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Ghosh AK, Singh R, Reddy S, Singh S, Rudramurthy SM, Kaur H, Choudhary H, Chakrabarti A. Evaluation of environmental Mucorales contamination in and around the residence of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:953750. [PMID: 36118044 PMCID: PMC9478190 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionRecently, India witnessed an unprecedented surge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated mucormycosis (CAM) cases. In addition to patient management issues, environmental Mucorales contamination possibly contributed to the outbreak. A recent study evaluated environment contamination by Mucorales in the hospital setting. However, a considerable number of CAM patients were never admitted to a hospital before the development of the disease. The present study, therefore, planned to evaluate Mucorales contamination of patients’ residences.MethodsThe residential environment of 25 patients with CAM living in north India was surveyed. Air samples were collected from indoor and immediate outdoor vicinity of the patients’ residence and cultured on Dichloran Rose–Bengal Chloramphenicol (DRBC) agar with benomyl for selective isolation of Mucorales. Surface swab samples were also collected from the air coolers fitted in those residences and cultured on DRBC agar. The isolates were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was employed to evaluate the genetic relatedness of the environmental and patients’ clinical isolates.ResultsThe median spore count (mean ± SD, cfu/m3) of Mucorales in the air of patients’ bedrooms was significantly higher than in the air in other rooms in those residences (3.55 versus 1.5, p = 0.003) or the air collected directly from the front of the air cooler (p < 0.0001). The Mucorales spore count in the environment did not correlate with either ventilation of the room or hygiene level of the patients’ residences. Rhizopus arrhizus was isolated from the environment of all patients’ residences (n = 25); other Mucorales species isolated were Cunninghamella bertholletiae (n = 14), Rhizopus microsporus (n = 6), Rhizopus delemar (n = 6), Syncephalastrum racemosum (n = 1), Lichtheimia corymbifera (n = 1), and Mucor racemosus (n = 1). Genetic relatedness was observed between 11 environmental isolates from the patients’ bedrooms and respective clinical isolates from patients.DiscussionThe study supported the view that the patients might have acquired Mucorales from the home environment during the post-COVID-19 convalescence period. Universal masking at home during patients’ convalescence period and environmental decontamination could minimize exposure in those susceptible patients.
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Ngashangva L, Hemdan BA, El-Liethy MA, Bachu V, Minteer SD, Goswami P. Emerging Bioanalytical Devices and Platforms for Rapid Detection of Pathogens in Environmental Samples. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071083. [PMID: 35888900 PMCID: PMC9321031 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of robust bioanalytical devices and biosensors for infectious pathogens is progressing well with the advent of new materials, concepts, and technology. The progress is also stepping towards developing high throughput screening technologies that can quickly identify, differentiate, and determine the concentration of harmful pathogens, facilitating the decision-making process for their elimination and therapeutic interventions in large-scale operations. Recently, much effort has been focused on upgrading these analytical devices to an intelligent technological platform by integrating them with modern communication systems, such as the internet of things (IoT) and machine learning (ML), to expand their application horizon. This review outlines the recent development and applications of bioanalytical devices and biosensors to detect pathogenic microbes in environmental samples. First, the nature of the recent outbreaks of pathogenic microbes such as foodborne, waterborne, and airborne pathogens and microbial toxins are discussed to understand the severity of the problems. Next, the discussion focuses on the detection systems chronologically, starting with the conventional methods, advanced techniques, and emerging technologies, such as biosensors and other portable devices and detection platforms for pathogens. Finally, the progress on multiplex assays, wearable devices, and integration of smartphone technologies to facilitate pathogen detection systems for wider applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lightson Ngashangva
- Transdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvanthapuram, Kerala 695014, India;
| | - Bahaa A. Hemdan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (B.A.H.); (V.B.)
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Cairo P.O. Box 12622, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Azab El-Liethy
- Water Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth Street, Cairo P.O. Box 12622, Egypt;
| | - Vinay Bachu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (B.A.H.); (V.B.)
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Correspondence: (S.D.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; (B.A.H.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.M.); (P.G.)
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Bhardwaj SK, Bhardwaj N, Kumar V, Bhatt D, Azzouz A, Bhaumik J, Kim KH, Deep A. Recent progress in nanomaterial-based sensing of airborne viral and bacterial pathogens. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106183. [PMID: 33113463 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Airborne pathogens are small microbes that can cause a multitude of diseases (e.g., the common cold, flu, asthma, anthrax, tuberculosis, botulism, and pneumonia). As pathogens are transmitted from infected hosts via a number of routes (e.g., aerosolization, sneezing, and coughing), there is a great demand to accurately monitor their presence and behavior. Despite such need, conventional detection methods (e.g., colony counting, immunoassays, and various molecular techniques) generally suffer from a number of demerits (e.g., complex, time-consuming, and labor-intensive nature). To help overcome such limitations, nanomaterial-based biosensors have evolved as alternative candidates to realize portable, rapid, facile, and direct on-site identification of target microbes. In this review, nano-biosensors developed for the detection of airborne pathogens are listed and discussed in reference to conventional options. The prospects for the development of advanced nano-biosensors with enhanced accuracy and portability are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Bhardwaj
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160025, India
| | - Vanish Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, S.A.S. Nagar 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Deepanshu Bhatt
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Abdelmonaim Azzouz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002 Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Jayeeta Bhaumik
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India.
