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Han Y, Yang R, Zhang X, Wang Q, Wang B, Zheng X, Li Y, Prusky D, Bi Y. Brassinosteroid Accelerates Wound Healing of Potato Tubers by Activation of Reactive Oxygen Metabolism and Phenylpropanoid Metabolism. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070906. [PMID: 35406993 PMCID: PMC8997868 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing could effectively reduce the decay rate of potato tubers after harvest, but it took a long time to form typical and complete healing structures. Brassinosteroid (BR), as a sterol hormone, is important for enhancing plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, it has not been reported that if BR affects wound healing of potato tubers. In the present study, we observed that BR played a positive role in the accumulation of lignin and suberin polyphenolic (SPP) at the wounds, and effectively reduced the weight loss and disease index of potato tubers (cv. Atlantic) during healing. At the end of healing, the weight loss and disease index of BR group was 30.8% and 23.1% lower than the control, respectively. Furthermore, BR activated the expression of StPAL, St4CL, StCAD genes and related enzyme activities in phenylpropanoid metabolism, and promoted the synthesis of lignin precursors and phenolic acids at the wound site, mainly by inducing the synthesis of caffeic acid, sinapic acid and cinnamyl alcohol. Meanwhile, the expression of StNOX was induced and the production of O2− and H2O2 was promoted, which mediated oxidative crosslinking of above phenolic acids and lignin precursors to form SPP and lignin. In addition, the expression level of StPOD was partially increased. In contrast, the inhibitor brassinazole inhibited phenylpropanoid metabolism and reactive oxygen metabolism, and demonstrated the function of BR hormone in healing in reverse. Taken together, the activation of reactive oxygen metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism by BR could accelerate the wound healing of potato tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.H.); (R.Y.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ruirui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.H.); (R.Y.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.H.); (R.Y.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qihui Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.H.); (R.Y.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.H.); (R.Y.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.H.); (R.Y.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.H.); (R.Y.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.H.); (R.Y.); (X.Z.); (Q.W.); (B.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-0931-7631201
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Zhang T, Bao F, Ding A, Yang Y, Cheng T, Wang J, Zhang Q. Comprehensive Analysis of Endogenous Volatile Compounds, Transcriptome, and Enzyme Activity Reveals PmCAD1 Involved in Cinnamyl Alcohol Synthesis in Prunus mume. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:820742. [PMID: 35251090 PMCID: PMC8894765 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.820742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent is an important economic and ornamental trait of Prunus mume. The floral volatiles from most cultivars of P. mume in composition exist significant differences. Cinnamyl alcohol was one of the main floral volatile compounds with distinct abundances in different cultivars, namely, 'Zaohua Lve,' 'Zao Yudie,' 'Fenpi Gongfen,' 'Jiangsha Gongfen,' and 'Fenhong Zhusha.' Based on the determination of endogenous volatiles of full-blooming flowers, vital enzyme activity and transcriptomes were comprehensively analyzed to screen the key potential genes involved in cinnamyl alcohol synthesis. Transcriptome combining with enzyme activity level analysis suggested that the expression levels of three PmCADs were highly correlated with the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) enzyme activities in six cultivars. Furthermore, phylogenetic tree and transcriptome analysis suggested that PmCAD1 and PmCAD2 might contribute to the cinnamyl alcohol synthesis. Relative expression analyses and enzyme activity assays showed that PmCAD1 played an important role in cinnamyl alcohol biosynthesis in vitro. Overall, this research lays a theoretical foundation for clarifying comprehensively the molecular biosynthesis mechanism of floral volatiles in P. mume.
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Del Mondo A, Sansone C, Brunet C. Insights into the biosynthesis pathway of phenolic compounds in microalgae. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1901-1913. [PMID: 35521550 PMCID: PMC9052079 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgal PCs are important bioactive molecules beneficial for human health. Bioinformatic comparative exploration predicts PCs synthesis in microalgae. Ten groups of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microalgae reveal a conserved pathway core. Featured PCs can be restricted to diverse microalgae due to ecological implications.
Among the most relevant bioactive molecules family, phenolic compounds (PCs) are well known in higher plants, while their knowledge in microalgae is still scarce. Microalgae represent a novel and promising source of human health benefit compounds to be involved, for instance, in nutraceutical composition. This study aims to investigate the PCs biosynthetic pathway in the microalgal realm, exploring its potential variability over the microalgal biodiversity axis. A multistep in silico analysis was carried out using a selection of core enzymes from the pathway described in land plants. This study explores their presence in ten groups of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microalgae.. Analyses were carried out taking into account a wide selection of algal protein homologs, functional annotation of conserved domains and motifs, and maximum-likelihood tree construction. Results showed that a conserved core of the pathway for PCs biosynthesis is shared horizontally in all microalgae. Conversely, the ability to synthesize some subclasses of phenolics may be restricted to only some microalgal groups (i.e., Chlorophyta) depending on featured enzymes, such as the flavanone naringenin and other related chalcone isomerase dependent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Del Mondo
- Stazione zoologica Anton Dohrn, sede Molosiglio Marina Acton, via ammiraglio F. Acton, 55., 80133 Napoli, Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - Clementina Sansone
- Stazione zoologica Anton Dohrn, sede Molosiglio Marina Acton, via ammiraglio F. Acton, 55., 80133 Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli 80078, Na, Italy
| | - Christophe Brunet
- Stazione zoologica Anton Dohrn, sede Molosiglio Marina Acton, via ammiraglio F. Acton, 55., 80133 Napoli, Italy
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4
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Segmehl JS, Keplinger T, Krasnobaev A, Berg JK, Willa C, Burgert I. Facilitated delignification in CAD deficient transgenic poplar studied by confocal Raman spectroscopy imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 206:177-184. [PMID: 30099316 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass represents the only renewable carbon resource which is available in sufficient amounts to be considered as an alternative for our fossil-based carbon economy. However, an efficient biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks is hindered by the natural recalcitrance of the biomass as a result of a dense network of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. These polymeric interconnections make a pretreatment of the biomass necessary in order to enhance the susceptibility of the polysaccharides. Here, we report on a detailed analysis of the favourable influence of genetic engineering for two common delignification protocols for lignocellulosic biomass, namely acidic bleaching and soda pulping, on the example of CAD deficient poplar. The altered lignin structure of the transgenic poplar results in a significantly accelerated and more complete lignin removal at lower temperatures and shorter reaction times compared to wildtype poplar. To monitor the induced chemical and structural alterations at the tissue level, confocal Raman spectroscopy imaging, FT-IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana S Segmehl
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Artem Krasnobaev
- Department of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - John K Berg
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Willa
