1
|
Liu C, Shen A, Song J, Cheng L, Zhang M, Wang Y, Liu X. LncRNA-CCAT5-mediated crosstalk between Wnt/β-Catenin and STAT3 signaling suggests novel therapeutic approaches for metastatic gastric cancer with high Wnt activity. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024; 44:76-100. [PMID: 38010289 PMCID: PMC10794011 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the constitutively activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays vital roles in gastric cancer (GC) progression, few Wnt inhibitors are approved for clinical use. Additionally, the clinical significance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in GC intraperitoneal dissemination (IPD) remains elusive. Here, we investigated the function and therapeutic potential of Wnt-transactivated lncRNA, colon cancer-associated transcript 5 (CCAT5), in GC metastasis. METHODS LncRNA-sequencing assay was performed to document abundance changes of lncRNAs induced by Wnt family member 3A (Wnt3a) and degradation-resistant β-catenin (S33Y mutated) in ascites-derived GC cells with low Wnt activity. Luciferase reporter, Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-re-ChIP assays were performed to determine how CCAT5 was transcribed. The clinical significance of CCAT5 was examined in 2 cohorts of GC patients. The biological function of CCAT5 was investigated through gain- and loss-of-function studies. The molecular mechanism was explored through RNA-sequencing, mass spectrometry, and CRISPR/Cas9-knocknout system. The therapeutic potential of CCAT5 was examined through RNAi-based cell xenograft model and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of IPD. RESULTS We identified a novel Wnt-regulated lncRNA, CCAT5, which was transactivated by the β-catenin/transcription factor 3 (TCF3) complex. CCAT5 was significantly upregulated in GC and predicted poor prognosis. Functional studies confirmed the promotive role of CCAT5 in GC growth and metastasis. Mechanistically, CCAT5 bound to the C-end domain of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and blocks Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1)-mediated STAT3Y705 dephosphorylation, leading to STAT3 nuclear entry and transactivation, thus accelerating GC progression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that both Wnt3a and β-catenin acted as activator of STAT3 signaling pathway, and the interplay between CCAT5 and STAT3 was functionally essential for Wnt-drived STAT3 signaling and tumor evolution. Finally, we revealed in vivo si-CCAT5 selectively attenuated growth and metastasis of Wnthigh GC, but not Wntlow GC. The combination of si-CCAT5 and oxaliplatin displayed obvious synergistic therapeutic effects on Wnthigh PDX mice. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel Wnt-transactivated lncRNA, CCAT5. Our study revealed a mechanism of STAT3 signaling regulation via canonical Wnt signaling and the functional significance of CCAT5 as critical mediator. We provided conceptual advance that lncRNAs serve as therapeutic targets reversing GC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Liu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiP. R. China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Aiwen Shen
- Department of NephrologyShanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Junquan Song
- Department of Gastric SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiP. R. China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of PulmonaryShanghai Chest HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- Department of PathologyFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Yanong Wang
- Department of Gastric SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiP. R. China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Gastric SurgeryFudan University Shanghai Cancer CenterShanghaiP. R. China
- Department of OncologyShanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
A novel method for isolation and culture of primary swine gastric epithelial cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:1. [PMID: 33407092 PMCID: PMC7789315 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culturing primary epithelial cells has a major advantage over tumor-derived or immortalized cell lines as long as their functional phenotype and genetic makeup are mainly maintained. The swine model has shown to be helpful and reliable when used as a surrogate model for human diseases. Several porcine cell lines have been established based on a variety of tissues, which have shown to extensively contribute to the current understanding of several pathologies, especially cancer. However, protocols for the isolation and culture of swine gastric epithelial cells that preserve cell phenotype are rather limited. We aimed to develop a new method for establishing a primary epithelial cell culture from the fundic gland region of the pig stomach. RESULTS Mechanical and enzymatic dissociation of gastric tissue was possible by combining collagenase type I and dispase II, protease inhibitors and antioxidants, which allowed the isolation of epithelial cells from the porcine fundic glands showing cell viability > 90% during the incubation period. Gastric epithelial cells cultured in RPMI 1640, DMEM-HG and DMEM/F12 media did not contribute enough to cell adhesion, cluster formation and cell proliferation. By contrast, William's E medium supplemented with growth factors supports confluency and proliferation of a pure epithelial cell monolayer after 10 days of incubation at 37 °C, 5% CO2. Mucin-producing cell phenotype of primary isolates was confirmed by PAS staining, MUC1 by immunohistochemistry, as well as the expression of MUC1 and MUC20 genes by RT-PCR and cDNA sequencing. Swine gastric epithelial cells also showed origin-specific markers such as cytokeratin cocktail (AE1/AE3) and cytokeratin 18 (CK-18) using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A new method was successfully established for the isolation of primary gastric epithelial cells from the fundic gland zone through a swine model based on a combination of tissue-specific proteases, protease inhibitors and antioxidants after mechanical cell dissociation. The formulation of William's E medium with growth factors for epithelial cells contributes to cell adhesion and preserves functional primary cells phenotype, which is confirmed by mucin production and expression of typical epithelial markers over time.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim IJ, Lee J, Oh SJ, Yoon MS, Jang SS, Holland RL, Reno ML, Hamad MN, Maeda T, Chung HJ, Chen J, Blanke SR. Helicobacter pylori Infection Modulates Host Cell Metabolism through VacA-Dependent Inhibition of mTORC1. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:583-593.e8. [PMID: 29746831 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) is a bacterial exotoxin that enters host cells and induces mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the extent to which VacA-dependent mitochondrial perturbations affect overall cellular metabolism is poorly understood. We report that VacA perturbations in mitochondria are linked to alterations in cellular amino acid homeostasis, which results in the inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and subsequent autophagy. mTORC1, which regulates cellular metabolism during nutrient stress, is inhibited during Hp infection by a VacA-dependent mechanism. This VacA-dependent inhibition of mTORC1 signaling is linked to the dissociation of mTORC1 from the lysosomal surface and results in activation of cellular autophagy through the Unc 51-like kinase 1 (Ulk1) complex. VacA intoxication results in reduced cellular amino acids, and bolstering amino acid pools prevents VacA-mediated mTORC1 inhibition. Overall, these studies support a model that Hp modulate host cell metabolism through the action of VacA at mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Jung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Seung J Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Jang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Robin L Holland
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael L Reno
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mohammed N Hamad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hee Jung Chung
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Steven R Blanke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Lead Contact.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wongsirisin P, Yodkeeree S, Limpakan (Yamada) S, Limtrakul (Dejkriengkraikul) P. Curcumin inhibition of the effects of Tip α induced cytokine expression in gastric cancer patients. PHARMANUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
5
|
Wongsirisin P, Limpakan Yamada S, Yodkeeree S, Punfa W, Limtrakul P. Association of DNA Repair and Drug Transporter in Relation to Chemosensitivity in Primary Culture of Thai Gastric Cancer Patients. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:360-367. [PMID: 29491212 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance is a major reason for poor clinical outcomes in cancer chemotherapy patients. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity to anticancer drugs and to identify the alterations of DNA repair and drug transporter in a model of primary culture obtained from pre- and post-platinum-based anticancer treatments in nine Thai gastric cancer patients. Ex vivo sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs (cisplatin, oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and irinotecan) was analysed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The expression of the drug transporter (multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), P-glycoprotein (P-gp)) and DNA repair (X-ray cross-complementing gene 1 (XRCC1) and excision repair cross-complementing 1 (ERCC1)) were examined by RT-PCR. The IC50 to cisplatin and oxaliplatin of the cells obtained from gastric cancer patients after clinical drug treatments were administered to five patients (55.5%) revealed a significant increase when compared with prior treatments. The basal expression values of XRCC1, ERCC1 and MRP1 obtained from the treated patients were in correlation with those of IC50. Ex vivo platinum drug treatment of the primary culture obtained from naïve patients over seven days also revealed a significant increase in MRP1 (7/9), XRCC1 (4/9) and ERCC1 (4/9). These observations have also been observed in the KATOIII cell line. Clinical treatment by platinum-based anti-cancer drug can develop acquired drug resistance in Thai gastric cancer patients through upregulation in the expression of drug transporter MRP1 and DNA repair XRCC1 and ERCC1. In cell culture model, cisplatin-resistant gastric cancer cell line KATOIII/diamminedichloroplatinum (KATOIII/DDP) significantly increased the expression level of these genes when compared to its parental cells (KATOIII).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sirikan Limpakan Yamada
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Endoscopy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine
| | | | - Wanisa Punfa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saberi S, Pournasr B, Farzaneh Z, Esmaeili M, Hosseini ME, Baharvand H, Mohammadi M. A simple and cost-efficient adherent culture platform for human gastric primary cells, as an in vitro model for Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2018; 23:e12489. [PMID: 29774633 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most two- dimensional in vitro models for studying host- H. pylori interactions rely on tumor-derived cell lines, which harbor malignant alterations. The recent development of human gastric organoids has overcome this limitation and provides a highly sophisticated, yet costly, short-term model for H. pylori infection, with restricted use in low-budget centers. METHOD Tissue specimens from upper, middle, and lower stomachs of H. pylori-negative volunteers were collectively dispersed and cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) or collagen-coated plates. Gastric primary cells (GPCs) were evaluated by light microscopy, immunostaining, qRT-PCR and ELISA analysis of cellular secretions, before and after H. pylori infection. RESULTS The formation and long-term (up to 1 year) maintenance of GPCs was highly dependent on adherent inactivated MEF cells, cultured in enriched media. These cells were multipassageable and able to undergo stable freezer storage and subsequent revival. The cellular composition of GPCs included the combination of cytokeratin 18 (CK18) and E-cadherin (E-cad)-positive epithelial cells, MUC5AC-positive gastric cells, and leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5)-positive progenitor cells. These cells produced significant amounts of gastric pepsinogens I and II. GPCs also allowed for extended (up to 96 hours) H. pylori infection, during which they underwent morphological alterations (cellular vacuolation and elongation) and hyperproduction of gastric pepsinogens and inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF-α). CONCLUSION We, hereby, present a simple, consistent, and cost-efficient gastric cell culture system, which provides a suitable model for extended in vitro infection of H. pylori. This platform can be employed for a variety of gastric-related research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Saberi
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behshad Pournasr
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Farzaneh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esmaeili
