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Howell N, Middleton RJ, Sierro F, Fraser BH, Wyatt NA, Chacon A, Bambery KR, Livio E, Dobie C, Bevitt JJ, Davies J, Dosseto A, Franklin DR, Garbe U, Guatelli S, Hirayama R, Matsufuji N, Mohammadi A, Mutimer K, Rendina LM, Rosenfeld AB, Safavi-Naeini M. Neutron Capture Enhances Dose and Reduces Cancer Cell Viability in and out of Beam During Helium and Carbon Ion Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 120:229-242. [PMID: 38479560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neutron capture enhanced particle therapy (NCEPT) is a proposed augmentation of charged particle therapy that exploits thermal neutrons generated internally, within the treatment volume via nuclear fragmentation, to deliver a biochemically targeted radiation dose to cancer cells. This work is the first experimental demonstration of NCEPT, performed using both carbon and helium ion beams with 2 different targeted neutron capture agents (NCAs). METHODS AND MATERIALS Human glioblastoma cells (T98G) were irradiated by carbon and helium ion beams in the presence of NCAs [10B]-BPA and [157Gd]-DOTA-TPP. Cells were positioned within a polymethyl methacrylate phantom either laterally adjacent to or within a 100 × 100 × 60 mm spread out Bragg peak (SOBP). The effect of NCAs and location relative to the SOBP on the cells was measured by cell growth and survival assays in 6 independent experiments. Neutron fluence within the phantom was characterized by quantifying the neutron activation of gold foil. RESULTS Cells placed inside the treatment volume reached 10% survival by 2 Gy of carbon or 2 to 3 Gy of helium in the presence of NCAs compared with 5 Gy of carbon and 7 Gy of helium with no NCA. Cells placed adjacent to the treatment volume showed a dose-dependent decrease in cell growth when treated with NCAs, reaching 10% survival by 6 Gy of carbon or helium (to the treatment volume), compared with no detectable effect on cells without NCA. The mean thermal neutron fluence at the center of the SOBP was approximately 2.2 × 109 n/cm2/Gy (relative biological effectiveness) for the carbon beam and 5.8 × 109 n/cm2/Gy (relative biological effectiveness) for the helium beam and gradually decreased in all directions. CONCLUSIONS The addition of NCAs to cancer cells during carbon and helium beam irradiation has a measurable effect on cell survival and growth in vitro. Through the capture of internally generated neutrons, NCEPT introduces the concept of a biochemically targeted radiation dose to charged particle therapy. NCEPT enables the established pharmaceuticals and concepts of neutron capture therapy to be applied to a wider range of deeply situated and diffuse tumors, by targeting this dose to microinfiltrates and cells outside of defined treatment regions. These results also demonstrate the potential for NCEPT to provide an increased dose to tumor tissue within the treatment volume, with a reduction in radiation doses to off-target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Howell
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Ryan J Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Frederic Sierro
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Benjamin H Fraser
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Naomi A Wyatt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Andrew Chacon
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Keith R Bambery
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Elle Livio
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Christopher Dobie
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Joseph J Bevitt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Justin Davies
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Anthony Dosseto
- Wollongong Isotope Geochronology Laboratory, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Daniel R Franklin
- School of Electrical and Data Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Ulf Garbe
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Susanna Guatelli
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Ryoichi Hirayama
- National Institutes for Quantum Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Akram Mohammadi
- National Institutes for Quantum Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Karl Mutimer
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Louis M Rendina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anatoly B Rosenfeld
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Mitra Safavi-Naeini
