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Maekawa M. Analysis of Metabolic Changes in Endogenous Metabolites and Diagnostic Biomarkers for Various Diseases Using Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1087-1105. [PMID: 38825462 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Analysis of endogenous metabolites in various diseases is useful for searching diagnostic biomarkers and elucidating the molecular mechanisms of pathophysiology. The author and collaborators have developed some LC/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) methods for metabolites and applied them to disease-related samples. First, we identified urinary conjugated cholesterol metabolites and serum N-palmitoyl-O-phosphocholine serine as useful biomarkers for Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC). For the purpose of intraoperative diagnosis of glioma patients, we developed the LC/MS/MS analysis methods for 2-hydroxyglutaric acid or cystine and found that they could be good differential biomarkers. For renal cell carcinoma, we searched for various biomarkers for early diagnosis, malignancy evaluation and recurrence prediction by global metabolome analysis and targeted LC/MS/MS analysis. In pathological analysis, we developed a simultaneous LC/MS/MS analysis method for 13 steroid hormones and applied it to NPC cells, we found 6 types of reductions in NPC model cells. For non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), model mice were prepared with special diet and plasma bile acids were measured, and as a result, hydrophilic bile acids were significantly increased. In addition, we developed an LC/MS/MS method for 17 sterols and analyzed liver cholesterol metabolites and found a decrease in phytosterols and cholesterol synthetic markers and an increase in non-enzymatic oxidative sterols in the pre-onset stage of NASH. We will continue to challenge themselves to add value to clinical practice based on cutting-edge analytical chemistry methodology.
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Plumb RS, Gethings LA, Rainville PD, Isaac G, Trengove R, King AM, Wilson ID. Advances in high throughput LC/MS based metabolomics: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Chantada-Vázquez MDP, Bravo SB, Barbosa-Gouveia S, Alvarez JV, Couce ML. Proteomics in Inherited Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314744. [PMID: 36499071 PMCID: PMC9740208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) are rare medical conditions caused by genetic defects that interfere with the body's metabolism. The clinical phenotype is highly variable and can present at any age, although it more often manifests in childhood. The number of treatable IMDs has increased in recent years, making early diagnosis and a better understanding of the natural history of the disease more important than ever. In this review, we discuss the main challenges faced in applying proteomics to the study of IMDs, and the key advances achieved in this field using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This technology enables the analysis of large numbers of proteins in different body fluids (serum, plasma, urine, saliva, tears) with a single analysis of each sample, and can even be applied to dried samples. MS/MS has thus emerged as the tool of choice for proteome characterization and has provided new insights into many diseases and biological systems. In the last 10 years, sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragmentation spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) has emerged as an accurate, high-resolution technique for the identification and quantification of proteins differentially expressed between healthy controls and IMD patients. Proteomics is a particularly promising approach to help obtain more information on rare genetic diseases, including identification of biomarkers to aid early diagnosis and better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology to guide the development of new therapies. Here, we summarize new and emerging proteomic technologies and discuss current uses and limitations of this approach to identify and quantify proteins. Moreover, we describe the use of proteomics to identify the mechanisms regulating complex IMD phenotypes; an area of research essential to better understand these rare disorders and many other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Pilar Chantada-Vázquez
- Proteomic Platform, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana B. Bravo
- Proteomic Platform, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sofía Barbosa-Gouveia
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pediatrics, Neonatology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), CIBERER, MetabERN, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José V. Alvarez
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pediatrics, Neonatology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), CIBERER, MetabERN, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María L. Couce
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Pathology, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Pediatrics, Neonatology Service, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), CIBERER, MetabERN, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +349-81-951-100
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Maekawa M, Miyoshi K, Narita A, Sato T, Sato Y, Kumondai M, Kikuchi M, Higaki K, Okuyama T, Eto Y, Sakamaki H, Mano N. Development of a Highly Sensitive and Rapid Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method Using a Basic Mobile Phase Additive to Determine the Characteristics of the Urinary Metabolites for Niemann–Pick Disease Type C. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1259-1268. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aya Narita
- Division of Child Neurology, Tottori University Hospital
