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Rungratanawanich W, Qu Y, Wang X, Essa MM, Song BJ. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts in aging-related diseases and alcohol-mediated tissue injury. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:168-188. [PMID: 33568752 PMCID: PMC8080618 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are potentially harmful and heterogeneous molecules derived from nonenzymatic glycation. The pathological implications of AGEs are ascribed to their ability to promote oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Recent studies in basic and translational research have revealed the contributing roles of AGEs in the development and progression of various aging-related pathological conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular complications, gut microbiome-associated illnesses, liver or neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Excessive chronic and/or acute binge consumption of alcohol (ethanol), a widely consumed addictive substance, is known to cause more than 200 diseases, including alcohol use disorder (addiction), alcoholic liver disease, and brain damage. However, despite the considerable amount of research in this area, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which alcohol abuse causes cellular toxicity and organ damage remain to be further characterized. In this review, we first briefly describe the properties of AGEs: their formation, accumulation, and receptor interactions. We then focus on the causative functions of AGEs that impact various aging-related diseases. We also highlight the biological connection of AGE-alcohol-adduct formations to alcohol-mediated tissue injury. Finally, we describe the potential translational research opportunities for treatment of various AGE- and/or alcohol-related adduct-associated disorders according to the mechanistic insights presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiramon Rungratanawanich
- grid.420085.b0000 0004 0481 4802Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Ying Qu
- grid.420085.b0000 0004 0481 4802Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Neuroapoptosis Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Musthafa Mohamed Essa
- grid.412846.d0000 0001 0726 9430Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Aging and Dementia Research Group, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud, Muscat, Oman ,grid.412846.d0000 0001 0726 9430Aging and Dementia Research Group, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Byoung-Joon Song
- grid.420085.b0000 0004 0481 4802Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Singh D, Negi TS, Upadhyay G, Choudhuri G. Polymorphism of Alcohol Metabolizing Gene ADH3 Predisposes to Development of Alcoholic Pancreatitis in North Indian Population. Front Mol Biosci 2015; 2:67. [PMID: 26734614 PMCID: PMC4680944 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim: Genetic factors regulating alcohol metabolism could predispose in developing alcoholic pancreatitis (ACP). Studies revealed that alcohol could be metabolized by both ways, oxidative and non-oxidative. The main oxidative pathway includes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), and cytochrome P450 enzyme. We investigated the association of polymorphisms in these enzymes with the alcoholic pancreatitis in the north Indian population. Method: Patients with alcoholic pancreatitis (ACP; n = 72), tropical calcific pancreatitis (TCP; n = 75), alcoholic controls (AC; n = 40), and healthy controls (HC; n = 100) were included in the study. Blood samples were collected from the subjects in EDTA coated vials. DNA was extracted and genotyping for ADH3, ALDH2, and CYP2E1 was done by PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction—restriction fragment length polymorphism). The products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Result: The frequency distribution of ADH3*1/*1 genotype was significantly higher in ACP group (59.7%) compared with TCP (38.7%), HC (42%), and AC (37.5%) and was found to be associated with increased risk of alcoholic pancreatitis. There was no statistically significant difference between the frequency distribution of ADH3*1/*1, ADH3*1/*2, and ADH3*2/*2 genotypes between TCP and HC or healthy alcoholics. ALDH2 gene was monomorphic in our population, and the frequencies for CYP2E1 intron 6 Dra I polymorphism were comparable in all the four groups. Conclusion: This study shows that carriers of ADH3*1/*1 individuals consuming alcohol are at higher risk for alcoholic pancreatitis than those with other genotypes such as ADH3*1/*2 and ADH3*2/*2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Singh
- Department of Biology, City College of New YorkNew York, NY, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical SciencesLucknow, India
| | - Tajwar S Negi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow, India
| | | | - Gourdas Choudhuri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical SciencesLucknow, India; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Fortis Memorial Research InstituteGurgaon, India