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia; Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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Järvinen J, Pulkkinen H, Rautio J, Timonen JM. Amino Acid-Based Boron Carriers in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2663. [PMID: 38140004 PMCID: PMC10748186 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in the design of boronated amino acids has emerged, partly due to the utilization of boronophenylalanine (BPA), one of the two agents employed in clinical Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). The boronated amino acids synthesized thus far for BNCT investigations can be classified into two categories based on the source of boron: boronic acids or carboranes. Amino acid-based boron carriers, employed in the context of BNCT treatment, demonstrate significant potential in the treatment of challenging tumors, such as those located in the brain. This review aims to shed light on the developmental journey and challenges encountered over the years in the field of amino acid-based boron delivery compound development. The primary focus centers on the utilization of the large amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) as a target for boron carriers in BNCT. The development of efficient carriers remains a critical objective, addressing challenges related to tumor specificity, effective boron delivery, and rapid clearance from normal tissue and blood. LAT1 presents an intriguing and promising target for boron delivery, given its numerous characteristics that make it well suited for drug delivery into tumor tissues, particularly in the case of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juulia Järvinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Herkko Pulkkinen
- Department of Technical Physics, Faculty of Science, Forestry and Technology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juri M. Timonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Moktan H, Lee CL, Cho SH. Prompt gamma ray detection and imaging for boron neutron capture therapy using CdTe detector and novel detector shield - Monte Carlo study. Med Phys 2023; 50:1736-1745. [PMID: 36625477 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), the improvements in patient dosimetry will require information about the spatial variation of 10 B concentration in the tumor and critical organs. A non-invasive approach, based on the detection of prompt gamma (PG) rays from the BNC reaction, may be well-suited to obtain such information. The detectability of the BNC PG rays has been shown experimentally utilizing energy-resolving cadmium telluride (CdTe) detectors. However, the feasibility of this approach under the clinically relevant conditions of BNCT is currently unknown. PURPOSE The present work aimed to investigate the aforementioned feasibility by performing Monte Carlo (MC) simulations under the phantom irradiation geometry relevant to accelerator-based BNCT (a-BNCT). Especially, this investigation focused on demonstrating the enhanced detection of the BNC PG rays using a novel neutron shield for CdTe detectors. Upon demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed detector shield, the BNC PG ray-based quantitative imaging of clinically relevant concentrations of 10 B was also demonstrated. METHODS The Geant4 MC simulation toolkit was used to model the phantom irradiation by an epithermal neutron beam as well as the detection of the BNC PG rays from the phantom by CdTe detectors with and without the proposed gadolinium (Gd)-based detector shield. It was also used to model the BNC PG ray-based quantitative imaging of 10 B concentrations under a-BNCT scenarios. Each model included a 20 cm-diameter/24 cm-height cylindrical PMMA phantom containing 10 B inserts at various concentrations. Arrays of CdTe crystals of 5 × 5 × 1 mm3 each (up to 120 in the case of a ring detector) were modeled for acquiring the BNC PG ray signals and quantitative imaging. RESULTS According to the MC simulations, thermalized neutrons from the phantom were found to reach the CdTe detector and captured by Cd and Te, resulting in the gamma ray background noise that directly interfered with the BNC PG ray signal. The proposed Gd-based detector shield was found to be highly effective in shielding thermal neutrons from the phantom, thereby reducing the unwanted gamma ray background noise. Owing to this shield, the detection of as low as seven parts-per-million (ppm) of 10 B within the phantom of clinically relevant size was possible using 20 billion incident neutron histories. Furthermore, quantitative imaging of 10 B distributed at low concentration (down to 50 ppm) within the phantom was demonstrated using computed tomography (CT) simulations with 16 billion incident neutron histories per angular projection. The 10 B detection limit (7.5 ppm) was also estimated using the reconstructed CT image. Both 10 B detection limits determined from this investigation are deemed clinically relevant for BNCT. CONCLUSIONS The proposed Gd-based detector shield played an essential role for achieving the currently reported 10 B detection limits. Overall, the present MC simulation work demonstrated highly sensitive BNC PG ray detection and imaging under a-BNCT scenarios using CdTe detectors coupled with a novel detector shield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem Moktan
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chad L Lee
- TAE Life Sciences, Foothill Ranch, California, USA
| | - Sang Hyun Cho
