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Fazzari M, Lunghi G, Di Biase E, Maggioni M, Carsana EV, Cioccarelli L, Vigani L, Loberto N, Aureli M, Mauri L, Ciampa MG, Valsecchi M, Takato K, Imamura A, Ishida H, Ben Mariem O, Saporiti S, Palazzolo L, Chiricozzi E, Eberini I, Sonnino S. GM1 structural requirements to mediate neuronal functions. Glycoconj J 2023; 40:655-668. [PMID: 38100017 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Since the 1980s, it has been known that the administration of ganglioside GM1 to cultured cells induced or enhanced neuronal differentiation. GM1 mechanism of action relies on its direct interaction and subsequent activation of the membrane tyrosine kinase receptor, TrkA, which naturally serves as NGF receptor. This process is mediated by the sole oligosaccharide portion of GM1, the pentasaccharide β-Gal-(1-3)-β-GalNAc-(1-4)-[α-Neu5Ac-(2-3)]-β-Gal-(1-4)-β-Glc. Here we detailed the minimum structural requirements of the oligosaccharide portion of GM1 for mediating the TrkA dependent neuritogenic processing. By in vitro and in silico biochemical approaches, we demonstrated that the minimal portion of GM1 required for the TrkA activation is the inner core of the ganglioside's oligosaccharide β-Gal-(1-3)-β-GalNAc-(1-4)-[α-Neu5Ac-(2-3)]-β-Gal. The addition of a sialic acid residue at position 3 of the outer galactose of the GM1 oligosaccharide, which forms the oligosaccharide of GD1a, prevented the interaction with TrkA and the resulting neuritogenesis. On the contrary, the addition of a fucose residue at position 2 of the outer galactose, forming the Fucosyl-GM1 oligosaccharide, did not prevent the TrkA-mediated neuritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fazzari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Lunghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Di Biase
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Margherita Maggioni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Emma Veronica Carsana
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Cioccarelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Vigani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Loberto
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Aureli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ciampa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela Valsecchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Koichi Takato
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imamura
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hideharu Ishida
- Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Omar Ben Mariem
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Saporiti
- Analytical Excellence & Program Management, Merck Serono S.p.A, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Palazzolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Chiricozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy.
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Data Science Research Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Sandro Sonnino
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate, Milano, Italy.
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2
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Yamaguchi Y, Yamaguchi T, Kato K. Structural Analysis of Oligosaccharides and Glycoconjugates Using NMR. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:163-184. [PMID: 36255675 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate chains play critical roles in cellular recognition and subsequent signal transduction in the nervous system. Furthermore, gangliosides are targets for various amyloidogenic proteins associated with neurodegenerative disorders. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these biological phenomena, atomic views are essential to delineate dynamic biomolecular interactions. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides powerful tools for studying structures, dynamics, and interactions of biomolecules at the atomic level. This chapter describes the basics of solution NMR techniques and their applications to the analysis of 3D structures and interactions of glycoconjugates in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Division of Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Takumi Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems and Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan.