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Yu Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Masaki Kumondai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Masafumi Kikuchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Katsumi Higaki
- Division of Functional Genomics, Research Centre for Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University
| | - Torayuki Okuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Yoshikatsu Eto
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute for Neurological Disorders
| | | | - Nariyasu Mano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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Maekawa M, Mano N. Searching, Structural Determination, and Diagnostic Performance Evaluation of Biomarker Molecules for Niemann-Pick Disease Type C Using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2022; 11:A0111. [PMID: 36713801 PMCID: PMC9853955 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by progressive neuronal degeneration. Patients with NPC have a wide age of onset and various clinical symptoms. Therefore, the discovery and diagnosis of NPC are very difficult. Conventional laboratory tests are complicated and time consuming. In this context, biomarker searches have recently been performed. Our research group has previously also investigated NPC biomarkers based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and related techniques. To identify biomarker candidates, nontargeted analysis with high-resolution MS and MS/MS scanning is commonly used. Structural speculation has been performed using LC/MS/MS fragmentation and chemical derivatization, while identification is performed by matching authentic standards and sample specimens. Diagnostic performance evaluation was performed using the validated LC/MS/MS method and analysis of samples from patients and control subjects. NPC biomarkers, which have been identified and evaluated in terms of performance, are various classes of lipid molecules. Oxysterols, cholenoic acids, and conjugates are cholesterol-derived molecules detected in the blood or urine. Plasma lyso-sphingolipids are biomarkers for both NPC and other lysosomal diseases. N-palmitoyl-O-phosphocholine-serine is a novel class of lipid biomarkers for NPC. This article reviews biomarkers for NPC and the analysis methods employed to that end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Maekawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan,Correspondence to: Masamitsu Maekawa, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980–8574, Japan, e-mail:
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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6
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Borges R, Colby SM, Das S, Edison AS, Fiehn O, Kind T, Lee J, Merrill AT, Merz KM, Metz TO, Nunez JR, Tantillo DJ, Wang LP, Wang S, Renslow RS. Quantum Chemistry Calculations for Metabolomics. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5633-5670. [PMID: 33979149 PMCID: PMC8161423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A primary goal of metabolomics studies is to fully characterize the small-molecule composition of complex biological and environmental samples. However, despite advances in analytical technologies over the past two decades, the majority of small molecules in complex samples are not readily identifiable due to the immense structural and chemical diversity present within the metabolome. Current gold-standard identification methods rely on reference libraries built using authentic chemical materials ("standards"), which are not available for most molecules. Computational quantum chemistry methods, which can be used to calculate chemical properties that are then measured by analytical platforms, offer an alternative route for building reference libraries, i.e., in silico libraries for "standards-free" identification. In this review, we cover the major roadblocks currently facing metabolomics and discuss applications where quantum chemistry calculations offer a solution. Several successful examples for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, ion mobility spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry methods are reviewed. Finally, we consider current best practices, sources of error, and provide an outlook for quantum chemistry calculations in metabolomics studies. We expect this review will inspire researchers in the field of small-molecule identification to accelerate adoption of in silico methods for generation of reference libraries and to add quantum chemistry calculations as another tool at their disposal to characterize complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo
M. Borges
- Walter
Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Sean M. Colby
- Biological
Science Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Susanta Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Arthur S. Edison
- Departments
of Genetics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate
Research Center and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West
Coast Metabolomics Center for Compound Identification, UC Davis Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tobias Kind
- West
Coast Metabolomics Center for Compound Identification, UC Davis Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jesi Lee
- West
Coast Metabolomics Center for Compound Identification, UC Davis Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Amy T. Merrill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Merz
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Biological
Science Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jamie R. Nunez
- Biological
Science Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Lee-Ping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Shunyang Wang
- West
Coast Metabolomics Center for Compound Identification, UC Davis Genome
Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ryan S. Renslow
- Biological