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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da Silva AFF, Seixas RSGR, Silva AMS, Coimbra J, Fernandes AC, Santos JP, Matos A, Rino J, Santos I, Marques F. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of carboranylmethylbenzo[b]acridones as novel agents for boron neutron capture therapy. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:5201-11. [PMID: 24915168 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00644e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present the synthesis and characterization of benzo[b]acridin-12(7H)-ones bearing carboranyl moieties and test their biological effectiveness as boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) agents in cancer treatment. The cellular uptake of these novel compounds into the U87 human glioblastoma cells was evaluated by boron analysis (ICP-MS) and by fluorescence imaging (confocal microscopy). The compounds enter the U87 cells exhibiting a similar profile, i.e., preferential accumulation in the cytoskeleton and membranes and a low cytotoxic activity (IC50 values higher than 200 μM). The cytotoxic activity and cellular morphological alterations after neutron irradiation in the Portuguese Research Reactor (6.6 × 10(7) neutrons cm(-2) s(-1), 1 MW) were evaluated by the MTT assay and by electron microscopy (TEM). Post-neutron irradiation revealed that BNCT has a higher cytotoxic effect on the cells. Accumulation of membranous whorls in the cytoplasm of cells treated with one of the compounds correlates well with the cytotoxic effect induced by radiation. Results provide a strong rationale for considering one of these compounds as a lead candidate for a new generation of BNCT agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Filipa F da Silva
- Departamento de Química-QOPNA, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Improvement of the moderator’s thermalization efficiency for 14 MeV neutrons in boron neutron capture therapy. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-011-1575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Horáková H, Grüner B, Vespalec R. Emerging subject for chiral separation science: Cluster boron compounds. Chirality 2010; 23:307-19. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kumar S, Freytag SO, Barton KN, Burmeister J, Joiner MC, Sedghi B, Movsas B, Binns PJ, Kim JH, Brown SL. A novel method of boron delivery using sodium iodide symporter for boron neutron capture therapy. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2010; 51:621-626. [PMID: 20921830 PMCID: PMC3735134 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) effectiveness depends on the preferential sequestration of boron in cancer cells relative to normal tissue cells. We present a novel strategy for sequestering boron using an adenovirus expressing the sodium iodide symporter (NIS). Human glioma grown subcutaneously in athymic mice and orthotopic rat brain tumors were transfected with NIS using a direct tumor injection of adenovirus. Boron bound as sodium tetrafluoroborate (NaBF(4)) was administered systemically several days after transfection. Tumors were excised hours later and assessed for boron concentration using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. In the human glioma transfected with NIS, boron concentration was more than 10 fold higher with 100 mg/kg of NaBF(4), compared to tumor not transfected. In the orthotopic tumor model, the presence of NIS conferred almost 4 times the boron concentration in rat tumors transfected with human virus compared with contralateral normal brain not transfected. We conclude that adenovirus expressing NIS has the potential to be used as a novel boron delivery agent and should be explored for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanath Kumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Akamatsu K. Development of a thermal neutron-sensitive liposome for a novel drug delivery system aiming for radio-chemo-concurrent cancer therapy. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Matějíček P, Zedník J, Ušelová K, Pleštil J, Fanfrlík J, Nykänen A, Ruokolainen J, Hobza P, Procházka K. Stimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles Based on Interaction of Metallacarborane with Poly(ethylene oxide). Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900484y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Matějíček
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Zedník
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Ušelová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Pleštil
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovský Sq. 2, 16206 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, AS CR, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Antti Nykänen
- Department of Engineering Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, Nanotalo, Puumiehenkuja 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Engineering Physics, Helsinki University of Technology, Nanotalo, Puumiehenkuja 2, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Pavel Hobza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecules and Complex Molecular Systems, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, AS CR, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Li Y, Carroll PJ, Sneddon LG. Ionic-Liquid-Promoted Decaborane Dehydrogenative Alkyne-Insertion Reactions: A New Route to o-Carboranes. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:9193-202. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800999y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Larry G. Sneddon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
