex7, respectively. Initial evidence indicated that the penicillin biosynthetic enzyme isopenicillin N acyltransferase (IAT) of Penicillium chrysogenum is located inside peroxisomes. There is now solid evidence (based on electron microscopy and/or biochemical data) confirming that IAT and the phenylacetic acid- and fatty acid-activating enzymes are also located in peroxisomes. Similarly, the Acremonium chrysogenum CefD1 and CefD2 proteins that perform the central reactions (activation and epimerization of isopenicillin N) of the cephalosporin pathway are targeted to peroxisomes. Growing evidence supports the conclusion that some enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mycotoxins (e.g., AK-toxin), and the biosynthesis of signaling molecules in plants (e.g., jasmonic acid or auxins) occur in peroxisomes. The high concentration of substrates (in many cases toxic to the cytoplasm) and enzymes inside the peroxisomes allows efficient synthesis of metabolites with interesting biological or pharmacological activities. This compartmentalization poses additional challenges to the cell due to the need to import the substrates into the peroxisomes and to export the final products; the transporters involved in these processes are still very poorly known. This article focuses on new aspects of the metabolic processes occurring in peroxisomes, namely the degradation and detoxification processes that lead to the biosynthesis and secretion of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Francisco Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
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29
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de Jonge LP, Buijs NAA, ten Pierick A, Deshmukh A, Zhao Z, Kiel JAKW, Heijnen JJ, van Gulik WM. Scale-down of penicillin production in Penicillium chrysogenum. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:944-58. [PMID: 21751388 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In large-scale production reactors the combination of high broth viscosity and large broth volume leads to insufficient liquid-phase mixing, resulting in gradients in, for example, the concentrations of substrate and oxygen. This often leads to differences in productivity of the full-scale process compared with laboratory scale. In this scale-down study of penicillin production, the influence of substrate gradients on process performance and cell physiology was investigated by imposing an intermittent feeding regime on a laboratory-scale culture of a high yielding strain of Penicillium chrysogenum. It was found that penicillin production was reduced by a factor of two in the intermittently fed cultures relative to constant feed cultivations fed with the same amount of glucose per hour, while the biomass yield was the same. Measurement of the levels of the intermediates of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway, along with the enzyme levels, suggested that the reduction of the flux through the penicillin pathway is mainly the result of a lower influx into the pathway, possibly due to inhibitory levels of adenosine monophosphate and pyrophosphate and lower activating levels of adenosine triphosphate during the zero-substrate phase of each cycle of intermittent feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lodewijk P de Jonge
- Bioprocess Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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30
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Impact of the Penicillium chrysogenum genome on industrial production of metabolites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:45-53. [PMID: 21805169 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The genome sequence of Penicillium chrysogenum has initiated a range of fundamental studies, deciphering the genetic secrets of the industrial penicillin producer. More than 60 years of classical strain improvement has resulted in major but delicate rebalancing of the intracellular metabolism leading to the impressive penicillin titres of the current production strains. Several leads for further improvement are being followed up, including the use of P. chrysogenum as a cell factory for other products than β-lactam antibiotics.
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31
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Regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium: recent advances and new insights. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:519-28. [PMID: 21691790 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi mainly belonging to the Fusarium genus. Production of these mycotoxins occurs during infection of crops and is a threat to human and animal health. Although the pathway for biosynthesis of trichothecenes is well established, the regulation of the Tri genes implicated in the pathway remains poorly understood. Most of the Tri genes are gathered in a cluster which contains two transcriptional regulators controlling the expression of the other Tri genes. The regulation of secondary metabolites biosynthesis in most fungal genera has been recently shown to be controlled by various regulatory systems in response to external environment. The control of the "Tri cluster" by non-cluster regulators in Fusarium was not clearly demonstrated until recently. This review covers the recent advances concerning the regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis in Fusarium and highlights the potential implication of various general regulatory circuits. Further studies on the role of these regulatory systems in the control of trichothecene biosynthesis might be useful in designing new strategies to reduce mycotoxin accumulation.