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Eshagh Hosseini
- Gastroenterology Department, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mohammadi
- HPGC Research Group, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma Y, Zhu J, Chen S, Li T, Ma J, Guo S, Hu J, Yue T, Zhang J, Wang P, Wang X, Chen G, Liu Y. Activated gastric cancer-associated fibroblasts contribute to the malignant phenotype and 5-FU resistance via paracrine action in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:104. [PMID: 30038550 PMCID: PMC6053778 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play important roles in tumor progression. However, the behaviors of activated CAFs in gastric cancer remain to be determined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlations between activated gastric CAFs and the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer, and to determine the effects of activated CAFs on the malignant phenotype and 5-fluorouracil resistance in this cancer. Methods Ninety-five patients with primary gastric cancer were enrolled in this study. Activation states of gastric CAFs were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. A modified method for the primary culture of gastric CAFs was employed. Types of CAFs and activation states were identified by immunocytochemical and immunofluorescent staining. Cell co-culture and gastric CAF conditioned medium transfer models were established to investigate the paracrine effects of activated CAFs on the migration and invasion of gastric cell lines. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of 5-fluorouracil and levels of cell apoptosis were examined using cell viability assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Protein expression levels of associated molecules were measured by Western blotting. Results Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that activated gastric CAFs identified via fibroblast activation protein were significantly related to poorer cumulative survival in gastric cancer patients. Five strains of CAFs were successfully cultured via the modified culture method, and three gastric CAFs strains were identified as activated gastric CAFs. The migration and invasion abilities of gastric cells were significantly enhanced in both the co-culture group and the conditioned medium group. The half maximal inhibitory concentration for 5-fluorouracil in BGC-823 cells was elevated after treatment with conditioned medium, and early apoptosis was inhibited. Additionally, an obvious elevation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition level was observed in the conditioned medium group. Conclusions Activated gastric CAFs correlate with a poor prognosis of cancer patients and may contribute to the malignant phenotype and the development of resistance to 5-fluorouracil via paracrine action in gastric cancer. Gastric CAFs with a specific activation state might be used as a tumor biomarker within the microenvironment for prognosis and as a new therapeutic target for chemoresistant gastric cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-018-0599-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongchen Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Shanwen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Tengyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Shihao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Taohua Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Guowei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Yucun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ling SSM, Khoo LHB, Hwang LA, Yeoh KG, Ho B. Instrumental Role of Helicobacter pylori γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in VacA-Dependent Vacuolation in Gastric Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131460. [PMID: 26111186 PMCID: PMC4482420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes cellular vacuolation in host cells, a cytotoxic event attributed to vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) and the presence of permeant weak bases such as ammonia. We report here the role of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), a constitutively expressed secretory enzyme of H. pylori, in potentiating VacA-dependent vacuolation formation in H. pylori-infected AGS and primary gastric cells. The enhancement is brought about by GGT hydrolysing glutamine present in the extracellular medium, thereby releasing ammonia which accentuates the VacA-induced vacuolation. The events of vacuolation in H. pylori wild type (WT)- and Δggt-infected AGS cells were first captured and visualized by real-time phase-contrast microscopy where WT was observed to induce more vacuoles than Δggt. By using semi-quantitative neutral red uptake assay, we next showed that Δggt induced significantly less vacuolation in AGS and primary gastric epithelial cells as compared to the parental strain (P<0.05) indicating that GGT potentiates the vacuolating effect of VacA. Notably, vacuolation induced by WT was significantly reduced in the absence of GGT substrate, glutamine (P<0.05) or in the presence of a competitive GGT inhibitor, serine-borate complex. Furthermore, the vacuolating ability of Δggt was markedly restored when co-incubated with purified recombinant GGT (rGGT), although rGGT itself did not induce vacuolation independently. Similarly, the addition of exogenous ammonium chloride as a source of ammonia also rescued the ability of Δggt to induce vacuolation. Additionally, we also show that monoclonal antibodies against GGT effectively inhibited GGT activity and successfully suppressed H. pylori-induced vacuolation. Collectively, our results clearly demonstrate that generation of ammonia by GGT through glutamine hydrolysis is responsible for enhancing VacA-dependent vacuolation. Our findings provide a new perspective on GGT as an important virulence factor and a promising target in the management of H. pylori-associated gastric diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Shi Min Ling
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Le-Ann Hwang
- Monoclonal Antibody Unit, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khay Guan Yeoh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bow Ho