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Hybrid Nanostructures and Institute of Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Stefano Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, EMPA - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Konovalov AA, Shundrina IK, Karpova EV, Goncharov NP, Kondratenko EY. Chromosomal localization of aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase fast-migrating isoenzyme Aadh1F (CAD1-F) gene in Triticum aestivum L. bread wheat. RUSS J GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795416080056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gabotti D, Negrini N, Morgutti S, Nocito FF, Cocucci M. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases in the mesocarp of ripening fruit of Prunus persica genotypes with different flesh characteristics: changes in activity and protein and transcript levels. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:329-348. [PMID: 25534876 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of fruit flesh texture quality traits may involve the metabolism of phenolic compounds. This study presents molecular and biochemical results on the possible role played by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) during ripening [S3, S4 I (pre-climacteric) and S4 III (climacteric) stages] of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit with different flesh firmness [non-melting flesh (NMF) 'Oro A'/melting flesh (MF) 'Springcrest' and 'Sanguinella'] and color (blood-flesh Sanguinella). A total of 24 putative full-length PRUPE_CAD genes were identified (in silico analysis) in the peach genome. The most abundant CAD isoforms, encoded by genes located on scaffolds 8 and 6, were probed by specifically developed anti-PRUPE_CAD sc8 and by anti-FaCAD (PRUPE_CAD sc6) polyclonal antibodies, respectively. PRUPE_CAD sc8 proteins (SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE/western blot) appeared responsible for the CAD activity (in vitro/in-gel assays) that increased with ripening (parallel to PRUPE_ACO1 transcripts accumulation and ethylene evolution) only in the mesocarp of Oro A and blood-flesh Sanguinella. Accumulation of PRUPE_CAD sc8 transcripts (semi-quantitative RT-PCR) occurred in all three cultivars, but in Oro A and Springcrest it was not always accompanied by that of the related proteins, suggesting possible post-transcriptional regulation. Flesh firmness, as well as levels of lignin, total phenolics and, where present (Sanguinella), anthocyanins, declined with ripening, suggesting that, at least in the studied peach cultivars, CAD activity is related to neither lignification nor differences in flesh firmness (NMF/MF). Further studies are necessary to clarify whether the high levels of CAD activity/expression in Sanguinella play a role in determining the characteristics of this blood-flesh fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Gabotti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Negrini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Morgutti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio F Nocito
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cocucci
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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7
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Tang R, Zhang XQ, Li YH, Xie XM. Cloning and in silico analysis of a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene in Pennisetum purpureum. J Genet 2015; 93:145-58. [PMID: 24840831 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a major constituent of plant cell walls and indispensable to the normal growth of a plant. However, the presence of lignin complicates the structure of the plant cell walls and negatively influences pulping industry, lignocellulose utilization as well as forage properties. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), a key enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis, catalyses the last step in monolignol synthesis and has a major role in genetic regulation of lignin production. In the present study, a 1 342-bp cDNA fragment of CAD gene, named PpCAD, was isolated from Pennisetum purpureum using strategies of homologous clone and rapid amplification of cDNA end. It was translated into an intact protein sequence including 366 amino acid residues by ORF Finder. The genomic full-length DNA of PpCAD was a 3 738-bp sequence containing four exons and three introns, among which the 114-bp exon was considered to be a conserved region compared with other CADs. Basic bioinformatic analysis presumed that the PpCAD was a nonsecretory and hydrophobic protein with five possible transmembrane helices. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the PpCAD belonged to the class of bona fide CADs involved in lignin synthesis and it showed a high similarity (nearly 90%) with CAD protein sequences of Sorghum bicolor, Panicum virgatum and Zea mays in Gramineae. Furthere, PpCAD amino acid sequence was demonstrated to have some conserved motifs such as Zn-binding site, Zn-catalytic centre and NADP(H) binding domain after aligning with other bona fide CADs. Three-dimensional homology modelling of PpCAD showed that the protein had some exclusive features of bona fide CADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Pan H, Zhou R, Louie GV, Mühlemann JK, Bomati EK, Bowman ME, Dudareva N, Dixon RA, Noel JP, Wang X. Structural studies of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase and cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, key enzymes of monolignol biosynthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3709-27. [PMID: 25217505 PMCID: PMC4213152 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.127399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The enzymes cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyze the two key reduction reactions in the conversion of cinnamic acid derivatives into monolignol building blocks for lignin polymers in plant cell walls. Here, we describe detailed functional and structural analyses of CCRs from Medicago truncatula and Petunia hybrida and of an atypical CAD (CAD2) from M. truncatula. These enzymes are closely related members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. Our structural studies support a reaction mechanism involving a canonical SDR catalytic triad in both CCR and CAD2 and an important role for an auxiliary cysteine unique to CCR. Site-directed mutants of CAD2 (Phe226Ala and Tyr136Phe) that enlarge the phenolic binding site result in a 4- to 10-fold increase in activity with sinapaldehyde, which in comparison to the smaller coumaraldehyde and coniferaldehyde substrates is disfavored by wild-type CAD2. This finding demonstrates the potential exploitation of rationally engineered forms of CCR and CAD2 for the targeted modification of monolignol composition in transgenic plants. Thermal denaturation measurements and structural comparisons of various liganded and unliganded forms of CCR and CAD2 highlight substantial conformational flexibility of these SDR enzymes, which plays an important role in the establishment of catalytically productive complexes of the enzymes with their NADPH and phenolic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Pan
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Rui Zhou
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Gordon V Louie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joëlle K Mühlemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Erin K Bomati
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Marianne E Bowman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Richard A Dixon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5017
| | - Joseph P Noel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
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Preisner M, Kulma A, Zebrowski J, Dymińska L, Hanuza J, Arendt M, Starzycki M, Szopa J. Manipulating cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) expression in flax affects fibre composition and properties. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:50. [PMID: 24552628 PMCID: PMC3945063 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades cultivation of flax and its application have dramatically decreased. One of the reasons for this is unpredictable quality and properties of flax fibre, because they depend on environmental factors, retting duration and growing conditions. These factors have contribution to the fibre composition, which consists of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and pectin. By far, it is largely established that in flax, lignin reduces an accessibility of enzymes either to pectin, hemicelluloses or cellulose (during retting or in biofuel synthesis and paper production).Therefore, in this study we evaluated composition and properties of flax fibre from plants with silenced CAD (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase) gene, which is key in the lignin biosynthesis. There is evidence that CAD is a useful tool to improve lignin digestibility and/or to lower the lignin levels in plants. RESULTS Two studied lines responded differentially to the introduced modification due to the efficiency of the CAD silencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that flax CAD belongs to the "bona-fide" CAD family. CAD down-regulation had an effect in the reduced lignin amount in the flax fibre cell wall and as FT-IR results suggests, disturbed lignin composition and structure. Moreover introduced modification activated a compensatory mechanism which was manifested in the accumulation of cellulose and/or pectin. These changes had putative correlation with observed improved fiber's tensile strength. Moreover, CAD down-regulation did not disturb at all or has only slight effect on flax plants' development in vivo, however, the resistance against flax major pathogen Fusarium oxysporum decreased slightly. The modification positively affected fibre possessing; it resulted in more uniform retting. CONCLUSION The major finding of our paper is that the modification targeted directly to block lignin synthesis caused not only reduced lignin level in fibre, but also affected amount and organization of cellulose and pectin. However, to conclude that all observed changes are trustworthy and correlated exclusively to CAD repression, further analysis of the modified plants genome is necessary. Secondly, this is one of the first studies on the crop from the low-lignin plants from the field trail which demonstrates that such plants could be successfully cultivated in a field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Preisner
