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Khan M, Huang X, Ye X, Zhang D, Wang B, Xu A, Li R, Ren A, Chen C, Song J, Zheng R, Yuan Y, Lin J. Necroptosis-based glioblastoma prognostic subtypes: implications for TME remodeling and therapy response. Ann Med 2024; 56:2405079. [PMID: 39387496 PMCID: PMC11469424 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2405079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor with a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Necroptosis, a pathological hallmark of GBM, is poorly understood in terms of its role in prognosis, tumor microenvironment (TME) alteration, and immunotherapy. METHODS & RESULTS We assessed the expression of 55 necroptosis-related genes in GBM and normal brain tissues. We identified necroptosis-stratified clusters using Uni-Cox and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression to establish the 10-gene Glioblastoma Necroptosis Index (GNI). GNI demonstrated significant prognostic efficacy in the TCGA dataset (n = 160) and internal validation dataset (n = 345) and in external validation cohorts (n = 591). The GNI-high subgroup displayed a mesenchymal phenotype, lacking the IDH1 mutation, and MGMT methylation. This subgroup was characterized by significant enrichment in inflammatory and humoral immune pathways with prominent cell adhesion molecules (CD44 and ICAM1), inflammatory cytokines (TGFB1, IL1B, and IL10), and chemokines (CX3CL1, CXCL9, and CCL5). The TME in this subgroup showed elevated infiltration of M0 macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, and regulatory T cells. GNI-related genes appeared to limit macrophage polarization, as confirmed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. The top 30% high-risk score subset exhibited increased CD8 T cell infiltration and enhanced cytolytic activity. GNI showed promise in predicting responses to immunotherapy and targeted treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the role of necroptosis-related genes in glioblastoma (GBM) and their effects on the tumor microenvironment and patient prognosis. TheGNI demonstrates potential as a prognostic marker and provides insights into immune characteristics and treatment responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuting Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baiyao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anan Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anbang Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengcong Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Song
- Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Intelligent Imaging and Precision Radiotherapy for Tumors, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center for Radiology and Radiotherapy of Fujian Province (Digestive, Hematological and Breast Malignancies), Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yawei Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou Institute of Cancer Research, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Hu L, Wang J, Wang Y, Wu L, Wu C, Mao B, Maruthi Prasad E, Wang Y, Chin YE. LOXL1 modulates the malignant progression of colorectal cancer by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of YAP. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:148. [PMID: 32912229 PMCID: PMC7488294 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background LOX-like 1 (LOXL1) is a lysyl oxidase, and emerging evidence has revealed its effect on malignant cancer progression. However, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Methods LOXL1 expression in colorectal cancer was detected by immunohistochemistry, western blotting and real-time PCR. In vitro, colony formation, wound healing, migration and invasion assays were performed to investigate the effects of LOXL1 on cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In vivo, metastasis models and mouse xenografts were used to assess tumorigenicity and metastasis ability. Molecular biology experiments were utilized to reveal the underlying mechanisms by which LOXL1 modulates the Hippo pathway. Results LOXL1 was highly expressed in normal colon tissues compared with cancer tissues. In vitro, silencing LOXL1 in CRC cell lines dramatically enhanced migration, invasion, and colony formation, while overexpression of LOXL1 exerted the opposite effects. The results of the in vivo experiments demonstrated that the overexpression of LOXL1 in CRC cell lines drastically inhibited metastatic progression and tumour growth. Mechanistically, LOXL1 inhibited the transcriptional activity of Yes-associated protein (YAP) by interacting with MST1/2 and increasing the phosphorylation of MST1/2. Conclusions LOXL1 may function as an important tumour suppressor in regulating tumour growth, invasion and metastasis via negative regulation of YAP activity. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunliang Wang
- Department of General surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linpeng Wu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Mao
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - E Maruthi Prasad
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen key of Laboratory of Translational medicine of Tumor, Shenzhen University Health science center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Lysyl Oxidase and the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010062. [PMID: 28036074 PMCID: PMC5297697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of oxidases contains a group of extracellular copper-dependent enzymes that catalyze the cross-linking of collagen and elastin by oxidation, thus maintaining the rigidity and structural stability of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Aberrant expression or activation of LOX alters the cellular microenvironment, leading to many diseases, including atherosclerosis, tissue fibrosis, and cancer. Recently, a number of studies have shown that LOX is overexpressed in most cancers and that it is involved in the regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. In contrast, a few reports have also indicated the tumor-suppressing role of LOX. In this short review, we discuss recent research on the correlations between LOX and cancer. Further, the role of LOX in tumor microenvironment remodeling, tumorigenesis, and metastasis and the underlying mechanisms have also been elucidated.
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Alternatively spliced lysyl oxidase-like 4 isoforms have a pro-metastatic role in cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 30:103-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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The lysyl oxidase propeptide interacts with the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa and inhibits β-catenin transcriptional activity in lung cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:3286-97. [PMID: 21690299 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01426-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The propeptide region of the lysyl oxidase proenzyme (LOX-PP) has been shown to inhibit Ras signaling in NIH 3T3 and lung cancer cells with activated RAS, but its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here, a yeast two-hybrid assay of LOX-PP-interacting proteins identified a clone encoding the intracellular phosphatase domains of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa (RPTP-κ), and the interaction of the two proteins in mammalian cells was confirmed. RPTP-κ is proteolytically processed to isoforms that have opposing effects on β-catenin activity. The RPTP-κ transmembrane P subunit interacts with and sequesters β-catenin at the cell membrane, where it can associate with E-cadherin and promote intercellular interactions. At high cell density, further processing of the P subunit yields a phosphatase intracellular portion (PIC) subunit, which chaperones β-catenin to the nucleus, where it can function to activate transcription. Lung cancer cells were found to contain higher PIC levels than untransformed lung epithelial cells. In H1299 lung cancer cells, ectopic LOX-PP expression reduced the nuclear levels of PIC by increasing its turnover in the lysosome, thereby decreasing the nuclear levels and transcriptional activity of β-catenin while increasing β-catenin membrane localization. Thus, LOX-PP is shown to negatively regulate pro-oncogenic β-catenin signaling in lung cancer cells.
