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Germain SJ, Lutz JA. Shared friends counterbalance shared enemies in old forests. Ecology 2021; 102:e03495. [PMID: 34309021 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal mutualisms are nearly ubiquitous across plant communities. Yet, it is still unknown whether facilitation among plants arises primarily from these mycorrhizal networks or from physical and ecological attributes of plants themselves. Here, we tested the relative contributions of mycorrhizae and plants to both positive and negative biotic interactions to determine whether plant-soil feedbacks with mycorrhizae neutralize competition and enemies within multitrophic forest community networks. We used Bayesian hierarchical generalized linear modeling to examine mycorrhizal-guild-specific and mortality-cause-specific woody plant survival compiled from a spatially and temporally explicit data set comprising 101,096 woody plants from three mixed-conifer forests across western North America. We found positive plant-soil feedbacks for large-diameter trees: species-rich woody plant communities indirectly promoted large tree survival when connected via mycorrhizal networks. Shared mycorrhizae primarily counterbalanced apparent competition mediated by tree enemies (e.g., bark beetles, soil pathogens) rather than diffuse competition between plants. We did not find the same survival benefits for small trees or shrubs. Our findings suggest that lower large-diameter tree mortality susceptibility in species-rich temperate forests resulted from greater access to shared mycorrhizal networks. The interrelated importance of aboveground and belowground biodiversity to large tree survival may be critical for counteracting increasing pathogen, bark beetle, and density threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Germain
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-5230, USA
| | - James A Lutz
- Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-5230, USA
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2
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Seybold SJ, Bentz BJ, Fettig CJ, Lundquist JE, Progar RA, Gillette NE. Management of Western North American Bark Beetles with Semiochemicals. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:407-432. [PMID: 29058977 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We summarize the status of semiochemical-based management of the major bark beetle species in western North America. The conifer forests of this region have a long history of profound impacts by phloem-feeding bark beetles, and species such as the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and the spruce beetle (D. rufipennis) have recently undergone epic outbreaks linked to changing climate. At the same time, great strides are being made in the application of semiochemicals to the integrated pest management of bark beetles. In this review, we synthesize and interpret these recent advances in applied chemical ecology of bark beetles for scientists and land managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Seybold
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, California, 95618, USA; , ,
| | - Barbara J Bentz
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Logan, Utah, 84321, USA;
| | - Christopher J Fettig
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, California, 95618, USA; , ,
| | - John E Lundquist
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Anchorage, Alaska, 99501, USA;
| | - Robert A Progar
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, La Grande, Oregon, 97850, USA;
| | - Nancy E Gillette
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, California, 95618, USA; , ,
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Kerr JL, Kelly D, Bader MKF, Brockerhoff EG. Olfactory Cues, Visual Cues, and Semiochemical Diversity Interact During Host Location by Invasive Forest Beetles. J Chem Ecol 2016; 43:17-25. [PMID: 27832345 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant-feeding insects use visual and olfactory cues (shape, color, plant volatiles) for host location, but the relative importance of different cues and interactions with non-host-plant volatiles in ecosystems of varying plant biodiversity is unclear for most species. We studied invasive bark beetles and wood borers associated with pine trees to characterize interactions among color, host and non-host volatiles, by employing traps that mimic tree trunks. Cross-vane flight intercept traps (black, green, red, white, yellow, clear) and black funnel traps were used with and without attractants (α-pinene + ethanol), repellents (non-host green leaf volatiles, 'GLV'), and attractant/repellent combinations in four pine forests in New Zealand. We trapped 274,594 Hylurgus ligniperda, 7842 Hylastes ater, and 16,301 Arhopalus ferus. Trap color, attractant, and color × attractant effects were highly significant. Overall, black and red traps had the highest catches, irrespective of the presence of attractants. Alpha-pinene plus ethanol increased trap catch of H. ligniperda 200-fold but only 6-fold for H. ater and 2-fold for A. ferus. Green leaf volatiles had a substantial repellent effect on trap catch of H. ligniperda but less on H. ater and A. ferus. Attack by H. ligniperda was halved when logs were treated with GLV, and a similar effect was observed when logs were placed among broadleaved understory shrubs emitting GLV. Overall, H. ligniperda was most strongly affected by the olfactory cues used, whereas H. ater and A. ferus were more strongly affected by visual cues. Collectively, the results support the semiochemical diversity hypothesis, indicating that non-host plant volatiles from diverse plant communities or artificial dispensers can contribute to resistance against herbivores by partly disrupting host location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Kerr