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw 51-148, Poland
- Wroclaw Research Center EIT +, Stabłowicka 147/149, Wroclaw 54-066, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw 51-148, Poland
- Wroclaw Research Center EIT +, Stabłowicka 147/149, Wroclaw 54-066, Poland
| | - Jacek Zebrowski
- Centre of Applied Biotechnology and Basic Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology, Rzeszow University, Aleja Rejtana 16, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Economics, Wroclaw University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, Wroclaw 50-345, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Economics, Wroclaw University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, Wroclaw 50-345, Poland
- Institute of Low Temperatures and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna 2, Wrocław 50-422, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Arendt
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw 51-148, Poland
| | - Michal Starzycki
- The Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (IHAR) - National Research Institute, Research Division Poznan, ul. Strzeszynska 36, Poznan 60-479, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw 51-148, Poland
- Wroclaw Research Center EIT +, Stabłowicka 147/149, Wroclaw 54-066, Poland
- Linum Foundation, Stabłowicka 147/149, Wroclaw 54-066, Poland
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Sun Y, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Han X, Lou H, Cheng A. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of two cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases from a liverwort Plagiochasma appendiculatum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 70:133-41. [PMID: 23774375 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) (EC 1.1.1.195) is a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis. It catalyzes cinnamyl aldehydes as substrates to form corresponding alcohols, the last step in monolignol biosynthesis. Almost all CAD members of land plants could be divided into three classes according to the phylogenetic analysis, together with gene structure and function. In the present investigation, two cDNAs encoding CADs were obtained from a Chinese liverwort Plagiochasma appendiculatum thallus library and were designated as PaCAD1 and PaCAD2. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PaCAD1 and PaCAD2 belonged to Class II. Full length cDNAs were heterologously expressed in E. coli and the recombinant PaCAD proteins displayed high activity levels using p-coumaryl, caffeyl, coniferyl, 5-hydroxyconiferyl and sinapyl aldehydes as substrates to form corresponding alcohols. The enzyme kinetics results showed that PaCAD1 and PaCAD2 used coniferyl aldehyde as the favourite substrate and showed high catalytic efficiency towards p-coumaryl aldehyde but lowest catalytic efficiency towards 5-hydroxyconiferaldehyde. In accord with the higher lignin content in the thallus than in the callus, the expression level of PaCAD2 was also higher in thallus than in the callus. The expression of PaCAD1 and PaCAD2 was induced by Methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) treatment. This suggested that these two PaCADs played twin roles in lignin biosynthesis and the defencedefence of abiotic stress in P. appendiculatum. This is the first time that the CADs in liverworts have been functionally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China
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Deng WW, Zhang M, Wu JQ, Jiang ZZ, Tang L, Li YY, Wei CL, Jiang CJ, Wan XC. Molecular cloning, functional analysis of three cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) genes in the leaves of tea plant, Camellia sinensis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:272-282. [PMID: 23228629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) is considered to be a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, but little was known about CADs in tea plants (Camellia sinensis). A full-length cDNA sequence (CsCAD2) was isolated by suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) in Ectropis oblique feeding-induced tea plants, and another two full-length cDNA sequences (CsCAD1 and CsCAD3) were obtained from a transcriptome obtained by deep sequencing. However, they showed only 20-54% identities. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they belonged to three different families. DNA gel blotting analysis revealed that two copies of CsCAD1 and CsCAD2 genes existed in tea genome, but CsCAD3 likely had only one copy. Recombinant proteins of these CsCADs were produced in Escherichia coli. The activity of purified recombinant CsCAD2 protein was up to 0.43 μmol min(-1) mg(-1). However, the other two recombinant proteins had lower activities, probably due to incomplete refolding. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that while CsCAD3 was strongly up-regulated in tea plants after E. oblique attack and mechanical damage, CsCAD1 and CsCAD2 showed only moderate or no changes in transcript levels. Treatment of defence-related hormones methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA) elevated the expression of CsCAD1 and CsCAD2, but decreased the transcript abundance of CsCAD3. The transcript levels of CsCAD2 did not change after applying abscisic acid (ABA), whereas CsCAD1 and CsCAD3 were induced. These results suggested that these three CsCAD genes in tea plants may play a role in defense against insects and pathogens and adaptation to abiotic stresses and these genes likely have divergant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Agriculture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
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Expression patterns of a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene involved in lignin biosynthesis and environmental stress in Ginkgo biloba. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:707-21. [PMID: 23143181 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis as it catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of monolignols. A cDNA sequence encoding the CAD gene was isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L, designated as GbCAD1. The full-length cDNA of GbCAD1 was 1,494 bp containing a 1,074 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 357 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 38.7 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.74. Comparative and bioinformatic analyses revealed that GbCAD1 showed extensive homology with CADs from other gymnosperm species. Southern blot analysis indicated that GbCAD1 belonged to a multi-gene family. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that GbCAD1 shared the same ancestor in evolution with other CADs and had a further relationship with other gymnosperm species. GbCAD1 was an enzyme being pH-dependent and temperature-sensitive, and showing a selected catalyzing. Tissue expression pattern analysis showed that GbCAD1 was constitutively expressed in stems and roots, especially in the parts of the pest and disease infection, with the lower expression being found in two- to four-year-old stem. Further analysis showed the change in lignin content had some linear correlation with the expression level of GbCAD1 mRNA in different tissues. The increased expression of GbCAD1 was detected when the seedling were treated with exogenous abscisic acid, salicylic acid, ethephon, ultraviolet and wounding. These results indicate that the GbCAD1 gene may play a role in the resistance mechanism to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in tissue-specific developmental lignification.