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Bouras N, Strelkov SE. Influence of carbon source on growth and mycotoxin production by isolates of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis from wheat. Can J Microbiol 2010; 56:874-84. [PMID: 20962911 DOI: 10.1139/w10-073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis can infect wheat kernels, causing red smudge, and has been shown to produce the anthraquinone mycotoxins emodin, catenarin, and islandicin. The growth of 8 fungal isolates from diverse regions was evaluated on various culture media and was found to be generally slowest on the semisynthetic Fries medium. The choice of carbon source had a significant effect on mycotoxin production, as assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The highest emodin concentration (194.18 ± 16.26 µg/g medium) was observed for isolate Alg 3-24 on Fries medium supplemented with fructose, while the highest catenarin concentration (302.54 ±13.92 µg/g medium) was observed for TS93-71B on Fries medium supplemented with starch. Islandicin was not produced by any isolate under the conditions tested. Evaluation of the dynamics of mycotoxin production by isolate 331-2 on V8-potato dextrose agar medium revealed a rapid accumulation of emodin and catenarin during the first week of incubation, followed by a large decline by 14 days. Differences in the growth of and mycotoxin production by isolates of P. tritici-repentis likely resulted from the differential composition of the media and (or) intraspecies variability. Accordingly, the optimization of growth medium should be considered when evaluating the potential of specific isolates for mycotoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Bouras
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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33
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Li J, Yang Y, Chu J, Huang M, Li L, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhuang Y, Zhang S. Quantitative metabolic flux analysis revealed uneconomical utilization of ATP and NADPH in Acremonium chrysogenum fed with soybean oil. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2010; 33:1119-29. [PMID: 20571830 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-010-0439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A metabolic network was constructed for the Acremonium chrysogenum cultivation fed with soybean oil. Metabolic flux analysis indicated that the shift from exponential growth to rapid cephalosporin C (CPC) formation was accompanied by 1.63- and 5-fold carbon flux enlargement in TCA cycle and glyoxylate by-pass, respectively. The flux via pentose phosphate pathway branch was little affected during the rapid CPC formation period; the contributory explanation was that 35.6% of NADPH was consumed in the dissimilation of fatty acids. Estimation of NADPH, ATP generation, and consumption demonstrated that, with soybean oil as carbon source in rapid CPC formation phase, the NADPH consumed in fatty acid catabolism was fourfold greater than that used in the CPC biosynthesis-relevant part; simultaneously, more than 90% energy spent was not directly related to the CPC formation. Therefore, the improvement of CPC production yield through optimization of the NADPH, ATP generation, and consumption was put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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34
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Martínez-Rodríguez S, Martínez-Gómez A, Rodríguez-Vico F, Clemente-Jiménez J, Las Heras-Vázquez F. Natural Occurrence and Industrial Applications of d-Amino Acids: An Overview. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:1531-48. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Jia Z, Zhang X, Cao X. Effects of carbon sources on fungal morphology and lovastatin biosynthesis by submerged cultivation of Aspergillus terreus. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Penicillins and cephalosporins are β‐lactam antibiotics widely used in human medicine. The biosynthesis of these compounds starts by the condensation of the amino acids l‐α‐aminoadipic acid, l‐cysteine and l‐valine to form the tripeptide δ‐l‐α‐aminoadipyl‐l‐cysteinyl‐d‐valine catalysed by the non‐ribosomal peptide ‘ACV synthetase’. Subsequently, this tripeptide is cyclized to isopenicillin N that in Penicillium is converted to hydrophobic penicillins, e.g. benzylpenicillin. In Acremonium and in streptomycetes, isopenicillin N is later isomerized to penicillin N and finally converted to cephalosporin. Expression of genes of the penicillin (pcbAB, pcbC, pendDE) and cephalosporin clusters (pcbAB, pcbC, cefD1, cefD2, cefEF, cefG) is controlled by pleitropic regulators including LaeA, a methylase involved in heterochromatin rearrangement. The enzymes catalysing the last two steps of penicillin biosynthesis (phenylacetyl‐CoA ligase and isopenicillin N acyltransferase) are located in microbodies, as shown by immunoelectron microscopy and microbodies proteome analyses. Similarly, the Acremonium two‐component CefD1–CefD2 epimerization system is also located in microbodies. This compartmentalization implies intracellular transport of isopenicillin N (in the penicillin pathway) or isopenicillin N and penicillin N in the cephalosporin route. Two transporters of the MFS family cefT and cefM are involved in transport of intermediates and/or secretion of cephalosporins. However, there is no known transporter of benzylpenicillin despite its large production in industrial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martín
- Institute of Biotechnology of León, Science Park, Avda. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain.