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Nguyen TTT, Pangging M, Bangash NK, Lee HB. Five New Records of the Family Aspergillaceae in Korea, Aspergillus europaeus, A. pragensis, A. tennesseensis, Penicillium fluviserpens, and P. scabrosum. MYCOBIOLOGY 2020; 48:81-94. [PMID: 32363036 PMCID: PMC7178850 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1726563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
During an investigation of the fungi from the Aspergillaceae family obtained from different environmental sources in Korea, we isolated six strains, including CNUFC WJC9-1, CNUFC BPM36-33, CNUFC MSW6, CNUFC ESW1, CNUFC TM6-2, and CNUFC WD17-1. The morphology and phylogeny of these isolates were analyzed based on their partial β-tubulin (BenA) and calmodulin (CaM) gene sequences. Based on the morphological characteristics and sequence analyses, the isolates CNUFC WJC9-1, CNUFC BPM36-33, CNUFC TM6-2, and CNUFC WD17-1 were identified as A. europaeus, A. pragensis, Penicillium fluviserpens, and P. scabrosum, respectively, and isolates CNUFC MSW6 and CNUFC ESW1 were identified as A. tennesseensis. To the best of our knowledge, the species A. europaeus, A. pragensis, A. tennesseensis, P. fluviserpens, and P. scabrosum have not been previously reported in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuong T. T. Nguyen
- Environmental Microbiology Lab, Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Monmi Pangging
- Environmental Microbiology Lab, Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Naila Khan Bangash
- Environmental Microbiology Lab, Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Environmental Microbiology Lab, Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Outbreaks of Mucorales and the Species Involved. Mycopathologia 2019; 185:765-781. [PMID: 31734800 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The order Mucorales is an ancient group of fungi classified in the subphylum Mucoromycotina. Mucorales are mainly fast-growing saprotrophs that belong to the first colonizers of diverse organic materials and represent a permanent part of the human environment. Several species are able to cause human infections (mucormycoses) predominantly in patients with impaired immune system, diabetes, or deep trauma. In this review, we compiled 32 reports on community- and hospital-acquired outbreaks caused by Mucorales. The most common source of mucoralean outbreaks was contaminated medical devices that are responsible for 40.7% of the outbreaks followed by contaminated air (31.3%), traumatic inoculation of soil or foreign bodies (9.4%), and the contact (6.2%) or the ingestion (6.2%) of contaminated plant material. The most prevalent species were Rhizopus arrhizus and R. microsporus causing 57% of the outbreaks. The genus Rhizomucor was dominating in outbreaks related to contaminated air while outbreaks of Lichtheimia species and Mucor circinelloides were transmitted by direct contact. Outbreaks with the involvement of several species are reported. Subtyping of strains revealed clonality in two outbreaks and no close relation in two other outbreaks. Based on the existing data, outbreaks of Mucorales can be caused by heterogeneous sources consisting of different strains or different species. Person-to-person transmission cannot be excluded because Mucorales can sporulate on wounds. For a better understanding and prevention of outbreaks, we need to increase our knowledge on the physiology, ecology, and population structure of outbreak causing species and more subtyping data.
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Abbasi F, Samaei MR. The effect of temperature on airborne filamentous fungi in the indoor and outdoor space of a hospital. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:16868-16876. [PMID: 29299864 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are one of the bioaerosols in indoor air of hospitals. They have adverse effects on staff and patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three incubation temperature on the density and composition of airborne fungi in an indoor and outdoor space of hospital. Sabouraud dextrose agar was used for culture the fungi. For improvement of aseptic properties, chloramphenicol was added to this medium. The density of airborne fungi was less than 282 CFU/m3. The highest density was detected in emergency room and the lowest of them was in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and operation room (OR). Results showed that fungi levels at 25 °C were higher than 37 and 15 °C (p = 0.006). In addition, ten different genera of fungi were identified in all departments. The predominant fungi were Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Paecilomyces spp., and Aspergillus niger. Moreover, the density and trend of distribution of Fusaruim spp. in the indoor space was directivity to outdoor space by ventilation system. The present study has provided that incubation temperature had effect on airborne fungi remarkably. We are suggested that more studies would be conducted on incubation temperature and other ambient factors on airborne fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Abbasi
- Department of environmental health engineering, School of health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Samaei
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Prakash H, Singh S, Rudramurthy SM, Singh P, Mehta N, Shaw D, Ghosh AK. An aero mycological analysis of Mucormycetes in indoor and outdoor environments of northern India. Med Mycol 2019; 58:118-123. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an angio-invasive infection, predominantly acquired by inhalation of sporangiospores from the environment. However, the burden of Mucormycetes sporangiospores in the air is not well studied. We aimed to estimate the burden of Mucormycetes spores in the outdoor and indoor (hospital) environment across different seasons in north India. A total of 380 air samples from outdoor (n = 180) and indoor (n = 200) environment were included in the study. Air samples were suctioned using air sampler (100 l/min) and cultured on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol (DRBC) with benomyl for selective isolation of Mucormycetes. The isolates were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. The mean spore count (±SD) of Mucormycetes (cfu/m3) in outdoor samples varied from 0.73 (±0.96) to 8.60 (±5.70) across different seasons. In hospital, the mean spore count varied from 0.68 (±1.07) to 1.12 (±1.07) and 0.88 (±1.01) to 1.72 (±2.17) for air-conditioned wards and non-air-conditioned wards, respectively. Rhizopus arrhizus was the predominant agent isolated from both indoor and outdoor environment followed by Cunninghamella species. We also report a single isolate of the rare mucormycete agent, Apophysomyces variabilis from outdoor environment. The present study highlights the presence of low spore burden of Mucormycetes in outdoor and hospital settings in north India. This study also reports the first isolation of A. variabilis from air samples in the Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariprasath Prakash