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3
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Soares CO, Grosso AS, Ereño-Orbea J, Coelho H, Marcelo F. Molecular Recognition Insights of Sialic Acid Glycans by Distinct Receptors Unveiled by NMR and Molecular Modeling. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:727847. [PMID: 34869580 PMCID: PMC8634706 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.727847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All cells are decorated with a highly dense and complex structure of glycan chains, which are mostly attached to proteins and lipids. In this context, sialic acids are a family of nine-carbon acidic monosaccharides typically found at the terminal position of glycan chains, modulating several physiological and pathological processes. Sialic acids have many structural and modulatory roles due to their negative charge and hydrophilicity. In addition, the recognition of sialic acid glycans by mammalian cell lectins, such as siglecs, has been described as an important immunological checkpoint. Furthermore, sialic acid glycans also play a pivotal role in host-pathogen interactions. Various pathogen receptors exposed on the surface of viruses and bacteria are responsible for the binding to sialic acid sugars located on the surface of host cells, becoming a critical point of contact in the infection process. Understanding the molecular mechanism of sialic acid glycans recognition by sialic acid-binding proteins, present on the surface of pathogens or human cells, is essential to realize the biological mechanism of these events and paves the way for the rational development of strategies to modulate sialic acid-protein interactions in diseases. In this perspective, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, assisted with molecular modeling protocols, is a versatile and powerful technique to investigate the structural and dynamic aspects of glycoconjugates and their interactions in solution at the atomic level. NMR provides the corresponding ligand and protein epitopes, essential for designing and developing potential glycan-based therapies. In this review, we critically discuss the current state of knowledge about the structural features behind the molecular recognition of sialic acid glycans by different receptors, naturally present on human cells or pathogens, disclosed by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Oliveira Soares
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Grosso
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Bizkaia Technology Park, Bilbao, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Helena Coelho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filipa Marcelo
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
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4
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Blaum BS, Frank M, Walker RC, Neu U, Stehle T. Complement Factor H and Simian Virus 40 bind the GM1 ganglioside in distinct conformations. Glycobiology 2015; 26:532-9. [PMID: 26715202 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cell surfaces are decorated with a variety of glycan chains that orchestrate development and defense and are exploited by pathogens for cellular attachment and entry. While glycosidic linkages are, in principle, flexible, the conformational space that a given glycan can sample is subject to spatial and electrostatic restrictions imposed by its overall chemical structure. Here, we show how the glycan moiety of the GM1 ganglioside, a branched, monosialylated pentasaccharide that serves as a ligand for various proteins, undergoes differential conformational selection in its interactions with different lectins. Using STD NMR and X-ray crystallography, we found that the innate immune regulator complement Factor H (FH) binds a previously not reported GM1 conformation that is not compatible with the GM1-binding sites of other structurally characterized GM1-binding lectins such as the Simian Virus 40 (SV40) capsid. Molecular dynamics simulations of the free glycan in explicit solvent on the 10 μs timescale reveal that the FH-bound conformation nevertheless corresponds to a minimum in the Gibbs free energy plot. In contrast to the GM1 conformation recognized by SV40, the FH-bound GM1 conformation is associated with poor NOE restraints, explaining how it escaped(1)H-(1)H NOE-restrained modeling in the past and highlighting the necessity for ensemble representations of glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel S Blaum
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Martin Frank
- Biognos AB, Generatorsgatan 1, Gothenburg 41705, Sweden
| | - Ross C Walker
- San Diego Supercomputer Center and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ursula Neu
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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5
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Yagi-Utsumi M, Kato K. Structural and dynamic views of GM1 ganglioside. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:105-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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GM1 Ganglioside: Past Studies and Future Potential. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1824-1842. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Molecular Modelling and Molecular Dynamics studies of GD1A, GD1B and their complexes with BoNT/B – Perspectives in interaction and specificity. J Struct Biol 2012; 180:497-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Zhang Y, Yamamoto S, Yamaguchi T, Kato K. Application of paramagnetic NMR-validated molecular dynamics simulation to the analysis of a conformational ensemble of a branched oligosaccharide. Molecules 2012; 17:6658-71. [PMID: 22728360 PMCID: PMC6268797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligosaccharides of biological importance often exhibit branched covalent structures and dynamic conformational multiplicities. Here we report the application of a method that we developed, which combined molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and lanthanide-assisted paramagnetic NMR spectroscopy, to evaluate the dynamic conformational ensemble of a branched oligosaccharide. A lanthanide-chelating tag was attached to the reducing end of the branched tetrasaccharide of GM2 ganglioside to observe pseudocontact shifts as the source of long distance information for validating the conformational ensemble derived from MD simulations. By inspecting the results, the conformational space of the GM2 tetrasaccharide was compared with that of its nonbranched derivative, the GM3 trisaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Sayoko Yamamoto
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (T.Y.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takumi Yamaguchi
