1
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Peptides, Antibodies, Peptide Antibodies and More. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246289. [PMID: 31847088 PMCID: PMC6941022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The applications of peptides and antibodies to multiple targets have emerged as powerful tools in research, diagnostics, vaccine development, and therapeutics. Antibodies are unique since they, in theory, can be directed to any desired target, which illustrates their versatile nature and broad spectrum of use as illustrated by numerous applications of peptide antibodies. In recent years, due to the inherent limitations such as size and physical properties of antibodies, it has been attempted to generate new molecular compounds with equally high specificity and affinity, albeit with relatively low success. Based on this, peptides, antibodies, and peptide antibodies have established their importance and remain crucial reagents in molecular biology.
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Lenci E, Menchi G, Trabocchi A. Carbohydrates in diversity-oriented synthesis: challenges and opportunities. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:808-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are attractive building blocks for diversity-oriented synthesis due to their stereochemical diversity and high density of polar functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Lenci
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - G. Menchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - A. Trabocchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”
- University of Florence
- Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
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3
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John F, Wittmann V. Orthogonally Protected Furanoid Sugar Diamino Acids for Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharide Mimetics. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7477-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin John
- Fachbereich
Chemie and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (M. G. University), Kochi 682013, India
| | - Valentin Wittmann
- Fachbereich
Chemie and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), Universität Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Lenci E, Menchi G, Guarna A, Trabocchi A. Skeletal Diversity from Carbohydrates: Use of Mannose for the Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Compounds. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2182-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502701c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lenci
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo
Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Gloria Menchi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo
Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Guarna
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo
Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo
Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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5
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A compendium of cyclic sugar amino acids and their carbocyclic and heterocyclic nitrogen analogues. Amino Acids 2013; 45:613-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Aljarilla A, López JC, Plumet J. Metathesis Reactions of Carbohydrates: Recent Highlights in Cross‐Metathesis. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Aljarilla
- Universidad Complutense, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Fax: +34‐913944103
| | - J. Cristóbal López
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Plumet
- Universidad Complutense, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain, Fax: +34‐913944103
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7
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Ducatti DRB, Massi A, Noseda MD, Duarte MER, Dondoni A. Production of carbohydrate building blocks from red seaweed polysaccharides. Efficient conversion of galactans into C-glycosyl aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:576-88. [DOI: 10.1039/b816606d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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8
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Selective removal of anti-α-Gal antibodies from human serum by using synthetic α-Gal epitope on a core-shell type resin. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Drug discovery has long suffered from the difficulty of having to place pharmacophoric groups in just the right spatial arrangement to elicit the desired biological response. Although some molecule classes have been discovered that seem to be privileged structures for at least some drug-receptor interactions, there remains the challenge to design and synthesize molecules with high specific affinity to pharmacologically important targets. With their high density of stereochemical information and their relative rigidity, carbohydrates provide excellent platforms upon which to display a number of substituents in a sterically defined way, hence offering the opportunity to harness their unique features for the drug-discovery process. This review highlights the progress that has been made in the development of carbohydrate scaffolds for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Meutermans
- Alchemia Ltd., PO Box 6242, Upper Mt Gravatt, Qld 4122, Australia
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10
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Hummel G, Jobron L, Hindsgaul O. Solid‐Phase Synthesis of a 1‐Thio‐β‐d‐GlcNAc Carbohydrate Mimetic Library. J Carbohydr Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/car-120026475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Hummel