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Christchurch, New Zealand.,University of Canterbury, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Dave Kelly
- University of Canterbury, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Martin K-F Bader
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Eckehard G Brockerhoff
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Christchurch, New Zealand. .,University of Canterbury, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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4
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Disturbance Agents and Their Associated Effects on the Health of Interior Douglas-Fir Forests in the Central Rocky Mountains. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Guyot V, Castagneyrol B, Vialatte A, Deconchat M, Selvi F, Bussotti F, Jactel H. Tree Diversity Limits the Impact of an Invasive Forest Pest. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136469. [PMID: 26360881 PMCID: PMC4567311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of invasive herbivore species may be lower in more diverse plant communities due to mechanisms of associational resistance. According to the "resource concentration hypothesis" the amount and accessibility of host plants is reduced in diverse plant communities, thus limiting the exploitation of resources by consumers. In addition, the "natural enemy hypothesis" suggests that richer plant assemblages provide natural enemies with more complementary resources and habitats, thus promoting top down regulation of herbivores. We tested these two hypotheses by comparing crown damage by the invasive Asian chestnut gall wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) on chestnut trees (Castanea sativa) in pure and mixed stands in Italy. We estimated the defoliation on 70 chestnut trees in 15 mature stands sampled in the same region along a gradient of tree species richness ranging from one species (chestnut monocultures) to four species (mixtures of chestnut and three broadleaved species). Chestnut defoliation was significantly lower in stands with higher tree diversity. Damage on individual chestnut trees decreased with increasing height of neighboring, heterospecific trees. These results suggest that conservation biological control method based on tree species mixtures might help to reduce the impact of the Asian chestnut gall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Guyot
- INRA, DYNAFOR, UMR 1201, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- INRA, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, 33610 Cestas, France
| | - Bastien Castagneyrol
- Université de Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, 33405 Talence, France
- INRA, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, 33610 Cestas, France
| | - Aude Vialatte
- INRA, DYNAFOR, UMR 1201, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- Université de Toulouse, INPT-ENSAT, DYNAFOR, UMR 1201, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | - Federico Selvi
- Università di Firenze, DISPAA, Laboratori di Botanica, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Università di Firenze, DISPAA, Laboratori di Botanica, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Hervé Jactel
- Université de Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, 33405 Talence, France
- INRA, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, 33610 Cestas, France
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Njihia TN, Jaramillo J, Murungi L, Mwenda D, Orindi B, Poehling HM, Torto B. Spiroacetals in the colonization behaviour of the coffee berry borer: a 'push-pull' system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111316. [PMID: 25380135 PMCID: PMC4224388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee berries are known to release several volatile organic compounds, among which is the spiroacetal, conophthorin, an attractant for the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei. Elucidating the effects of other spiroacetals released by coffee berries is critical to understanding their chemo-ecological roles in the host discrimination and colonization process of the coffee berry borer, and also for their potential use in the management of this pest. Here, we show that the coffee berry spiroacetals frontalin and 1,6-dioxaspiro [4.5] decane (referred thereafter as brocain), are also used as semiochemicals by the coffee berry borer for host colonization. Bioassays and chemical analyses showed that crowding coffee berry borers from 2 to 