Science Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Colby SM, Thomas DG, Nuñez JR, Baxter DJ, Glaesemann KR, Brown JM, Pirrung MA, Govind N, Teeguarden JG, Metz TO, Renslow RS. ISiCLE: A Quantum Chemistry Pipeline for Establishing in Silico Collision Cross Section Libraries. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4346-4356. [PMID: 30741529 PMCID: PMC6526953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput, comprehensive, and confident identifications of metabolites and other chemicals in biological and environmental samples will revolutionize our understanding of the role these chemically diverse molecules play in biological systems. Despite recent technological advances, metabolomics studies still result in the detection of a disproportionate number of features that cannot be confidently assigned to a chemical structure. This inadequacy is driven by the single most significant limitation in metabolomics, the reliance on reference libraries constructed by analysis of authentic reference materials with limited commercial availability. To this end, we have developed the in silico chemical library engine (ISiCLE), a high-performance computing-friendly cheminformatics workflow for generating libraries of chemical properties. In the instantiation described here, we predict probable three-dimensional molecular conformers (i.e., conformational isomers) using chemical identifiers as input, from which collision cross sections (CCS) are derived. The approach employs first-principles simulation, distinguished by the use of molecular dynamics, quantum chemistry, and ion mobility calculations, to generate structures and chemical property libraries, all without training data. Importantly, optimization of ISiCLE included a refactoring of the popular MOBCAL code for trajectory-based mobility calculations, improving its computational efficiency by over 2 orders of magnitude. Calculated CCS values were validated against 1983 experimentally measured CCS values and compared to previously reported CCS calculation approaches. Average calculated CCS error for the validation set is 3.2% using standard parameters, outperforming other density functional theory (DFT)-based methods and machine learning methods (e.g., MetCCS). An online database is introduced for sharing both calculated and experimental CCS values ( metabolomics.pnnl.gov ), initially including a CCS library with over 1 million entries. Finally, three successful applications of molecule characterization using calculated CCS are described, including providing evidence for the presence of an environmental degradation product, the separation of molecular isomers, and an initial characterization of complex blinded mixtures of exposure chemicals. This work represents a method to address the limitations of small molecule identification and offers an alternative to generating chemical identification libraries experimentally by analyzing authentic reference materials. All code is available at github.com/pnnl .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Colby
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Dennis G. Thomas
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Jamie R. Nuñez
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Douglas J. Baxter
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Kurt R. Glaesemann
- Communications and Information Technology Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joseph M. Brown
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Meg A. Pirrung
- National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Justin G. Teeguarden
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ryan S. Renslow
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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8
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Mandal R, Chamot D, Wishart DS. The role of the Human Metabolome Database in inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:329-336. [PMID: 29663269 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics holds considerable promise to advance our understanding of human disease, including our understanding of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). The application of metabolomics in IEM research has already led to the discovery of several novel IEMs and the identification of novel IEM biomarkers. However, with hundreds of known IEMs and more than 700 associated IEM metabolites, it is becoming increasingly challenging for clinical researchers to keep track of IEMs, their associated metabolites, and their corresponding metabolic mechanisms. Furthermore, when using metabolomics to assist in IEM biomarker discovery or even in IEM diagnosis, it is becoming much more difficult to properly identify metabolites from the complex NMR and MS spectra collected from IEM patients. To that end, comprehensive, open access metabolite databases that provide up-to-date referential information about metabolites, metabolic pathways, normal/abnormal metabolite concentrations, and reference NMR or MS spectra for compound identification are essential. Over the last few years, a number of compound databases, including the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB), have been developed to address these challenges. First described in 2007, the HMDB is now the world's largest and most comprehensive metabolomic resource for human metabolic studies. The latest release of the HMDB contains 114,100 metabolite entries (with 247 being relevant to IEMs), thousands of metabolite concentrations (with 600 being relevant to IEMs), and ~33,000 metabolic and disease-associated pathways (with 202 being relevant to IEMs). Here we provide a summary of the HMDB and offer some guidance on how it can be used in metabolomic studies of IEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupasri Mandal
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E8, Canada
| | - Danuta Chamot
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E8, Canada
| | - David S Wishart
- Departments of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E8, Canada.
- Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E8, Canada.
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M9, Canada.
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Measurement of methionine level with the LC-ESI-MS/MS method in schizophrenic patients. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2016; 88:107-15. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj88.05.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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10
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Yunus ZM, Rahman SA, Choy YS, Keng WT, Ngu LH. Pilot study of newborn screening of inborn error of metabolism using tandem mass spectrometry in Malaysia: outcome and challenges. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29:1031-9. [PMID: 27544719 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2016-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of performing newborn screening (NBS) of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) using tandem mass spectrometry (TMS) and the impact on its detection rate in Malaysia. METHODS During the study period between June 2006 and December 2008, 30,247 newborns from 11 major public hospitals in Malaysia were screened for 27 inborn errors of amino acid, organic acid and fatty acid metabolism by TMS. Dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected between 24 h and 7 days with parental consent. Samples with abnormal results were repeated and the babies were recalled to confirm the diagnosis with follow-up testing. RESULTS Cut-off values for amino acids and acylcarnitines were established. Eight newborns were confirmed to have IEM: two newborns with Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), two with methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) one with ethylmalonic aciduria, two with argininosuccinic aciduria and one with isovaleric aciduria. Diagnosis was missed in two newborns. The detection rate of IEMs in this study was one in 2916 newborns. The sensitivity and specificity of TMS were 80% and 99%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS IEMs are common in Malaysia. NBS of IEMs by TMS is a valuable preventive strategy by enabling the diagnosis and early treatment of IEM before the onset of symptoms aiming at prevention of mental retardation and physical handicap. A number of shortcomings warrant further solution so that in near future NBS for IEMs will become a standard of care for all babies in Malaysia in tandem with the developed world.
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Zhang W, Jha P, Wolfe B, Gioiello A, Pellicciari R, Wang J, Heubi J, Setchell KDR. Tandem Mass Spectrometric Determination of Atypical 3β-Hydroxy-Δ5-Bile Acids in Patients with 3β-Hydroxy-Δ5-C27-Steroid Oxidoreductase Deficiency: Application to Diagnosis and Monitoring of Bile Acid Therapeutic Response. Clin Chem 2015; 61:955-63. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.238238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBACKGROUND3β-Hydroxy-Δ5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase (HSD3B7) deficiency, a progressive cholestatic liver disease, is the most common genetic defect in bile acid synthesis. Early diagnosis is important because patients respond to oral primary bile acid therapy, which targets the negative feedback regulation for bile acid synthesis to reduce the production of hepatotoxic 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-bile acids. These atypical bile acids are highly labile and difficult to accurately measure, yet a method for accurate determination of 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-bile acid sulfates is critical for dose titration and monitoring response to therapy.METHODSWe describe a electrospray ionization LC-MS/MS method for the direct measurement of atypical 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-bile acid sulfates in urine from patients with HSD3B7 deficiency that overcomes the deficiencies of previously used GC-MS methods.RESULTSSeparation of sulfated 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-bile acids was achieved by reversed-phase HPLC in a 12-min analytical run. The mean (SE) urinary concentration of the total 3β-sulfated-Δ5-cholenoic acids in patients with HSD3B7 deficiency was 4650 (1711) μmol/L, approximately 1000-fold higher than in noncholestatic and cholestatic patients with intact primary bile acid synthesis. GC-MS was not reliable for measuring 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-bile acid sulfates; however, direct analysis of urine by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry yielded meaningful semiquantitative assessment of urinary excretion.CONCLUSIONSThe tandem mass spectrometry method described here for the measurement of 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-bile acid sulfates in urine can be applied to the diagnosis and accurate monitoring of responses to primary bile acid therapy in HSD3B7 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Pinky Jha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Brian Wolfe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jianshe Wang