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
- b Jerini AG , Berlin , Germany
| | - Laurence Jobron
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
- b Jerini AG , Berlin , Germany
| | - Ole Hindsgaul
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
- c Carlsberg Laboratory , Valby Copenhagen , DK‐2500 , Denmark
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11
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12
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Gouin SG, Murphy PV. Synthesis of Somatostatin Mimetics Based on the 1-Deoxymannojirimycin Scaffold. J Org Chem 2005; 70:8527-32. [PMID: 16209603 DOI: 10.1021/jo051454n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel synthesis of somatostatin mimetics based on the 1-deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ) scaffold has been developed. This involved development of a route suitable for the strategic grafting of pharmacophoric tryptophan and lysine side chains to the nitrogen atom of the piperidine ring and to the primary hydroxyl group of DMJ, respectively. The novel peptidomimetics were found to bind with higher affinity to sst4 receptors than to sst5 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien G Gouin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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13
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Tosin M, Murphy PV. Synthesis of Structurally Defined Scaffolds for Bivalent Ligand Display Based on Glucuronic Acid Anilides. The Degree of Tertiary Amide Isomerism and Folding Depends on the Configuration of a Glycosyl Azide. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4107-17. [PMID: 15876103 DOI: 10.1021/jo050200z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[structures: see text] Syntheses and structural analyses of bivalent carbohydrates based on anilides of glucuronic acid are described. Secondary anilides predominantly adopted the Z-anti structure; there is also evidence for population of the Z-syn isomer. Bivalent tertiary anilides displayed two signal sets in their NMR spectra, consistent with the presence of (i) a major isomer where both amides have E configurations (EE) and (ii) a minor isomer where one amide is E and the other Z (EZ). Qualitative NOE/ROE spectroscopic studies in solution support the proposal that the anti conformation is preferred for E amides. The crystal structure of one bivalent tertiary anilide showed E-anti and E-syn structural isomers; intramolecular carbohydrate-carbohydrate stacking was observed and mediated by carbonyl-pyranose, azide-azide, and pyranose-aromatic interactions. The EE to EZ isomer ratio, or the degree of folding, for tertiary amides, was greatest for a bivalent compound containing two alpha-glycosyl azide groups; this was enhanced in water, suggesting that hydrophobic interactions are partially but not wholly responsible. Computational methods predicted azide-aromatic (N...H-C interaction) and azide-azide interactions for folded isomers. The close contact of the azide and aromatic protons (N...H-C interaction) was observed upon examination of the close packing in the crystal structure of a related monomer. It is proposed that the alpha-azide group is more optimally aligned, compared to the beta-azide, to facilitate interaction and minimize the surface area of the hydrophobic groups exposed to water, and this leads to the increased folding. The alkylation of bivalent secondary anilides induces a switch from Z to E amide that alters the scaffold orientation. The synthesis of a bivalent mannoside, based on a secondary anilide scaffold, for investigation of mannose-binding receptor cross-linking and lattice formation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Tosin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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14
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Tosin M, O'Brien C, Fitzpatrick GM, Müller-Bunz H, Glass WK, Murphy PV. Synthesis and Structural Analysis of the Anilides of Glucuronic Acid and Orientation of the Groups on the Carbohydrate Scaffolding. J Org Chem 2005; 70:4096-106. [PMID: 15876102 DOI: 10.1021/jo0501994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structures: see text] The synthesis of anilides derived from glucuronic acid is described. Secondary anilides had a Z configuration in the solid state and showed intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, on the basis of NMR and IR studies, there was generally no evidence for the same hydrogen bonding in solution. Tertiary anilides showed a strong preference for the E configuration on the basis of NOE studies and molecular mechanics calculations. The alkylation of the secondary anilides induces a configurational switch that alters the orientation of the aromatic group with respect to the pyranose, which has relevance for presentation or orientation of pharmacophoric groups on carbohydrate scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Tosin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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15
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Baytas SN, Wang Q, Karst NA, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Solid-phase chemoenzymatic synthesis of C-sialosides. J Org Chem 2004; 69:6900-3. [PMID: 15387620 PMCID: PMC4135478 DOI: 10.1021/jo0491298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chemoenzymatic regioselective acylation of Neu5Ac followed by SmI2-mediated C-glycosylation on a solid support is described for five C-glycosides. This method should facilitate the construction of combinatorial libraries of inhibitors of neuraminidase activity and hemagglutinin interaction as potential antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan N. Baytas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Qun Wang