6 females per berry, reduced borer fecundity, which appeared to correlate with a decrease in the emission rates of conophthorin and frontalin over time. In contrast, the level of brocain did not vary significantly between borer- uninfested and infested berries. Brocain was attractive at lower doses, but repellent at higher doses while frontalin alone or in a blend was critical for avoidance. Field assays with a commercial attractant comprising a mixture of ethanol and methanol (1 ∶ 1), combined with frontalin, confirmed the repellent effect of this compound by disrupting capture rates of H. hampei females by 77% in a coffee plantation. Overall, our results suggest that the levels of frontalin and conophthorin released by coffee berries determine the host colonization behaviour of H. hampei, possibly through a 'push-pull' system, whereby frontalin acts as the 'push' (repellent) and conophthorin acting as the 'pull' (attractant). Furthermore, our results reveal the potential use of frontalin as a repellent for management of this coffee pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresiah Nyambura Njihia
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Juliana Jaramillo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems - Plant Protection, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lucy Murungi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Horticulture, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dickson Mwenda
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benedict Orindi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hans-Michael Poehling
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems - Plant Protection, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Gillette NE, Kegley SJ, Costello SL, Mori SR, Webster JN, Mehmel CJ, Wood DL. Efficacy of verbenone and green leaf volatiles for protecting whitebark and limber pines from attack by mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:1019-1026. [PMID: 25003785 DOI: 10.1603/en12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To develop safe and effective methods to protect whitebark pines, Pinus albicaulis Engelmann, and limber pines, Pinus flexilis James, from attack by mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), we compared verbenone and verbenone plus green leaf volatiles (GLVs) for prevention of beetle attack. We used two strategies: area-wide protection where semiochemical-releasing flakes are dispersed over the forest floor, and individual tree tests where flakes are applied to tree trunks. The area-wide bioassays were conducted by applying verbenone- and GLV-releasing flakes without stickers to the forest floor on 0.81-ha plots dominated by whitebark pines in the State of Washington with four replicates. We conducted individual tree bioassays by applying the same formulations with stickers to whitebark and limber pines in Montana and Colorado, respectively. In all three situations, both verbenone-alone and verbenone plus GLVs significantly increased the proportion of trees escaping mass attack by beetles, but the two formulations were not significantly different from one another. Despite a lack of significance at a Bonferroni-adjusted α = 0.05, adding GLVs gave slightly greater absolute levels of tree protection in most cases. Monitoring traps placed in the area-wide treatments in Washington showed similar outcomes for numbers of beetles trapped: both treatments had significantly fewer beetles than controls, and they were not significantly different from one another. At peak flight, however, plots with GLVs combined with verbenone had roughly 40% fewer beetles than plots with verbenone alone. GLVs are considerably cheaper than verbenone, so tests of higher application rates may be warranted to achieve enhanced tree protection at reasonable cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Gillette
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific SW Research Station, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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Jaramillo J, Torto B, Mwenda D, Troeger A, Borgemeister C, Poehling HM, Francke W. Coffee berry borer joins bark beetles in coffee klatch. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74277. [PMID: 24073204 PMCID: PMC3779205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unanswered key questions in bark beetle-plant interactions concern host finding in species attacking angiosperms in tropical zones and whether management strategies based on chemical signaling used for their conifer-attacking temperate relatives may also be applied in the tropics. We hypothesized that there should be a common link in chemical signaling mediating host location by these Scolytids. Using laboratory behavioral assays and chemical analysis we demonstrate that the yellow-orange exocarp stage of coffee berries, which attracts the coffee berry borer, releases relatively high amounts of volatiles including conophthorin, chalcogran, frontalin and sulcatone that are typically associated with Scolytinae chemical ecology. The green stage of the berry produces a much less complex bouquet containing small amounts of conophthorin but no other compounds known as bark beetle semiochemicals. In behavioral assays, the coffee berry borer was attracted to the spiroacetals conophthorin and chalcogran, but avoided the monoterpenes verbenone and α-pinene, demonstrating that, as in their conifer-attacking relatives in temperate zones, the use of host and non-host volatiles is also critical in host finding by tropical species. We speculate that microorganisms formed a common basis for the establishment of crucial chemical signals comprising inter- and intraspecific communication systems in both temperate- and tropical-occurring bark beetles attacking gymnosperms and angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Jaramillo
- Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dickson Mwenda
- International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Armin Troeger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Michael Poehling
- Institute of Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wittko Francke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Choo YM, Pelletier J, Atungulu E, Leal WS. Identification and characterization of an antennae-specific aldehyde oxidase from the navel orangeworm. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67794. [PMID: 23826341 PMCID: PMC3691121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antennae-specific odorant-degrading enzymes (ODEs) are postulated to inactivate odorant molecules after they convey their signal. Different classes of insect ODEs are specific to esters, alcohols, and aldehydes – the major functional groups of female-produced, hydrophobic sex pheromones from moth species. Esterases that rapidly inactive acetate and other esters have been well-studied, but less is known about aldehyde oxidases (AOXs). Here we report cloning of an aldehyde oxidase, AtraAOX2, from the antennae of the navel orangeworm (NOW), Amyelois transitella, and the first activity characterization of a recombinant insect AOX. AtraAOX2 gene spans 3,813 bp and encodes a protein with 1,270 amino acid residues. AtraAOX2 cDNA was expressed in baculovirus-infected insect Sf21 cells as a ≈280 kDa homodimer with 140 kDa subunits. Recombinant AtraAOX2 degraded Z11Z13–16Ald and plant volatile aldehydes as substrates. However, as expected for aldehyde oxidases, recombinant AtraAOX2 did not show specificity for Z11Z13–16Ald, the main constituent of the sex pheromone, but showed high activity for plant volatile aldehydes. Our data suggest AtraAOX2 might be involved in degradation of a diversity of aldehydes including sex pheromones, plant-derived semiochemicals, and chemical cues for oviposition sites. Additionally, AtraAOX2 could protect the insect's olfactory system from xenobiotics, including pesticides that might reach the sensillar lymph surrounding the olfactory receptor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Moo Choo
- Honorary Maeda-Duffey Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Julien Pelletier
- Honorary Maeda-Duffey Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Atungulu
- Honorary Maeda-Duffey Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Walter S. Leal
- Honorary Maeda-Duffey Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis, antennal and behavioral responses to nonhost leaf and bark volatiles. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:481-93. [PMID: 23460417 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that bark beetles detect and avoid release points of volatile compounds associated with nonhost species, and thus such nonhost volatiles may have potential utility in the management of bark beetles. We used a coupled gas chromatograph-electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD) to assay the olfactory sensitivity of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, to volatiles from leaves and bark of eight species of nonhost angiosperm trees that are common in the range of D. frontalis. Tree species sampled were red maple (Acer rubrum L.), mockernut hickory [Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell.], sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), southern red oak (Quercus falcata Michx.), blackjack oak [Quercus marilandica (L.) Muenchh.], and water oak (Quercus nigra L.). Beetle antennae responded to a total of 28 identifiable compounds in these samples. The relative olfactory responsiveness to 14 of these, as well as to nonanoic acid and four additional volatiles reported to be associated with nonhost angiosperms, was assessed in GC-EAD analyses of synthetic dilutions spanning six orders of magnitude. The largest response voltage amplitudes were obtained with trans-conophthorin, nonanoic acid, terpinen-4-ol, phenylethyl alcohol, and eucalyptol, whereas the lowest response thresholds were to nonanoic acid, nonanal, linalool, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, and phenylethyl alcohol. Funnel traps baited with various combinations of eleven antennally-active angiosperm volatiles along with a standard attractant captured significantly fewer male and female D. frontalis than traps baited with the standard attractant alone. Our data suggest that a diversity of semiochemicals may be involved in host species discrimination by D. frontalis, and several may have utility in their management.