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - James Heubi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
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12
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Gioiello A, Cerra B, Zhang W, Vallerini GP, Costantino G, De Franco F, Passeri D, Pellicciari R, Setchell KDR. Synthesis of atypical bile acids for use as investigative tools for the genetic defect of 3β-hydroxy-Δ(5)-C27-steroid oxidoreductase deficiency. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B:348-60. [PMID: 24954360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of 3β-hydroxy-Δ(5)-C27-steroid oxidoreductase (HSD3B7), an enzyme catalyzing the second step in the pathway for bile acid synthesis, leads to a complete lack of the primary bile acids, cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids, and the accumulation of 3β,7α-dihydroxy- and 3β,7α,12α-trihydroxy-Δ(5)-cholenoic acids. Patients affected by this autosomal recessive genetic defect develop cholestatic liver disease that is clinically responsive to primary bile acid therapy. Reference standards of these compounds are needed to facilitate diagnosis and to accurately quantify biochemical responses to therapy. Described are a novel synthesis of atypical bile acids that characterize the HSD3B7 deficiency and their effect on bile acid-activated nuclear receptors, target genes and cytochromes involved in bile acid homeostasis and detoxification. The failure of 3β-hydroxy-Δ(5)-cholenoic acids to function as FXR, PXR and CAR agonists and to exert hepatoprotective actions explains the mechanism for progressive cholestatic liver disease in patients with HSD3B7 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, I-06122 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Bruno Cerra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, I-06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Wujuan Zhang
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gian Paolo Vallerini
- Department of Farmacy, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, Parma I-43124, Italy
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- Department of Farmacy, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27/A, Parma I-43124, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Passeri
- TES Pharma, Via P. Togliatti, 20, Loc Taverne, I-06073 Corciano, Italy
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, I-06122 Perugia, Italy; TES Pharma, Via P. Togliatti, 20, Loc Taverne, I-06073 Corciano, Italy
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Rodeck B, Zimmer KP. Stoffwechselerkrankungen. PÄDIATRISCHE GASTROENTEROLOGIE, HEPATOLOGIE UND ERNÄHRUNG 2013. [PMCID: PMC7498805 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-24710-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Entsprechend ihrer Wanderung bei isoelektrischer Fokussierung werden die allelen Varianten des α1-AT als Proteinaseinhibitorphänotypen (Pi) klassifiziert. Die dominierende Isoform ist der normale Phänotyp M, daneben gibt es die Mangelvarianten S und Z sowie eine 0-Variante.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkhard Rodeck
- Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Christliches Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Johannisfreiheit 1, 49074 Osnabrück, Deutschland
| | - Klaus-Peter Zimmer
- grid.411067.50000000085849230Abteilung Allgemeine Pädiatrie und Neonatalogie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Zentrum für Kinderheilkunde und Jugendmedizin, Feulgenstr. 12, 35392 Gießen, Deutschland
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14
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Comparison of Quenching and Extraction Methods for Metabolome Analysis of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2011.01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Pierre G, Setchell K, Blyth J, Preece MA, Chakrapani A, McKiernan P. Prospective treatment of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with cholic acid therapy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31 Suppl 2:S241-5. [PMID: 19125350 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-0815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) OMIM#213700 is a rare disorder of bile acid synthesis caused by deficiency of the enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase. It results in deficiency of bile acids and accumulation of abnormal bile alcohols and accelerated cholesterol synthesis. CTX usually presents in the second or third decade with slowly progressive neurological dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia and premature atherosclerosis. Treatment with bile acid supplementation improves but does not completely reverse the neurological signs and symptoms. However, CTX is now known to be associated with a period of neonatal cholestasis. If it is diagnosed at this point, treatment may prevent the onset of neurological problems. We present the case histories and developmental findings in two affected siblings treated from infancy. We plan to continue regular neurodevelopmental reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germaine Pierre
- Department of Inherited Metabolic Disease, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK.
