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Miura P, Amirouche A, Clow C, Bélanger G, Jasmin BJ. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression is repressed during myogenic differentiation by miR-206. J Neurochem 2011; 120:230-8. [PMID: 22081998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07583.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is required for efficient skeletal-muscle regeneration and perturbing its expression causes abnormalities in the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of BDNF suppression that occurs during myogenic differentiation. BDNF is expressed at the mRNA level as two isoforms that differ in the length of their 3'UTRs as a result of alternative cleavage and polyadenylation. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of three miR-206 target sites in the long BDNF 3'UTR (BDNF-L), whereas only one site was found in the short mRNA BDNF 3'UTR (BDNF-S). miR-206 is known to regulate the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts and its expression is induced during the transition from myoblasts to myotubes. We thus examined whether miR-206-mediated suppression is responsible for the expression pattern of BDNF during myogenic differentiation. BDNF-L was suppressed to a greater extent than BDNF-S during differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Transfection of a miR-206 precursor decreased activity of reporters representative of the BDNF-L 3'UTR, but not BDNF-S 3'UTR, and repressed endogenous BDNF mRNA levels. This suppression was found to be dependent on the presence of multiple miR-206 target sites in the BDNF-L 3'UTR. Conversely, suppression of miR-206 levels resulted in de-repression of BDNF 3'UTR reporter activity and increased endogenous BDNF-L mRNA levels. A receptor for BDNF, p75(NTR) , was also suppressed during differentiation and in response to miR-206, but this appeared to not be entirely mediated via a miR-206 target site its 3'UTR. Based on these observations, BDNF represents a novel target through which miR-206 controls the initiation and maintenance of the differentiated state of muscle cells. These results further suggest that miR-206 might play a role in regulating retrograde signaling of BDNF at the neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Miura
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Center for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Stratos I, Madry H, Rotter R, Weimer A, Graff J, Cucchiarini M, Mittlmeier T, Vollmar B. Fibroblast Growth Factor-2–Overexpressing Myoblasts Encapsulated in Alginate Spheres Increase Proliferation, Reduce Apoptosis, Induce Adipogenesis, and Enhance Regeneration Following Skeletal Muscle Injury in Rats. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2867-77. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stratos
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Robert Rotter
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anja Weimer
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Graff
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Mittlmeier
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Clow C, Jasmin BJ. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates satellite cell differentiation and skeltal muscle regeneration. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2182-90. [PMID: 20427568 PMCID: PMC2893983 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-02-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, muscle-specific BDNF knockout animals were generated and compared with BDNF−/− knockouts. Our findings show that muscle-derived BDNF plays an important role in 1) regulating satellite cell proliferation and differentiation and 2) early regeneration after muscle injury. In adult skeletal muscle, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed in myogenic progenitors known as satellite cells. To functionally address the role of BDNF in muscle satellite cells and regeneration in vivo, we generated a mouse in which BDNF is specifically depleted from skeletal muscle cells. For comparative purposes, and to determine the specific role of muscle-derived BDNF, we also examined muscles of the complete BDNF−/− mouse. In both models, expression of the satellite cell marker Pax7 was significantly decreased. Furthermore, proliferation and differentiation of primary myoblasts was abnormal, exhibiting delayed induction of several markers of differentiation as well as decreased myotube size. Treatment with exogenous BDNF protein was sufficient to rescue normal gene expression and myotube size. Because satellite cells are responsible for postnatal growth and repair of skeletal muscle, we next examined whether regenerative capacity was compromised. After injury, BDNF-depleted muscle showed delayed expression of several molecular markers of regeneration, as well as delayed appearance of newly regenerated fibers. Recovery of wild-type BDNF levels was sufficient to restore normal regeneration. Together, these findings suggest that BDNF plays an important role in regulating satellite cell function and regeneration in vivo, particularly during early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Clow
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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Rende M, Rambotti MG, Stabile AM, Pistilli A, Montagnoli C, Chiarelli MT, Mearini E. Novel localization of low affinity NGF receptor (p75) in the stroma of prostate cancer and possible implication in neoplastic invasion: an immunohistochemical and ultracytochemical study. Prostate 2010; 70:555-61. [PMID: 19918800 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The localization of low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75) in prostate carcinogenesis is still unclear. Our aim was to reinvestigate the localization of p75 in normal and pathological prostate and to check a possible correlation to neoplastic grading. METHODS Specimens from 33 prostate cancers and from normal prostatic tissue were analyzed for p75 expression at light and ultrastructural levels. RESULTS In normal tissue p75-immunoreactivity was restricted to basal cells in the epithelial compartment and to nerves and blood vessel in stroma. During carcinogenesis, p75-immunoreactivity progressively decreased at the periphery of the foci according to the increase in malignancy. No p75-immunoreactivity was detected inside of the foci. On the contrary, in stroma we found a dramatic increase in p75-immunoreactivity correlated to an increase in malignancy. In this compartment, for the first time ultrastructural analysis identified p75-immunoreactivity in smooth muscle cells (SMC) that are p75-negative in normal conditions. CONCLUSION The present study confirms at ultrastructural level a malignant-dependent p75 decrease in basal cells of neoplastic foci. Furthermore, we show a novel, malignant-dependent localization of p75 in SMC in the stroma around the neoplastic foci. Since p75 expression is present in muscle cells only during the earliest stages of differentiation and mature muscle cells lose this expression, we hypothesize that p75 re-expression in stromal SMC is a further mechanism related to the general de-differentiation of the stroma connected to the neoplastic invasion. According to this hypothesis, our results suggest that p75 analysis could be a novel prognostic marker for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rende