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shreya Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Pankaj Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neha Mehta
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dipika Shaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anup Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Coudron L, McDonnell MB, Munro I, McCluskey DK, Johnston ID, Tan CK, Tracey MC. Fully integrated digital microfluidics platform for automated immunoassay; A versatile tool for rapid, specific detection of a wide range of pathogens. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 128:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chaturvedi V, Bouchara JP, Hagen F, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Badali H, Bocca AL, Cano-Lira JF, Cao C, Chaturvedi S, Chotirmall SH, van Diepeningen AD, Gangneux JP, Guinea J, de Hoog S, Ilkit M, Kano R, Liu W, Martinez-Rossi NM, de Souza Carvalho Melhem M, Ono MA, Ran Y, Ranque S, de Almeida Soares CM, Sugita T, Thomas PA, Vecchiarelli A, Wengenack NL, Woo PCY, Xu J, Zancope-Oliveira RM. Eighty Years of Mycopathologia: A Retrospective Analysis of Progress Made in Understanding Human and Animal Fungal Pathogens. Mycopathologia 2018; 183:859-877. [PMID: 30506286 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-018-0306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycopathologia was founded in 1938 to 'diffuse the understanding of fungal diseases in man and animals among mycologists.' This was an important mission considering that pathogenic fungi for humans and animals represent a tiny minority of the estimated 1.5-5 million fungal inhabitants on Earth. These pathogens have diverged from the usual saprotrophic lifestyles of most fungi to colonize and infect humans and animals. Medical and veterinary mycology is the subdiscipline of microbiology that dwells into the mysteries of parasitic, fungal lifestyles. Among the oldest continuing scientific publications on the subject, Mycopathologia had its share of 'classic papers' since the first issue was published in 1938. An analysis of the eight decades of notable contributions reveals many facets of host-pathogen interactions among 183 volumes comprising about 6885 articles. We have analyzed the impact and relevance of this body of work using a combination of citation tools (Google Scholar and Scopus) since no single citation metric gives an inclusive perspective. Among the highly cited Mycopathologia publications, those on experimental mycology accounted for the major part of the articles (36%), followed by diagnostic mycology (16%), ecology and epidemiology (15%), clinical mycology (14%), taxonomy and classification (10%), and veterinary mycology (9%). The first classic publication, collecting nearly 200 citations, appeared in 1957, while two articles published in 2010 received nearly 150 citations each, which is notable for a journal covering a highly specialized field of study. An empirical analysis of the publication trends suggests continuing interests in novel diagnostics, fungal pathogenesis, review of clinical diseases especially with relevance to the laboratory scientists, taxonomy and classification of fungal pathogens, fungal infections and carriage in pets and wildlife, and changing ecology and epidemiology of fungal diseases around the globe. We anticipate that emerging and re-emerging fungal pathogens will continue to cause significant health burden in the coming decades. It remains vital that scientists and physicians continue to collaborate by learning each other's language for the study of fungal diseases, and Mycopathologia will strive to be their partner in this increasingly important endeavor to its 100th anniversary in 2038 and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Chaturvedi
- New York State Department of Health and University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
| | | | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hamid Badali
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | | | - Cunwei Cao
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Sudha Chaturvedi
- New York State Department of Health and University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rui Kano
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Weida Liu
- Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip A Thomas
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Joseph Eye Hospital, Tiruchirappalli, India
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Lackner A, Stammberger H, Buzina W, Freudenschuss K, Panzitt T, Schosteritsch S, Braun H. Fungi: A Normal Content of Human Nasal Mucus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/194589240501900203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background In recent studies, we showed that 91.3% of both CRS patients and healthy controls grew positive fungal cultures out of their nasal mucus, which therefore appears to be a common finding within the adult population. However, it still was unknown as of when fungi could be cultured from nasal mucus in human beings. We attempted to ascertain this point of time in the nasal mucus of neonates. Methods We examined nasal mucus from 30 neonates immediately after birth, on the 1st and 4th day postpartum and after 2 and 4 months of life. The samples obtained with sterile cotton swabs were cultured on agar plates. Fungal cultures were identified either conventionally by microscopy or with molecular techniques. To prove possible contamination during birth, mucus of the maternal birth canal was examined as well. Results In 6 of 30 (20%) of our neonates we found positive fungal cultures immediately after birth in (3 of them Candida albicans) most likely because of contamination passing the maternal birth canal. In 2 of 29 (7%) of our neonates, positive fungal cultures were obtained on the 1st day postpartum, and in 4 of 26 (15%) positive fungal cultures were obtained on the 4th day, all limited to 1 day only and without clinical symptoms of colonization. After the 2nd month of life, examination of nasal mucus yielded positive fungal cultures in 8 of 11 (72%), and after 4 months examination of nasal mucus yielded positive fungal cultures in 17 of 18 (94%) of our babies, with a wide array of different species. Conclusions Fungi can be cultured from nasal mucus as soon as contact with the environmental air exists but they are not persistent in the 1st day of life. However, after 4 months, the situation is similar to the one in adults: fungal cultures can be obtained from almost everyone's nose. Therefore, fungi must be considered a normal content of nasal mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lackner