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Yguel B, Bailey R, Tosh ND, Vialatte A, Vasseur C, Vitrac X, Jean F, Prinzing A. Phytophagy on phylogenetically isolated trees: why hosts should escape their relatives. Ecol Lett 2011; 14:1117-24. [PMID: 21923895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hosts belonging to the same species suffer dramatically different impacts from their natural enemies. This has been explained by host neighbourhood, that is, by surrounding host-species diversity or spatial separation between hosts. However, even spatially neighbouring hosts may be separated by many million years of evolutionary history, potentially reducing the establishment of natural enemies and their impact. We tested whether phylogenetic isolation of oak hosts from neighbouring trees within a forest canopy reduces phytophagy. We found that an increase in phylogenetic isolation by 100 million years corresponded to a 10-fold decline in phytophagy. This was not due to poorer living conditions for phytophages on phylogenetically isolated oaks. Neither species diversity of neighbouring trees nor spatial distance to the closest oak affected phytophagy. We suggest that reduced pressure by natural enemies is a major advantage for individuals within a host species that leave their ancestral niche and grow among distantly related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Yguel
- University of Rennes 1/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 6553, Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Evolution, Campus Beaulieu, Bâtiment 14 A, 263 Av. du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes cedex, France.
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12
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Does landscape composition alter the spatiotemporal distribution of the pine processionary moth in a pine plantation forest? POPUL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-010-0227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Aukema BH, Powell JS, Clayton MK, Raffa KF. Variation in complex semiochemical signals arising from insects and host plants. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 39:874-82. [PMID: 20550801 DOI: 10.1603/en09292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical communication by many insect species involves complex signals of both insect and plant origin. Much attention has been focused on the behavioral activities of these components but less on their sources of variation, despite implications for evolutionary theory and pest management. We studied variation in chemical signaling at host, tree-within-host, and beetle-on-tree scales using tunneling male pine engravers [Ips pini (Say)] on jack, Pinus banksiana Lamb, red, P. resinosa Aiton, and white, P. strobus L. pines. Pine engravers are distributed transcontinentally, and stereoisomeric ratios of their principal pheromone component ipsdienol varies regionally. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine variation in monoterpene and pheromone volatile profiles, determined by gas chromatography. Phloem from white pine had the greatest concentration of monoterpenes, although insects tunneling in white pine produced the smallest ratios of monoterpenes to pheromones (1:2) in their volatile plumes relative to jack and red pine (1:1). Beetle-to-beetle variation in plume composition was approximately 2-9 times greater than the inter-tree variation within a tree species. The stereoisomeric ratio of ipsdienol was highly consistent within the pheromone component of the plume. The little variation present existed almost entirely at the level of the insects. Within the pheromone component of the plume in a given host species, there was up to 13 times more beetle-to-beetle than tree-to-tree variation. This magnitude was almost double the magnitudes of the ratios among components within the entire plumes. Implications to the behavioral ecology of bark beetle communication, such as potential strategies of cheating and predator avoidance, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Aukema
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Prince George, BC, Canada.
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14
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Campbell SA, Borden JH. Additive and synergistic integration of multimodal cues of both hosts and non-hosts during host selection by woodboring insects. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.16761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Biodiversity loss from plant communities is often acknowledged to affect primary production but little is known about effects on herbivores. We conducted a meta-analysis of a worldwide data set of 119 studies to compare herbivory in single-species and mixed forests. This showed a significant reduction of herbivory in more diverse forests but this varied with the host specificity of insects. In diverse forests, herbivory by oligophagous species was virtually always reduced, whereas the response of polyphagous species was variable. Further analyses revealed that the composition of tree mixtures may be more important than species richness per se because diversity effects on herbivory were greater when mixed forests comprised taxonomically more distant tree species, and when the proportion of non-host trees was greater than that of host trees. These findings provide new support for the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning across trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Jactel
- INRA, UMR1202 Biodiversity, Genes & Communities, Laboratory of Forest Entomology and Biodiversity, Cestas Cedex, France.