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Deponti D, Buono R, Catanzaro G, De Palma C, Longhi R, Meneveri R, Bresolin N, Bassi MT, Cossu G, Clementi E, Brunelli S. The low-affinity receptor for neurotrophins p75NTR plays a key role for satellite cell function in muscle repair acting via RhoA. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:3620-7. [PMID: 19553472 PMCID: PMC2777922 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-01-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of muscle fibers, lost during pathological muscle degeneration or after injuries, is mediated by the production of new myofibres. This process, sustained by the resident stem cells of the muscle, the satellite cells, is finely regulated by local cues, in particular by cytokines and growth factors. Evidence in the literature suggests that nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in muscle fiber regeneration; however, its role and mechanism of action were unclear. We have investigated this issue in in vivo mouse models of muscle regeneration and in primary myogenic cells. Our results demonstrate that NGF acts through its low-affinity receptor p75(NTR) in a developmentally regulated signaling pathway necessary to myogenic differentiation and muscle repair in vivo. We also demonstrate that this action of NGF is mediated by the down-regulation of RhoA-GTP signaling in myogenic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Fusion
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/ultrastructure
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Regeneration/physiology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Buono
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Catanzaro
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Clara De Palma
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, LITA-Vialba, University of Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Renato Longhi
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Raffaella Meneveri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20052 Monza, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- *E. Medea Scientific Institute, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milano, 20129 Milan, Italy; and
| | | | - Giulio Cossu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Milano, 20130 Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- *E. Medea Scientific Institute, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, LITA-Vialba, University of Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20052 Monza, Italy
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Chevrel G, Hohlfeld R, Sendtner M. The role of neurotrophins in muscle under physiological and pathological conditions. Muscle Nerve 2006; 33:462-76. [PMID: 16228973 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the various effects of neurotrophins in skeletal muscle and how these proteins act as potential regulators of development, maintenance, function, and regeneration of skeletal muscle fibers. Increasing evidence suggests that this family of neurotrophic factors not only modulates survival and function of innervating motoneurons and proprioceptive neurons but also development and differentiation of myoblasts and muscle fibers. Neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors play a role in the coordination of muscle innervation and functional differentiation of neuromuscular junctions. However, neurotrophin receptors are also expressed in differentiating muscle cells, in particular at early developmental stages in myoblasts before they fuse. In adults with pathological conditions such as human degenerative and inflammatory muscle disorders, variations of neurotrophin expression are found, but the role of neurotrophins under such conditions is still not clear. The goal of this review is to provide a basis for a better understanding and future studies on the role of these factors under such pathological conditions and for treatment of human muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Chevrel
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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Reddypalli S, Roll K, Lee HK, Lundell M, Barea-Rodriguez E, Wheeler EF. p75NTR-mediated signaling promotes the survival of myoblasts and influences muscle strength. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:819-29. [PMID: 15754321 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During muscle development, the p75(NTR) is expressed transiently on myoblasts. The temporal expression pattern of the receptor raises the possibility that the receptor is influencing muscle development. To test this hypothesis, p75(NTR)-deficient mutant mice were tested for muscle strength by using a standard wire gripe strength test and were found to have significantly decreased strength relative to that of normal mice. When normal mybolasts were examined in vivo for expression of NGF receptors, p75(NTR) was detected on myoblasts but the high affinity NGF receptor, trk A, was not co-expressed with p75(NTR). In vitro, proliferating C2C12 and primary myoblasts co-expressed the p75(NTR) and MyoD, but immunofluorescent analysis of primary myoblasts and RT-PCR analysis of C2C12 mRNA revealed that myoblasts were devoid of trk A. In contrast to the cell death functions that characterize the p75(NTR) in neurons, p75(NTR)-positive primary and C2C12 myoblasts did not differentiate or undergo apoptosis in response to neurotrophins. Rather, myoblasts survived and even proliferated when grown at subconfluent densities in the presence of the neurotrophins. Furthermore, when myoblasts treated with NGF were lysed and immunoprecipitated with antibodies against phosphorylated I-kappaB and AKT, the cells contained increased levels of both phospho-proteins, both of which promote cell survival. By contrast, neurotrophin-treated myoblasts did not induce phosphorylation of Map Kinase p42/44 or p38, indicating the survival was not mediated by the trk A receptor. Taken together, the data indicate that the p75(NTR) mediates survival of myoblasts prior to differentiation and that the activity of this receptor during myogenesis is important for developing muscle.