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Institute for Molecular Science and Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan; (Y.Z.); (S.Y.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
- The Glycoscience Institute, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
- GLYENCE Co., Ltd., 2-22-8 Chikusa, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-0858, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +81-564-59-5225; Fax: +81-564-59-5224
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9
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Sialyldisaccharide conformations: a molecular dynamics perspective. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2012; 26:375-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-012-9563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Skovstrup S, Hansen SG, Skrydstrup T, Schiøtt B. Conformational Flexibility of Chitosan: A Molecular Modeling Study. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:3196-207. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100736w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Skovstrup
- Centre for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN) and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Signe Grann Hansen
- Centre for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN) and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Centre for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN) and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Centre for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN) and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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11
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3DSDSCAR—a three dimensional structural database for sialic acid-containing carbohydrates through molecular dynamics simulation. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:2030-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Yagi-Utsumi M, Kameda T, Yamaguchi Y, Kato K. NMR characterization of the interactions between lyso-GM1 aqueous micelles and amyloid beta. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:831-6. [PMID: 20074569 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gangliosides are targets for a variety of pathologically relevant proteins, including amyloid beta (Abeta), an important component implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To provide a structural basis for this pathogenic interaction associated with AD, we conducted NMR analyses of the Abeta interactions with gangliosides using lyso-GM1 micelles as a model system. Our NMR data revealed that the sugar-lipid interface is primarily perturbed upon binding of Abeta to the micelles, underscoring the importance of the inner part of the ganglioside cluster for accommodating Abeta in comparison with the outer carbohydrate branches that provide microbial toxin- and virus-binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Yagi-Utsumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Cantu' L, Corti M, Brocca P, Del Favero E. Structural aspects of ganglioside-containing membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:202-8. [PMID: 19063860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The demand for understanding the physical role of gangliosides in membranes is pressing, due to the high number of diverse and crucial biological functions in which they are involved, needing a unifying thread. To this purpose, model systems including gangliosides have been subject of extensive structural studies. Although showing different levels of complication, all models share the need for simplicity, in order to allow for physico-chemical clarity, so they keep far from the extreme complexity of the true biological systems. Nonetheless, as widely agreed, they provide a basic hint on the structural contribution specific molecules can pay to the complex aggregate. This topic we address in the present review. Gangliosides are likely to play their physical role through metamorphism, cooperativity and demixing, that is, they tend to segregate and identify regions where they can dictate and modulate the geometry and the topology of the structure, and its mechanical properties. Strong three-dimensional organisation and cooperativity are exploited to scale up the local arrangement hierarchically from the nano- to the mesoscale, influencing the overall morphology of the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cantu'
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnologies for Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate (Mi), Italy.
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14
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Bernardi A, Cheshev P. Interfering with the Sugar Code: Design and Synthesis of Oligosaccharide Mimics. Chemistry 2008; 14:7434-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Li YT, Li SC, Kiso M, Ishida H, Mauri L, Raimondi L, Bernardi A, Sonnino S. Effect of structural modifications of ganglioside GM2 on intra-molecular carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction and enzymatic susceptibility. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1780:353-61. [PMID: 17967427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2007.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of inter-molecular carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction on basic cell biological processes has been well documented and appreciated. In contrast, very little is known about the intra-molecular carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction. The presence of an interaction between the GalNAc and the Neu5Ac in GM2 detected by NMR spectroscopy represents a well-defined intra-molecular carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction. This intriguing interaction is responsible for the GM2-epitope, GalNAcbeta1-->4(Neu5Acalpha2-->3)Gal-, to exhibit a rigid and compact conformation. We hypothesized that this compact conformation may be the cause for both the GalNAc and the Neu5Ac in GM2 to be refractory to enzymatic hydrolysis and the GM2 activator protein is able to interact with the compact trisaccharide GM2-epitope, rendering the GalNAc and the Neu5Ac accessible to beta-hexosaminidase A and sialidase. We have used a series of structurally modified GM2 to study the effect of modifications of sugar chains on the conformation and enzymatic susceptibility of this ganglioside. Our hypothesis was borne out by the fact that when the GalNAcbeta1-->4Gal linkage in GM2 was converted to the GalNAcbeta1-->6Gal, both the GalNAc and the Neu5Ac became susceptible to beta-hexosaminidase A and sialidase, respectively, without GM2 activator protein. We hope our work will engender interest in identifying other intra-molecular carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interactions in glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Teh Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA.