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Yan X, Luo X, Zhao M. Metagenomic analysis of microbial community in uranium-contaminated soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:299-310. [PMID: 26433967 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Uranium tailing is a serious pollution challenge for the environment. Based on metagenomic sequencing analysis, we explored the functional and structural diversity of the microbial community in six soil samples taken at different soil depths from uranium-contaminated and uncontaminated areas. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Orthology (KO) groups were obtained using a Basic Local Alignment Search Tool search based on the universal protein resource database. The KO-pathway network was then constructed using the selected KOs. Finally, alpha and beta diversity analyses were performed to explore the differences in soil bacterial diversity between the radioactive soil and uncontaminated soil. In total, 30-68 million high-quality reads were obtained. Sequence assembly yielded 286,615 contigs; and these contigs mostly annotated to 1699 KOs. The KO distributions were similar among the six soil samples. Moreover, the proportion of the metabolism of other amino acids (e.g., beta-alanine, taurine, and hypotaurine) and signal transduction was significantly lower in radioactive soil than in uncontaminated soil, whereas the proportion of membrane transport and carbohydrate metabolism was higher. Additionally, KOs were mostly enriched in ATP-binding cassette transporters and two-component systems. According to diversity analyses, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla in radioactive and uncontaminated soil, and Robiginitalea, Microlunatus, and Alicyclobacillus were the dominant genera in radioactive soil. Taken together, these results demonstrate that soil microbial community, structure, and functions show significant changes in uranium-contaminated soil. The dominant categories such as Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria may be applied in environmental governance for uranium-contaminated soil in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, 161006, China
| | - Xuegang Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621010, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
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Zhong Y, Cao J, Zou R, Peng M. Genetic polymorphisms in alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase and alcoholic chronic pancreatitis susceptibility: a meta-analysis. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2014; 38:417-25. [PMID: 25541509 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was aimed to determine the relationship of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes ADH2, ADH3, and ALDH2 polymorphisms with the susceptibility to alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (ACP). METHODS Meta-analyses that evaluated the association of ADH2, ADH3, and ALDH2 variations with ACP were performed. RESULTS Eight case-control studies were selected for analysis. The overall data revealed a significant association of ADH2 polymorphism (OR=1.56, 95% CI=1.42-1.72, P=0.000 for dominant model; OR=1.63, 95% CI=1.55-1.71, P=0.000 for homozygote comparison model; OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.01-1.22, P=0.030 for allelic contrast model), ADH3 polymorphism (OR=0.95, 95% CI=0.86-1.06, P=0.389 for dominant; OR=0.64, 95% CI=0.44-0.93, P=0.020 for homozygote comparison; and OR=0.87, 95% CI=0.77-0.99, P=0.039 for allelic contrast model) and ALDH2 polymorphism (OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.40-0.81, P=0.002 for dominant; OR=0.50, 95% CI=0.23-1.08, P=0.079 for homozygote comparison; and OR=0.58, 95% CI=0.41-0.84, P=0.003 for allelic contrast model) with ACP risk. The subgroup analyses suggested that the variant ADH2*2/*2+*1/*2, ADH2*2/*2 genotype and ADH2*2 allele significantly increased ACP risk among Asian individuals; the variant ADH3*2/*2 genotype and ADH3*2 allele significantly decreased ACP risk among non-Asian individuals; and the variant ALDH2*2/*2+*1/*2 genotype and ALDH2*2 allele significantly decreased ACP risk among Asians. CONCLUSIONS ADH2, ADH3 and ALDH2 polymorphisms may be susceptibility facts of ACP, and it may be ethnic and race-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhong
- ICU Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Furong, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Respiratory, Anhui Provincial Hospital, No. 17 Luyang Road, Hefei 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Runmei Zou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Furong, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Mou Peng
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Middle Road, Furong, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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Determination of the effects of Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) 1B and ADH1C polymorphisms on alcohol dependence in Turkey. Sci Justice 2012; 52:58-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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da Costa MZG, Guarita DR, Ono-Nita SK, Paranaguá-Vezozzo DC, Felga GEG, Pedroso MRA, de Souza MMT, Nasser PD, Ferreira CDS, Carrilho FJ. Genetic risk for alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:2747-57. [PMID: 21845156 PMCID: PMC3155327 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8072747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years many studies have examined the genetic predisposition to pancreatic diseases. Pancreatic disease of an alcoholic etiology was determined to be a multi-factorial disease, where environmental factors interact with the genetic profile of the individual. In this review we discuss the main results from studies examining the frequency of genetic mutations in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis.