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16
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Metz TO, Zhang Q, Page JS, Shen Y, Callister SJ, Jacobs JM, Smith RD. The future of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in metabolic profiling and metabolomic studies for biomarker discovery. Biomark Med 2007; 1:159-185. [PMID: 19177179 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.1.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The future utility of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in metabolic profiling and metabolomic studies for biomarker discover will be discussed, beginning with a brief description of the evolution of metabolomics and the utilization of the three most popular analytical platforms in such studies: NMR, GC-MS, and LC-MS. Emphasis is placed on recent developments in high-efficiency LC separations, sensitive electrospray ionization approaches, and the benefits to incorporating both in LC-MS-based approaches. The advantages and disadvantages of various quantitative approaches are reviewed, followed by the current LC-MS-based tools available for candidate biomarker characterization and identification. Finally, a brief prediction on the future path of LC-MS-based methods in metabolic profiling and metabolomic studies is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Metz
- Biological Science Division and Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
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17
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Abstract
The post-genomic era has been driven by the development of technologies that allow the function of cells and whole organisms to be explored at the molecular level. Metabolomics is concerned with the measurement of global sets of low-molecular-weight metabolites. Metabolite profiles of body fluids or tissues can be regarded as important indicators of physiological or pathological states. Such profiles may provide a more comprehensive view of cellular control mechanisms in man and animals, and raise the possibility of identifying surrogate markers of disease. Metabolomic approaches use analytical techniques such as NMR spectroscopy and MS to measure populations of low-molecular-weight metabolites in biological samples. Advanced statistical and bioinformatic tools are then employed to maximise the recovery of information and interpret the large datasets that are generated. Metabolomics has already been used to study toxicological mechanisms and disease processes and offers enormous potential as a means of investigating the complex relationship between nutrition and metabolism. Examples include the metabolism of dietary substrates, drug-induced disturbances of lipid metabolites in type 2 diabetes mellitus and the therapeutic effects of vitamin supplementation in the treatment of chronic metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip D Whitfield
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, UK.
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18
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Yoon HR. Two Step Derivatization for the Analyses of Organic, Amino Acids and Glycines on Filter Paper Plasma by GC-MS/SIM. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:387-95. [PMID: 17424948 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid dried-filter paper plasma-spot analytical method was developed to quantify organic acids, amino acids, and glycines simultaneously in a two-step derivatization procedure with good sensitivity and specificity. The new method involves a two-step trimethylsilyl (TMS) - trifluoroacyl (TFA) derivatization procedure using GC-MS/ selective ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM). The dried-filter paper plasma was fortified with an internal standard (tropate) as well as a standard mixture of distilled water and methanol. Methyl orange was added to the residue as an indicator. N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide) and N-methyl-bis-trifluoroacetamide were then added and heated to 60 degrees C for 10 and 15 min to produce the TMS and TFA derivatives, respectively. Using this method, the silylation of carboxylic functional groups was carried out, which was followed by the trifluoroacyl derivatization of the amino functional group. The derivatives were analyzed by GC-MS/SIM. A calibration cure showed a linear relationship for the target compounds between concentrations of 10-500 ng/mL. The limit of detection and quantification on a plasma spot were 10-90 ng/mL (S/N=9) and 80-500 ng/ mL, respectively. The correlation coefficient ranged from 0.938 and 0.999. When applied to the samples from positive patients, the method clearly differentiated normal subjects from the patients with various metabolic disorders such as PKU, MSUD, OTC and a Propionic Aciduria. The new developed method might be useful for making a rapid, sensitive and simultaneous diagnosis of inherited organic and amino acid disorders. In addition, this method is expected to be an alternative method for screening newborns for metabolic disorders in laboratories where expensive MS/MS is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Yoon
- Department of Biomedical & Clinical Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Korea.
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19
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Moeschler JB, Shevell M. Clinical genetic evaluation of the child with mental retardation or developmental delays. Pediatrics 2006; 117:2304-16. [PMID: 16740881 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This clinical report describes the clinical genetic evaluation of the child with developmental delays or mental retardation. The purpose of this report is to describe the optimal clinical genetics diagnostic evaluation to assist pediatricians in providing a medical home for children with developmental delays or mental retardation and their families. The literature supports the benefit of expert clinical judgment by a consulting clinical geneticist in the diagnostic evaluation. However, it is recognized that local factors may preclude this particular option. No single approach to the diagnostic process is supported by the literature. This report addresses the diagnostic importance of clinical history, 3-generation family history, dysmorphologic examination, neurologic examination, chromosome analysis (> or =650 bands), fragile X molecular genetic testing, fluorescence in situ hybridization studies for subtelomere chromosome rearrangements, molecular genetic testing for typical and atypical presentations of known syndromes, computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance brain imaging, and targeted studies for metabolic disorders.