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bimczok D, Kao JY, Zhang M, Cochrun S, Mannon P, Peter S, Wilcox CM, Mönkemüller KE, Harris PR, Grams JM, Stahl RD, Smith PD, Smythies LE. Human gastric epithelial cells contribute to gastric immune regulation by providing retinoic acid to dendritic cells. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:533-44. [PMID: 25249167 PMCID: PMC4372513 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori, the gastric mucosa has received little investigative attention as a unique immune environment. Here, we analyzed whether retinoic acid (RA), an important homeostatic factor in the small intestinal mucosa, also contributes to gastric immune regulation. We report that human gastric tissue contains high levels of the RA precursor molecule retinol (ROL), and that gastric epithelial cells express both RA biosynthesis genes and RA response genes, indicative of active RA biosynthesis. Moreover, primary gastric epithelial cells cultured in the presence of ROL synthesized RA in vitro and induced RA biosynthesis in co-cultured monocytes through an RA-dependent mechanism, suggesting that gastric epithelial cells may also confer the ability to generate RA on gastric dendritic cells (DCs). Indeed, DCs purified from gastric mucosa had similar levels of aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and RA biosynthesis gene expression as small intestinal DCs, although gastric DCs lacked CD103. In H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa, gastric RA biosynthesis gene expression was severely disrupted, which may lead to reduced RA signaling and thus contribute to disease progression. Collectively, our results support a critical role for RA in human gastric immune regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bimczok
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John Y. Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven Cochrun
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Peter Mannon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shajan Peter
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles M. Wilcox
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Klaus E. Mönkemüller
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Paul R. Harris
- Division of Pediatrics, Unit of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jayleen M. Grams
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard D. Stahl
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Phillip D. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lesley E. Smythies
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,Correspondence: Lesley E. Smythies, , Address: 1720 2nd Avenue South, SHEL 611, Birmingham AL 35294-2182, Phone: 205-975-9254, Fax: 205-996-9113
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
AZIZ FAISAL, YANG XUESONG, WEN QINGPING, YAN QIU. A method for establishing human primary gastric epithelial cell culture from fresh surgical gastric tissues. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2939-44. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
11
|
Liu J, Zheng L, Ma L, Wang B, Zhao Y, Wu N, Liu G, Lin X. Oleanolic acid inhibits proliferation and invasiveness of Kras-transformed cells via autophagy. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1154-1160. [PMID: 25172632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) has been widely studied because of its pleiotropic therapeutic and preventive effect on various diseases. However, the mechanisms of OA's action are still not clear yet, especially its suppressing effect on transformed cells. In this work, we found that OA induced autophagy in normal tissue-derived cells without cytotoxicity. OA-induced autophagy was shown to decrease the proliferation of KRAS-transformed normal cells and to impair their invasion and anchorage-independent growth. Interrupting autophagy rescued OA's effect on the transformed cells. Mouse model experiments also demonstrated that OA suppressed the growth of KRAS-transformed breast epithelial cell MCF10A-derived tumor xenograft by inducing autophagy. Finally, we identified that OA induced autophagy in normal cells by inhibiting the activation of Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling. In conclusions, we found that OA treatment permitted normal cells to undergo autophagy. The induced autophagy was required for OA to prevent or delay the growth of transformed normal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; Institutes of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lanhong Zheng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Leina Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Youguang Zhao
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Chengdu Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Institutes of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Institutes of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Institutes of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Capital Med. University, Dept. of Pharmacology, Beijing 100069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chemokines and antimicrobial peptides have a cag-dependent early response to Helicobacter pylori infection in primary human gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2881-9. [PMID: 24778119 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01517-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection systematically causes chronic gastric inflammation that can persist asymptomatically or evolve toward more severe gastroduodenal pathologies, such as ulcer, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer. The cag pathogenicity island (cag PAI) of H. pylori allows translocation of the virulence protein CagA and fragments of peptidoglycan into host cells, thereby inducing production of chemokines, cytokines, and antimicrobial peptides. In order to characterize the inflammatory response to H. pylori, a new experimental protocol for isolating and culturing primary human gastric epithelial cells was established using pieces of stomach from patients who had undergone sleeve gastrectomy. Isolated cells expressed markers indicating that they were mucin-secreting epithelial cells. Challenge of primary epithelial cells with H. pylori B128 underscored early dose-dependent induction of expression of mRNAs of the inflammatory mediators CXCL1 to -3, CXCL5, CXCL8, CCL20, BD2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). In AGS cells, significant expression of only CXCL5 and CXCL8 was observed following infection, suggesting that these cells were less reactive than primary epithelial cells. Infection of both cellular models with H. pylori B128ΔcagM, a cag PAI mutant, resulted in weak inflammatory-mediator mRNA induction. At 24 h after infection of primary epithelial cells with H. pylori, inflammatory-mediator production was largely due to cag PAI substrate-independent virulence factors. Thus, H. pylori cag PAI substrate appears to be involved in eliciting an epithelial response during the early phases of infection. Afterwards, other virulence factors of the bacterium take over in development of the inflammatory response. Using a relevant cellular model, this study provides new information on the modulation of inflammation during H. pylori infection.