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Austria
| | | | - Walter Buzina
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Panzitt
- Departments of Gynaecology and Maternity, Medical University Graz, Austria
| | | | - Hannes Braun
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Austria
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Demirel R, Sen B, Kadaifciler D, Yoltas A, Okten S, Ozkale E, Berikten D, Samson RA, Haliki Uztan A, Yilmaz N, Abaci Gunyar O, Aydogdu H, Asan A, Kivanc M, Ozdil S, Sakartepe E. Indoor airborne fungal pollution in newborn units in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:362. [PMID: 28667414 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic and/or opportunistic fungal species are major causes of nosocomial infections, especially in controlled environments where immunocompromised patients are hospitalized. Indoor fungal contamination in hospital air is associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. Regular determination of fungal spore counts in controlled hospital environments may help reduce the risk of fungal infections. Because infants have inchoate immune systems, they are given immunocompromised patient status. The aim of the present study was to evaluate culturable airborne fungi in the air of hospital newborn units in the Thrace, Marmara, Aegean, and Central Anatolia regions of Turkey. A total of 108 air samples were collected seasonally from newborn units in July 2012, October 2012, January 2013, and April 2013 by using an air sampler and dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18) as isolation media. We obtained 2593 fungal colonies comprising 370 fungal isolates representing 109 species of 28 genera, which were identified through multi-loci gene sequencing. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Talaromyces, and Alternaria were the most abundant genera identified (35.14, 25.40, 17.57, 2.70, and 6.22% of the total, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasime Demirel
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Burhan Sen
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Duygu Kadaifciler
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Yoltas
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suzan Okten
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Evrim Ozkale
- Faculty of Science and Art Department of Biology, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Derya Berikten
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Robert A Samson
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alev Haliki Uztan
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Neriman Yilmaz
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Halide Aydogdu
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Asan
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Merih Kivanc
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Anadolu University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Soner Ozdil
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Erhan Sakartepe
- Faculty of Science Department of Biology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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The Effect of Some Antiseptics on Molds and Yeasts Isolated from Wards in Al-Diwaniya Teaching Hospital, Iraq. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.1.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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da Silva Aquino I, Porto JCS, da Silva JL, Morais KFC, Coelho FA, de Sousa Lopes T, Ribeiro IP, Noleto IS, do Amparo Salmito M, Mobin M. Evaluation of disinfectants for elimination of fungal contamination of patient beds in a reference hospital in Piauí, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:644. [PMID: 27796829 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This quantitative and qualitative study aimed to identify fungi isolated from patient beds at a reference hospital in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, and evaluate the efficacy of 70 % ethanol and 1 % hypochlorite for removing the contamination. Thirty-eight beds were chosen at random and the collection was carried out in three situations: before and after disinfection with 70 % alcohol or hypochlorite 1 %. Each sample was inoculated onto Sabouraud dextrose agar containing chloramphenicol and incubated at room temperature to allow fungal growth. We identified 13 species belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Penicillium, and Candida. All of these species are pathogenic and can worsen the clinical condition of patients. The 1 % hypochlorite solution proved to be an efficient disinfectant against the fungi, but the same was not observed using 70 % ethanol. Based on these findings, we recommended that the use of 1 % hypochlorite during bed disinfection be added to the hospital biosafety protocol to reduce cross contamination and contribute to patient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael da Silva Aquino
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Jhonatas Cley Santos Porto
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Jacksony Lima da Silva
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Khaiohana Fontinele Costa Morais
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Frâncio Alencar Coelho
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Thiago de Sousa Lopes
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Ivonizete Pires Ribeiro
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Iraci Salmito Noleto
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Maria do Amparo Salmito
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil
| | - Mitra Mobin
- Centro Universitário de Saúde, Ciências Humanas e Tecnológicas do Piauí - UNINOVAFAPI, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123, Teresina, Brasil.