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20
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Möhrenschlager M, Henkel H, Ring J. Fabry outcome survey: need for documentation of dermatological, ophthalmological and psychiatric affections. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34:515-6; author reply 517. [PMID: 15255790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2004.01373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Abstract
The introduction of novel, powerful and rapid multidimensional separation and characterization methods has produced revolutionary global changes at the genome, proteome and metabolome level, bringing about a radical transition in our views of living systems, at the molecular level. The age of proteomics and metabolomics demands high-resolution multidimensional separation techniques. Multidimensional gas and liquid chromatography techniques, in addition to capillary and microchip electrophoresis methods, offer increased resolution and sensitivity, while also affording adequate throughput and reproducibility to meet the demands of the modern pharmaceutical industry. Coupled with MS, these techniques provide not only separation but also reliable identification of the sample components. The resolving power of these methods has proved to be superior over individual one-dimensional approaches, enabling the comprehensive separation of complex biological mixtures, with excellent resolution and reproducibility. High capacity computer systems that are capable of rigorous qualitative and quantitative analysis of the separation profiles allow the establishment and mining of large databases. Examples of various modern multidimensional separation techniques, and their integration with MS, are reviewed, here, with respect to pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Guttman
- Diversa Corp, 4955 Directors Pl, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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22
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Griffiths WJ. Tandem mass spectrometry in the study of fatty acids, bile acids, and steroids. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2003; 22:81-152. [PMID: 12820273 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, the mass spectrometry of lipids has evolved to become one of the most mature techniques in biomolecule analysis. Many volatile and non-polar lipids are directly amenable to analysis by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), a technique that combines the unsurpassed separation properties of gas-chromatography with the sensitivity and selectivity of electron ionization mass spectrometry. Less volatile and/or thermally labile lipids can be analyzed by GC-MS, following appropriate sample derivatization. However, many complex lipids are not readily analyzed by GC-MS, and it is these molecules that are the subject of the current review. Since the early 1970s, there have been three outstanding developments in mass spectrometry that are particularly appropriate in lipid analysis; i.e., the introduction of (i) fast atom bombardment (FAB); (ii) electrospray (ES); and (iii) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The FAB and ES ionization techniques will be discussed in relation to MS/MS, and examples of their application in biochemical studies will be presented. The review will concentrate on the analysis of fatty acids, bile acids, steroid conjugates, and neutral steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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23
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Piraud M, Vianey-Saban C, Petritis K, Elfakir C, Steghens JP, Morla A, Bouchu D. ESI-MS/MS analysis of underivatised amino acids: a new tool for the diagnosis of inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism. Fragmentation study of 79 molecules of biological interest in positive and negative ionisation mode. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:1297-1311. [PMID: 12811753 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of inherited disorders of amino acids (AA) metabolism is usually performed on automated analysers by ion-exchange chromatography and quantification after ninhydrin derivatisation of about 50 different AA. A single run liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for these molecules can be an alternative to this time-consuming technique. The first step of this development is the infusion study of the fragmentation of 79 molecules of biological interest in electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), in positive and in negative ionisation mode. Among them, three molecules can be detected only in negative ionisation mode, 38 only in positive mode and 38 in the two modes. All the most abundant fragmentations are presented, with optimisation of the MS/MS parameters. The positive ionisation mode was retained for the simultaneous analysis of 76 molecules. One sensitive and/or specific transition is proposed for the monitoring of each molecule. Improvement in sensitivity of detection was obtained with the use of an acidic mobile phase. Flow injection analysis studies led us to highlight a number of interferences-due to isobaric molecules, to in-source collision-induced dissociation, or to natural isotopic distribution of the elements-which are listed. For a reliable quantification method, these molecules have to be separated by LC before analysis in the tandem mass spectrometer. Ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) using perfluorinated carboxylic acids as ion-pairing agents has already been found suitable for analysis of AA in MS/MS positive ionisation mode and is under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Piraud