Collapse
|
13
|
Xia JT, Chen LZ, Jian WH, Wang KB, Yang YZ, He WL, He YL, Chen D, Li W. MicroRNA-362 induces cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance in gastric cancer by activation of NF-κB signaling. J Transl Med 2014; 12:33. [PMID: 24495516 PMCID: PMC3916099 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background According to cancer-related microRNA (miRNA) expression microarray research available in public databases, miR-362 expression is elevated in gastric cancer. However, the expression and biological role of miR-362 in gastric progression remain unclear. Methods miR-362 expression levels in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines were determined using real-time PCR. The roles of miR-362, in promoting gastric cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance, were assessed by different biological assays, such as colony assay, flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. The effect of miR-362 on NF-κB activation was investigated using the luciferase reporter assay, fluorescent immunostaining. Results MiR-362 overexpression induced cell proliferation, colony formation, and resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in BGC-823 and SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells. MiR-362 increased NF-κB activity and relative mRNA expression of NF-κB–regulated genes, and induced nuclear translocation of p65. Expression of the tumor suppressor CYLD was inhibited by miR-362 in gastric cancer cells; miR-362 levels were inversely correlated with CYLD expression in gastric cancer tissue. MiR-362 downregulated CYLD expression by binding its 3′ untranslated region. NF-κB activation was mechanistically associated with siRNA-mediated downregulation of CYLD. MiR-362 inhibitor reversed all the effects of miR-362. Conclusion The results suggest that miR-362 plays an important role in repressing the tumor suppressor CYLD and present a novel mechanism of miRNA-mediated NF-κB activation in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - De Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, #63 Duobao Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bimczok D, Smythies LE, Waites KB, Grams JM, Stahl RD, Mannon PJ, Peter S, Wilcox CM, Harris PR, Das S, Ernst PB, Smith PD. Helicobacter pylori infection inhibits phagocyte clearance of apoptotic gastric epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6626-34. [PMID: 23686492 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Increased apoptotic death of gastric epithelial cells is a hallmark of Helicobacter pylori infection, and altered epithelial cell turnover is an important contributor to gastric carcinogenesis. To address the fate of apoptotic gastric epithelial cells and their role in H. pylori mucosal disease, we investigated phagocyte clearance of apoptotic gastric epithelial cells in H. pylori infection. Human gastric mononuclear phagocytes were analyzed for their ability to take up apoptotic epithelial cells (AECs) in vivo using immunofluorescence analysis. We then used primary human gastric epithelial cells induced to undergo apoptosis by exposure to live H. pylori to study apoptotic cell uptake by autologous monocyte-derived macrophages. We show that HLA-DR(+) mononuclear phagocytes in human gastric mucosa contain cytokeratin-positive and TUNEL-positive AEC material, indicating that gastric phagocytes are involved in AEC clearance. We further show that H. pylori both increased apoptosis in primary gastric epithelial cells and decreased phagocytosis of the AECs by autologous monocyte-derived macrophages. Reduced macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells was mediated in part by H. pylori-induced macrophage TNF-α, which was expressed at higher levels in H. pylori-infected, compared with uninfected, gastric mucosa. Importantly, we show that H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa contained significantly higher numbers of AECs and higher levels of nonphagocytosed TUNEL-positive apoptotic material, consistent with a defect in apoptotic cell clearance. Thus, as shown in other autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, insufficient phagocyte clearance may contribute to the chronic and self-perpetuating inflammation in human H. pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bimczok
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xia J, Wu Z, Yu C, He W, Zheng H, He Y, Jian W, Chen L, Zhang L, Li W. miR-124 inhibits cell proliferation in gastric cancer through down-regulation of SPHK1. J Pathol 2012; 227:470-80. [PMID: 22450659 DOI: 10.1002/path.4030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SPHK1 expression is elevated in gastric cancer and is associated with shorter survival times for patients. However, the molecular mechanism of SPHK1 up-regulation in gastric cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we report that miR-124 down-regulated SPHK1 expression by directly targeting its 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) and that miR-124 expression was inversely correlated with SPHK1 expression in gastric cancer samples. Furthermore, we demonstrated that, similar to the effect of silencing SPHK1, up-regulation of miR-124 markedly inhibited proliferation and tumourigenicity of gastric cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. This was found to be mechanistically associated with induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21$^{{\rm Cip1}}$ and p27$^{{\rm Kip1}}$, enhancement of the transcriptional activity of FOXO1 and suppression of AKT activity. Moreover, we showed that the re-introduction of SPHK1 (without the 3'-UTR), but not with the 3'-UTR, could abrogate the miR-124-mediated induction of p21$^{{\rm Cip1}}$ and p27$^{{\rm Kip1}}$, as well as rescue the miR-124-induced proliferation inhibition. Together, these results suggest that miR-124 has an important role in the suppression of gastric cancer and presents a novel mechanism of miRNA-mediated SPHK1 expression in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jintang Xia