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Haas D, Lesch S, Buzina W, Galler H, Gutschi AM, Habib J, Pfeifer B, Luxner J, Reinthaler FF. Culturable fungi in potting soils and compost. Med Mycol 2016; 54:825-34. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Shahbazy E, Azizi N, Davoodian P, Sharifi Sarasiabi K, Karmostaji A. Seasonal Distribution of Fungi in Soil Found in Two Hospitals in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Electron Physician 2015; 7:1529-34. [PMID: 26767109 PMCID: PMC4700901 DOI: 10.19082/1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fungal contamination in hospitals has been a major health concern, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Construction programs increase the risk of fungal contaminations in hospitals. This study aimed to monitor and compare fungal contamination in two hospitals in Bandar Abbas, Iran, one of which was undergoing construction. Furthermore, the study determined the seasonal variations in the prevalence of fungi identified in the two hospitals. METHODS This study was conducted during April-December 2014 on 146 soil samples collected from the Shahid Mohammadi Hospital that was under construction and the Shariati Hospital that was not involved in any construction program. The soil samples were collected in the morning from the dust on the ground. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-squared test. RESULTS Among the fungal cultures, 83.56% were found to be positive. We identified 122 fungal isolates, representing 16 genera, 13 of the genera were isolated from Shahid Mohammadi Hospital and 14 were isolated from Shariati Hospital. Aspergillus was the dominant fungus in both hospitals. In Shariati Hospital, 100% of Aspergiluss niger were isolated in the summer. In the spring, Mocur was dominant in both hospitals, and, in the winter, Rhizopus spp. was the dominant fungus in Shahid Mohammadi Hospital (55.5%); however, this fungus was dominant in spring in Shariati Hospital (66.7%). In Shariati Hospital, Scopulariopsis, Drechslera, Penicillium spp., and Yeasts were present only in the fall, whereas yeast was the dominant fungus in summer (100%) in Shahid Mohammadi Hospital. There were not significant differences between two hospitals, with the exception of Fusarium spp., which was more frequent in Shariati Hospital, where no renovation was taking place (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that specific ecological niches existed in the two general hospitals in Bandar Abbas. Special attention should be paid to environmental control programs. It is recommended that soil exposure be considered in patients' histories in addition to the current focus on infections related to food and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shahbazy
- B.Sc. of Laboratory Sciences, Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Negin Azizi
- B.Sc. of Laboratory Sciences, Student Research Committee, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Parivash Davoodian
- M.D., Infectious Diseases Specialist. Assistant Professor, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Khojasteh Sharifi Sarasiabi
- Ph.D. of Parasitology, Assistant Professor, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Karmostaji
- Ph.D. of Bacteriology, Assistant Professor, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Azimi F, Naddafi K, Nabizadeh R, Hassanvand MS, Alimohammadi M, Afhami S, Musavi SN. Fungal air quality in hospital rooms: a case study in Tehran, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2013; 11:30. [PMID: 24355065 PMCID: PMC3891997 DOI: 10.1186/2052-336x-11-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are usually presented in indoor environments and cause of many diseases. The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate the level of fungal contamination in hospital rooms. Sampling was conducted with an Andersen one-stage viable impactor (Quick Take-30) and counting plates containing a fungus-selective medium. A total of 120 air samples from ten hospital environments were performed. Airborne fungi concentrations were determined 72-120 hours after sampling. Total mean concentration of detected fungi in the hospital rooms was 55 ± 56 (mean ± SD) cfu/m3. The findings of the fungal concentration in the various hospital rooms revealed different levels of contamination: the lowest mean counts (37 ± 17 cfu/m3) were observed in NS 1 (Nursing Stations 1), and the highest (97 ± 217 cfu/m3) were reported in Orthopedics Operating Room (OOR). The most common fungal genus isolated were Penicillium (70%), Aspergillus (14%), Cladosporium (12%), Alternaria (2%) and others (2%). The obtained results showed that fungal concentrations in the present study were nearly high and these conditions should be considered as a risk factor for patients and other persons in the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Azimi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Afhami
- Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Nejat Musavi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cavallo M, Andreoni S, Martinotti MG, Rinaldi M, Fracchia L. Monitoring environmental Aspergillus spp. contamination and meteorological factors in a haematological unit. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:387-94. [PMID: 24158616 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic pathogens belonging to the Aspergillus genus are present in almost all seasons of the year, and their concentration is related to meteorological conditions. The high density of Aspergillus spp. conidia in a haematological hospital ward may be a significant risk factor for developing invasive fungal diseases in immunocompromised patients. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the variability of airborne Aspergillus spp. conidia contamination in a Haematological Unit (HU) within a period of 16 months in relation with some meteorological parameters. An environmental Aspergillus surveillance was conducted in the HU in four rooms and their bathrooms, in the corridor and in three external sites using an agar impact sampler. During each sampling, temperature and relative humidity at each site were recorded and current wind speed and rainfall events were taken from the official weather service. Aspergillus spp. conidia concentration differed significantly across the sampling sites. Internal Aspergillus spp. loads were significantly dependent on temperature, internal relative humidity and rain. External conidia concentrations were significantly influenced by outdoor temperature and relative humidity. A suitable indicator was introduced to evaluate the seasonal distribution of Aspergillus spp. conidia in the sampling sites, and a significant dependence on this indicator was observed inside the HU. Seventeen different fungal species belonging to the Aspergillus genus were detected during the sampling period. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most frequently isolated species and its distribution depended significantly on the seasonal indicator both inside and outside the hospital ward.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cavallo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
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Mucormycosis caused by unusual mucormycetes, non-Rhizopus, -Mucor, and -Lichtheimia species. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24:411-45. [PMID: 21482731 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00056-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizopus, Mucor, and Lichtheimia (formerly Absidia) species are the most common members of the order Mucorales that cause mucormycosis, accounting for 70 to 80% of all cases. In contrast, Cunninghamella, Apophysomyces, Saksenaea, Rhizomucor, Cokeromyces, Actinomucor, and Syncephalastrum species individually are responsible for fewer than 1 to 5% of reported cases of mucormycosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis of, treatment of, and prognosis for unusual Mucormycetes infections (non-Rhizopus, -Mucor, and -Lichtheimia species). The infections caused by these less frequent members of the order Mucorales frequently differ in their epidemiology, geographic distribution, and disease manifestations. Cunninghamella bertholletiae and Rhizomucor pusillus affect primarily immunocompromised hosts, mostly resulting from spore inhalation, causing pulmonary and disseminated infections with high mortality rates. R. pusillus infections are nosocomial or health care related in a large proportion of cases. While Apophysomyces elegans and Saksenaea vasiformis are occasionally responsible for infections in immunocompromised individuals, most cases are encountered in immunocompetent individuals as a result of trauma, leading to soft tissue infections with relatively low mortality rates. Increased knowledge of the epidemiology and clinical presentations of these unusual Mucormycetes infections may improve early diagnosis and treatment.