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Moummou H, Tonfack LB, Chervin C, Benichou M, Youmbi E, Ginies C, Latché A, Pech JC, van der Rest B. Functional characterization of SlscADH1, a fruit-ripening-associated short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase of tomato. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1435-44. [PMID: 22818888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A tomato short-chain dehydrogenase-reductase (SlscADH1) is preferentially expressed in fruit with a maximum expression at the breaker stage while expression in roots, stems, leaves and flowers is very weak. It represents a potential candidate for the formation of aroma volatiles by interconverting alcohols and aldehydes. The SlscADH1 recombinant protein produced in Escherichia coli exhibited dehydrogenase-reductase activity towards several volatile compounds present in tomato flavour with a strong preference for the NAD/NADH co-factors. The strongest activity was observed for the reduction of hexanal (K(m)=0.175mM) and phenylacetaldehyde (K(m)=0.375mM) in the presence of NADH. The oxidation process of hexanol and 1-phenylethanol was much less efficient (K(m)s of 2.9 and 23.0mM, respectively), indicating that the enzyme preferentially acts as a reductase. However activity was observed only for hexanal, phenylacetaldehyde, (E)-2-hexenal and acetaldehyde and the corresponding alcohols. No activity could be detected for other aroma volatiles important for tomato flavour, such as methyl-butanol/methyl-butanal, 5-methyl-6-hepten-2-one/5-methyl-6-hepten-2-ol, citronellal/citronellol, neral/nerol, geraniol. In order to assess the function of the SlscADH1 gene, transgenic plants have been generated using the technique of RNA interference (RNAi). Constitutive down-regulation using the 35S promoter resulted in the generation of dwarf plants, indicating that the SlscADH1 gene, although weakly expressed in vegetative tissues, had a function in regulating plant development. Fruit-specific down-regulation using the 2A11 promoter had no morphogenetic effect and did not alter the aldehyde/alcohol balance of the volatiles compounds produced by the fruit. Nevertheless, SlscADH1-inhibited fruit unexpectedly accumulated higher concentrations of C5 and C6 volatile compounds of the lipoxygenase pathway, possibly as an indirect effect of the suppression of SlscADH1 on the catabolism of phospholipids and/or integrity of membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Moummou
- Université de Toulouse, INPT-ENSAT, Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole BP 32607, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Bukh C, Nord-Larsen PH, Rasmussen SK. Phylogeny and structure of the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene family in Brachypodium distachyon. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6223-36. [PMID: 23028019 PMCID: PMC3481213 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) catalyses the final step of the monolignol biosynthesis, the conversion of cinnamyl aldehydes to alcohols, using NADPH as a cofactor. Seven members of the CAD gene family were identified in the genome of Brachypodium distachyon and five of these were isolated and cloned from genomic DNA. Semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR revealed differential expression of the cloned genes, with BdCAD5 being expressed in all tissues and highest in root and stem while BdCAD3 was only expressed in stem and spikes. A phylogenetic analysis of CAD-like proteins placed BdCAD5 on the same branch as bona fide CAD proteins from maize (ZmCAD2), rice (OsCAD2), sorghum (SbCAD2) and Arabidopsis (AtCAD4, 5). The predicted three-dimensional structures of both BdCAD3 and BdCAD5 resemble that of AtCAD5. However, the amino-acid residues in the substrate-binding domains of BdCAD3 and BdCAD5 are distributed symmetrically and BdCAD3 is similar to that of poplar sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase (PotSAD). BdCAD3 and BdCAD5 expressed and purified from Escherichia coli both showed a temperature optimum of about 50 °C and molar weight of 49 kDa. The optimal pH for the reduction of coniferyl aldehyde were pH 5.2 and 6.2 and the pH for the oxidation of coniferyl alcohol were pH 8 and 9.5, for BdCAD3 and BdCAD5 respectively. Kinetic parameters for conversion of coniferyl aldehyde and coniferyl alcohol showed that BdCAD5 was clearly the most efficient enzyme of the two. These data suggest that BdCAD5 is the main CAD enzyme for lignin biosynthesis and that BdCAD3 has a different role in Brachypodium. All CAD enzymes are cytosolic except for BdCAD4, which has a putative chloroplast signal peptide adding to the diversity of CAD functions.
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Abstract
The structures, evolution and functions of alcohol dehydrogenase gene families and their products have been scrutinized for half a century. Our understanding of the enzyme structure and catalytic activity of plant alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-P) is based on the vast amount of information available for its animal counterpart. The probable origins of the enzyme from a simple β-coil and eventual emergence from a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase have been well described. There is compelling evidence that the small ADH gene families found in plants today are the survivors of multiple rounds of gene expansion and contraction. To the probable original function of their products in the terminal reaction of anaerobic fermentation have been added roles in yeast-like aerobic fermentation and the production of characteristic scents that act to attract animals that serve as pollinators or agents of seed dispersal and to protect against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Strommer
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Effects of 1-MCP and ethylene on expression of three CAD genes and lignification in stems of harvested Tsai Tai (Brassica chinensis). Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Djébali N, Jauneau A, Ameline-Torregrosa C, Chardon F, Jaulneau V, Mathé C, Bottin A, Cazaux M, Pilet-Nayel ML, Baranger A, Aouani ME, Esquerré-Tugayé MT, Dumas B, Huguet T, Jacquet C. Partial resistance of Medicago truncatula to Aphanomyces euteiches is associated with protection of the root stele and is controlled by a major QTL rich in proteasome-related genes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2009; 22:1043-55. [PMID: 19656040 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-22-9-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A pathosystem between Aphanomyces euteiches, the causal agent of pea root rot disease, and the model legume Medicago truncatula was developed to gain insights into mechanisms involved in resistance to this oomycete. The F83005.5 French accession and the A17-Jemalong reference line, susceptible and partially resistant, respectively, to A. euteiches, were selected for further cytological and genetic analyses. Microscopy analyses of thin root sections revealed that a major difference between the two inoculated lines occurred in the root stele, which remained pathogen free in A17. Striking features were observed in A17 roots only, including i) frequent pericycle cell divisions, ii) lignin deposition around the pericycle, and iii) accumulation of soluble phenolic compounds. Genetic analysis of resistance was performed on an F7 population of 139 recombinant inbred lines and identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) near the top of chromosome 3. A second study, with near-isogenic line responses to A. euteiches confirmed the role of this QTL in expression of resistance. Fine-mapping allowed the identification of a 135-kb sequenced genomic DNA region rich in proteasome-related genes. Most of these genes were shown to be induced only in inoculated A17. Novel mechanisms possibly involved in the observed partial resistance are proposed.
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Sattler SE, Saathoff AJ, Haas EJ, Palmer NA, Funnell-Harris DL, Sarath G, Pedersen JF. A nonsense mutation in a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene is responsible for the Sorghum brown midrib6 phenotype. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:584-95. [PMID: 19363091 PMCID: PMC2689950 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.136408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Brown midrib6 (bmr6) affects phenylpropanoid metabolism, resulting in reduced lignin concentrations and altered lignin composition in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Recently, bmr6 plants were shown to have limited cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195), the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hydroxycinnamoyl aldehydes (monolignals) to monolignols. A candidate gene approach was taken to identify Bmr6. Two CAD genes (Sb02g024190 and Sb04g005950) were identified in the sorghum genome based on similarity to known CAD genes and through DNA sequencing a nonsense mutation was discovered in Sb04g005950 that results in a truncated protein lacking the NADPH-binding and C-terminal catalytic domains. Immunoblotting confirmed that the Bmr6 protein was absent in protein extracts from bmr6 plants. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Bmr6 is a member of an evolutionarily conserved group of CAD proteins, which function in lignin biosynthesis. In addition, Bmr6 is distinct from the other CAD-like proteins in sorghum, including SbCAD4 (Sb02g024190). Although both Bmr6 and SbCAD4 are expressed in sorghum internodes, an examination of enzymatic activity of recombinant Bmr6 and SbCAD4 showed that Bmr6 had 1 to 2 orders of magnitude greater activity for monolignol substrates. Modeling of Bmr6 and SbCAD4 protein structures showed differences in the amino acid composition of the active site that could explain the difference in enzyme activity. These differences include His-57, which is unique to Bmr6 and other grass CADs. In summary, Bmr6 encodes the major CAD protein involved in lignin synthesis in sorghum, and the bmr6 mutant is a null allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Sattler
- Grain, Forage, and Bioenergy Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Nebraska, USA.