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ZHANG YJ, JIANG JH, XIE J, YANG L, Paul SUNGKL. Lysyl Oxidases Related to Human Diseases*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2010.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ryu SH, Kim KH, Kim HB, Kim MH, Kim NH, Kang Y, Hyun JW, Seo HJ, Jun JY, You HJ. Oncogenic Ras-mediated downregulation of Clast1/LR8 is involved in Ras-mediated neoplastic transformation and tumorigenesis in NIH3T3 cells. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1990-6. [PMID: 20550525 PMCID: PMC11158549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras proteins transform cells by way of multiple downstream signaling pathways that promote the genesis of human cancers. However, the exact cellular mechanisms by which downstream targets are regulated are not fully understood. Here, we show that oncogenic Ras reduced Clast1/LR8 transcript levels in mouse NIH3T3 fibroblasts and human WI38 fibroblasts. Clast1/LR8 transcript was undetectable in H460, A549, and H1299 cells showing high Ras activity, but was relatively abundant in DMS53 cells displaying low Ras activity. We also showed that K-Ras siRNA restored Clast1/LR8 expression in H460 and A549 cells, and that inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation reversed oncogenic H-Ras-mediated suppression of Clast1/LR8 transcription. Additionally, ectopic expression of Clast1/LR8 inhibited serum-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt in H-RasV12-transformed NIH3T3 cells. We further showed that the expression of Clast1/LR8 interfered with oncogenic Ras-induced NIH3T3 cell transformation and invasion. Finally, our results showed that Clast1/LR8 inhibited Ras-induced proliferation of, and tumor formation by, oncogenic H-RasV12-transformed NIH3T3 cells in vivo. This study identifies the downregulation of Clast1/LR8 as a potentially important mechanism by which oncogenic Ras-mediated neoplastic transformation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hyo Ryu
- Department of Pharmacology, DNA Repair Research Center, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
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Zibadi S, Vazquez R, Moore D, Larson DF, Watson RR. Myocardial lysyl oxidase regulation of cardiac remodeling in a murine model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H976-82. [PMID: 19592613 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00398.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Although its individual components adversely affect cardiac structure and function, the extent to which multiple components of MetS affect the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) has not been well characterized. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is one of the cardiac ECM-modifying enzymes that catalyze the formation of collagen cross-linking. Our objective was to define the effect of diet-induced MetS on the LOX enzyme. MetS was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by administrating a high-fat, high-simple carbohydrate diet for 6 mo. Gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. The cardiac protein expression and enzymatic activity of LOX were measured. The severity of fibrosis was assessed by histology and hydroxylproline assay. Cardiac diastolic function was assessed by in vivo analysis of the pressure-volume relationship. LOX, matrix metalloproteinases, and their tissue inhibitors were analyzed, and of these three, LOX was most significantly changed in the MetS mice. Despite the blunted gene expression of LOX isoforms, MetS mice demonstrated a significant upregulation of bone morphogenetic protein-1. Correspondingly, there was an increase in the ratio of protein expression of mature to proenzyme LOX by 25.9%, enhanced LOX activity by 50.0%, and increased cardiac cross-linked collagen compared with the controls. This fibrotic response coincided with a marked increase in end-diastolic pressure, increased left ventricular stiffness, and impaired diastolic filling pattern. Our data signify that diet-induced MetS alters the remodeling enzymes, mainly LOX, thereby altering ECM structure by increasing the amount of cross-linking and inducing diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherma Zibadi
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, Mel and Enid Zuckerman Arizona College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA
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Sebastian T, Johnson PF. RasV12-mediated down-regulation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta in immortalized fibroblasts requires loss of p19Arf and facilitates bypass of oncogene-induced senescence. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2588-98. [PMID: 19276382 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) is involved in cellular responses to oncogenic and physiologic Ras signals. C/EBPbeta is required for premature senescence of primary mouse fibroblasts induced by expression of H-Ras(V12), demonstrating its role in oncogene-induced senescence. Here, we have investigated the mechanisms by which Ras inhibits proliferation of normal cells but transforms immortalized cells. We show that oncogenic Ras down-regulates C/EBPbeta expression in NIH 3T3 cells, which are immortalized by a deletion of the CDKN2A locus and, therefore, lack the p16(Ink4a) and p19(Arf) tumor suppressors. Ras(V12)-induced silencing of C/EBPbeta occurred at the mRNA level and involved both the Raf-mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase-ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathways. Oncogenic Ras decreased C/EBPbeta expression in Ink4a/Arf(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) but increased C/EBPbeta levels in wild-type MEFs. C/EBPbeta down-regulation in NIH 3T3 cells was reversed by expression of p19(Arf), but not of p53 or p16(Ink4a), highlighting a critical role for p19(Arf) in sustaining C/EBPbeta levels. Ectopic expression of p34 C/EBPbeta (LAP) inhibited Ras(V12)-mediated transformation of NIH 3T3 cells, suppressed their tumorigenicity in nude mice, and reactivated expression of the proapoptotic Fas receptor, which is also down-regulated by Ras. Our findings indicate that Cebpb gene silencing eliminates a growth inhibitory transcription factor that would otherwise restrain oncogenesis. We propose that C/EBPbeta is part of a p53-independent, p19(Arf)-mediated network that enforces Ras-induced cell cycle arrest and tumor suppression in primary fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sebastian
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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10