- Laboratory of Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Leite M, Figueiredo C. A method for short-term culture of human gastric epithelial cells to study the effects of Helicobacter pylori. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 921:61-68. [PMID: 23015492 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-005-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In vitro studies of Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis mostly rely on the use of tumor-derived cell lines. Although invaluable, tumor cell lines are not representative of the normal cell physiology. Thus, the use of primary gastric epithelial cell cultures provides an important tool for investigating the mechanisms underlying H. pylori infection, as well as for validating the in vitro findings obtained with tumor-derived cell line models. Here we describe a method for isolation and short-term culture of human primary gastric epithelial cells obtained from gastric biopsy specimens, and the use of these cells to evaluate the effect of H. pylori on the junctional adhesion molecule-A protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Leite
- IPATIMUP, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
HOORENS P, RINALDI M, MIHI B, DREESEN L, GRIT G, MEEUSEN E, LI RW, GELDHOF P. Galectin-11 induction in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle following nematode and protozoan infections. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:669-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
18
|
Wu YY, Lin CW, Cheng KS, Lin C, Wang YM, Lin IT, Chou YH, Hsu PN. Increased programmed death-ligand-1 expression in human gastric epithelial cells in Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 161:551-9. [PMID: 20646001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H1 [programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1)] is a B7-family member that binds to programmed death-1 (PD-1). Recently, deficiency of PD-L1 has been demonstrated to result in accelerated gastric epithelial cell damage in gastritis, and PD-L1 is suggested to play a critical role in regulating T cell homeostasis. Here, we aimed to gain more insight into gastric PD-L1 expression, regulation and function during Helicobacter pylori infection. PD-L1 expression in human gastric epithelial cells was analysed using Western blotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. Furthermore, co-culture experiments of human gastric epithelial cells with primary human T cells or Jurkat T cells were conducted. PD-L1 expression in primary human gastric epithelial cells was strongly enhanced by H. pylori infection and activated T cells, and augmented markedly by further stimulation with interferon-γ or tumour necrosis factor-α. Moreover, PD-L1 expression in gastric epithelial cells significantly induced apoptosis of T cells. Our results indicate that a novel bidirectional interaction between human gastric epithelial cells and lymphocytes modulates PD-L1 expression in human gastric epithelial cells, contributing to the unique immunological properties of the stomach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-Y Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gong M, Ling SSM, Lui SY, Yeoh KG, Ho B. Helicobacter pylori gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is a pathogenic factor in the development of peptic ulcer disease. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:564-73. [PMID: 20347814 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) has been reported to be a virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori associated with bacterial colonization and cell apoptosis. But its mechanism of pathogenesis is not firmly established. This study aims to examine its role in H pylori-mediated infection. METHODS Various H pylori isogenic mutants were constructed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach. H pylori native GGT protein (HP-nGGT) was purified with ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. Generation of H2O2 was measured with fluorimetric analysis, whereas nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation was determined by luciferase assay and Western blot. Cytokine production was examined by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay and real-time PCR. DNA damage was assessed with comet assay and flow cytometry. The GGT activity of 98 H pylori isolates was analyzed by an enzymatic assay. RESULTS Purified HP-nGGT generated H2O2 in primary gastric epithelial cells and AGS gastric cancer cells, resulting in the activation of NF-kappaB and up-regulation of interleukin-8 (IL-8) production. In addition, HP-nGGT caused an increase in the level of 8-OH-dG, indicative of oxidative DNA damage. In contrast, Deltaggt showed significantly reduced levels of H2O2 generation, IL-8 production, and DNA damage in cells compared with the wild type (P<.05). The clinical importance of GGT was indicated by significantly higher (P<.001) activity in H pylori isolates obtained from patients with peptic ulcer disease (n=54) than isolates from patients with nonulcer dyspepsia (n=44). CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence that GGT is a pathogenic factor associated with H pylori-induced peptic ulcer disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li W, Yu CP, Xia JT, Zhang L, Weng GX, Zheng HQ, Kong QL, Hu LJ, Zeng MS, Zeng YX, Li M, Li J, Song LB. Sphingosine kinase 1 is associated with gastric cancer progression and poor survival of patients. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1393-9. [PMID: 19228740 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was to investigate the clinical significance of sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), an oncoenzyme, in the development and progression of gastric cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN mRNA and protein levels of SPHK1 expression in normal gastric epithelial cells, gastric cancer cell lines, and paired gastric cancer lesions and the adjacent noncancerous tissues were examined using reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting. Immunohistochemistry was employed to analyze SPHK1 expression in 175 clinicopathologically characterized gastric cancer cases. Statistical analyses were applied to derive prognostic and diagnostic associations. RESULTS Levels of SPHK1 mRNA and protein were higher in gastric cancer cell lines than in normal gastric epithelial cells. SPHK1 protein level was up-regulated in gastric cancer lesions compared with that in the paired adjacent noncancerous tissues. Gastric cancer tissues from 115 of 175 (65.7%) patients revealed high level of SPHK1 protein expression in contrast to the undetectable or marginally detectable expression of SPHK1 in the adjacent noncancerous gastric tissues. Significantly different expression levels of SPHK1 were found in patients at different clinical stages (P=0.003), T classification (P=0.035), and M classification (P=0.020). Patients with higher SPHK1 expression had shorter overall survival time, whereas those with lower SPHK1 expression survived longer. Further multivariate analysis suggested that SPHK1 up-regulation was an independent prognostic indicator for the disease. CONCLUSIONS SPHK1 protein could be a useful marker for the prognosis of gastric cancer. Further study on the potential use of SPHK1 as a therapeutic target is also warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Krueger S, Hundertmark T, Kuester D, Kalinski T, Peitz U, Roessner A. Helicobacter pylori alters the distribution of ZO-1 and p120ctn in primary human gastric epithelial cells. Pathol Res Pract 2007; 203:433-44. [PMID: 17509776 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is related to the development of diverse gastric pathologies, possibly by affecting epithelial junctional complexes that define cell polarity and play an essential role in transepithelial transport and cell-cell adhesion. Using primary gastric epithelial cell cultures, effects of H. pylori on the expression and localization of tight/adherence junction proteins and the resulting morphological changes and migratory capabilities were studied under in vivo-like conditions. Gastric epithelial cells were isolated from biopsies or gastrectomies and maintained in Quantum286 on collagen I-coated culture dishes or cover-slips. Cell cultures were characterized and further analyzed by western blot and immunofluorescent staining for ZO-1, p120ctn, and H. pylori CagA. Morphological changes and migratory response were monitored by time-lapse digital image microscopy. ZO-1 and p120ctn protein expression levels remain unaffected by H. pylori infection. Immunocytochemistry on H. pylori-infected primary cell monolayers focally showed disruption of intercellular ZO-1 staining and accumulation of ZO-1 in small vesicles. H. pylori infection recruited non-phosphorylated p120ctn to perinuclear vesicles. The fraction of phosphorylated p120ctn increased and could be detected in the nucleus, at the cell membrane, and at the leading edge of migrating cells. These alterations, triggered by H. pylori infection, are associated with an elongation phenotype and increased migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Krueger
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lai YP, Yang JC, Lin TZ, Lin JT, Wang JT. Helicobacter pylori infection and CagA protein translocation in human primary gastric epithelial cell culture. Helicobacter 2006; 11:451-9. [PMID: 16961808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2006.00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence has shown that Helicobacter pylori CagA protein translocation into gastric epithelial cells plays an important role in the development of gastric inflammation and malignancy. Translocated CagA undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation in gastric adenocarcinoma cell line cells, and CagA involves disruption of cellular apical-junction complex in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. METHODS To elucidate whether these events take place in normal human gastric epithelium, we infected human primary gastric epithelial cells with H. pylori. RESULTS Our results demonstrate that CagA protein was translocated into primary gastric epithelial cells and tyrosine phosphorylated. The translocated CagA induces cytoskeletal rearrangement and the disruption of tight junctions in primary gastric epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provides direct evidence of the modulation of gastric epithelial cells by CagA protein translocation, and advances our understanding of the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ping Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhu Y, Zhong X, Zheng S, Du Q, Xu W. Transformed immortalized gastric epithelial cells by virulence factor CagA of Helicobacter pylori through Erk mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Oncogene 2005; 24:3886-95. [PMID: 15856031 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CagA of Helicobacter pylori is a protein that has been closely associated with gastric cancer and that can intervene with signal pathways in cells. Its precise relationship with the occurrence of gastric cancer, however, remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether CagA can promote transformation of normal gastric epithelial cells and to consider via what mechanisms CagA may exert its effects. Transformed colonies were merged in soft-agarose medium after immortalized gastric epithelial cells were transfected with recombinant pLHCX retrovirus with cagA and/or dimethylhydrazine. The number of transformed colonies in the group containing cagA/pLHCX retrovirus, combined with a subthreshold dose of dimethylhydrazine, was more than that for cagA/pLHCX retrovirus or dimethylhydrazine at a subthreshold dose alone. For cagA-transfected cells, only IQGAP-2, R-Ras and B-Raf of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway were markedly increased, and the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) kinase was significantly higher than that in dimethylhydrazine-transformed cells or control cells. However, no evidence of alteration of any other molecules of the Ras superfamily was observed in cagA-transfected cells. These findings suggest that CagA can transform gastric epithelial cells through activation of the Erk1/2 pathway; this mechanism may, however, be independent of Ras activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhu
- Gastroenterological Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu YY, Tsai HF, Lin WC, Chou AH, Chen HT, Yang JC, Hsu PI, Hsu PN. Helicobacter pylori enhances tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated apoptosis in human gastric epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2334-9. [PMID: 15285015 PMCID: PMC4576284 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i16.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relations between tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection in apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells and to assess the expression of TRAIL on the surface of infiltrating T-cells in H pylori-infected gastric mucosa.
METHODS: Human gastric epithelial cell lines and primary gastric epithelial cells were co-cultured with H pyloriin vitro, then recombinant TRAIL proteins were added to the culture. Apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells was determined by a specific ELISA for cell death. Infiltrating lymphocytes were isolated from H pylori-infected gastric mucosa, and expression of TRAIL in T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry.
RESULTS: The apoptosis of gastric epithelial cell lines and primary human gastric epithelial cells was mildly increased by interaction with either TRAIL or H pylori alone. Interestingly, the apoptotic indices were markedly elevated when gastric epithelial cells were incubated with both TRAIL and H pylori (Control vs TRAIL and H pylori: 0.51 ± 0.06 vs 2.29 ± 0.27, P = 0.018). A soluble TRAIL receptor (DR4-Fc) could specifically block the TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Further studies demonstrated that infiltrating T-cells in gastric mucosa expressed TRAIL on their surfaces, and the induction of TRAIL sensitivity by H pylori was dependent upon direct cell contact of viable bacteria, but not CagA and VacA of H pylori.
CONCLUSION: H pylori can sensitize human gastric epithelial cells and enhance susceptibility to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Modulation of host cell sensitivity to apoptosis by bacterial interaction adds a new dimension to the immunopathogenesis of H pylori infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ying Wu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taiwan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Marlink KL, Bacon KD, Sheppard BC, Ashktorab H, Smoot DT, Cover TL, Deveney CW, Rutten MJ. Effects of Helicobacter pylori on intracellular Ca2+ signaling in normal human gastric mucous epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 285:G163-76. [PMID: 12606301 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00257.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In stomach, Helicobacter pylori (Hp) adheres to gastric mucous epithelial cells (GMEC) and initiates several different signal transduction events. Alteration of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) is an important signaling mechanism in numerous bacteria-host model systems. Changes in [Ca2+]i induced by Hp in normal human GMEC have not yet been described; therefore, we examined effects of Hp on [Ca2+]i in normal human GMEC and a nontransformed GMEC line (HFE-145). Cultured cells were grown on glass slides, porous filters, or 96-well plates and loaded with fura 2 or fluo 4. Hp wild-type strain 60190 and vacA-, cagA-, and picB-/cagE- isogenic mutants were incubated with cells. Changes in [Ca2+]i were recorded with a fluorimeter or fluorescence plate reader. Wild-type Hp produced dose-dependent biphasic transient [Ca2+]i peak and plateau changes in both cell lines. Hp vacA- isogenic mutant produced changes in [Ca2+]i similar to those produced by wild type. Compared with wild type, cagA- and picB-/cagE- isogenic mutants produced lower peak changes and did not generate a plateau change. Preloading cultures with intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA blocked all Hp-induced [Ca2+]i changes. Thapsigargin pretreatment of cultures to release Ca2+ from internal stores reduced peak change. Extracellular Ca2+ removal reduced plateau response. Hp-induced peak response was sensitive to G proteins and PLC inhibitors. Hp-induced plateau change was sensitive to G protein inhibitors, src kinases, and PLA2. These findings are the first to show that H. pylori alters [Ca2+]i in normal GMEC through a Ca2+ release/influx mechanism that depends on expression of cagA and picB/cagE genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Marlink
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|