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Nijland JG, Kovalchuk A, van den Berg MA, Bovenberg RAL, Driessen AJM. Expression of the transporter encoded by the cefT gene of Acremonium chrysogenum increases cephalosporin production in Penicillium chrysogenum. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1415-21. [PMID: 18691664 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
By introduction of the cefEF genes of Acremonium chrysogenum and the cmcH gene of Streptomyces clavuligerus, Penicillium chrysogenum can be reprogrammed to form adipoyl-7-amino-3-carbamoyloxymethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (ad7-ACCCA), a carbamoylated derivate of adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid. The cefT gene of A. chrysogenum encodes a cephalosporin C transporter that belongs to the Major Facilitator Superfamily. Introduction of cefT into an ad7-ACCCA-producing P. chrysogenum strain results in an almost 2-fold increase in cephalosporin production with a concomitant decrease in penicillin by-product formation. These data suggest that cephalosporin production by recombinant P. chrysogenum strains is limited by the ability of the fungus to secrete these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen G Nijland
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
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Identification of a minimal cre1 promoter sequence promoting glucose-dependent gene expression in the beta-lactam producer Acremonium chrysogenum. Curr Genet 2007; 53:35-48. [PMID: 18040688 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-007-0164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The promoter of the cre1 gene, encoding the glucose-dependent regulator CRE1 from the beta-lactam producer Acremonium chrysogenum, carries 15 putative CRE1 binding sites (BS1 to BS15). For a detailed analysis, we fused cre1 promoter deletion derivatives with the DsRed reporter gene to perform a comparative gene expression analysis. Plate assays, Northern hybridizations, and spectrofluorometric measurements of DsRed identified the minimal D4 promoter sequence that promoted glucose-dependent expression. Truncated recombinant CRE1 interacted with D4 in electromobility shift analysis and these binding studies were further extended with two oligonucleotides, carrying putative CRE1 binding sites BS14 and BS15. Surface plasmon resonance analysis was performed using BS14 and BS15, along with four derivatives containing 2 or 4 bp substitutions within BS14 and BS15, respectively. Substitutions within BS14 abolished the high affinity interaction with CRE1, while mutations in BS15 only marginally diminished the affinity with CRE1. In vivo analysis of a modified D4 sequence with substitutions in the two binding sites confirmed the in vitro binding results and still promoted glucose-dependent gene expression. Our results will contribute to the construction of versatile expression vectors carrying a minimal cre1 promoter sequence that still confers glucose-dependent induction of gene expression.