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Lysyl oxidase-like 4 is alternatively spliced in an anatomic site-specific manner in tumors involving the serosal cavities. Virchows Arch 2008; 454:71-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 10/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hawkins TA, Cavodeassi F, Erdélyi F, Szabó G, Lele Z. The small molecule Mek1/2 inhibitor U0126 disrupts the chordamesoderm to notochord transition in zebrafish. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:42. [PMID: 18419805 PMCID: PMC2359734 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Key molecules involved in notochord differentiation and function have been identified through genetic analysis in zebrafish and mice, but MEK1 and 2 have so far not been implicated in this process due to early lethality (Mek1-/-) and functional redundancy (Mek2-/-) in the knockout animals. Results Here, we reveal a potential role for Mek1/2 during notochord development by using the small molecule Mek1/2 inhibitor U0126 which blocks phosphorylation of the Mek1/2 target gene Erk1/2 in vivo. Applying the inhibitor from early gastrulation until the 18-somite stage produces a specific and consistent phenotype with lack of dark pigmentation, shorter tail and an abnormal, undulated notochord. Using morphological analysis, in situ hybridization, immunhistochemistry, TUNEL staining and electron microscopy, we demonstrate that in treated embryos the chordamesoderm to notochord transition is disrupted and identify disorganization in the medial layer of the perinotochordal basement mebrane as the probable cause of the undulations and bulges in the notochord. We also examined and excluded FGF as the upstream signal during this process. Conclusion Using the small chemical U0126, we have established a novel link between MAPK-signaling and notochord differentiation. Our phenotypic analysis suggests a potential connection between the MAPK-pathway, the COPI-mediated intracellular transport and/or the copper-dependent posttranslational regulatory processes during notochord differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Hawkins
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Cheng X. Silent assassin: oncogenic ras directs epigenetic inactivation of target genes. Sci Signal 2008; 1:pe14. [PMID: 18385037 DOI: 10.1126/stke.113pe14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic transformation is associated with genetic changes and epigenetic alterations. A study now shows that oncogenic Ras uses a complex and elaborate epigenetic silencing program to specifically repress the expression of multiple unrelated cancer-suppressing genes through a common pathway. These results suggest that cancer-related epigenetic modifications may arise through a specific and instructive mechanism and that genetic changes and epigenetic alterations are intimately connected and contribute to tumorigenesis cooperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1031, USA.
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Takaoka A, Tamura T, Taniguchi T. Interferon regulatory factor family of transcription factors and regulation of oncogenesis. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:467-78. [PMID: 18190617 PMCID: PMC11159419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00720.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A family of transcription factors, the interferon regulatory factors (IRF), was identified originally in the context of the regulation of the type I interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta system. The IRF family has now expanded to nine members, and gene-disruption studies have revealed the critical involvement of these members in multiple facets of host defense systems, such as innate and adaptive immune responses and tumor suppression. In the present review article, we aim at summarizing our current knowledge of the roles of IRF in host defense, with special emphasis on their involvement in the regulation of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takaoka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Gao S, Zhao Y, Kong L, Toselli P, Chou IN, Stone P, Li W. Cloning and characterization of the rat lysyl oxidase gene promoter: identification of core promoter elements and functional nuclear factor I-binding sites. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25322-37. [PMID: 17597074 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610108200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LO) stabilizes the extracellular matrix by cross-linking collagen and elastin. To assess the transcriptional regulation of LO, we cloned the 5'-flanking region with 3,979 bp of the rat LO gene. LO transcription started at multiple sites clustered at the region from -78 to -51 upstream of ATG. The downstream core promoter element functionally independent of the initiator predominantly activated the TATA-less LO gene. 5' Deletion assays illustrated a sequence of 804 bp upstream of ATG sufficient for eliciting the maximal promoter activity and the region -709/-598 exhibiting strongly enhancing effects on the reporter gene expression in transiently transfected RFL6 cells. DNase I footprinting assays showed a protected pattern existing in the fragment -612/-580, which contains a nuclear factor I (NFI)-binding site at the region -594/-580 confirmed by electrophoretic mobility supershift assays. Mutations on this acting site decreased both NFI binding affinity in gel shift assays and stimulation of SV40 promoter activities in cells transfected with the NFI-binding site-SV40 promoter chimeric construct. Furthermore, at least two functional NFI-binding sites, including another one located at -147/-133, were identified in the LO promoter region -804/-1. Only NFI-A and NFI-B were expressed in rat lung fibroblasts, and their interaction with the LO gene was sensitively modulated by exogenous stimuli such as cigarette smoke condensate. In conclusion, the isolated rat LO gene promoter contains functionally independent initiator and downstream core promoter elements, and the conserved NFI-binding sites play a critical role in the LO gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Wu G, Guo Z, Chang X, Kim MS, Nagpal JK, Liu J, Maki JM, Kivirikko KI, Ethier SP, Trink B, Sidransky D. LOXL1 and LOXL4 are epigenetically silenced and can inhibit ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway in human bladder cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4123-9. [PMID: 17456585 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Promoter hypermethylation is one of the common mechanisms leading to gene silencing in various human cancers. Using a combination of pharmacologic unmasking and microarray techniques, we identified 59 candidate hypermethylated genes, including LOXL1, a lysyl oxidase-like gene, in human bladder cancer cells. We further showed that LOXL1 and LOXL4 are commonly silenced genes in human bladder cancer cells, and this silence is predominantly related to promoter methylation. We also found LOXL1 and LOXL4 gene methylation and loss of expression in primary bladder tumors. In addition, somatic mutations were identified in LOXL4, but not in LOXL1 in bladder cancer. Moreover, reintroduction of LOXL1 and LOXL4 genes into human bladder cancer cells leads to a decrease of colony formation ability. Further studies indicated that the overexpression of LOXL1 and LOXL4 could antagonize Ras in activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Thus, our current study suggests for the first time that lysyl oxidase-like genes can act as tumor suppressor genes and exert their functions through the inhibition of the Ras/ERK signaling pathway in human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA.