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Product Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Nathalie A. Karst
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Product Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
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16
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Park S, Lee MR, Pyo SJ, Shin I. Carbohydrate chips for studying high-throughput carbohydrate-protein interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:4812-9. [PMID: 15080685 DOI: 10.1021/ja0391661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein interactions play important biological roles in living organisms. For the most part, biophysical and biochemical methods have been used for studying these biomolecular interactions. Less attention has been given to the development of high-throughput methods to elucidate recognition events between carbohydrates and proteins. In the current effort to develop a novel high-throughput tool for monitoring carbohydrate-protein interactions, we prepared carbohydrate microarrays by immobilizing maleimide-linked carbohydrates on thiol-derivatized glass slides and carried out lectin binding experiments by using these microarrays. The results showed that carbohydrates with different structural features selectively bound to the corresponding lectins with relative binding affinities that correlated with those obtained from solution-based assays. In addition, binding affinities of lectins to carbohydrates were also quantitatively analyzed by determining IC(50) values of soluble carbohydrates with the carbohydrate microarrays. To fabricate carbohydrate chips that contained more diverse carbohydrate probes, solution-phase parallel and enzymatic glycosylations were performed. Three model disaccharides were in parallel synthesized in solution-phase and used as carbohydrate probes for the fabrication of carbohydrate chips. Three enzymatic glycosylations on glass slides were consecutively performed to generate carbohydrate microarrays that contained the complex oligosaccharide, sialyl Le(x). Overall, these works demonstrated that carbohydrate chips could be efficiently prepared by covalent immobilization of maleimide-linked carbohydrates on the thiol-coated glass slides and applied for the high-throughput analyses of carbohydrate-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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17
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Timmer MSM, Verdoes M, Sliedregt LAJM, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH, Overkleeft HS. The Use of a Mannitol-Derived Fused Oxacycle as a Combinatorial Scaffold. J Org Chem 2003; 68:9406-11. [PMID: 14629165 DOI: 10.1021/jo0349429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and high-yielding solid-phase synthesis of a small library of compounds containing a cis-fused pyranofuran structural motive is described. With use of the cheap and readily available D-(+)-mannitol, a highly functionalized sugar template was synthesized and immobilized on a solid support via an olefinic linker. Modification of this two-point molecular scaffold and subsequent ring-closing metathesis/cleavage gave access to a series of functionalized conformationally constrained fused oxacycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattie S M Timmer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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19
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Murphy PV, O'Brien JL, Gorey-Feret LJ, Smith AB. Structure-based design and synthesis of HIV-1 protease inhibitors employing beta-D-mannopyranoside scaffolds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1763-6. [PMID: 12067556 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A preliminary account on the structure-based design, synthesis and evaluation of peptidomimetic inhibitors of HIV-1 protease containing beta-D-mannopyranoside scaffolds is given. The compounds prepared had IC(50) values in the micromolar range. The results provide a platform for the development of more potent carbohydrate-based inhibitors of HIV-1 and other aspartic proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V Murphy
- Chemistry Department, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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20
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Abstract
The application of combinatorial chemistry to the synthesis of carbohydrate-based compound collections has received increased attention in recent years. New strategies for the solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharide libraries have been reported, and the use of monosaccharides as scaffolds in the generation of combinatorial libraries has been described. Novel approaches to the assembly of carbohydrate-based antibiotics, such as aminoglycoside analogs and vancomycin derivatives, have also been disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Marcaurelle
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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21
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Bryan MC, Plettenburg O, Sears P, Rabuka D, Wacowich-Sgarbi S, Wong CH. Saccharide display on microtiter plates. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:713-20. [PMID: 12079783 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