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Ullán RV, Campoy S, Casqueiro J, Fernández FJ, Martín JF. Deacetylcephalosporin C production in Penicillium chrysogenum by expression of the isopenicillin N epimerization, ring expansion, and acetylation genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:329-39. [PMID: 17379148 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 01/04/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium chrysogenum npe6 lacking isopenicillin N acyltransferase activity is an excellent host for production of different beta-lactam antibiotics. We have constructed P. chrysogenum strains expressing cefD1, cefD2, cefEF, and cefG genes cloned from Acremonium chrysogenum. Northern analysis revealed that the four genes were expressed in P. chrysogenum. The recombinant strains TA64, TA71, and TA98 secreted significant amounts of deacetylcephalosporin C, but cephalosporin C was not detected in the culture broths. DAC-acetyltransferase activity was found in all transformants containing the cefG gene. HPLC analysis of cell extracts showed that transformant TA64, TA71, and TA98 accumulate intracellularly deacetylcephalosporin C and, in the last strain (TA98), also cephalosporin C. Mass spectra analysis confirmed that transformant TA98 synthesize true deacetylcephalosporin C and cephalosporin C. Even when accumulated intracellularly, cephalosporin C was not found in the culture broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo V Ullán
- Instituto de Biotecnología (INBIOTEC) de León, Avda. Real No 1, 24006 León, Spain
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40
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Castillo NI, Fierro F, Gutiérrez S, Martín JF. Genome-wide analysis of differentially expressed genes from Penicillium chrysogenum grown with a repressing or a non-repressing carbon source. Curr Genet 2005; 49:85-96. [PMID: 16362424 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-005-0029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium chrysogenum is an economically important ascomycete used as industrial producer of penicillin. However, with the exception of penicillin biosynthesis genes, little attention has been paid to the genetics of other aspects of the metabolism of this fungus. In this article we describe the first attempt of systematic analysis of expressed genes in P. chrysogenum, using a suppression subtractive hybridization approach to clone and identify sequences of genes differentially expressed in media with glucose or lactose as carbon source (penicillin-repressing or non-repressing conditions). A total of 167 clones were analysed, 95 from the glucose condition and 72 from the lactose condition. Genes differentially expressed in the glucose condition encode mainly proteins involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and primary metabolism. Genes expressed differentially in lactose-containing medium include genes for secondary metabolism (pcbC, isopenicillin N synthase), different hydrolases and a gene encoding a putative hexose transporter or sensor. The results provided information on how the metabolism of this fungus adapts to different carbon sources. The expression patterns of some of the genes support the hypothesis that glucose induces higher rates of respiration in P. chrysogenum while repressing secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Isabel Castillo
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real, 1, 24006 León, Spain
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41
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Li XB, Zhao GR, Yuan YJ. A strategy of phosphorus feeding for repeated fed-batch fermentation of penicillin G. Biochem Eng J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2005.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Awad G, Mathieu F, Coppel Y, Lebrihi A. Characterization and regulation of new secondary metabolites from Aspergillus ochraceus M18 obtained by UV mutagenesis. Can J Microbiol 2005; 51:59-67. [PMID: 15782235 DOI: 10.1139/w04-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UV irradiation of Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 3174 conidia led to stable mutations in ochratoxin and penicillic-acid pathways. These mutants, especially M18, produced an unexpectedly large number of new metabolites. Two new compounds were purified by TLC and HPLC and their chemical structures were determined. They are 2,10-dimethyl 4-hydroxy-6-oxo-4-undecen-7-yne (1) and 4-(3-methyl-2- butenyl) oxy 1-phenyl acetic acid (2). Compound 1 is very active against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, but inactive against Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. However, compound 2 has no antibiotic activity. The production of 1 was generally associated with growth, whereas that of compound 2 was dissociated from growth. The biosynthesis of these 2 metabolites was influenced by the sources of carbon and nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Awad
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Equipe Génie des Systèmes Microbiens UMR 5503, Toulouse, France
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43