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16
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Campanero-Rhodes MA, Smith A, Chai W, Sonnino S, Mauri L, Childs RA, Zhang Y, Ewers H, Helenius A, Imberty A, Feizi T. N-glycolyl GM1 ganglioside as a receptor for simian virus 40. J Virol 2007; 81:12846-58. [PMID: 17855525 PMCID: PMC2169104 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01311-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate microarrays have emerged as powerful tools in analyses of microbe-host interactions. Using a microarray with 190 sequence-defined oligosaccharides in the form of natural glycolipids and neoglycolipids representative of diverse mammalian glycans, we examined interactions of simian virus 40 (SV40) with potential carbohydrate receptors. While the results confirmed the high specificity of SV40 for the ganglioside GM1, they also revealed that N-glycolyl GM1 ganglioside [GM1(Gc)], which is characteristic of simian species and many other nonhuman mammals, is a better ligand than the N-acetyl analog [GM1(Ac)] found in mammals, including humans. After supplementing glycolipid-deficient GM95 cells with GM1(Ac) and GM1(Gc) gangliosides and the corresponding neoglycolipids with phosphatidylethanolamine lipid groups, it was found that GM1(Gc) analogs conferred better virus binding and infectivity. Moreover, we visualized the interaction of NeuGc with VP1 protein of SV40 by molecular modeling and identified a conformation for GM1(Gc) ganglioside in complex with the virus VP1 pentamer that is compatible with its presentation as a membrane receptor. Our results open the way not only to detailed studies of SV40 infection in relation to receptor expression in host cells but also to the monitoring of changes that may occur with time in receptor usage by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Campanero-Rhodes
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
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17
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Mari S, Sánchez-Medina I, Mereghetti P, Belvisi L, Jiménez-Barbero J, Bernardi A. Synthesis and conformational analysis of an α-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-d-mannopyranose mimic. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1859-68. [PMID: 17420008 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A mimic of a (1-->2),(1-->6)-mannotrioside was synthesized by replacing the central mannose unit with an enantiomerically pure, conformationally stable trans-diaxial cyclohexanediol. The three-dimensional structure of the molecule was investigated by NMR spectroscopy supported by molecular modelling and was compared to the known features of the natural mannotrioside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mari
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Departamento de Estructura y Functión de Proteínas, CSIC, c/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Patel RY, Balaji PV. Characterization of the conformational and orientational dynamics of ganglioside GM1 in a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer by molecular dynamics simulations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:1628-40. [PMID: 17408589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 02/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of a single GM1 (Gal5-beta1,3-GalNAc4-beta1,4-(NeuAc3-alpha2,3)-Gal2-beta1,4-Glc1-beta1,1-Cer) embedded in a DPPC bilayer have been studied by MD simulations. Eleven simulations, each of 10 ns productive run, were performed with different initial conformations of GM1. Simulations of GM1-Os in water and of a DPPC bilayer were also performed to delineate the effects of the bilayer and GM1 on the conformational and orientational dynamics of each other. The conformation of the GM1 headgroup observed in the simulations is in agreement with those reported in literature; but the headgroup is restricted when embedded in the bilayer. NeuAc3 is the outermost saccharide towards the water phase. Glc1 and Gal2 prefer a parallel, and NeuAc3, GalNac4 and Gal5 prefer a perpendicular, orientation with respect to the bilayer normal. The overall characteristics of the bilayer are not affected by the presence of GM1; however, GM1 does influence the DPPC molecules in its immediate vicinity. The implications of these observations on the specific recognition and binding of GM1 embedded in a lipid bilayer by exogenous proteins as well as proteins embedded in lipids have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Y Patel
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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19