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Barakat A, Bagniewska-Zadworna A, Choi A, Plakkat U, DiLoreto DS, Yellanki P, Carlson JE. The cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene family in Populus: phylogeny, organization, and expression. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 9:26. [PMID: 19267902 PMCID: PMC2662859 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is a phenolic heteropolymer in secondary cell walls that plays a major role in the development of plants and their defense against pathogens. The biosynthesis of monolignols, which represent the main component of lignin involves many enzymes. The cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis as it catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of monolignols. The CAD gene family has been studied in Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa and partially in Populus. This is the first comprehensive study on the CAD gene family in woody plants including genome organization, gene structure, phylogeny across land plant lineages, and expression profiling in Populus. RESULTS The phylogenetic analyses showed that CAD genes fall into three main classes (clades), one of which is represented by CAD sequences from gymnosperms and angiosperms. The other two clades are represented by sequences only from angiosperms. All Populus CAD genes, except PoptrCAD 4 are distributed in Class II and Class III. CAD genes associated with xylem development (PoptrCAD 4 and PoptrCAD 10) belong to Class I and Class II. Most of the CAD genes are physically distributed on duplicated blocks and are still in conserved locations on the homeologous duplicated blocks. Promoter analysis of CAD genes revealed several motifs involved in gene expression modulation under various biological and physiological processes. The CAD genes showed different expression patterns in poplar with only two genes preferentially expressed in xylem tissues during lignin biosynthesis. CONCLUSION The phylogeny of CAD genes suggests that the radiation of this gene family may have occurred in the early ancestry of angiosperms. Gene distribution on the chromosomes of Populus showed that both large scale and tandem duplications contributed significantly to the CAD gene family expansion. The duplication of several CAD genes seems to be associated with a genome duplication event that happened in the ancestor of Salicaceae. Phylogenetic analyses associated with expression profiling and results from previous studies suggest that CAD genes involved in wood development belong to Class I and Class II. The other CAD genes from Class II and Class III may function in plant tissues under biotic stresses. The conservation of most duplicated CAD genes, the differential distribution of motifs in their promoter regions, and the divergence of their expression profiles in various tissues of Populus plants indicate that genes in the CAD family have evolved tissue-specialized expression profiles and may have divergent functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelali Barakat
- The School of Forest Resources, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 324 Forest Resources Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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A genomewide analysis of the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase family in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] identifies SbCAD2 as the brown midrib6 gene. Genetics 2008; 181:783-95. [PMID: 19087955 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.108.098996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The content and composition of the plant cell wall polymer lignin affect plant fitness, carbon sequestration potential, and agro-industrial processing. These characteristics, are heavily influenced by the supply of hydroxycinnamyl alcohol precursors synthesized by the enzyme cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). In angiosperms, CAD is encoded by a multigene family consisting of members thought to have distinct roles in different stages of plant development. Due to the high sequence similarity among CAD genes, it has been challenging to identify and study the role of the individual genes without a genome sequence. Analysis of the recently released sorghum genome revealed the existence of 14 CAD-like genes at seven genomic locations. Comparisons with maize and rice revealed subtle differences in gene number, arrangement, and expression patterns. Sorghum CAD2 is the predominant CAD involved in lignification based on the phylogenetic relationship with CADs from other species and genetic evidence showing that a set of three allelic brown midrib (bmr) lignin mutants contained mutations in this gene. The impact of the mutations on the structure of the protein was assessed using molecular modeling based on X-ray crystallography data of the closely related Arabidopsis CAD5. The modeling revealed unique changes in structure consistent with the observed phenotypes of the mutants.
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Davin LB, Jourdes M, Patten AM, Kim KW, Vassão DG, Lewis NG. Dissection of lignin macromolecular configuration and assembly: Comparison to related biochemical processes in allyl/propenyl phenol and lignan biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:1015-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b510386j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hamberger B, Ellis M, Friedmann M, de Azevedo Souza C, Barbazuk B, Douglas CJ. Genome-wide analyses of phenylpropanoid-related genes in Populus trichocarpa, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Oryza sativa: the Populus lignin toolbox and conservation and diversification of angiosperm gene familiesThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Poplar Research in Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/b07-098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The completion of the Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & A. Gray) (poplar) genome sequence offers an opportunity to study complete genome families in a third fully sequenced angiosperm (after Arabidopsis and rice) and to conduct comparative genomics studies of angiosperm gene family evolution. We focussed on gene families encoding phenylpropanoid and phenylpropanoid-like enzymes, and identified and annotated the full set of genes encoding these and related enzymes in the poplar genome. We used a similar approach to identify an analogous set of genes from the rice genome and generated phylogenetic trees for nine phenylpropanoid gene families from aligned poplar, Arabidopsis, and rice predicted protein sequences. This enabled us to identify the likely full set of bona fide poplar lignin-related phenylpropanoid genes (poplar “lignification toolbox”) apparent within well-defined clades in all phylogenetic trees. Analysis of expression data for poplar genes confirmed and refined annotations of lignin-related genes, which generally showed high expression in wood-forming tissues. Expression data from both poplar and Arabidopsis were used to make inferences regarding biochemical and biological functions of phenylpropanoid-like genes with unknown functions. The comparative approach also provided insights into the evolution of angiosperm phenylpropanoid-like gene families, illustrating lineage-specific clades as well as ancient clades containing genes with apparent conserved function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Hamberger
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Margaret Ellis
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Michael Friedmann
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Clarice de Azevedo Souza
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Brad Barbazuk
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Carl J. Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
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Marmagne A, Ferro M, Meinnel T, Bruley C, Kuhn L, Garin J, Barbier-Brygoo H, Ephritikhine G. A High Content in Lipid-modified Peripheral Proteins and Integral Receptor Kinases Features in the Arabidopsis Plasma Membrane Proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:1980-96. [PMID: 17644812 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700099-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteomics of plasma membrane has brought to date only scarce and partial information on the actual protein repertoire. In this work, the plant plasma membrane proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. A highly purified plasma membrane fraction was washed by NaCl and Na2CO3 salts, and the insoluble fractions were further analyzed by nano-LC-MS/MS. With 446 proteins identified, we hereby describe the largest plasma membrane proteome diversity reported so far. Half of the proteins were predicted to display transmembrane domains and/or to be anchored to the membrane, validating a posteriori the pertinence of the approach. A fine analysis highlighted two main specific and novel features. First, the main functional category is represented by a majority of as yet unreported signaling proteins, including 11% receptor-like kinases. Second, 16% of the identified proteins are predicted to be lipid-modified, specifically involving double lipid linkage through N-terminal myristoylation, S-palmitoylation, C-terminal prenylation, or glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors. Thus, our approach led for the first time to the identification of a large number of peripheral proteins as part of the plasma membrane and allowed the functionality of the plasma membrane in the cell context to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marmagne
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS-UPR 2355, Bât 22, avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