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Valeri AL, Kremser L, Raggi MA, Grüner B, Vespalec R, Kenndler E. Capillary electrophoresis of boron cluster compounds in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1658-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Luguya R, Jensen TJ, Smith KM, Vicente MGH. Synthesis and cellular studies of a carboranylchlorin for the PDT and BNCT of tumors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:5890-7. [PMID: 16753299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of closo- and nido-carboranylchlorins 4 and 5 from a known carboranylporphyrin are described. Water-soluble nido-carboranylporphyrin 5 was found to have very low dark cytotoxicity (IC50 > 500 microM using a MTT-based assay) but to be toxic in the presence of red light (IC50 = 80 microM at 0.55 J/cm2 light dose). Under the same experimental conditions, carboranylchlorin 5 was taken up by human glioma T98G cells to a significantly higher extent than chlorin e6, a chlorophyll degradation product. The preferred sites of subcellular localization of carboranylchlorin 5 were found to be the cell lysosomes. Our results suggest that carboranylchlorin 5 is a promising new dual sensitizer for the PDT and BNCT treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Luguya
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Wang HE, Wu SY, Chang CW, Liu RS, Hwang LC, Lee TW, Chen JC, Hwang JJ. Evaluation of F-18-labeled amino acid derivatives and [18F]FDG as PET probes in a brain tumor-bearing animal model. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 32:367-75. [PMID: 15878506 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED 2-Deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-d-glucose ([(18)F]FDG) has been extensively used as positron emission tomography (PET) tracer in clinical tumor imaging. This study compared the pharmacokinetics of two (18)F-labeled amino acid derivatives, O-2-[(18)F]fluoroethyl-l-tyrosine (l-[(18)F]FET) and 4-borono-2-[(18)F]fluoro-l-phenylalanine-fructose (l-[(18)F]FBPA-Fr), to that of [(18)F]FDG in an animal brain tumor model. METHODS A self-modified automated PET tracer synthesizer was used to produce no-carrier-added (nca) l-[(18)F]FET. The cellular uptake, biodistribution, autoradiography and microPET imaging of l-[(18)F]FET, l-[(18)F]FBPA-Fr and [(18)F]FDG were performed with F98 glioma cell culture and F98 glioma-bearing Fischer344 rats. RESULTS The radiochemical purity of l-[(18)F]FET was >98% and the radiochemical yield was 50% in average of 16 runs. The uptake of l-[(18)F]FET and l-[(18)F]FBPA-Fr in the F98 glioma cells increased rapidly for the first 5 min and reached a steady-state level after 10 min of incubation, whereas the cellular uptake of [(18)F]FDG kept increasing during the study period. The biodistribution of l-[(18)F]FET, l-[(18)F]FBPA-Fr and [(18)F]FDG in the brain tumors was 1.26+/-0.22, 0.86+/-0.08 and 2.77+/-0.44 %ID/g at 60 min postinjection, respectively, while the tumor-to-normal brain ratios of l-[(18)F]FET (3.15) and l-[(18)F]FBPA-Fr (3.44) were higher than that of [(18)F]FDG (1.44). Both microPET images and autoradiograms of l-[(18)F]FET and l-[(18)F]FBPA-Fr exhibited remarkable uptake with high contrast in the brain tumor, whereas [(18)F]FDG showed high uptake in the normal brain and gave blurred brain tumor images. CONCLUSION Both l-[(18)F]FET and l-[(18)F]FBPA-Fr are superior to [(18)F]FDG for the brain tumor imaging as shown in this study with microPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ell Wang
- Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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14
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15
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Vicente MGH, Wickramasinghe A, Nurco DJ, Wang HJH, Nawrocky MM, Makar MS, Miura M. Synthesis, toxicity and biodistribution of two 5,15-di[3,5-(nido-carboranylmethyl)phenyl]porphyrins in EMT-6 tumor bearing mice. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:3101-8. [PMID: 12818672 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of a 5,15-di[3,5-(o-carboranylmethyl)phenyl]porphyrin 5, its zinc(II) complex 6, and the corresponding nido-carboranylporphyrins 7 and 8 are reported. The molecular structures of porphyrin 6 and of potassium nido-carborane were obtained and are described. The biodistribution of nido-carboranylporphyrins 7 and 8 in BALB/c mice bearing EMT-6 mammary tumors are presented and compared. Both compounds are effective tumor localizers and delivered therapeutic concentrations of boron to tumors (mean+/-standard deviation): 32.5+/-7.1 and 54.3+/-14 microg/g for 7 and 8, respectively, 2 days after the last of 3 injections of a total boron dose of 23 mg/kg body weight. The zinc(II) complex 8 was found to deliver 1.2-1.7 times higher amounts of boron to tumors than 7, with lower tumor-to-blood boron concentration ratios (9.8/1 and 4.7/1 for 7 and 8, respectively, 2 days after injections). The tumor-to-brain boron concentration ratios were >100/1 for both porphyrins 2 days after administration. Both nido-carboranylporphyrins 7 and 8 were well-tolerated at the concentrations used (75 and 78 mg/kg body weight, respectively) and no morbidity or mortality were observed in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Graça H Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Pan XQ, Wang H, Shukla S, Sekido M, Adams DM, Tjarks W, Barth RF, Lee RJ. Boron-containing folate receptor-targeted liposomes as potential delivery agents for neutron capture therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2002; 13:435-42. [PMID: 12009931 DOI: 10.1021/bc015557y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) depends on the selective delivery of a sufficient number of (10)B atoms to tumor cells to sustain a lethal (10)B(n,alpha)(7)Li reaction. Expression of FR frequently is amplified among human tumors. The goal of the present study was to investigate folate receptor (FR)-targeted liposomes as potential carriers for a series of boron-containing agents. Two highly ionized boron compounds, Na(2)[B(12)H(11)SH] and Na(3) (B(20)H(17)NH(3)), were incorporated into liposomes by passive loading with encapsulation efficiencies of 6% and 15%, respectively. In addition, five weakly basic boronated polyamines were investigated. Two were the spermidine derivatives: N(5)-(4-carboranylbutyl)spermidine.3HCl (SPD-5), N(5)-[4-(2-aminoethyl-o-carboranyl)butyl]spermidine.4HCl (ASPD-5). Three were the spermine derivatives: N(5)-(4-carboranylbutyl)spermine.4HCl (SPM-5), N(5)-[4-(2-aminoethyl-o-carboranyl)butyl]spermine.5HCl (ASPM-5), and N(5),N(10)-bis(4-carboranylbutyl)spermine.4 HCl (SPM-5,10). These were incorporated into liposomes by a pH-gradient-driven remote-loading method with varying loading efficiencies, which were influenced by the specific trapping agent and the structure of the boron compound. Greater loading efficiencies were obtained with lower molecular weight boron derivatives, using ammonium sulfate as the trapping agent, compared to those obtained with sodium citrate. The in vitro uptake of folate-derivatized, boronated liposomes was investigated using human KB squamous epithelial cancer cells, which have amplified FR expression. Higher cellular boron uptake (up to 1584 microg per 10(9) cells) was observed with FR-targeted liposomes than with nontargeted control liposomes (up to 154 microg per 10(9) cells), irrespective of the chemical form of the boron and the method used for liposomal preparation. KB cell binding of the FR-targeted liposomes was saturable and could be blocked by 1 mM free folic acid. Our findings suggest that further evaluation of FR-targeted liposomes is warranted to assess their potential as boron carriers for neutron capture therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Q Pan
- College of Pharmacy and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Vicente MGH, Edwards BF, Shetty SJ, Hou Y, Boggan JE. Syntheses and preliminary biological studies of four meso-Tetra[(nido-carboranylmethyl)phenyl]porphyrins. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:481-92. [PMID: 11814833 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two meso-tetra[(nido-carboranylmethyl)phenyl]porphyrins (para- and meta-regioisomers) and their corresponding Zn(II) complexes have been synthesized with the aim of studying the effect of carborane distribution and metalation on the biological properties of this series of compounds. In vitro cell toxicity, uptake/efflux, and subcellular localization using rat 9L, mouse B16 and/or human U-373MG cells were evaluated. All four amphiphilic porphyrins display very low cytotoxicities and time- and concentration-dependent uptake by cells, which is influenced by serum proteins. Preliminary subcellular localization studies suggest that one of these compounds localizes in close proximity to the cell nucleus. All four nido-carboranylporphyrins show promise as boron-carriers for the boron neutron capture therapy of cancers, particularly the metal-free nido-carboranylporphyrins 5 and 12, which are able to deliver higher amount of boron to cells in vitro than the corresponding zinc complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Graça H Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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18