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Hubka V, Mencl K, Skorepova M, Lyskova P, Zalabska E. Phaeohyphomycosis and onychomycosis due to Chaetomium spp., including the first report of Chaetomium brasiliense infection. Med Mycol 2011; 49:724-33. [PMID: 21466265 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2011.572299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaetomium species have been rarely described as aetiological agents of invasive and dermatomycotic infections in humans. The majority of cases have been reported within the last two decades. Treatment failed in most of these cases. In this paper we present two cases in which Chaetomium spp. can be clearly identified as an aetiological agent in pathological conditions. In the first report, we describe a new aetiological agent, Chaetomium brasiliense, which was implicated in a case of otitis externa in a patient with spinocellular carcinoma basis cranii. The patient had been repeatedly treated for relapsing otitis externa and had previously undergone surgery several times for otitis media. The fungal aetiology was confirmed by repeated positive culture and histologic studies. The second case involved onychomycosis with strikingly brown nail discoloration due to Chaetomium globosum in an otherwise healthy patient. The nail lesion was successfully cured by oral terbinafine. The determination of both species was supported by sequencing of rDNA regions. The morphological aspect of Chaetomium spp. identification is also discussed. In vitro antifungal susceptibility tests demonstrated that both isolates were susceptible to terbinafine and azole derivates except fluconazole. Amphotericin B was effective only against the C. brasiliense strain. We review the literature to summarize clinical presentations, histologic findings, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vit Hubka
- Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic.
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Cordeiro RA, Brilhante RS, Pantoja LD, Moreira Filho RE, Vieira PR, Rocha MF, Monteiro AJ, Sidrim JJ. Isolation of pathogenic yeasts in the air from hospital environments in the city of Fortaleza, northeast Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1413-8670(10)70007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
This review summarizes the health aspects of the medically important fungal genus Aspergillus. The morphology and systematics of the genus are explained as well as its biogeography. Major mycotoxins, the aspergilli that produce them, affected crops, and symptoms of the toxicoses are summarized, as are the major mycoses caused by aspergilli. The current status of the relationship between Aspergillus in the indoor environment and health issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren A Klich
- USDA, ARS, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
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Richardson M. The ecology of the Zygomycetes and its impact on environmental exposure. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15 Suppl 5:2-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Macher J, Chen B, Rao C. Field evaluation of a personal, bioaerosol cyclone sampler. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2008; 5:724-734. [PMID: 18780236 DOI: 10.1080/15459620802400159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A personal cyclone sampler (cyclone) was operated continuously alongside a 25-mm filter sampler (filter), a slit impactor (Burkard slide), and a high-volume cyclone sampler (Burkard cyclone) at an outdoor location with abundant naturally occurring fungi (N = 30; sampling time: 12.5 +/- 2.3 hr). Air concentrations (spore m(-3)) of 28 fungal groups were determined for all samplers by microscopy. Cyclone performance was judged using various indices to determine if it agreed with the other samplers in determination of the frequencies with which the fungal groups were observed, as well as their proportions of the total air concentration. Fungal diversity estimates were similar for all samplers and in the range of what has been reported nationally, i.e., observation of 9-11 equal groups per sample, but spore concentration dominated by 2-3 groups. Plots of paired cyclone:comparison sampler ratios against average concentrations identified biases. For example, ratios were correlated with concentration and there was greater uncertainty at lower concentrations. Mean ratios for cyclone:filter comparisons were not significantly different from one for ascospores, Aspergillus-Penicillium spp., basidiospores, Cladosporium spp., or total spore m(-3). However, agreement was less consistent with the Burkard slide (0.74, 1.12, 0.91, 1.09, and 0.92, respectively) and the Burkard cyclone (2.31, 1.62, 1.43, 1.91, and 1.33, respectively). Concentrations of cell equivalent m(-3) also were determined for the filter and two cyclone samples by polymerase chain reaction. Cell equivalents for Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium brevicompactum were compared with Aspergillus-Penicillium spp. spores, and Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium herbarum cell equivalents were compared with Cladosporium spp. spores. Cell equivalent:spore ratios below one for A. fumigatus and P. brevicompactum indicated that these species comprised smaller factions of total spores or were collected less efficiently than the larger C. cladosporioides and C. herbarum spores. The personal cyclone was shown to be suitable for collection of ambient airborne fungal spores and for analysis by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Macher
- California Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Laboratory, Richmond, California 94804-6403, USA.