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Tieman DM, Loucas HM, Kim JY, Clark DG, Klee HJ. Tomato phenylacetaldehyde reductases catalyze the last step in the synthesis of the aroma volatile 2-phenylethanol. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:2660-9. [PMID: 17644147 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The volatile compounds, 2-phenylacetaldehyde and 2-phenylethanol, are important for the aroma and flavor of many foods, such as ripe tomato fruits, and are also major constituents of scent of many flowers, most notably roses. While much work has gone into elucidating the pathway for 2-phenylethanol synthesis in bacteria and yeast, the pathways for synthesis in plants are not well characterized. We have identified two tomato enzymes (LePAR1 and LePAR2) that catalyze the conversion of 2-phenylacetaldehyde to 2-phenylethanol: LePAR1, a member of the large and diverse short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family, strongly prefers 2-phenylacetaldehyde to its shorter and longer homologues (benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde, respectively) and does not catalyze the reverse reaction at a measurable rate; LePAR2, however, has similar affinity for 2-phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde. To confirm the activity of these enzymes in vivo, LePAR1 and LePAR2 cDNAs were individually expressed constitutively in petunia. While wild type petunia flowers emit relatively high levels of 2-phenylacetaldehyde and lower levels of 2-phenylethanol, flowers from the transgenic plants expressing LePAR1 or LePAR2 had significantly higher levels of 2-phenylethanol and lower levels of 2-phenylacetaldehyde. The in vivo alteration of volatile emissions is an important step toward altering aroma volatiles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Tieman
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
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Guillaumie S, Pichon M, Martinant JP, Bosio M, Goffner D, Barrière Y. Differential expression of phenylpropanoid and related genes in brown-midrib bm1, bm2, bm3, and bm4 young near-isogenic maize plants. PLANTA 2007; 226:235-50. [PMID: 17226026 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The expression of phenylpropanoid and related genes was investigated in bm1, bm2, bm3, and bm4 near-isogenic maize plants at the 4-5 leaf stage using a gene-specific cell wall macro-array. The bm3 mutant, which is mutated in the caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, exhibited the lowest number of differentially expressed genes. Although no other phenylpropanoid gene had an altered expression, two distinct OMT and two cytochrome P450 genes were overexpressed suggesting the activation of alternative hydroxylation/methylation pathways. The bm1 mutant had the highest number of differentially expressed genes, all of which were under-expressed. Bm1 mutant plants were affected not only in cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (bm1 related CAD) gene expression as expected, but also in the expression of other CAD/SAD gene family members and several regulatory genes including MYB, ARGONAUTE and HDZip. As originally believed, the bm1 mutation could be localized at the CAD locus, but more probably in a gene that regulates the expression of the CAD gene family. The profile of under-expressed genes in the bm2 mutant is nearly similar to that of bm1. These genes fell under several functional categories including phenylpropanoid metabolism, transport and trafficking, transcription factors and regulatory genes. As the bm2 mutant exhibited a lower guaiacyl (G) unit lignin content, the bm2 mutation could affect a regulatory gene involved, perhaps indirectly, in the regulation, conjugation or transport of coniferaldehyde, or the establishment of G-rich maize tissues. The pattern of gene expression in bm4 plants, characterized by the over-expression of phenylpropanoid and methylation genes, suggests that the bm4 mutation likely also affects a gene involved in the regulation of lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Guillaumie
- INRA, Unité de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes Fourragères, BP6, 86600, Lusignan, France
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Sakakibara N, Nakatsubo T, Suzuki S, Shibata D, Shimada M, Umezawa T. Metabolic analysis of the cinnamate/monolignol pathway in Carthamus tinctorius seeds by a stable-isotope-dilution method. Org Biomol Chem 2007. [PMID: 17315067 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-009-9155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study established a system for comprehensive metabolic analysis of the cinnamate/monolignol and lignan pathways by the use of a stable-isotope-dilution method. The system was successfully applied to characterization of the pathways in Carthamus tinctorius cv. Round-leaved White maturing seeds in combination with administration of stable-isotope-labelled precursors. Experimental results obtained using this technique strongly suggested the intermediacy of ferulic acid in lignan biosynthesis in the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Sakakibara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphare, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Poke FS, Vaillancourt RE, Potts BM, Reid JB. Genomic research in Eucalyptus. Genetica 2005; 125:79-101. [PMID: 16175457 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-005-5082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eucalyptus L'Hérit. is a genus comprised of more than 700 species that is of vital importance ecologically to Australia and to the forestry industry world-wide, being grown in plantations for the production of solid wood products as well as pulp for paper. With the sequencing of the genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa and the recent completion of the first tree genome sequence, Populus trichocarpa, attention has turned to the current status of genomic research in Eucalyptus. For several eucalypt species, large segregating families have been established, high-resolution genetic maps constructed and large EST databases generated. Collaborative efforts have been initiated for the integration of diverse genomic projects and will provide the framework for future research including exploiting the sequence of the entire eucalypt genome which is currently being sequenced. This review summarises the current position of genomic research in Eucalyptus and discusses the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona S Poke
- Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry and School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Churchill Avenue, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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28
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Damiani I, Morreel K, Danoun S, Goeminne G, Yahiaoui N, Marque C, Kopka J, Messens E, Goffner D, Boerjan W, Boudet AM, Rochange S. Metabolite profiling reveals a role for atypical cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase CAD1 in the synthesis of coniferyl alcohol in tobacco xylem. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 59:753-69. [PMID: 16270228 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-005-0947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, lignin is built from two main monomers, coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol, which are incorporated respectively as G and S units in the polymer. The last step of their synthesis has so far been considered to be performed by a family of dimeric cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases (CAD2). However, previous studies on Eucalyptus gunnii xylem showed the presence of an additional, structurally unrelated, monomeric CAD form named CAD1. This form reduces coniferaldehyde to coniferyl alcohol, but is inactive on sinapaldehyde. In this paper, we report the functional characterization of CAD1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Transgenic tobacco plants with reduced CAD1 expression were obtained through an RNAi strategy. These plants displayed normal growth and development, and detailed biochemical studies were needed to reveal a role for CAD1. Lignin analyses showed that CAD1 down-regulation does not affect Klason lignin content, and has a moderate impact on G unit content of the non-condensed lignin fraction. However, comparative metabolic profiling of the methanol-soluble phenolic fraction from basal xylem revealed significant differences between CAD1 down-regulated and wild-type plants. Eight compounds were less abundant in CAD1 down-regulated lines, five of which were identified as dimers or trimers of monolignols, each containing at least one moiety derived from coniferyl alcohol. In addition, 3-trans-caffeoyl quinic acid accumulated in the transgenic plants. Together, our results support a significant contribution of CAD1 to the synthesis of coniferyl alcohol in planta, along with the previously characterized CAD2 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Damiani
- UMR UPS/CNRS 5546 "Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux", Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24 chemin de Borderouge, BP 42617, F-31326, Castanet, France
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Boudet AM, Hawkins S, Rochange S. The polymorphism of the genes/enzymes involved in the last two reductive steps of monolignol synthesis: what is the functional significance? C R Biol 2005; 327:837-45. [PMID: 15587075 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphism of genes and enzymes involved in the last two steps of monolignol synthesis is examined in the light of recent data coming from genomic studies and mutant/transformant analyses. The two catalytic activities considered--cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD)--are encoded by small multigene families. While some degree of diversification can be noted at the sequence level, it is often difficult to use this information to assign substrate specificities to each member of a gene family. Expression profiles, however, suggest for both CAD and CCR the existence of two sub-families: one devoted to developmental lignification, and the other involved in the synthesis of defence-related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain-Michel Boudet
- UMR UPS/CNRS 5546, Pôle de biotechnologies végétale, 24, chemin de Borderouge, Auzeville, 31326 Castanet, France.