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Albertson BJ, Blue TE, Niemkiewicz J. An investigation on the use of removal-diffusion theory for BNCT treatment planning: a method for determining proper removal-diffusion parameters. Med Phys 2001; 28:1898-904. [PMID: 11585220 DOI: 10.1118/1.1386424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper outlines a method for determining proper removal-diffusion parameters to be used in removal-diffusion theory calculations for the purpose of BNCT treatment planning. Additionally, this paper demonstrates that, given the proper choice of removal-diffusion parameters, removal-diffusion theory may provide an accurate calculation technique for determining absorbed dose distributions for the purpose of BNCT treatment planning. For a four-group, one-dimensional calculation in water, this method was used to determine values for the neutron scattering cross sections, neutron removal cross sections, neutron diffusion coefficients, and extrapolation distances. These values were then used in a one-dimensional DIF3D calculation. The results of the DIF3D calculation showed a maximum deviation of 2.5% from a MCNP calculation performed for the same geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Albertson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
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19
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Yang W, Barth RF, Bartus RT, Rotaru JH, Moeschberger ML, Ferketich AK, Nawrocky MM, Coderre JA, Goodman JH. Improved survival after boron neutron capture therapy of brain tumors by Cereport-mediated blood-brain barrier modulation to enhance delivery of boronophenylalanine. Neurosurgery 2000; 47:189-97; discussion 197-8. [PMID: 10917362 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200007000-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cereport (Alkermes, Inc., Cambridge, MA), or, as it has been previously called, RMP-7 (receptor-mediated permeabilizer-7), is a bradykinin analog that has been shown to produce a transient, pharmacologically mediated opening of the blood-brain barrier. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the efficacy of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) could be enhanced by means of intracarotid (i.c.) infusion of Cereport, in combination with intravenous (i.v.) injection or i.c. infusion of boronophenylalanine (BPA) in the F98 rat glioma model. METHODS For biodistribution studies, Fischer rats bearing intracerebral implants of the F98 glioma received i.v. or i.c. injections of 300 or 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of BPA with or without i.c. infusion of 1.5 microg/kg b.w. of Cereport. For therapy studies, BNCT was initiated 14 days after intracerebral implantation of 10(3) F98 cells. The i.v. or i.c. injection of BPA (500 mg/kg b.w.) was given with or without Cereport, and the animals were irradiated 2.5 hours later at the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor with a collimated beam of thermal neutrons delivered to the head. RESULTS At a BPA dose of 500 mg/kg b.w., tumor boron concentrations (mean +/- standard deviation) were 55.7 +/- 9.6 microg/g with Cereport versus 33.6 +/- 3.9 microg/g without Cereport at 2.5 hours after i.c. infusion of BPA, and concentrations were 29.4 +/- 9.9 microg/g with Cereport versus 15.4 +/- 3.5 microg/g without Cereport (P < 0.05) after i.v. injection of BPA. After i.c. administration of BPA and Cereport, the tumor-to-blood ratio was 5.4 +/- 0.6, and the tumor-to-brain ratio was 5.2 +/- 2.4. After BNCT with BPA at a dose of 500 mg/kg, the survival time was 50 +/- 16 days for i.c. administration of BPA with Cereport versus 40 +/- 6 days without Cereport (P = 0.05), 38 +/- 4 days for i.v. administration of BPA with Cereport versus 34 +/- 3 days without Cereport (P = 0.02), 28 +/- 5 days for irradiated controls, and 23 +/- 3 days for untreated controls. Compared with untreated controls, there was a 117% increase in lifespan in rats that received an i.c. infusion of Cereport and then BPA, and an 86% increase in lifespan in rats that received i.c. administration of BPA without Cereport. CONCLUSION These studies have established that i.c. administration of Cereport can not only increase tumor uptake of BPA, but also enhance the efficacy of BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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20
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Yang W, Barth RF, Bartus RT, Rotaru JH, Moeschberger ML, Ferketich AK, Nawrocky MM, Coderre JA, Goodman JH. Improved Survival after Boron Neutron Capture Therapy of Brain Tumors by Cereport-mediated Blood-Brain Barrier Modulation to Enhance Delivery of Boronophenylalanine. Neurosurgery 2000. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-200007000-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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21