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Terraneo G, Potenza D, Canales A, Jiménez-Barbero J, Baldridge KK, Bernardi A. A Simple Model System for the Study of Carbohydrate−Aromatic Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:2890-900. [PMID: 17309255 DOI: 10.1021/ja066633g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A molecular scaffold was identified which enables the establishment of intramolecular interactions between a monosaccharide and a nearby phenyl ring. A group of molecules containing four different monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-galactosamine) was synthesized and used to investigate the extent and nature of this carbohydrate-arene interaction, as well as the effect on the overall 3D structure of the molecules involved. The sugar-aromatic distance was evaluated by rigorous NMR studies supported by molecular modeling and found to be constant throughout the series, independent of the nature of the sugar and of the conformational behavior of the fragment connecting the two elements. Ab initio calculations at the B3LYP/DZV(2d,p) level of theory enable the analysis of the electronic nature of the interaction. The study shows that, given the opportunity, persistent intramolecular aromatic-sugar interactions can be established and can significantly influence overall molecular shape and energetics. These results have important implications in the design of structural mimics of oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Terraneo
- Universita' di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale e Centro di Eccellenza CISI, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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20
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Sharmila DJS, Veluraja K. Conformations of higher gangliosides and their binding with cholera toxin - investigation by molecular modeling, molecular mechanics, and molecular dynamics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2006; 23:641-56. [PMID: 16615810 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2006.10507089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics studies are performed to investigate the conformational preference of cell surface higher gangliosides (GT1A and GT1B) and their interaction with Cholera Toxin. The water mediated hydrogen bonding network exists between sugar residues in gangliosides. An integrated molecular modeling, molecular mechanics, and molecular dynamics calculation of cholera toxin complexed with GT1A and GT1B reveal that, the active site of cholera toxin can accommodate these higher gangliosides. Direct and water mediated hydrogen bonding interactions stabilize these binding modes and play an essential role in defining the order of specificity for different higher ganglioside towards cholera toxin. This study identifies that the binding site of cholera toxin is shallow and can accommodate a maximum of two NeuNAc residues. The NeuNAc binding site of cholera toxin may be crucial for the design of inhibitors that can prevent the infection of cholera.
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21
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Hand CE, Auzanneau FI, Honek JF. Conformational analyses of mycothiol, a critical intracellular glycothiol in Mycobacteria. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1164-73. [PMID: 16630596 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular thiols are essential biomolecules, which play several critical roles in living organisms including controlling intracellular redox potential and acting as cofactors for several vital detoxification enzymes including S-transferases and formaldehyde dehydrogenases. The tripeptide gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, more commonly known as glutathione, is well known as the major intracellular thiol in eukaryotes and in some bacteria. However, glutathione is absent in the Actinomycetales bacteria such as Mycobacteria and Streptomyces and is believed to be replaced by 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-(N-acetyl-L-cysteinyl)amido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, mycothiol, in these organisms. Although much is known about the chemistry and biochemistry of glutathione, currently much less is known concerning mycothiol and its properties. The structure of mycothiol is composed of a glycoside linkage between myo-inositol and D-glucosamine with an N-acetyl-L-cysteine linked to the 2'-amino group of the d-glucosamine moiety. Mycothiol is currently of intense interest due to its essential role in the cellular physiology of Mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its possible role in antimycobacterial drug resistance. A detailed investigation of its chemistry is therefore essential in ameliorating our knowledge of this key glycothiol, and in shedding additional light on its biochemical role in these pathogenic organisms. This report presents a detailed conformational analysis of mycothiol utilizing a variety of force fields and stochastic search protocols. Cluster analyses of energetically low lying conformations have indicated the presence of several key conformations that are populated in the gas phase and with implicit water solvation. These conformations are compared to recent NMR studies on a derivative of mycothiol. This information should be an important contribution to our basic understanding of the chemistry of this glycothiol and critical in the design of novel inhibitors of pathogen enzymes that require it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Hand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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22