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Contente S, Attard FA, Friedman RM. Identification of proteins immunologically related to interferon regulatory factor-1 that bind with interferon regulatory factor element. J Infect Dis 2006; 194 Suppl 1:S27-32. [PMID: 16921468 DOI: 10.1086/505358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 expression was surveyed in nontransformed and oncogene-transformed mouse fibroblasts, using Western immunoblot with an IRF-1-specific antiserum, to examine possible differences resulting from cellular transformation. Ten additional proteins that reacted with the IRF-1 antibody and that underwent specific competition by peptide antigen were observed in extracts of both nontransformed and oncogene-transformed cell lines. Cross-reacting proteins were also observed in mouse macrophage extracts. Protein was captured from fibroblast nuclear extracts, using oligonucleotides representing IRF-binding sequences linked to magnetic beads. Captured proteins were eluted and analyzed by immunoblot with anti-IRF-1. Along with 43-kDa IRF-1, 4 of the 7 nuclearly located cross-reacting proteins (97, 90, 66, and 33 kDa) were found to complex with the IRF binding element. These proteins, with an epitope in common with the IRF-1 C-terminal region and IRF element DNA sequence-binding capability, may represent new members of the IRF family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Contente
- Department of Pathology and United States Military Cancer Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Payne SL, Hendrix MJC, Kirschmann DA. Lysyl oxidase regulates actin filament formation through the p130(Cas)/Crk/DOCK180 signaling complex. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:827-37. [PMID: 16440329 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that lysyl oxidase (LOX) is expressed in invasive breast cancer cells compared to poorly invasive cells. Additionally, we have recently shown that LOX regulates cell migration, a key step in the invasion process, through a hydrogen peroxide-dependent mechanism involving the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Src signaling complex. Here we further elucidate the role of LOX in cell motility/migration by examining the role of LOX in actin filament polymerization. We demonstrate that inhibition of LOX leads to an increase in phalloidin staining, directly associated with an increase in actin stress fiber formation. This increase in staining was confirmed by activity assays showing an increase in Rho activity with decreased LOX activity. Additionally, Rac and Cdc42 activity decreased with the reduction in LOX activity. Taken together, these data demonstrate a loss of a motogenic phenotype with decreased LOX activity. Finally, in order to elucidate the mechanism by which LOX regulates actin polymerization, we have demonstrated that LOX facilitates p130(Cas) phosphorylation, which allows for the binding to CAS related kinase (Crk) and formation of the p130(Cas)/Crk/DOCK180 signaling complex. Formation of this complex leads to an increase in Rac-GTP, which decreases actin stress fiber formation and increases formation of lamellipodium. These data demonstrate that LOX regulates cell motility/migration through changes in actin filament polymerization, which involve the regulation of the p130(Cas)/Crk/DOCK180 signaling pathway. Elucidating the role of LOX in the regulation of cell motility will allow the development of more effective therapeutic strategies to treat invasive/metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Payne
- Children's Memorial Research Center, Cancer Biology and Epigenomics Program, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA
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18
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Mei FC, Young TW, Liu J, Cheng X. RAS-mediated epigenetic inactivation of OPCML in oncogenic transformation of human ovarian surface epithelial cells. FASEB J 2005; 20:497-9. [PMID: 16384911 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4586fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Opioid binding protein/cell adhesion molecule-like gene (OPCML), a recently identified tumor-suppressor, is frequently inactivated by allele loss and CpG island promoter methylation in epithelial ovarian cancer. Since elevated activation of the RAS signaling pathway, including overexpression of HER-2/neu and mutations of RAS and BRAF, is common in human ovarian carcinoma, we examined the cellular effect of oncogenic RAS on the expression status of OPCML in a genetically defined human ovarian cancer model. Our study revealed that RAS(V12)-mediated oncogenic transformation was accompanied by a concomitant loss of OPCML expression. Methylation-sensitive PCR analysis showed that the OPCML promoter was hypermethylated in RAS-transformed human ovarian epithelial cells (T29H) and that treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine promoted demethylation of the OPCML promoter and restored OPCML expression in T29H cells. Furthermore, suppression of oncogenic RAS activity by stable siRNA specific for HRAS(V12) led to the demethylation and re-expression of OPCML in T29H cells, demonstrating that oncogenic RAS activity is directly responsible for the observed OPCML promoter hypermethylation and epigenetic gene silencing of OPCML. Taken together, our study suggests that elevation of the RAS signaling pathway may play an important role in epigenetic inactivation of OPCML in human epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang C Mei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1031, USA
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19
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Yeh TJA, Contente S, Friedman RM. Transformation of revertant murine cells by 5-azacytidine results in rapid inhibition of lysyl oxidase expression. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2005; 52:433-42. [PMID: 16400881 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.52.2005.3-4.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LO) is synthesized intracellularly as a proenzyme that is secreted and then processed extracellularly to a mature form. LO is expressed in NIH3T3 cells, but only very low levels are observed after NIH 3T3 is transformed by c-H-ras or one of several other oncogenes. LO functions as a tumor suppressor. Treatment of ras-transformed cells with interferon-alpha with or without retinoic acid results in their persistent reversion to a non-transformed state that is dependent on the restoration of LO expression. When such revertant cells are treated with 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), they undergo rapid morphological retransformation. Within one passage after addition of 5-azaC, there was a down regulation of LO mRNA and proenzyme protein. These data suggest a direct relationship between the transformed state and LO expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze-Jou Annie Yeh
- Department of Pathology and the United States Military Cancer Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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20