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Xu Z, van den Berg MA, Scheuring C, Covaleda L, Lu H, Santos FA, Uhm T, Lee MK, Wu C, Liu S, Zhang HB. Genome physical mapping from large-insert clones by fingerprint analysis with capillary electrophoresis: a robust physical map of Penicillium chrysogenum. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:e50. [PMID: 15767275 PMCID: PMC1065262 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gni037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical mapping with large-insert clones is becoming an active area of genomics research, and capillary electrophoresis (CE) promises to revolutionize the physical mapping technology. Here, we demonstrate the utility of the CE technology for genome physical mapping with large-insert clones by constructing a robust, binary bacterial artificial chromosome (BIBAC)-based physical map of Penicillium chrysogenum. We fingerprinted 23.1x coverage BIBAC clones with five restriction enzymes and the SNaPshot kit containing four fluorescent-ddNTPs using the CE technology, and explored various strategies to construct quality physical maps. It was shown that the fingerprints labeled with one or two colors, resulting in 40-70 bands per clone, were assembled into much better quality maps than those labeled with three or four colors. The selection of fingerprinting enzymes was crucial to quality map construction. From the dataset labeled with ddTTP-dROX, we assembled a physical map for P.chrysogenum, with 2-3 contigs per chromosome and anchored the map to its chromosomes. This map represents the first physical map constructed using the CE technology, thus providing not only a platform for genomic studies of the penicillin-producing species, but also strategies for efficient use of the CE technology for genome physical mapping of plants, animals and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hong Lu
- Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Steve Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hong-Bin Zhang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 979 862 2244; Fax: +1 979 862 4790;
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Abstract
Methionine has long been known as the major stimulant of the formation of cephalosporin C in Acremonium chrysogenum. Enzymatic and genetic studies of methionine have revealed that it induces four of the enzymes of cephalosporin-C biosynthesis at the level of transcription. It is also converted to cysteine, one of three precursors of cephalosporin C, by cystathionine-gamma-lyase. The main effect of methionine on cephalosporin production results from its regulatory role, which can be duplicated by the non-sulfur analog norleucine. Eliminating cystathionine-gamma-lyase prevents the enhancing precursor effect of methionine on cephalosporin-C production, and cystathionine-gamma-lyase overproduction in moderate doses increases cephalosporin-C formation.
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45
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Nagy Z, Keresztessy Z, Szentirmai A, Biró S. Carbon source regulation of beta-galactosidase biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum. J Basic Microbiol 2002; 41:351-62. [PMID: 11802545 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4028(200112)41:6<351::aid-jobm351>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Growth and beta-galactosidase activity of the penicillin producer industrial Penicillium chrysogenum NCAIM 00237 strain were examined using different carbon sources. Good growth was observed using glucose, sucrose, glycerol and galactose, while growth on lactose was substantially slower. beta-Galactosidase activity was high on lactose and very low on all the other carbon sources tested. In glucose grown cultures after exhaustion of glucose as repressing carbon source a derepressed low level of the enzyme was observed. cAMP concentration in lactose grown cultures was relatively high, in glucose grown cultures was low. Caffeine substantially decreased glucose consumption and growth but did not increase beta-galactosidase activity and did not prevent glucose repression which rules out the involvement of cAMP in the regulation of beta-galactosidase biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Nagy
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Debrecen, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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46
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Hajjaj H, Niederberger P, Duboc P. Lovastatin biosynthesis by Aspergillus terreus in a chemically defined medium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:2596-602. [PMID: 11375168 PMCID: PMC92912 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.6.2596-2602.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lovastatin is a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus terreus. A chemically defined medium was developed in order to investigate the influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on lovastatin biosynthesis. Among several organic and inorganic defined nitrogen sources metabolized by A. terreus, glutamate and histidine gave the highest lovastatin biosynthesis level. For cultures on glucose and glutamate, lovastatin synthesis initiated when glucose consumption levelled off. When A. terreus was grown on lactose, lovastatin production initiated in the presence of residual lactose. Experimental results showed that carbon source starvation is required in addition to relief of glucose repression, while glutamate did not repress biosynthesis. A threefold-higher specific productivity was found with the defined medium on glucose and glutamate, compared to growth on complex medium with glucose, peptonized milk, and yeast extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hajjaj
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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47