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16
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Pavlov A, Popov S, Kovacheva E, Georgiev M, Ilieva M. Volatile and polar compounds in Rosa damascena Mill 1803 cell suspension. J Biotechnol 2005; 118:89-97. [PMID: 15899533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies were conducted on low molecular metabolites (volatiles and polar compounds) produced by Rosa damascena Mill 1803 cell suspension culture, cultivated under different regimes: as a free suspension (in flasks and in bioreactor) and in a two-phase system (in the presence of Amberlite XAD-4 as a second phase). It was established that the main groups of volatiles were hydrocarbons and free acids and their esters and only traces of terpenoids were found. The main components of polar fraction were free acids, especially amino acids and oxidized acids. Depending on the culture conditions, significant differences were established in the amounts of all compounds under study in biomasses, culture media and adsorbed on the second phase (Amberlite XAD-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanas Pavlov
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Microbial Biosynthesis and Biotechnologies, Laboratory in Plovdiv, Maritza 26 Blvd., Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
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17
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Reddy GVP, Guerrero A. Interactions of insect pheromones and plant semiochemicals. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2004; 9:253-261. [PMID: 15130551 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gadi V P Reddy
- Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam 96923, USA.
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18
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Morewood WD, Simmonds KE, Gries R, Allison JD, Borden JH. Disruption by conophthorin of the kairomonal response of sawyer beetles to bark beetle pheromones. J Chem Ecol 2004; 29:2115-29. [PMID: 14584679 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025690519818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Antennally active nonhost angiosperm bark volatiles were tested for their ability to reduce the response of three common species of coniferophagous wood-boring Cerambycidae to attractant-baited multiple funnel traps in the southern interior of British Columbia. Of the nonhost volatiles tested, only conophthorin was behaviorally active, disrupting the attraction of sawyer beetles, Monochamus spp., to traps baited with the host volatiles alpha-pinene and ethanol and the bark beetle pheromones ipsenol and ipsdienol. Conophthorin did not affect the attraction of sawyer beetles to the host kairomones alpha-pinene and ethanol in the absence of bark beetle pheromones, nor did it have any behavioral effect on adults of Xylotrechus longitarsis, which were not attracted to bark beetle pheromones. These results indicate that conophthorin does not act as a general repellent for coniferophagous Cerambycidae, as it seems to do for many species of Scolytidae, but has the specific activity of disrupting the kairomonal response of sawyer beetles to bark beetle pheromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- W D Morewood
- Centre for Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.
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Aldrich JR, Bartelt RJ, Dickens JC, Knight AL, Light DM, Tumlinson JH. Insect chemical ecology research in the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2003; 59:777-787. [PMID: 12846329 DOI: 10.1002/ps.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This multi-author paper reviews current work by USDA-ARS scientists in the field of chemical ecology. Work with pheromones, the discovery and development of the codling moth kairomone, studies on insect-plant interactions and chemically mediated tritrophic plant-insect interactions have led to practical methods for control of important insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Aldrich
- USDA-ARS Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory, Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Zhang QH, Schlyter F. Redundancy, synergism, and active inhibitory range of non-host volatiles in reducing pheromone attraction in European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. OIKOS 2003. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.111595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Gray DW. Field response of Ips paraconfusus, Dendroctonus brevicomis, and their predators to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, a novel alcohol emitted by ponderosa pine. J Chem Ecol 2002; 28:1583-97. [PMID: 12371811 DOI: 10.1023/a:1019924428970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Methylbutenol (MBO) is a major component of the aggregation pheromone of the European spruce beetle Ips typographus and also has been found to be emitted in large amounts by several species of pine native to western North America. This study investigates the influence this signal may have on the behavior of North American bark beetles and examines whether MBO functions as a defensive compound for emitting pines. The response of two North American bark beetles (Ips paraconfusus and Dendroctonus brevicomis) and their predaceous beetles (Trogositidae and Cleridae) to MBO, pheromone, and monoterpenes in varying release rates was investigated in the field using Lindgren funnel traps. MBO exhibited no repellent properties when tested alone, nor did MBO appear to have any effect on the aggregation response of these bark beetles and their predators to their pheromones. These results provide no support for a defensive function of MBO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W Gray
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-524S, USA.
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