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Peinado H, del Carmen Iglesias-de la Cruz M, Olmeda D, Csiszar K, Fong KSK, Vega S, Nieto MA, Cano A, Portillo F. A molecular role for lysyl oxidase-like 2 enzyme in snail regulation and tumor progression. EMBO J 2005; 24:3446-58. [PMID: 16096638 PMCID: PMC1276164 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Snail controls epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) by repressing E-cadherin expression and other epithelial genes. However, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of Snail function are not fully understood. Here we show that lysyl-oxidase-like 2 and 3 (LOXL2 and LOXL3), two members of the lysyl-oxidase gene family, interact and cooperate with Snail to downregulate E-cadherin expression. Snail's lysine residues 98 and 137 are essential for Snail stability, functional cooperation with LOXL2/3 and induction of EMT. Overexpression of LOXL2 or LOXL3 in epithelial cells induces an EMT process, supporting their implication in tumor progression. The biological importance of LOXL2 is further supported by RNA interference of LOXL2 in Snail-expressing metastatic carcinoma cells, which led to a strong decrease of tumor growth associated to increased apoptosis and reduced expression of mesenchymal and invasive/angiogenic markers. Taken together, these results establish a direct link between LOXL2 and Snail in carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Peinado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria del Carmen Iglesias-de la Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Olmeda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katalin Csiszar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Keith S K Fong
- Cardiovascular Research Center, John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sonia Vega
- Instituto Cajal, Avenida Doctor Arce, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: +34 91 585 4411; Fax: +34 91 585 4401; E-mail:
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Arturo Duperier, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: +34 91 585 4457; Fax: +34 91 585 4401; E-mail:
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21
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Attard FA, Contente S, Yeh TJA, Buchhagen DL, Friedman RM. Mechanisms of deregulation of IFN regulatory factor-1 in ras-transformed fibroblasts. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2005; 25:418-23. [PMID: 16022587 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2005.25.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) deregulation in ras-transformed mouse fibroblasts (RS485) was studied. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 did not alter the constitutive IRF-1 protein levels in RS485 but significantly increased them in nontransformed NIH 3T3 cells at 4 h after serum stimulation of synchronized cultures. Because IRF-1 protein levels in NIH 3T3 are minimal at 4 h after serum starvation, the cyclic expression of IRF-1 in NIH 3T3 appears to be partially due to proteasome activity; however, proteasome activity in RS485 did not appear to be defective. In NIH 3T3 and RS485 cells treated with cycloheximide, there were similar rapid drops in IRF-1 protein levels, and the addition of MG132 along with cycloheximide prevented protein loss in both cell lines. Northern blot analyses of synchronized cultures showed that the IRF-1 message closely mirrored the protein expression pattern in both NIH 3T3 and RS485 cells. In synchronized cells treated with the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D, IRF-1 mRNA half-life was only marginally longer in ras-transformed fibroblasts than in the nontransformed cells, and this difference would contribute minimally to protein overexpression. These findings indicate that IRF-1 deregulation in RS485 cells occurs primarily at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Attard
- Department of Pathology, The United States Military Cancer Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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22
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Pruitt K, Ulkü AS, Frantz K, Rojas RJ, Muniz-Medina VM, Rangnekar VM, Der CJ, Shields JM. Ras-mediated loss of the pro-apoptotic response protein Par-4 is mediated by DNA hypermethylation through Raf-independent and Raf-dependent signaling cascades in epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:23363-70. [PMID: 15831492 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503083200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptosis-promoting protein Par-4 has been shown to be down-regulated in Ras-transformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts through the Raf/MEK/ERK MAPK pathway. Because mutations of the ras gene are most often found in tumors of epithelial origin, we explored the signaling pathways utilized by oncogenic Ras to down-regulate Par-4 in RIE-1 and rat ovarian surface epithelial (ROSE) cells. We determined that constitutive activation of the Raf, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, or Ral guanine nucleotide exchange factor effector pathway alone was not sufficient to down-regulate Par-4 in RIE-1 or ROSE cells. However, treatment of Ras-transformed RIE-1 or ROSE cells with the MEK inhibitors U0126 and PD98059 increased Par-4 protein expression. Thus, although oncogenic Ras utilizes the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway to down-regulate Par-4 in both fibroblasts and epithelial cells, Ras activation of an additional signaling pathway(s) is required to achieve the same outcome in epithelial cells. Methylation-specific PCR showed that the par-4 promoter is methylated in Ras-transformed cells through a MEK-dependent pathway and that treatment with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor azadeoxycytidine restored Par-4 mRNA transcript and protein levels, suggesting that the mechanism for Ras-mediated down-regulation of Par-4 is by promoter methylation. Support for this possibility is provided by our observation that Ras transformation was associated with up-regulation of Dnmt1 and Dnmt3 DNA methyltransferase expression. Finally, ectopic Par-4 expression significantly reduced Ras-mediated growth in soft agar, but not morphological transformation, highlighting the importance of Par-4 down-regulation in specific aspects of Ras-mediated transformation of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599-7295, USA
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23
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Molnar J, Ujfaludi Z, Fong SFT, Bollinger JA, Waro G, Fogelgren B, Dooley DM, Mink M, Csiszar K. Drosophila lysyl oxidases Dmloxl-1 and Dmloxl-2 are differentially expressed and the active DmLOXL-1 influences gene expression and development. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:22977-85. [PMID: 15811848 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m503006200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian lysyl oxidase (LOX) is essential for the catalysis of lysyl-derived cross-links in fibrillar collagens and elastin in the extracellular matrix and has also been implicated in cell motility, differentiation, and tumor cell invasion. The active LOX has been shown to translocate to the nuclei of smooth muscle cells and regulate chromatin structure and transcription. It is difficult to interpret the role of the LOX protein as it is co-expressed with other members of the LOX amine oxidase family in most mammalian cells. To investigate the function of the LOX proteins, we have characterized the Drosophila lysyl oxidases Dmloxl-1 and Dmloxl-2. We present the gene, domain structure, and expression pattern of Dmloxl-1 and Dmloxl-2 during development. In early development, only Dmloxl-1 was expressed, which allowed functional studies. We have expressed Dmloxl-1 in S2 cells and determined that it is a catalytically active enzyme, inhibited by beta-amino-proprionitrile (BAPN), a specific LOX inhibitor. We localized DmLOXL-1 in the nuclei in embryos and in adult salivary gland cells in the nuclei, cytoplasm, and cell surface, using immunostaining and a DmLOXL-1 antibody. To address the biological function of Dmloxl-1, we raised larvae under BAPN inhibitory conditions and over-expressed Dmloxl-1 in transgenic Drosophila. DmLOXL-1 inhibition resulted in developmental delay and a shift in sex ratio; over-expression in the w(m4) variegating strain increased drosopterin production, demonstrating euchromatinization. Our previous data on the transcriptional down-regulation of seven ribosomal genes and the glue gene under inhibitory conditions and the current results collectively support a nuclear role for Dmloxl-1 in euchromatinization and gene regulation.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Aminopropionitrile/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Blotting, Northern