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30
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Barrière Y, Ralph J, Méchin V, Guillaumie S, Grabber JH, Argillier O, Chabbert B, Lapierre C. Genetic and molecular basis of grass cell wall biosynthesis and degradability. II. Lessons from brown-midrib mutants. C R Biol 2005; 327:847-60. [PMID: 15587076 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The brown-midrib mutants of maize have a reddish-brown pigmentation of the leaf midrib and stalk pith, associated with lignified tissues. These mutants progressively became models for lignification genetics and biochemical studies in maize and grasses. Comparisons at silage maturity of bm1, bm2, bm3, bm4 plants highlighted their reduced lignin, but also illustrated the biochemical specificities of each mutant in p-coumarate, ferulate ester and etherified ferulate content, or syringyl/guaiacyl monomer ratio after thioacidolysis. Based on the current knowledge of the lignin pathway, and based on presently developed data and discussions, C3H and CCoAOMT activities are probably major hubs in controlling cell-wall lignification (and digestibility). It is also likely that ferulates arise via the CCoAOMT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Barrière
- Unité dé génétique et d'amélioration des plantes fourragères, INRA, 86600 Lusignan, France.
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31
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Kim SJ, Kim MR, Bedgar DL, Moinuddin SGA, Cardenas CL, Davin LB, Kang C, Lewis NG. Functional reclassification of the putative cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase multigene family in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1455-60. [PMID: 14745009 PMCID: PMC341741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307987100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Of 17 genes annotated in the Arabidopsis genome database as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) homologues, an in silico analysis revealed that 8 genes were misannotated. Of the remaining nine, six were catalytically competent for NADPH-dependent reduction of p-coumaryl, caffeyl, coniferyl, 5-hydroxyconiferyl, and sinapyl aldehydes, whereas three displayed very low activity and only at very high substrate concentrations. Of the nine putative CADs, two (AtCAD5 and AtCAD4) had the highest activity and homology (approximately 83% similarity) relative to bona fide CADs from other species. AtCAD5 used all five substrates effectively, whereas AtCAD4 (of lower overall catalytic capacity) poorly used sinapyl aldehyde; the corresponding 270-fold decrease in k(enz) resulted from higher K(m) and lower k(cat) values, respectively. No CAD homologue displayed a specific requirement for sinapyl aldehyde, which was in direct contrast with unfounded claims for a so-called sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase in angiosperms. AtCAD2, 3, as well as AtCAD7 and 8 (highest homology to sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase) were catalytically less active overall by at least an order of magnitude, due to increased K(m) and lower k(cat) values. Accordingly, alternative and/or bifunctional metabolic roles of these proteins in plant defense cannot be ruled out. Comprehensive analyses of lignified tissues of various Arabidopsis knockout mutants (for AtCAD5, 6, and 9) at different stages of growth/development indicated the presence of functionally redundant CAD metabolic networks. Moreover, disruption of AtCAD5 expression had only a small effect on either overall lignin amounts deposited, or on syringyl-guaiacyl compositions, despite being the most catalytically active form in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Kim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA
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Sibout R, Eudes A, Pollet B, Goujon T, Mila I, Granier F, Séguin A, Lapierre C, Jouanin L. Expression pattern of two paralogs encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases in Arabidopsis. Isolation and characterization of the corresponding mutants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:848-60. [PMID: 12805615 PMCID: PMC167025 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.021048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2003] [Revised: 02/23/2003] [Accepted: 03/20/2003] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Studying Arabidopsis mutants of the phenylpropanoid pathway has unraveled several biosynthetic steps of monolignol synthesis. Most of the genes leading to monolignol synthesis have been characterized recently in this herbaceous plant, except those encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). We have used the complete sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome to highlight a new view of the complete CAD gene family. Among nine AtCAD genes, we have identified the two distinct paralogs AtCAD-C and AtCAD-D, which share 75% identity and are likely to be involved in lignin biosynthesis in other plants. Northern, semiquantitative restriction fragment-length polymorphism-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western analysis revealed that AtCAD-C and AtCAD-D mRNA and protein ratios were organ dependent. Promoter activities of both genes are high in fibers and in xylem bundles. However, AtCAD-C displayed a larger range of sites of expression than AtCAD-D. Arabidopsis null mutants (Atcad-D and Atcad-C) corresponding to both genes were isolated. CAD activities were drastically reduced in both mutants, with a higher impact on sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity (6% and 38% of residual sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase activities for Atcad-D and Atcad-C, respectively). Only Atcad-D showed a slight reduction in Klason lignin content and displayed modifications of lignin structure with a significant reduced proportion of conventional S lignin units in both stems and roots, together with the incorporation of sinapaldehyde structures ether linked at Cbeta. These results argue for a substantial role of AtCAD-D in lignification, and more specifically in the biosynthesis of sinapyl alcohol, the precursor of S lignin units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sibout
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du PEPS, P.O. Box 3800, Quebec, Canada G1V 4C7
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Larroy C, Fernández MR, González E, Parés X, Biosca JA. Characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae YMR318C (ADH6) gene product as a broad specificity NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase: relevance in aldehyde reduction. Biochem J 2002; 361:163-72. [PMID: 11742541 PMCID: PMC1222291 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3610163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
YMR318C represents an open reading frame from Saccharomyces cerevisiae with unknown function. It possesses a conserved sequence motif, the zinc-containing alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) signature, specific to the medium-chain zinc-containing ADHs. In the present study, the YMR318C gene product has been purified to homogeneity from overexpressing yeast cells, and found to be a homodimeric ADH, composed of 40 kDa subunits and with a pI of 5.0-5.4. The enzyme was strictly specific for NADPH and was active with a wide variety of substrates, including aliphatic (linear and branched-chain) and aromatic primary alcohols and aldehydes. Aldehydes were processed with a 50-fold higher catalytic efficiency than that for the corresponding alcohols. The highest k(cat)/K(m) values were found with pentanal>veratraldehyde > hexanal > 3-methylbutanal >cinnamaldehyde. Taking into consideration the substrate specificity and sequence characteristics of the YMR318C gene product, we have proposed this gene to be called ADH6. The disruption of ADH6 was not lethal for the yeast under laboratory conditions. Although S. cerevisiae is considered a non lignin-degrading organism, the catalytic activity of ADHVI can direct veratraldehyde and anisaldehyde, arising from the oxidation of lignocellulose by fungal lignin peroxidases, to the lignin biodegradation pathway. ADHVI is the only S. cerevisiae enzyme able to significantly reduce veratraldehyde in vivo, and its overexpression allowed yeast to grow under toxic concentrations of this aldehyde. The enzyme may also be involved in the synthesis of fusel alcohols. To our knowledge this is the first NADPH-dependent medium-chain ADH to be characterized in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Larroy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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Savidge RA, Förster H. Coniferyl alcohol metabolism in conifers -- II. Coniferyl alcohol and dihydroconiferyl alcohol biosynthesis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 57:1095-1103. [PMID: 11430982 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Coniferaldehyde and NADPH when incubated with microsomes isolated from developing xylem of Pinus strobus yielded coniferyl alcohol and dihydroconiferyl alcohol in vitro. D-(+)-Pinitol was also found to be a microsomal constituent. Endogenous E-coniferyl alcohol content, quantified in dormant buds, cambium, bark and needles of Pinus resinosa and P. strobus by isotope-dilution combined gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using ring-(13)C(6)-coniferyl alcohol, was at a level similar to that of endogenous indol 3-ylacetic acid (IAA). Wounding (branch girdling) induced more than a 10-fold increase in content of endogenous E-coniferyl alcohol in dormant non-lignifying cambium, a clear indication that monolignol biosynthesis is not coupled to lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Savidge
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, NB, E3B 6C2, Fredericton, Canada.