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Rende M, Brizi E, Conner J, Treves S, Censier K, Provenzano C, Taglialatela G, Sanna PP, Donato R. Nerve growth factor (NGF) influences differentiation and proliferation of myogenic cells in vitro via TrKA. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000; 18:869-85. [PMID: 11154856 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(00)00041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic studies have established that muscle cells exert trophic actions on neurons of the developing peripheral nervous system through the production of neurotrophins. For this reason neurotrophins are also known as 'target-derived factors'. During differentiation, muscle cells also express some neurotrophin receptors, such as the low-affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor, which binds all neurotrophins, and the high affinity tyrosine kinase receptor TrKA, nerve growth factor (NGF) transducing receptor. The functional roles of these receptors in muscle cells are still unclear and only fragmentary and controversial data are available regarding the responsiveness of muscle cells to NGF. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of NGF on cells of myogenic lineage. The rat myogenic cell line L6, primary cultures of adult human myoblasts, and the human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line TE-671 were used in this study. As expected, all the three cell types expressed NGF, p75 and TrKA. NGF was expressed by L6 and primary myoblasts following differentiation, but it was constitutively expressed at high levels in the TE-671 rhabdomyosarcoma cells. In L6 myoblasts, p75 receptor was expressed in myoblasts but not in myotubes early after plating; while some primary human myoblasts expressed it at all the time-points tested. Some fusiform cells of the TE-671 rhabdomyosarcoma cell line also expressed p75. TrKA was constitutively immunodetected in all the three cell lines, suggesting that these cells may respond to NGF. Addition of exogenous NGF increased the fusion rate of both primary and L6 myoblasts, as well as the proliferation of the slowly dividing primary myoblasts. Consistently, blocking the action of endogenously produced NGF with a specific neutralizing antibody decreased the percentage of fusion in both primary and L6 myoblasts. On the contrary, blocking the binding of NGF to p75 did not affect the percentage of fusion. Furthermore, neither exogenous NGF nor NGF- or p75-neutralizing antibodies appeared to affect the rhabdomyosarcoma cells, which have a high proliferation rate and do not fuse. Pharmacological inhibition of TrKA signal transduction with K252a (in the nM range) and tyrphostin AG879 (in the low microM range) resulted in a dramatic dose-dependent decrease in proliferation of all of the myogenic cell lines tested. Interestingly, this was especially evident in the rapidly dividing rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. The TrKA inhibitors also blocked fusion of L6 and primary myoblasts and induced morphological changes characterized by the flattening of the cells and a 'spider-like' rearrangement of the intermediate filaments in all three cell lines with some minor differences. A transfection study showed that p75-overexpressing L6 cells do not fuse and present changes in their morphology similar to the TrKA-inhibitors treated L6 cells. These data support the notion that NGF expression in skeletal muscle is not only associated with a classical target-derived neurotrophic function for peripheral nervous system neurons, but also with an autocrine action which affects the proliferation, fusion into myotubes, and cell morphology of developing myoblasts. The present data also suggest that these effects of NGF are mediated by TrKA receptors and that a sustained presence of NGF is needed for increase fusion into myotubes. Lastly, the dramatic anti-proliferative effect of TrKA inhibitors on myogenic cells, and especially on the TE-671 rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, suggests that pharmacological interference with NGF signal transduction could be effective in the control of these malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Carbazoles/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Indole Alkaloids
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/chemistry
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nerve Growth Factor/analysis
- Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Neutralization Tests
- Rats
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/analysis
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptor, trkA/analysis
- Receptor, trkA/metabolism
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Stem Cells/chemistry
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tyrphostins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rende
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia School of Medicine, Italy.
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