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Ueno-Noto K, Hara-Yokoyama M, Takano K. Recognition of tandem sialic acid residues by CD38: a theoretical study. J Comput Chem 2006; 27:53-60. [PMID: 16261579 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures of gangliosides are described using semiempirical and ab inito molecular orbital theories as well as the density functional theory to clarify the causative factors of the differences in inhibitory effects and to elucidate the recognition mechanisms of the enzyme. Our results suggest that CD38 is likely to recognize the two phosphate groups in NAD and the two carboxyl groups in tandem sialic acid residues of gangliosides. The recognition mechanisms of the substrate are proposed based on the good correlation found between the orbital energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital of the gangliosides and the degree of the inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ueno-Noto
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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23
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Lopez PHH, Comín R, Villa AM, Di Egidio M, Saizar RD, Sica REP, Nores GA. A new type of anti-ganglioside antibodies present in neurological patients. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1762:357-61. [PMID: 16410045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 11/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High titers of anti-GA1 antibodies have been associated with neurological syndromes. In most cases, these antibodies cross-react with the structurally related glycolipids GM1 and GD1b, although specific anti-GA1 antibodies have also been reported. The role of specific anti-GA1 antibodies is uncertain since the presence of GA1 in the human nervous system has not been clarified. A rabbit was immunized with GD1a and its sera were screened for antibody reactivity by standard immunoassay methods (HPTLC-immunostaining and ELISA). Anti-GD1a antibodies were not detected but, unexpectedly, anti-GA1 IgG-antibodies were found. Antibody binding to GA1 was inhibited by soluble GA1 but also by GD1a. These results indicate that the rabbit produced antibodies that recognize epitopes present on the glycolipids, that are absent or not exposed on solid phase adsorbed GD1a. We investigated the presence of these unusual anti-ganglioside antibodies in normal and neurological patient sera. Approximately, 10% of normal human sera contained low titer of specific anti-GA1 IgG-antibodies but none of them recognized soluble GD1a. High titers of IgG-antibodies reacting only with GA1 were detected in 12 patient sera out of 325 analyzed. Of these, 6 sera showed binding that was inhibited by soluble GD1a and four of them also by GM1. This new type of anti-ganglioside antibodies should be considered important elements for understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases as well as their diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo H H Lopez
- Departamento de Química Biológica Dr. Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba and CIQUIBIC, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Cordóba-5000, Argentina
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24
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Brocca P, Cantù L, Del Favero E, Dubois M, Motta S, Tunesi S, Zemb T. Headgroup and chain melting transition in dispersed bilayers of GM3 ganglioside. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Sega M, Vallauri R, Brocca P, Melchionna S. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a GM3 Ganglioside Bilayer. J Phys Chem B 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0505330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Jeya Sundara Sharmila D, Veluraja K. Disialogangliosides and Their Interaction with Cholera Toxin—Investigation by Molecular Modeling, Molecular Mechanics and Molecular Dynamics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2004; 22:299-313. [PMID: 15473704 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2004.10507002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics studies are performed to investigate the conformational preference of cell surface disialogangliosides (GD1A, GD1B and GD3) in aqueous environment. The molecular mechanics calculation reveals that water mediated hydrogen bonding network plays a significant role in the structural stabilization of GD1A, GD1B and GD3. These water mediated hydrogen bonds not only exist between neighboring residues but also exist between residues that are separated by 2 to 3 residues in between. The conformational energy difference between different conformational states of gangliosides correlates very well with the number of water mediated and direct hydrogen bonds. The spatial flexibility of NeuNAc of gangliosides at the binding site of cholera toxin is worked out. The NeuNAc has a limited allowed eulerian space at the binding site of Cholera Toxin (2.4%). The molecular modeling, molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics of disialoganglioside-cholera toxin complex reveal that cholera toxin can accommodate the disialoganglioside GD1A in three different modes. A single mode of binding is permissible for GD1B and GD3. Direct and water mediated hydrogen bonding interactions stabilizes these binding modes and play an essential role in defining the order of specificity for different disialogangliosides towards cholera toxin. This study not only provides models for the disialoganglioside-cholera toxin complexes but also identifies the NeuNAc binding site as a site for design of inhibitors that can restrict the pathogenic activity of cholera toxin.