- Catalysis
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chromatin/chemistry
- Chromatin/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- Collagen/chemistry
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA Primers/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Down-Regulation
- Drosophila melanogaster
- Elastin/chemistry
- Euchromatin/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Genome
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/biosynthesis
- Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Saliva/metabolism
- Salivary Glands/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Molnar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 96822, USA
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24
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Contente S, Attard FA, Yeh TJA, Buchhagen DL, Friedman RM. Deregulated expression of interferon regulatory factor-1 in oncogene-transformed mouse fibroblasts. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2004; 23:639-47. [PMID: 14651778 DOI: 10.1089/107999003322558773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is a transcription factor that has been historically associated with type I IFN activation and antioncogenic properties. We studied IRF-1 expression and DNA-binding capacity in nontransformed and transformed mouse fibroblasts. A 43-kDa nuclear IRF-1 protein was expressed biphasically during the cell cycle in primary mouse embryo fibroblasts, nontransformed NIH 3T3 cells, and ras revertants. IRF-1 expression became constitutive in ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells and in cells transformed by oncogenes ets, fes, fos, her-2/neu, met, mos, raf, or trk, suggesting that deregulated IRF-1 expression may be associated with loss of growth control. Lysyl oxidase (LO), a ras suppressor that is downregulated in ras transformants, is an IRF-1 target gene, but it is not stimulated by abundant IRF-1 present in transformants, while another IRF-1 target gene (iNOS) is transcribed. IRF-1 from either normal or ras-transformed cells bound to IRF elements in the IFN-beta and LO promoters. IRF-1 in transformants can, therefore, bind to but not transactivate the LO promoter, and the presence of IRF-1 is not sufficient to suppress ras transformation. LO expression may effect the regulated expression of IRF-1: a ras revertant, which was generated by stable transfection of LO cDNA, regained the normal biphasic IRF-1 pattern. A mainly cytoplasmic, constitutively expressed 46-kDa protein with immunologic identity to the 43-kDa nuclear IRF-1 was also present in normal and transformed cells, but as it did not bind to the IRF elements, its function is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Contente
- United States Military Cancer Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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25
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Clarke R, Liu MC, Bouker KB, Gu Z, Lee RY, Zhu Y, Skaar TC, Gomez B, O'Brien K, Wang Y, Hilakivi-Clarke LA. Antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer and the role of estrogen receptor signaling. Oncogene 2003; 22:7316-39. [PMID: 14576841 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiestrogens include agents such as tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene, and fulvestrant. Currently, tamoxifen is the only drug approved for use in breast cancer chemoprevention, and it remains the treatment of choice for most women with hormone receptor positive, invasive breast carcinoma. While antiestrogens have been available since the early 1970s, we still do not fully understand their mechanisms of action and resistance. Essentially, two forms of antiestrogen resistance occur: de novo resistance and acquired resistance. Absence of estrogen receptor (ER) expression is the most common de novo resistance mechanism, whereas a complete loss of ER expression is not common in acquired resistance. Antiestrogen unresponsiveness appears to be the major acquired resistance phenotype, with a switch to an antiestrogen-stimulated growth being a minor phenotype. Since antiestrogens compete with estrogens for binding to ER, clinical response to antiestrogens may be affected by exogenous estrogenic exposures. Such exposures include estrogenic hormone replacement therapies and dietary and environmental exposures that directly or indirectly increase a tumor's estrogenic environment. Whether antiestrogen resistance can be conferred by a switch from predominantly ERalpha to ERbeta expression remains unanswered, but predicting response to antiestrogen therapy requires only measurement of ERalpha expression. The role of altered receptor coactivator or corepressor expression in antiestrogen resistance also is unclear, and understanding their roles may be confounded by their ubiquitous expression and functional redundancy. We have proposed a gene network approach to exploring the mechanistic aspects of antiestrogen resistance. Using transcriptome and proteome analyses, we have begun to identify candidate genes that comprise one component of a larger, putative gene network. These candidate genes include NFkappaB, interferon regulatory factor-1, nucleophosmin, and the X-box binding protein-1. The network also may involve signaling through ras and MAPK, implicating crosstalk with growth factors and cytokines. Ultimately, signaling affects the expression/function of the proliferation and/or apoptotic machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Clarke
- Department of Oncology and Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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26
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Palamakumbura AH, Sommer P, Trackman PC. Autocrine growth factor regulation of lysyl oxidase expression in transformed fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:30781-7. [PMID: 12788924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305238200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase catalyzes oxidative deamination of peptidyl-lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagens and lysine residues in elastin to form peptidyl aldehydes that are required for the formation of covalent cross-links in normal extracellular matrix biosynthesis. Lysyl oxidase in addition has tumor suppressor activity, and phenotypic reversion of transformed cell lines is accompanied by increased lysyl oxidase expression. The mechanism of low expression of lysyl oxidase in tumor cells is unknown. The present study investigates the hypothesis that autocrine growth factor pathways maintain low lysyl oxidase expression levels in c-H-ras-transformed fibroblasts (RS485 cell line). Autocrine pathways were blocked with suramin, a general inhibitor of growth factor receptor binding, and resulted in more than a 10-fold increase in lysyl oxidase expression and proenzyme production. This regulation was found to be reversible and occurred at the transcriptional level determined using lysyl oxidase promoter/reporter gene assays. Function blocking anti-fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) antibody enhanced lysyl oxidase expression in the absence of suramin. Finally, the addition of FGF-2 to suramin-treated cells completely reversed suramin stimulation of lysyl oxidase mRNA levels. Data support that an FGF-2 autocrine pathway inhibits lysyl oxidase transcription in the tumorigenic-transformed RS485 cell line. This finding may be of therapeutic significance and, in addition, provides a new experimental approach to investigate the mechanism of the tumor suppressor activity of lysyl oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitha H Palamakumbura
- Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Biology, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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27
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Jeay S, Pianetti S, Kagan HM, Sonenshein GE. Lysyl oxidase inhibits ras-mediated transformation by preventing activation of NF-kappa B. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:2251-63. [PMID: 12640111 PMCID: PMC150722 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.7.2251-2263.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LO), which catalyzes the oxidation of lysine residues, was previously shown to have anti-oncogenic activity on ras-transformed cells. Since oncogenic Ras mediates transformation, in part, through the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), we tested here the effects of LO on NF-kappa B activity. Expression of LO in ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells led to decreased NF-kappa B binding and activity, as well as the expression of the NF-kappa B target gene c-myc. Importantly, ectopic expression of LO led to a dramatic decrease in colony formation by ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells, a finding comparable to the expression of the I kappa B alpha dominant-negative mutant, which could be rescued by p65/p50 NF-kappa B subunit expression. LO was unable to directly inhibit the activity of ectopically expressed p65 and c-Rel NF-kappa B subunits, suggesting that LO affected an upstream signaling pathway(s) induced by Ras. Consistent with this hypothesis, LO expression decreased both the rate of I kappa B alpha turnover and the activities of IKK alpha and IKK beta. Moreover, the ectopic expression of a constitutively active version of either kinase reversed the negative effects of LO. Ras can induce NF-kappa B via both the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Raf/MEK pathways. LO potently downregulated the PI3K and Akt kinases, while partially inhibiting MEK kinase activity. Expression of a constitutively activated, myristylated Akt or PDK1 was able to counteract the effect of LO on NF-kappa B, whereas constitutively activated Raf was only partially effective. Importantly, LO blocked membrane localization of Akt and PDK1 in Ras-transformed cells. Overall, these results strongly argue that the anti-oncogenic effects of LO on ras-mediated transformation are due to its ability to inhibit signaling pathways that lead to activation of NF-kappa B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Jeay
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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28
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Kagan HM, Li W. Lysyl oxidase: properties, specificity, and biological roles inside and outside of the cell. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88:660-72. [PMID: 12577300 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LO) plays a critical role in the formation and repair of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by oxidizing lysine residues in elastin and collagen, thereby initiating the formation of covalent crosslinkages which stabilize these fibrous proteins. Its catalytic activity depends upon both its copper cofactor and a unique carbonyl cofactor and has been shown to extend to a variety of basic globular proteins, including histone H1. Although the three-dimensional structure of LO has yet to be determined, the present treatise offers hypotheses based upon its primary sequence, which may underlie the prominent electrostatic component of its unusual substrate specificity as well as the catalysis-suppressing function of the propeptide domain of prolysyl oxidase. Recent studies have demonstrated that LO appears to function within the cell in a manner, which strongly modifies cellular activity. Newly discovered LO-like proteins also likely play unique roles in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert M Kagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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29
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Sers C, Tchernitsa OI, Zuber J, Diatchenko L, Zhumabayeva B, Desai S, Htun S, Hyder K, Wiechen K, Agoulnik A, Scharff KM, Siebert PD, Schäfer R. Gene expression profiling in RAS oncogene-transformed cell lines and in solid tumors using subtractive suppression hybridization and cDNA arrays. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2002; 42:63-82. [PMID: 12123707 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(01)00024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sers
- Institute of Pathology, Charité, Humboldt University Berlin, Schumannstr. 20/21, Germany
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30
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Smith-Mungo L, Kagan HM. PKC-MEK-MAPK-dependent signal transduction pathway mediates the stimulation of lysyl oxidase expression by serum and PDGF in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biochem 2002; 85:775-84. [PMID: 11968017 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LO) plays a critical role in the stabilization and insolubilization of fibrous structural proteins of the extracellular matrix and has been implicated in the suppression of Ras-induced tumorigenesis. Several prior reports demonstrate that the expression of this catalyst is strongly influenced by a variety of effectors of cell function and is responsive to the growth state of fibrogenic cells. Using specific inhibitors of components of signal transduction pathways, the present study reveals that a PKC-MEK-MAPK-dependent pathway is critical to the enhanced expression of the LO gene in response to variations in the levels of the serum component of the growth medium and in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). PDGF is shown to be the major component of fetal bovine serum, which stimulates the activity of a LO promoter construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Smith-Mungo