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Freeman J, Rogers K, Roberts S. Pseudo-outbreak of Aspergillus keratitis following construction in an ophthalmology ward. J Hosp Infect 2007; 67:104-5. [PMID: 17719132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Guinea J, Peláez T, Alcalá L, Bouza E. Outdoor environmental levels of Aspergillus spp. conidia over a wide geographical area. Med Mycol 2006; 44:349-56. [PMID: 16772229 DOI: 10.1080/13693780500488939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfortunately, little information is available on the 'normal' air and water load of Aspergillus spores and their seasonal changes. We describe the air and water load of Aspergillus spores across the province of Madrid (Spain). We collected samples of air and water (332 samples of air and 148 of water) from selected points and taps (urban and rural environment) in summer, autumn, winter and spring. Temperature, wind speed and humidity at each point were obtained. We collected a total of 369 Aspergillus spp. isolates: 200 A. fumigatus, 94 A. niger, 40 A. flavus, 16 A. nidulans, two A. terreus, and 17 Aspergillus spp. We always found more isolates in the urban environment than in the rural environment (P=0.11). This was also true of A. fumigatus (P=0.014). The autumn collection yielded more isolates than that of the other seasons. The level of conidia in air varied from 0 to 85 c.f.u./m3: 6.4 c.f.u./m3 in summer, 12 in autumn, 2.5 in winter and 1.3 in spring. Changes in atmospheric parameters influenced the levels in air. None of the water samples were positive. Counts of Aspergillus spp. spores were always under 85 c.f.u./m3. Public water does not seem to contain Aspergillus spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Guinea
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario 'Gregorio Marañón', Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Perdelli F, Cristina ML, Sartini M, Spagnolo AM, Dallera M, Ottria G, Lombardi R, Grimaldi M, Orlando P. Fungal contamination in hospital environments. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006; 27:44-7. [PMID: 16418986 DOI: 10.1086/499149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the degree of fungal contamination in hospital environments and to evaluate the ability of air conditioning systems to reduce such contamination. METHODS We monitored airborne microbial concentrations in various environments in 10 hospitals equipped with air conditioning. Sampling was performed with a portable Surface Air System impactor with replicate organism detection and counting plates containing a fungus-selective medium. The total fungal concentration was determined 72-120 hours after sampling. The genera most involved in infection were identified by macroscopic and microscopic observation. RESULTS The mean concentration of airborne fungi in the set of environments examined was 19 +/- 19 colony-forming units (cfu) per cubic meter. Analysis of the fungal concentration in the different types of environments revealed different levels of contamination: the lowest mean values (12 +/- 14 cfu/m(3)) were recorded in operating theaters, and the highest (45 +/- 37 cfu/m(3)) were recorded in kitchens. Analyses revealed statistically significant differences between median values for the various environments. The fungal genus most commonly encountered was Penicillium, which, in kitchens, displayed the highest mean airborne concentration (8 +/- 2.4 cfu/m(3)). The percentage (35%) of Aspergillus documented in the wards was higher than that in any of the other environments monitored. CONCLUSIONS The fungal concentrations recorded in the present study are comparable to those recorded in other studies conducted in hospital environments and are considerably lower than those seen in other indoor environments that are not air conditioned. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of air-handling systems in reducing fungal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Perdelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.