New insight into the importance of carbohydrates in biological systems underscores the need for rapid synthetic and screening procedures for them. Development of an organic synthesis-compatible linker that would attach saccharides to microtiter plates was therefore undertaken to facilitate research in glycobiology. Galactosyllipids containing small, hydrophobic groups at the anomeric position were screened for noncovalent binding to microtiter plates. When the lipid component was a saturated hydrocarbon between 13 and 15 carbons in length, the monosaccharide showed complete retention after aqueous washing and could be utilized in biological assays. This alkyl chain was also successfully employed with more complex oligosaccharides in biological assays. In light of these findings, this method of attachment of oligosaccharides to microtiter plates should be highly efficacious to high-throughput synthesis and analyses of carbohydrates in biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian C Bryan
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92067, USA
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22
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Schweizer F. Glycosaminosäuren und ihre Verwendung als Bausteine in der kombinatorischen Synthese sowie ihre Bedeutung für die Wirkstoff-Forschung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20020118)114:2<240::aid-ange240>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Seitz O, Heinemann I, Mattes A, Waldmann H. Synthetic peptide conjugates—tailor-made probes for the biology of protein modification and protein processing. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)01115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry has contributed significantly to understanding the structure-function relationships of biologically important molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. However, carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates, which have been identified as key modulators of several biological functions have not enjoyed the same measure of success. The complexity and synthetic challenges of carbohydrate conjugates have resulted in a number of conceptual approaches to rapidly access sufficient quantities of these biomolecules. This article summarizes these combinatorial approaches and also highlights fully automated library synthesis of artificial glycopeptides with the goals of understanding their biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barkley
- Chemical Biology Program, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON
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25
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Moitessier N, Dufour S, Chrétien F, Thiery JP, Maigret B, Chapleur Y. Design, synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of a focused combinatorial library of stereodiverse carbohydrate-scaffold-based peptidomimetics. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:511-23. [PMID: 11249143 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A focused combinatorial library of 126 mimetics of the RGD sequence based on sugar scaffolds have been rationally constructed using molecular modeling, with a particular emphasis on the stereodiversity of the library. A liquid phase, mix and divide synthesis was used, active compounds being identified by using orthogonal libraries and recursive deconvolution strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Moitessier
- Groupe SUCRES, Unité Mixte 7565 CNRS-Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Nancy-Vandoeuvre, France
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26
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Seeberger PH, Haase WC. Solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis and combinatorial carbohydrate libraries. Chem Rev 2000; 100:4349-94. [PMID: 11749351 DOI: 10.1021/cr9903104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P H Seeberger
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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27
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Abstract
Despite the omnipresence of protein glycosylation in nature, little is known about how the attachment of carbohydrates affects peptide and protein activity. One reason is the lack of a straightforward method to access biologically relevant glycopeptides and glycoproteins. The isolation of homogeneous glycopeptides from natural sources is complicated by the heterogeneity of naturally occuring glycoproteins. It is chemical and chemoenzymatic synthesis that is meeting the challenge to solve this availability problem, thus playing a key role for the advancement of glycobiology. The current art of glycopeptide synthesis, albeit far from being routine, has reached a level of maturity that allows for the access to homogeneous and pure material for biological and medicinal research. Even the ambitious goal of the total synthesis of an entire glycoprotein is within reach. It is demonstrated that with the help of synthetic glycopeptides the effects of glycosylation on protein structure and function can be studied in molecular detail. For example, in immunology, synthetic (tumour-specific) glycopeptides can be used as immunogens to elicit a tumour-cell-specific immune response. Again, synthetic glycopeptides are an invaluable tool to determine the fine specificity of the immune response that can be mediated by both carbohydrate-specific B and T cells. Furthermore, selected examples for the use of synthetic glycopeptides as ligands of carbohydrate-binding proteins and as enzyme substrates or inhibitors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Seitz
- Department of Chemical Biology Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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28