- Service de Biochimie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Debrousse, 29 rue Sœur Bouvier, 69322 Lyon cedex 05, France
| | - Christine Vianey-Saban
- Service de Biochimie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Debrousse, 29 rue Sœur Bouvier, 69322 Lyon cedex 05, France
| | - Konstantinos Petritis
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, Université d'Orléans, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 02, France
| | - Claire Elfakir
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR CNRS 6005, Université d'Orléans, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans cedex 02, France
| | - Jean-Paul Steghens
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69437 Lyon cedex 03, France
| | - Aymeric Morla
- Centre de Spectrométrie de Masse, UFR de Chimie-Biochimie, 3 rue Victor Grignard, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Denis Bouchu
- Centre de Spectrométrie de Masse, UFR de Chimie-Biochimie, 3 rue Victor Grignard, 69616 Villeurbanne, France
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McGovern MM, Benach M, Wallenstein S, Boone J, Lubin IM. Personnel standards and quality assurance practices of biochemical genetic testing laboratories in the United States. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127:71-6. [PMID: 12521371 DOI: 10.5858/2003-127-71-psaqap] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT It has been suggested that specific regulation of laboratories performing genetic testing may be needed to ensure standards and quality assurance, and to safeguard the rights of patients with regard to confidentiality and providing informed consent. Previously, a comprehensive analysis of current practices of molecular genetic testing laboratories was conducted, the results of which have assisted in the assessment of the need for regulation and its impact on access to testing. However, a study designed to determine clinical laboratory practices with regard to biochemical genetic testing has not been carried out. OBJECTIVE To collect and analyze data regarding availability of clinical biochemical genetic testing, personnel standards, and laboratory quality assurance practices. DESIGN A mail survey of biochemical genetic testing laboratory directors and assignment of a quality assurance score based on responses to genetic testing process items. SETTING Hospital-based, independent, and research-based biochemical genetic testing laboratories in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Directors of biochemical genetic testing laboratories (n = 133; response rate 68.5%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Laboratory process quality assurance score based on the standards defined by the American College of Medical Genetics Laboratory Practice Committee. RESULTS Personnel qualifications varied, although all directors had doctoral degrees. The mean quality assurance score was 77% (range 28%-100%). Higher scores were associated with the following variables: test director having an MD degree versus PhD degree (P = .002), director board certification in biochemical genetics (P = .002), research and hospital laboratory versus independent laboratory setting (P < .001), and participation in a proficiency testing program (P = .03). Twelve percent of participants had a confidentiality policy, and 19% required informed consent before testing. CONCLUSION The finding that a number of laboratories had quality assurance scores that may reflect suboptimal laboratory practices, particularly with regard to reporting practices, suggests that personnel qualification and laboratory practice standards may be in need of improvement to ensure quality in clinical biochemical genetic testing laboratories, as well as the appropriate clinical use of the test results.
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Abstract
Genetic disorders of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation have been recognized within the last 20 years as important causes of morbidity and mortality, highlighting the physiological significance of fatty acids as an energy source. Although the mammalian mitochondrial fatty acid-oxidizing system was recognized at the beginning of the last century, our understanding of its exact nature remains incomplete, and new components are being identified frequently. Originally described as a four-step enzymatic process located exclusively in the mitochondrial matrix, we now recognize that long-chain-specific enzymes are bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane, and some enzymes are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Much of our new knowledge of fatty acid metabolism has come from the study of patients who were diagnosed with single-gene autosomal recessive defects, a situation that seems to be further evolving with the emergence of phenotypes determined by combinations of multiple genetic and environmental factors. This review addresses the normal process of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation and discusses the clinical, metabolic, and molecular aspects of more than 20 known inherited diseases of this pathway that have been described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Rinaldo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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26
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:838-848. [PMID: 11473409 DOI: 10.1002/jms.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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