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27
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Bernardi A, Arosio D, Potenza D, Sánchez-Medina I, Mari S, Cañada FJ, Jiménez-Barbero J. Intramolecular Carbohydrate-Aromatic Interactions and Intermolecular van der Waals Interactions Enhance the Molecular Recognition Ability of GM1 Glycomimetics for Cholera Toxin. Chemistry 2004; 10:4395. [PMID: 15378617 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of two GM1 glycomimetics, 6 and 7, and analysis of their conformation in the free state and when complexed to cholera toxin is described. These compounds, which include an (R)-cyclohexyllactic acid and an (R)-phenyllactic acid fragment, respectively, display significant affinity for cholera toxin. A detailed NMR spectroscopy study of the toxin/glycomimetic complexes, assisted by molecular modeling techniques, has allowed their interactions with the toxin to be explained at the atomic level. It is shown that intramolecular van der Waals and CH-pi carbohydrate-aromatic interactions define the conformational properties of 7, which adopts a three-dimensional structure significantly preorganized for proper interaction with the toxin. The exploitation of this kind of sugar-aromatic interaction, which is very well described in the context of carbohydrate/protein complexes, may open new avenues for the rational design of sugar mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bernardi
- Università di Milano-Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale e Centro di Eccellenza CISI via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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28
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Bernardi A, Colombo A, Sánchez-Medina I. Conformational analysis and dynamics of mannobiosides and mannotriosides using Monte Carlo/stochastic dynamics simulations. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:967-73. [PMID: 15010304 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The conformation and dynamics of alpha-(1-->2)-mannobioside, alpha-(1-->6)-mannobioside, and of the trisaccharide alpha-Man-(1-->2)-alpha-Man-(1-->6)-alpha- Man-OMe were studied using Monte Carlo/stochastic dynamics (MC/SD) simulations, the AMBER* force field, and the GB/SA implicit water solvation model. The results are in agreement with available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bernardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian I-21, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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29
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Abstract
The GM2-activator protein (GM2-AP) is a small lysosomal lipid transfer protein essential for the hydrolytic conversion of ganglioside GM2 to GM3 by beta-hexosaminidase A. The crystal structure of human apo-GM2-AP is known to consist of a novel beta-cup fold with a spacious hydrophobic interior. Here, we present two new structures of GM2-AP with bound lipids, showing two different lipid-binding modes within the apolar pocket. The 1.9A structure with GM2 bound shows the position of the ceramide tail and significant conformational differences among the three molecular copies in the asymmetric unit. The tetrasaccharide head group is not visible and is presumed to be disordered. However, its general position could be established through modeling. The structure of a low-pH crystal, determined at 2.5A resolution, has a significantly enlarged hydrophobic channel that merges with the apolar pocket. Electron density inside the pocket and channel suggests the presence of a trapped phospholipid molecule. Structure alignments among the four crystallographically unique monomers provide information on the potential role for lipid binding of flexible chain segments at the rim of the cavity opening. Two discrete orientations of the S130-T133 loop define an open and a closed configuration of the hydrophobic channel that merges with the apolar pocket. We propose: (i) that the low-pH structure represents an active membrane-binding conformation; (ii) that the mobile S130-T133 loop serves as a gate for passage of ligand into the apolar pocket; and (iii) that this loop and the adjacent apolar V59-W63 loop form a surface patch with two exposed tryptophan residues that could interface with lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schubert Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, X-ray Laboratory and University of Virginia Health System, PO Box 800735, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA.
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30
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Li YT, Li SC, Ishida H, Kiso M, Raimondi L, Bernardi A, Sonnino S. Structural Basis for the Enzymatic Resistance of the GM2 Ganglioside. Methods Enzymol 2003; 363:242-64. [PMID: 14579580 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Teh Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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31
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Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of ganglioside headgroups has allowed the successful design of structural and functional mimics of ganglioside GMI oligosaccharide. Our recent work in this area is reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bernardi
- Universita' di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Italy.
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32
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Lopez PHH, Lardone RD, Irazoqui FJ, Maccioni M, Nores GA. The origin of anti-GM1 antibodies in neuropathies: the "binding site drift" hypothesis. Neurochem Res 2002; 27:687-95. [PMID: 12374203 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020232318647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Elevated titers of serum antibodies against GM1-ganglioside are associated with a variety of autoimmune neuropathies. The origin of these autoantibodies is still unknown, although there is evidence that they are produced by CD5+ B-lymphocytes and that antigen mimicry is involved. Anti-GM, IgM-antibodies in the normal human immunological repertoire are low affinity antibodies that cross-react with other glycoconjugates carrying Gal beta1-3GalNAc and probably do not have GM1-mediated biological activity. Other anti-GM1 IgM-antibodies with higher affinity and/or different fine specificity are present in patients with motor syndromes. Based on our studies of structural requirement for binding, we hypothesize that disease-associated anti-GM1 antibodies originate at random by mutations affecting the binding site of naturally-occurring ones. The hypothesis is conceptually similar to the established phenomenon of "genetic drift" in species evolutionary biology and is therefore termed "binding site drift".
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo H H Lopez
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica Dr. Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
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