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Rodríguez C, Raposo B, Martínez-González J, Casaní L, Badimon L. Low density lipoproteins downregulate lysyl oxidase in vascular endothelial cells and the arterial wall. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:1409-14. [PMID: 12231558 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000033818.21748.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypercholesterolemia induces endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of the atherosclerotic process, modulating the expression of key genes in vascular endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS By differential display analysis, we have studied the effect of high concentrations of native low density lipoprotein (LDL) on endothelial gene expression. mRNA levels of lysyl oxidase (LOX), an enzyme involved in collagen and elastin cross-linking, were downregulated by LDL treatment in endothelial cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner (80% of inhibition by 180 mg/dL LDL for 24 hours). This reduction of LOX expression was associated with a decrease in LOX activity (40% and 54% of inhibition after 24 and 48 hours of LDL treatment, respectively). LOX mRNA half-life was not modified by LDL, but transcriptional inhibition blocked the effect of LDL. Inhibition of LOX activity by either LDL or beta-aminopropionitrile, an inhibitor of LOX, increased endothelial permeability (192+/-0.19- and 3.37+/-0.74-fold, respectively). Interestingly, a reduction in LOX expression (3.5-fold) was observed in vivo in the vascular wall of hypercholesterolemic pigs. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LDL downregulation of LOX could contribute to the endothelial dysfunction caused by hypercholesterolemia, thus contributing to atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Arteries/enzymology
- Arteriosclerosis/enzymology
- Arteriosclerosis/etiology
- Benzimidazoles/pharmacology
- Capillary Permeability/drug effects
- Capillary Permeability/physiology
- Cycloheximide/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/physiology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Hypercholesterolemia/complications
- Hypercholesterolemia/enzymology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/administration & dosage
- Lipoproteins, LDL/genetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/physiology
- Models, Animal
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Swine
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Cardiovascular de Barcelona, CSIC-ICCC-Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Shields JM, Mehta H, Pruitt K, Der CJ. Opposing roles of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in Ras-mediated downregulation of tropomyosin. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:2304-17. [PMID: 11884615 PMCID: PMC133695 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.7.2304-2317.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that activated Ras, but not Raf, causes transformation of RIE-1 epithelial cells, demonstrating the importance of Raf-independent pathways in mediating Ras transformation. To assess the mechanism by which Raf-independent effector signaling pathways contribute to Ras-mediated transformation, we recently utilized representational difference analysis to identify genes expressed in a deregulated fashion by activated Ras but not Raf. One gene identified in these analyses encodes for alpha-tropomyosin. Therefore, we evaluated the mechanism by which Ras causes the downregulation of tropomyosin expression. By using RIE-1 cells that harbor inducible expression of activated H-Ras(12V), we determined that the downregulation of tropomyosin expression correlated with the onset of morphological transformation. We found that the reversal of Ras transformation caused by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation corresponded to a restoration of tropomyosin expression. Inhibition of p38 activity in Raf-expressing RIE-1 cells caused both morphological transformation and loss of tropomyosin expression. Thus, a reduction in tropomyosin expression correlated strictly with morphological transformation of RIE-1 cells. However, forced overexpression of tropomyosin in Ras-transformed cells did not reverse morphological or growth transformation, a finding consistent with the possibility that multiple changes in gene expression contribute to Ras transformation. We also determined that tropomyosin expression was low in two human tumor cell lines, DLD-1 and HT1080, that harbor endogenous mutated alleles of ras, but high in transformation-impaired, derivative cell lines in which the mutant ras allele has been genetically deleted. Finally, treatment with azadeoxycytidine restored tropomyosin expression in Ras-transformed RIE-1, HT1080, and DLD-1 cells, suggesting a role for DNA methylation in downregulating tropomyosin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janiel M Shields
- Department of Pharmacology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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Martins RP, Ujfalusi AA, Csiszar K, Krawetz SA. Characterization of the region encompassing the human lysyl oxidase locus. DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 2001; 12:215-27. [PMID: 11916256 DOI: 10.3109/10425170109024996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A 46,823 bp region of human chromosome 5q23.1 encompassing the seven-exon lysyl oxidase gene was characterized at the primary sequence level. Approximately 17.4% of this region is comprised of repetitive elements. The gene colocalizes with microsatellite marker D5S467. It is flanked by two candidate nuclear matrix association regions (MARs). The 5' MAR centered at position 12,500 is of the AT-rich and curved DNA class. This is followed by a large CpG island containing fifty-seven putative regulatory elements which extend from just upstream of exon 1 to intron 2. The larger 3' MAR, spans position 35,050-39,750 and is characterized by a TG-rich kinked structure that also contains a topoisomerase II binding site. Based on these results model of the transcriptional regulation of the lysy/oxidase gene is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Martins
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
To date, a comprehensive survey of the expression of lysyl oxidase (LOX), lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1), and lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) has yet to be performed. The use of in vitro strategies to accomplish this task would prove daunting as it is both time-consuming and costly. We present a new in silico data mining strategy that directly addresses these limitations. Sequences corresponding to the 3' untranslated regions of LOX, LOXL1, and LOXL2 were individually queried against the human expressed sequence tag database (dbEST). In this manner, the entire tissue repertoire available in the dbEST was surveyed. This provided an estimate of the levels of mRNA transcripts in a variety of adult and fetal tissues. We have also employed this strategy to determine the pattern of expression and levels of a newly discovered gene, CGI-15. The veracity of this technique has been independently assessed by semiquantitative PCR analysis. The application of this technology is bounded only by the ever-growing information available in the GenBank, UniGene, and human EST databases. The utility of our data mining strategy to establish relative transcript levels in numerous tissues is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pires Martins
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Ozanne BW, McGarry L, Spence HJ, Johnston I, Winnie J, Meagher L, Stapleton G. Transcriptional regulation of cell invasion: AP-1 regulation of a multigenic invasion programme. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36:1640-8. [PMID: 10959050 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review will be on the regulation of the multigenic invasion programme by activator protein-1 (AP-1). Investigation of AP-1-regulated gene expression in transformed cells can be used to identify the genes in the multigenic invasion programme and to validate them as targets for diagnosis or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Ozanne
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, CRC Beatson Laboratories, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, G61 1BD, Glasgow, UK.
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