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Lee CL, Zhou XL, Kudchadker RJ, Harmon F, Harker YD. A Monte Carlo dosimetry-based evaluation of the 7Li(p,n)7Be reaction near threshold for accelerator boron neutron capture therapy. Med Phys 2000; 27:192-202. [PMID: 10659757 DOI: 10.1118/1.598884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced methods of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) use an epithermal neutron beam in conjunction with tumor-targeting boron compounds for irradiation of glioblastomas and metastatic melanomas. A common neutron-producing reaction considered for accelerator-based BNCT is 7Li(p,n)7Be, whose cross section increases very rapidly within several tens of keV of the reaction threshold at 1.88 MeV. Operation in the proton energy region near threshold will have an appreciable thick target neutron yield, but the neutrons produced will have relatively low energies that require little moderation to reach the epithermal range desirable for BNCT. Because of its relatively low projected accelerator cost and the portability of the neutron source/target assembly, BNCT based on the near-threshold technique is considered an attractive candidate for widespread hospital use. A systematic Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) investigation of the dosimetric properties of near-threshold neutron beams has been performed. Results of these studies indicate that accelerator proton energies between 1.93 and 1.99 MeV, using 5 cm of H2O moderator followed by thin 6Li and Pb shields, can provide therapeutically useful beams with treatment times less than one hour and accelerator currents less than 5 mA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Lee
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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22
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Sano T. Boron-enriched streptavidin potentially useful as a component of boron carriers for neutron capture therapy of cancer. Bioconjug Chem 1999; 10:905-11. [PMID: 10502360 DOI: 10.1021/bc990029w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A boron-enriched streptavidin has been prepared by chemical conjugation of a boron-rich compound, B(12)H(11)SH(2)(-) (BSH), to a genetically engineered streptavidin variant. The streptavidin variant used has 20 cysteine residues per molecule, derived from a C-terminal cysteine stretch consisting of five cysteine residues per subunit. Because natural streptavidin has no cysteine residues, the reactive sulfhydryl groups of the cysteine stretch serve as unique conjugation sites for sulfhydryl chemistry. BSH was conjugated irreversibly to the sulfhydryl groups of the streptavidin variant via a sulfhydryl-specific homobifunctional chemical cross-linker. Quantitative boron analysis indicates that the resulting streptavidin-BSH conjugate carries approximately 230 boron atoms/molecule. This indicates that the chemical conjugation of BSH to the streptavidin variant was highly specific and efficient because this method should allow the conjugation of a maximum of 240 boron atoms/streptavidin molecule. This boron-enriched streptavidin retained both full biotin-binding ability and tetrameric structure, suggesting that the conjugation of BSH has little, if any, effect on the fundamental properties of streptavidin. This boron-enriched streptavidin should be very useful as a component of targetable boron carriers for neutron capture therapy of cancer. For example, a monoclonal antibody against a tumor-associated antigen can be attached tightly to the boron-enriched streptavidin upon simple biotinylation, and the resulting conjugate could be used to target boron to tumor cells on which the tumor-associated antigen is overexpressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sano
- Center for Molecular Imaging Diagnosis and Therapy, and Basic Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Abstract
Success in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors has lagged behind that of other pediatric cancers. This paper highlights many of the advances that have taken place over the past few years in the surgical, radiotherapeutic, and chemotherapeutic approaches to central nervous system lesions that we hope will lead to a dramatic improvement in outcome. Innovations in neurosurgical and radiotherapeutic techniques have resulted in decreasing toxicity although substantial improvement in cure rates has not been observed. Many new techniques such as gene therapy, angiogenesis inhibitors, immunotherapy, and others that have not been part of the classic approach to these lesions are now in clinical trials in the hope that they will impact on the survival of these patients. The scientific basis for these new treatment modalities and preliminary clinical results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Rubin
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Barth RF, Yang W, Bartus RT, Moeschberger ML, Goodman JH. Enhanced delivery of boronophenylalanine for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors using the bradykinin analog Cereport (Receptor-Mediated Permeabilizer-7). Neurosurgery 1999; 44:351-9; discussion 359-60. [PMID: 9932889 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199902000-00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using the well-characterized F98 rat glioma model, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether the delivery of boronophenylalanine (BPA) could be enhanced by prior administration of the bradykinin analog Cereport (Alkermes, Inc., Cambridge, MA) (previously known as Receptor-Mediated Permeabilizer-7), which produces a transient, pharmacologically mediated