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Liu G, Casqueiro J, Bañuelos O, Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Martín JF. Targeted inactivation of the mecB gene, encoding cystathionine-gamma-lyase, shows that the reverse transsulfuration pathway is required for high-level cephalosporin biosynthesis in Acremonium chrysogenum C10 but not for methionine induction of the cephalosporin genes. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:1765-72. [PMID: 11160109 PMCID: PMC95063 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.5.1765-1772.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted gene disruption efficiency in Acremonium chrysogenum was increased 10-fold by applying the double-marker enrichment technique to this filamentous fungus. Disruption of the mecB gene by the double-marker technique was achieved in 5% of the transformants screened. Mutants T6 and T24, obtained by gene replacement, showed an inactive mecB gene by Southern blot analysis and no cystathionine-gamma-lyase activity. These mutants exhibited lower cephalosporin production than that of the control strain, A. chrysogenum C10, in MDFA medium supplemented with methionine. However, there was no difference in cephalosporin production between parental strain A. chrysogenum C10 and the mutants T6 and T24 in Shen's defined fermentation medium (MDFA) without methionine. These results indicate that the supply of cysteine through the transsulfuration pathway is required for high-level cephalosporin biosynthesis but not for low-level production of this antibiotic in methionine-unsupplemented medium. Therefore, cysteine for cephalosporin biosynthesis in A. chrysogenum derives from the autotrophic (SH(2)) and the reverse transsulfuration pathways. Levels of methionine induction of the cephalosporin biosynthesis gene pcbC were identical in the parental strain and the mecB mutants, indicating that the induction effect is not mediated by cystathionine-gamma-lyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liu
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
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Nagy Z, Kiss T, Szentirmai A, Biró S. Beta-galactosidase of Penicillium chrysogenum: production, purification, and characterization of the enzyme. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 21:24-9. [PMID: 11162383 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2000.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular beta-galactosidase from Penicillium chrysogenum NCAIM 00237 was purified by procedures including precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, affinity chromatography, and chromatofocusing. These steps resulted a purification of 66-fold, a yield of about 8%, and a specific activity of 5.84 U mg(-1) protein. Some enzyme characteristics were determined using o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside as substrate. The pH and temperature optimum of the activity were about 4.0 and 30 degrees C respectively. The K(m) and pI values were 1.81 mM and 4.6. beta-Galactosidase of P. chrysogenum is a multimeric enzyme of about 270 kDa composed of monomers with a molecular mass of 66 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Nagy
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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Martín JF. Molecular control of expression of penicillin biosynthesis genes in fungi: regulatory proteins interact with a bidirectional promoter region. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:2355-62. [PMID: 10762232 PMCID: PMC111294 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.9.2355-2362.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J F Martín
- Area of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of León, 24071 León, and Institute of Biotechnology (INBIOTEC), Science Park of León, 24006 León, Spain.
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Kosalková K, Marcos AT, Fierro F, Hernando-Rico V, Gutiérrez S, Martín JF. A novel heptameric sequence (TTAGTAA) is the binding site for a protein required for high level expression of pcbAB, the first gene of the penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:2423-30. [PMID: 10644695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.4.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The first two genes pcbAB and pcbC of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway are expressed from a 1.01-kilobase bidirectional promoter region. A series of sequential deletions were made in the pcbAB promoter region, and the constructions with the modified promoters coupled to the lacZ reporter gene were introduced as single copies at the pyrG locus in Penicillium chrysogenum npe10. Three regions, boxes A, B, and C, produced a significant decrease in expression of the reporter gene when deleted. Protein-DNA complexes were observed by using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay with boxes A and B (complexes AG1, BG1, BG2, and BL1) but not with box C. Uracil interference assay showed that a protein in P. chrysogenum cell extracts interacts with the thymines in a palindromic heptanucleotide TTAGTAA. Point mutations and deletion of the entire TTAGTAA sequence supported the involvement of this sequence in the binding of a transcriptional activator named penicillin transcriptional activator 1 (PTA1). In vivo studies using constructions carrying point mutations in the TTAGTAA sequence (or a deletion of the complete heptanucleotide) confirmed that this intact sequence is required for high level expression of the pcbAB gene. The TTAGTAA sequence resembles the target sequence of BAS2 (PHO2), a factor required for expression of several genes in yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kosalková
- University of León, Faculty of Biology, Area of Microbiology, 24071 León, Spain
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