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Curtis L, Cali S, Conroy L, Baker K, Ou CH, Hershow R, Norlock-Cruz F, Scheff P. Aspergillus surveillance project at a large tertiary-care hospital. J Hosp Infect 2005; 59:188-96. [PMID: 15694975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2004.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A one-year surveillance project was conducted at a large tertiary hospital, which had extensive indoor renovation and extensive demolition/building at several nearby sites. This study collected viable fungi samples in the hospital every six days and analysed 74 duct dust samples for Aspergillus fumigatus mycelial asp f1 protein. Mean total fungi were 257.8 cfu/m3 outdoors, 53.2 cfu/m3 in all indoor samples and 83.5 cfu/m3 in the bone marrow transplant patient rooms. Mean total aspergillus was 6.8 cfu/m3 outdoors, 12.1 cfu/m3 in all indoor samples and 7.3 cfu/m3 in the bone marrow transplant patient rooms. The five most prevalent Aspergillus species collected inside the hospital (mean cfu/m3) were Aspergillus niger 7.57 cfu/m3, Aspergillus candidus 1.72 cfu/m3, Aspergillus flavus 0.97 cfu/m3, A. fumigatus 0.88 cfu/m3 and Aspergillus glaucus 0.45 cfu/m3. In rooms undergoing duct cleaning, mean A. fumigatus concentrations were 11.0 cfu/m3. Forty-eight of 74 (65%) duct dust samples had measurable levels of asp f1 protein, with a mean level of 0.41 ppm and maximum level of 1.94 ppm. Three major incidents involved increased hospital aspergillus concentrations. A. niger levels reached 680 cfu/m3 in an organ transplant room after a water leak from a ceiling pipe. Total aspergillus concentrations rose to 77 cfu/m3 in a bone marrow transplant patient room after improper sealing and water infiltration of the unit's dedicated high-efficiency particulate air filter system. Total aspergillus levels of 160 cfu/m3 were recorded in a renovation area during wood cutting. The higher concentrations of aspergillus seen inside the hospital compared with outdoors and the various moisture/HEPA filter/renovation incidents suggest that numerous small to moderate sources of aspergillus exist in the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Curtis
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Alderman TS, Thomann WR, Hunt DL. Assessment of Bioaerosol Reduction Methods in Stem Cell Transplant Units at a University Hospital. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/153567600400900304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Buzina W, Braun H, Schimpl K, Stammberger H. Bipolaris spicifera causes fungus balls of the sinuses and triggers polypoid chronic rhinosinusitis in an immunocompetent patient. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 41:4885-7. [PMID: 14532251 PMCID: PMC254347 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.10.4885-4887.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the rare case of a 19-year-old immunocompetent male suffering both from fungus balls of the sinuses and from chronic rhinosinusitis with massive polyposis. Endoscopic sinus surgery revealed grayish brown necrotic masses embedded in viscous eosinophilic mucus. Inoculated onto petri dishes, these masses as well as the mucus grew a dark pigmented fungus, which was identified as Bipolaris spicifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Buzina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical School, Graz, Austria.
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Abstract
A number of commonly used samplers are presented in this article. Many samplers have not been discussed because they are used for specific purposes or are considered research tools. Air sampling for microbes may seem like a simple proposal, yet to develop and implement a well-thought out plan that answers questions or hypotheses with a high level of reliability is often a difficult and expensive undertaking. Sampler selection is only one step in this process. The information given in this article, along with the other resources listed, should aid in setting up a useful bioaerosol sampling plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Muilenberg
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, G33, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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31
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Buzina W, Braun H, Freudenschuss K, Lackner A, Habermann W, Stammberger H. Fungal biodiversity--as found in nasal mucus. Med Mycol 2003; 41:149-61. [PMID: 12964848 DOI: 10.1080/mmy.41.2.149.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The biodiversity of fungi isolated from the nasal mucus of patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis and from healthy persons was monitored over 28 months. Mucus samples were obtained by flushing the noses of patients with saline or by endoscopic sinus surgery. Fungi from mucus were cultivated on agar plates. Identification was performed microscopically and by polymerase chain reaction with subsequent sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region. Altogether, 619 strains of fungi were cultivated from 233 subjects. Eighty-one species were identified, with a maximum of nine different species per person. The most prevalent isolates belonged to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Alternaria and Aureobasidium. Whereas Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. occurred in more or less the same numbers throughout the year, Cladosporium spp., Alternaria spp. and Aureobasidium pullulans showed a significantly higher occurrence during late summer and early autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Buzina
- ENT Department Karl-Franzens-University, Graz, Austria.
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32
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Bouza E, Peláez T, Pérez-Molina J, Marín M, Alcalá L, Padilla B, Muñoz P, Adán P, Bové B, Bueno MJ, Grande F, Puente D, Rodríguez MP, Rodríguez-Créixems M, Vigil D, Cuevas O. Demolition of a hospital building by controlled explosion: the impact on filamentous fungal load in internal and external air. J Hosp Infect 2002; 52:234-42. [PMID: 12473466 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.2002.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The demolition of a maternity building at our institution provided us with the opportunity to study the load of filamentous fungi in the air. External (nearby streets) and internal (within the hospital buildings) air was sampled with an automatic volumetric machine (MAS-100 Air Samplair) at least daily during the week before the demolition, at 10, 30, 60, 90,120, 180, 240, 420, 540 and 660 min post-demolition, daily during the week after the demolition and weekly during weeks 2, 3 and 4 after demolition. Samples were duplicated to analyse reproducibility. Three hundred and forty samples were obtained: 115 external air, 69 'non-protected' internal air and 156 protected internal air [high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtered air under positive pressure]. A significant increase in the colony count of filamentous fungi occurred after the demolition. Median colony counts of external air on demolition day were significantly higher than from internal air (70.2 cfu/m(3) vs 35.8 cfu/m(3)) (P < 0.001). Mechanical demolition on day +4 also produced a significant difference between external and internal air (74.5 cfu/m(3) vs 41.7 cfu/m(3)). The counts returned to baseline levels on day +11. Most areas with a protected air supply yielded no colonies before demolition day and remained negative on demolition day. The reproducibility of the count method was good (intra-assay variance: 2.4 cfu/m(3)). No episodes of invasive filamentous mycosis were detected during the three months following the demolition. Demolition work was associated with a significant increase in the fungal colony counts of hospital external and non-protected internal air. Effective protective measures may be taken to avoid the emergence of clinical infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bouza
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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