opening of the blood-brain barrier. METHODS Two series of experiments were performed in F98 glioma-bearing rats that had received either intracarotid (i.c.) or intravenous infusions of Cereport (at doses ranging from 1.5 to 7.5 microg/kg of body weight), followed by i.c. (or intravenous) injection of BPA (300 mg/kg of body weight). Animals were killed 0.5, 2.5, or 4 hours later, samples of blood, skin, muscle, and eye were obtained, brains were removed, and tumors were excised for boron determination by direct current plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. RESULTS Averaged over all time points, i.c. infusion of Cereport significantly enhanced tumor boron uptake (P = 0.0001), compared with the excipient (saline) control values. Tumor boron values were equivalent at 0.5 (36.0 microg/g) and 2.5 hours (38.5 microg/g) after i.c. administration of Cereport and BPA and then decreased by 33% (to 25.7 microg/g) at 4 hours. These tumor boron uptake values were significantly different (alpha = 0.05), compared with values measured at the corresponding times after i.c. administration of BPA without Cereport (22.6, 21.8, and 15.3 microg/g, respectively). Although no time-related effects were observed, i.c. administration of Cereport followed by intravenous administration of BPA also significantly enhanced (alpha = 0.05) tumor boron uptake at 0.5, 2.5, and 4 hours (27.4, 30.3, and 28.0 microg/g, respectively), compared with values obtained without Cereport (11.3, 13.4, and 15.2 microg/g, respectively). Boron levels in normal brain tissue from tumor-bearing and non-tumor-bearing cerebral hemispheres and in blood were not significantly different from those measured in saline-treated control animals. CONCLUSION This study established that i.c. infusion of Cereport significantly increased delivery of BPA to F98 rat gliomas, and this could enhance the efficacy of boron neutron capture therapy of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Barth
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Joel DD, Coderre JA, Micca PL, Nawrocky MM. Effect of dose and infusion time on the delivery of p-boronophenylalanine for neutron capture therapy. J Neurooncol 1999; 41:213-21. [PMID: 10359141 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006176901713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for glioblastoma multiforme are currently in progress using p-boronophenylalanine (BPA) as the 10B delivery agent. Enhancement of tumor boron uptake and/or the tumor-to-blood (T:B) boron concentration ratio would have the potential of significantly improving the therapeutic gain of BNCT. The effects of total dose, infusion time, and route of administration of BPA on tumor and blood boron concentrations were studied in rats bearing the 9L gliosarcoma. Increasing the total dose of BPA from 250 to 1000 mg/kg, administered intravenously over a 2-h infusion period, resulted in an increase in tumor boron concentration from approximately 30 to approximately 70 microg 10B/g, with a constant T:B boron concentration ratio of about 3.7:1. Similarly, extension of the infusion time from 2 to 6 h, at a constant dose-rate of 125 mg BPA/kg/h, resulted in an increase in tumor boron concentration from approximately 30 to approximately 80 microg 10B/g, while, again, maintaining a constant T:B ratio of about 3.7:1. In contrast, intracarotid infusion of BPA for 1 h at a dose rate of 125 mg BPA/kg resulted in an increase in the tumor boron concentration from approximately 26 to approximately 38 microg 10B/g with a corresponding increase in the T:B ratio from 3.5:1 to 5.0:1. The effects of these results on the therapeutic gain potentially achievable with BNCT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Joel
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
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Cai J, Soloway AH, Barth RF, Adams DM, Hariharan JR, Wyzlic IM, Radcliffe K. Boron-containing polyamines as DNA targeting agents for neutron capture therapy of brain tumors: synthesis and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3887-96. [PMID: 9397169 DOI: 10.1021/jm960787x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Three series of new boron-containing spermidine/spermine (SPD/SPM) analogues have been synthesized: N1- and N5-(4-carboranylbutyl) SPD/SPM derivatives (SPD-1, SPD-5, SPM-1, SPM-5); N1,N10-diethyl-N5-(4-carboranylbutyl)spermidine (DESPD-5), N1,N14-diethyl-N5-(4-carboranylbutyl)spermine (DESPM-5); and N5,N10-bis(4-carboranylbutyl)spermine (SPM-5,10). In vitro studies using rat F98 glioma cells have shown that these polyamines retain the ability to displace ethidium bromide from calf thymus DNA and are rapidly taken up by F98 glioma cells. However, their cytotoxicities, especially those with terminal N-substituted (SPD-1, SPM-1) boron compounds, are greater than those of SPD/SPM. Nevertheless, the groundwork has been created for a new class of boron-containing compounds that maybe useful for boron neutron capture therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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