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Genetic factors in chronic pancreatitis; implications for diagnosis, management and prognosis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 24:251-70. [PMID: 20510827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a clinical situation with persisting inflammation leading to destruction of the pancreas ensuing endocrine and exocrine failure. There are 4 subtypes: hereditary, idiopathic, alcoholic and tropical pancreatitis. Genetic factors can explain a significant proportion of CP cases. The PRSS1 gene, encoding cationic trypsinogen, was found to be correlated with hereditary CP. This signalled the extensive search for other candidate genes within the trypsin pathway. Genes like SPINK1 and CTRC are associated with CP and should be considered as important contributing factors rather than causative. The search for candidate genes not part of the trypsin pathway has been less successful and the only gene consistently associated with CP is the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator. In this review we will discuss the various CP subtypes in relation to the respective genetic variants. This review will also address the implications of genetic testing in daily clinical practise.
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García-Martín E, Martínez C, Serrador M, Alonso-Navarro H, Navacerrada F, Agúndez JAG, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 genotype and risk for migraine. Headache 2009; 50:85-91. [PMID: 19486361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Alcohol has been traditionally considered a possible migraine trigger factor. Alcohol-dehydrogenase (ADH) enzymes are thought to play important roles in the metabolism of ethanol. Relevant polymorphism has been found only for 2 of the ADH genes (mapped on chromosome ): ADH 1B, betapolypeptide (ADH2) and ADH3. The polymorphism rs1229984, located in the third exon of the human ADH2 gene, causes the amino acid substitution Arg48His. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between ADH2 polymorphism and the risk for migraine and for triggering migraine attacks. METHODS We studied the frequency of the ADH2 genotypes and allelic variants in 197 patients with migraine and 255 healthy controls using allele-specific PCR amplification and MslI-RFLP's analyses. RESULTS The frequencies of ADH2 Arg/His genotype and of ADH2 His allele were significantly lower in patients with migraine when compared with those of controls, and were unrelated with the age of onset of migraine attacks, family history of migraine or presence of aura. The frequency of the allelic variant ADH2 His (ADH2*2) was significantly higher in the group of patients who reported triggering of migraine by alcohol when compared with the group who reported no effect. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that ADH2 Arg/His genotype should be associated with a decreased risk for migraine, while the ADH2 His allelic variant should be related with the risk for triggering migraine attacks after alcohol consumption in our population of migraine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena García-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Extremadura
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Martínez C, García-Martín E, Alonso-Navarro H, Benito-León J, Puertas I, Rubio L, López-Alburquerque T, Agúndez JAG, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Alcohol dehydrogenase 2 genotype and allelic variants are not associated with the risk for essential tremor. Clin Neuropharmacol 2007; 30:196-200. [PMID: 17762315 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0b013e3180413d94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible association between alcohol dehydrogenase 1B, beta-polypeptide (ADH2) genotype and allelic variants and the risk for developing essential tremor (ET). METHODS Leukocytary DNA from 204 ET patients and 200 healthy controls was studied for the genotype ADH2 and the occurrence of ADH2 allelic variants using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and MslI-restriction fragment length polymorphism's analyses. RESULTS The frequencies of the ADH2*1/ADH2*2 genotype and of the allelic variant ADH2*2 did not differ significantly in ET patients when compared with those of the controls. The mean age at onset of ET did not differ significantly between patients with genotypes ADH2*1/ADH2*2 and ADH2*1/ADH2*1. The frequencies of the genotype ADH2*1/ADH2*2 and of the allelic variant ADH2*2 in patients with voice, tongue, and chin tremors did not differ from those of the controls, whereas patients with voice tremor showed lower frequencies of mutated genotypes and ADH2*2 alleles. The frequencies of ADH2 genotypes and ADH2 alleles did not differ significantly between patients who did not drink ethanol and those who reported improvement, no improvement, or unknown response of tremor to ethanol. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ADH2 genotype and allelic variants are not associated with the risk for ET in white Spanish people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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Green RF, Stoler JM. Alcohol dehydrogenase 1B genotype and fetal alcohol syndrome: a HuGE minireview. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197:12-25. [PMID: 17618743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 1 of the most common developmental disabilities in the United States, occurs at a rate of 0.5-2.0:1000 live births. Animal model, family, and twin studies suggest a genetic component to FAS susceptibility. Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) catalyze the rate-limiting step in alcohol metabolism. Studies of genetic associations with FAS have focused on the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) gene, comparing mothers and children with the alleles ADH1B*2 or ADH1B*3, associated with faster ethanol metabolism, with those homozygous for ADH1B*1. While most studies have found a protective effect for genotypes containing ADH1B*2 or ADH1B*3, results have been conflicting, and further investigation into the association between the ADH1B genotype and FAS is needed. Whether increased alcohol intake accounts for the elevated risk reported for the ADH1B*1/ADH1B*1 genotype should be addressed, and future studies would benefit from consistent case definitions, enhanced exposure measurements, larger sample sizes, and careful study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridgely Fisk Green
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Abstract
Only a small proportion of heavy drinking individuals develop pancreatitis. The environmental and host cofactors shown to have an association with alcoholic pancreatitis are smoking and race. The known genetic variations and polymorphisms do not seem to play an important role in alcoholic pancreatitis. Newer developments in the understanding of complex disorders allow clinicians to understand better the role of cofactors and interactions between known and yet unknown environmental and genetic factors in causing alcoholic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Yadav
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Chowdhury P, Gupta P. Pathophysiology of alcoholic pancreatitis: an overview. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:7421-7. [PMID: 17167828 PMCID: PMC4087585 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i46.7421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2006] [Revised: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of alcohol is a worldwide habit regardless of socio-economic background. Heavy alcohol consumption is a potential risk factor for induction of pancreatitis. The current review cites the updated literature on the alcohol metabolism, its effects on gastrointestinal and pancreatic function and in causing pancreatic injury, genetic predisposition of alcohol induced pancreatitis. Reports describing prospective mechanisms of action of alcohol activating the signal transduction pathways, induction of oxidative stress parameters through the development of animal models are being presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimal Chowdhury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States.
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Abstract
Chronic, excessive alcohol consumption is clearly associated with acute and chronic pancreatitis. However, both clinical and laboratory studies have demonstrated that alcohol consumption alone does not directly cause pancreatitis. Growing evidence suggests that environmental and possibly genetic cofactors must also be present before the mechanisms protecting the pancreas from pancreatitis are circumvented and pancreatitis develops. The discovery that mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene (R122H, N29I) predisposed to acute and chronic pancreatitis focused attention on possible genetic predispositions. Mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene, however, are rarely associated with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis. Mutations in the SPINK1 gene (e.g. N34S) provide a threefold increased risk, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations continue to be investigated. However, the major cofactor associated with alcoholic chronic pancreatitis is yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Hanck
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, PUH, University of Pittsburgh, 571 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Nakamura Y, Ishikawa A, Sekiguchi S, Kuroda M, Imazeki H, Higuchi S. Spirits and gastrectomy increase risk for chronic pancreatitis in Japanese male alcoholics. Pancreas 2003; 26:e27-31. [PMID: 12604924 DOI: 10.1097/00006676-200303000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most cases of chronic pancreatitis are alcohol-related, but not all alcoholics develop pancreatitis. AIM To elucidate historical and biologic risk factors for this disease. METHODOLOGY Alcoholic Japanese men (n = 132) consecutively admitted to the National Alcoholism Center over 24 months, including 54 with chronic pancreatitis (diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) and 78 without, were surveyed about drinking history, smoking, education, and marital status, and tested for amylase, glycosylated hemoglobin, body mass, alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes, and K-ras gene mutations in pancreatic juice. RESULTS Higher risk for chronic pancreatitis was associated with drinking spirits rather than lower-alcohol beverages (odds ratio [OR], 2.58; p= 0.01). Daily ethanol consumption by those who drank spirits was greater than that among those who drank lower-alcohol beverages; however, no differences in either daily ethanol consumption or duration of drinking were observed between alcoholics with and without chronic pancreatitis. Postgastrectomy patients were at higher risk for chronic pancreatitis than unoperated comparison subjects (OR, 4.35, P< 0.05). Elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (OR, 4.62, p< 0.01), decreased amylase (OR 4.20, P<0.02), and low body mass (OR 1.89, P<0.1) were more frequent in alcoholics with chronic pancreatitis. K- gene mutations existed in 18.8% of alcoholics with chronic pancreatitis but in only 11.4% of those without the disorder. The frequencies of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase genotypes in alcoholics with and without pancreatitis did not differ significantly. CONCLUSION Our study strongly suggested that spirits and partial gastrectomy increase the risk for chronic pancreatitis in male alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Nakamura
- Institute of Clinical Research, National Alcoholism Center, Kurihama Hospital, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatitis has a proven genetic basis in a minority of patients. METHODS Review of the literature on genetics of pancreatitis. RESULTS Ever since the discovery that in most patients with hereditary pancreatitis a mutation in the gene encoding for cationic trypsinogen (R122H) was found that results in a gain of trypsin function', many other mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene, as well as in the gene encoding for pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, have been found in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore, mutations in other genes, like the mucoviscoidosis-gene encoding for a chloride channel, and in genes encoding for enzymes involved in the metabolism of ethanol, have been linked to chronic pancreatitis. This article reviews the highlights that have been achieved in this field of pancreatic research. CONCLUSIONS Recent data suggest that genetics may play a role in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B M J Jansen
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, UMC St. Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Ames BN, Elson-Schwab I, Silver EA. High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme binding affinity (increased K(m)): relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75:616-58. [PMID: 11916749 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/75.4.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As many as one-third of mutations in a gene result in the corresponding enzyme having an increased Michaelis constant, or K(m), (decreased binding affinity) for a coenzyme, resulting in a lower rate of reaction. About 50 human genetic dis-eases due to defective enzymes can be remedied or ameliorated by the administration of high doses of the vitamin component of the corresponding coenzyme, which at least partially restores enzymatic activity. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms, in which the variant amino acid reduces coenzyme binding and thus enzymatic activity, are likely to be remediable by raising cellular concentrations of the cofactor through high-dose vitamin therapy. Some examples include the alanine-to-valine substitution at codon 222 (Ala222-->Val) [DNA: C-to-T substitution at nucleo-tide 677 (677C-->T)] in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH) and the cofactor FAD (in relation to cardiovascular disease, migraines, and rages), the Pro187-->Ser (DNA: 609C-->T) mutation in NAD(P):quinone oxidoreductase 1 [NAD(P)H dehy-drogenase (quinone)] and FAD (in relation to cancer), the Ala44-->Gly (DNA: 131C-->G) mutation in glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase and NADP (in relation to favism and hemolytic anemia), and the Glu487-->Lys mutation (present in one-half of Asians) in aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD + ) and NAD (in relation to alcohol intolerance, Alzheimer disease, and cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce N Ames
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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Abstract
Current knowledge about chronic pancreatitis (CP) is limited and there is a particular dearth of information about the entity known as tropical pancreatitis. A consensus working party was convened by the Trustees of the Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Foundation to conduct a systematic investigation into available evidence about the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of CP. A literature search and formal survey of international experts in the field were used to assemble reliable evidence about these issues. The present review summarizes the results of the working party's findings and presents a series of practice guidelines to improve diagnosis, investigation and treatment of patients with CP, particularly those in the Asia-Pacific region. Areas for further research have also been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Tandon
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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