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Jones L, Ennos AR, Turner SR. Cloning and characterization of irregular xylem4 (irx4): a severely lignin-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 26:205-16. [PMID: 11389761 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A severe lignin mutant, irx4, has been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana as a result of its collapsed xylem phenotype. In contrast to previously described irx mutants, irx4 plants have 50% less lignin than wild-type plants, whilst the cellulose and hemicellulose content remained unchanged. These alterations in the composition of irx4 secondary cell walls had a dramatic effect on the morphology and architecture of the walls, which expand to fill most of the cell, and also on the physical properties of irx4 stems. Further analysis indicated that the irx4 mutation occurred in a cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) gene within a highly conserved intron splice site sequence of intron 2. As a result, CCR mRNA transcripts were incorrectly spliced. Transgenic plants expressing an IRX3 promoter-CCR cDNA construct were used to generate a series of plants with varying degrees of lignin content in order to assess the role of lignin content in determining the physical properties of Arabidopsis stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, 3.614 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Østergaard L, Lauvergeat V, Naested H, Mattsson O, Mundy J. Two differentially regulated Arabidopsis genes define a new branch of the DFR superfamily. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 160:463-472. [PMID: 11166433 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two tandem genes were identified on Arabidopsis chromosome II (AtCRL1 and AtCRL2) encoding proteins with homology to members of the dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) superfamily. The encoded CRL1 and CRL2 proteins share 87% mutual amino acid sequence identity whereas their promoter regions are highly divergent, suggesting differential regulation of the CRL genes. Phylogenetic analysis placed CRL1 and CRL2 in a separate branch of the DFR superfamily. Northern blotting showed strong AtCRL1 induction by abscisic acid (ABA), drought, and heat shock, and high expression level in seeds, thus resembling the expression pattern of late embryogenic abundant ABA-responsive genes. Differential expression of the two genes during plant development was confirmed in plants expressing transcriptional fusions between the two promoters and the Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase reporter gene. This showed that, whereas high expression of AtCRL1 in mature seeds declines during subsequent vegetative growth, transcriptional activity from the AtCRL2 promoter increases during vegetative growth. Expression of both genes is restricted to vascular tissue. Based upon their homology to proteins involved in lignin synthesis, we propose that AtCRL2 is involved in generating conducting tissue late in development, while AtCRL1 is involved in vascular tissue differentiation and/or synthesis in the germinating embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Østergaard
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ø. Farimagsgade 2A, 1353 K, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Johnson ET, Ryu S, Yi H, Shin B, Cheong H, Choi G. Alteration of a single amino acid changes the substrate specificity of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 25:325-33. [PMID: 11208024 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species exhibit a reduced range of flower colors due to the lack of an essential gene or to the substrate specificity of a biosynthetic enzyme. Petunia does not produce orange flowers because dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) from this species, an enzyme involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, inefficiently reduces dihydrokaempferol, the precursor to orange pelargonidin-type anthocyanins. The substrate specificity of DFR, however, has not been investigated at the molecular level. By analyzing chimeric DFRs of Petunia and Gerbera, we identified a region that determines the substrate specificity of DFR. Furthermore, by changing a single amino acid in this presumed substrate-binding region, we developed a DFR enzyme that preferentially reduces dihydrokaempferol. Our results imply that the substrate specificity of DFR can be altered by minor changes in DFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Johnson
- Kumho Life and Environmental Science Laboratory, 1 Oryong-dong, Puk-gu, Kwangju 500-712 Korea
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Maury S, Geoffroy P, Legrand M. Tobacco O-methyltransferases involved in phenylpropanoid metabolism. The different caffeoyl-coenzyme A/5-hydroxyferuloyl-coenzyme A 3/5-O-methyltransferase and caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic acid 3/5-O-methyltransferase classes have distinct substrate specificities and expression patterns. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 121:215-24. [PMID: 10482677 PMCID: PMC59370 DOI: 10.1104/pp.121.1.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/1999] [Accepted: 05/27/1999] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of lignin monomers involves two methylation steps catalyzed by orthodiphenol-O-methyltransferases: caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic acid 3/5-O-methyltransferases (COMTs) and caffeoyl-coenzyme A (CoA)/5-hydroxyferuloyl-CoA 3/5-O-methyltransferases (CCoAOMTs). Two COMT classes (I and II) were already known to occur in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and three distinct CCoAOMT classes have now been characterized. These three CCoAOMT classes displayed a maximum level of expression at different stages of stem development, in accordance with their involvement in the synthesis of lignin guaiacyl units. Expression profiles upon tobacco mosaic virus infection of tobacco leaves revealed a biphasic pattern of induction for COMT I, COMT II, and CCoAOMTs. The different isoforms were expressed in Escherichia coli and our results showed that CCoAOMTs and, more surprisingly, COMTs efficiently methylated hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA esters. COMT I was also active toward 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol, indicating that COMT I that catalyzes syringyl unit synthesis in planta may operate at the free acid, CoA ester, or alcohol levels. COMT II that is highly inducible by infection also accepted caffeoyl-CoA as a substrate, thus suggesting a role in ferulate derivative deposition in the walls of infected cells. Tobacco appears to possess an array of O-methyltransferase isoforms with variable efficiency toward the diverse plant o-diphenolic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maury
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Louis Pasteur, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
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Guillén P, Guis M, Martínez-Reina G, Colrat S, Dalmayrac S, Deswarte C, Bouzayen M, Roustan JP, Fallot J, Pech JC, Latché A. A novel NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase gene from Vigna radiata confers resistance to the grapevine fungal toxin eutypine. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 16:335-343. [PMID: 9881154 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Eutypine, 4-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-3-butene-1-ynyl) benzyl aldehyde, is a toxin produced by Eutypa lata, the causal agent of eutypa dieback of grapevines. It has previously been demonstrated that tolerance of some cultivars to this disease was correlated with their capacity to convert eutypine to the corresponding alcohol, eutypinol, which lacks phytotoxicity. We have thus purified to homogeneity a protein from Vigna radiata that exhibited eutypine-reducing activity and have isolated the corresponding cDNA. This encodes an NADPH-dependent reductase of 36 kDa that we have named Vigna radiata eutypine-reducing enzyme (VR-ERE), based on the capacity of a recombinant form of the protein to reduce eutypine into eutypinol. The strongest homologies (86.8%) of VR-ERE at the amino acid level were found with CPRD14, a drought-inducible gene of unknown function, isolated from Vigna unguiculata and with an aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase (71.7%) from Eucalyptus gunnii. Biochemical characterization of VR-ERE revealed that a variety of compounds containing an aldehyde group can act as substrates. However, the highest affinity was observed with 3-substituted benzaldehydes. Expression of a VR-ERE transgene in Vitis vinifera cells cultured in vitro conferred resistance to the toxin. This discovery opens up new biotechnological approaches for the generation of grapevines resistant to eutypa dieback.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guillén
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, Tolosan, France
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