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An H, Cook PD. Methodologies for Generating Solution-Phase Combinatorial Libraries. Chem Rev 2000; 100:3311-3340. [PMID: 11777426 DOI: 10.1021/cr990014r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun An
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008
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29
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Beeley LJ, Duckworth DM, Southan C. The impact of genomics on drug discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 37:1-43. [PMID: 10845246 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L J Beeley
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Harlow, Essex, U.K
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30
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31
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Peng G, Sohn A, Gallop MA. Stereoselective Solid-Phase Synthesis of a Triaza Tricyclic Ring System: A New Chemotype for Lead Discovery. J Org Chem 1999; 64:8342-8349. [PMID: 11674757 DOI: 10.1021/jo990969+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sequential pyrrolidine and hydantoin ring-forming reactions have been applied in the stereoselective solid-phase synthesis of a conformationally constrained, tricyclic triazacyclopenta[c]pentalene scaffold. These novel compounds share the structural complexity characteristic of certain alkaloid natural products and represent a source of chemical diversity that complements more traditional classes of heterocyclic compounds of interest as potential pharmaceutical agents. They are assembled in a 12-step reaction sequence from 4 variable building blocks by combining an intramolecular azomethine ylide cycloaddition reaction with a final cyclative cleavage from resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Peng
- Affymax Research Institute, 3410 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, California 95051
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32
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Abstract
Until recently, resins were used primarily for peptide and oligonucleotide synthesis. Recent advances in combinatorial chemistry have fostered increased acceptance of resins as supports for the synthesis of small molecule libraries. The methodology for selecting a resin bead that is ideal for the solid phase synthesis of small molecules is described in this review. The process of manufacturing a typical resin, the UniSphere-200, is also explained. Furthermore, a new approach is proposed for the solid phase synthesis of analogs which are traditionally done in solution phase. This new procedure involves the use of building blocks attached to an activated resin. These building blocks are displaced by a functional group on the scaffold around which the analogs are built. Use of an excess of resin-linked building blocks drives the reaction to completion. Additionally, a newly developed, grafted surface solid support, is described. This support, the MicroTube, can be used for the synthesis of large numbers of discrete molecules by a patented directed sorting method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mendonca
- IRORI, 11149 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Horvat S, Otvos L, Urge L, Horvat J, Cudić M, Varga-Defterdarović L. Circular dichroism study of the carbohydrate-modified opioid peptides. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 1999; 55A:2347-2352. [PMID: 10581740 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(99)00132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The conformational preferences of enkephalins and the related glycoconjugates in which free or protected carbohydrate moieties were linked to the opioid peptides through an ether, ester or amide bond were investigated by circular dichroism spectroscopy in water, trifluoroethanol and water-trifluoroethanol mixtures. The analysis of the spectra revealed that the conformation of the enkephalin molecule is very sensitive to slight changes in the peptide structure around the C-terminal region. It was found that the type II beta-turn structures are populated in N-terminal tetrapeptide enkephalin fragment, while leucine-enkephalin amide feature a type I (III) beta-turn structure in solution. Incorporation of the sugar moiety into opioid peptide compound did not significantly influence the overall conformation of the peptide backbone, although minor intensity changes may reflect shifts in the population of the different turn systems. These small structural alterations can be responsible for the receptor-subtype selectivity of the various carbohydrate-modified enkephalin analogs.
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Scheffler G, Justus M, Vasella A, Wessel HP. A multicomponent one-pot reaction integrating a bis-functional carbohydrate derivative. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry principles have been applied to the generation of oligosaccharide libraries, both in solution and on the solid phase, with a view to producing inhibitors of carbohydrate-protein binding. The rich stereochemistry and high degree of functionalization of sugars has also resulted in their increasing use in the synthesis of glycomimetics and as scaffolds for the presentation of pharmacophore groupings to receptors that are noncarbohydrate-recognizing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schweizer
- The Noguchi Institute, 1-8-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0003, Japan.
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Lohof E, Burkhart F, Born MA, Planker E, Kessler H. Sugar amino acids and carbohydrates as scaffolds and peptidomimetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5113(99)80011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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