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Zhao W, Han J, Tao D, Zheng H. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with tremor as the main manifestation: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37976. [PMID: 38669366 PMCID: PMC11049754 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an autosomal recessive lipid metabolism disorder. It is caused by a defect in the sterol-27-hydroxylase gene, leading to the deposition of cholesteryl and bile alcohol in large amounts, causing a variety of clinical manifestations; however, tremor as the main manifestation of CTX has not been reported. PATIENTS CONCERNS AND CLINICAL FINDINGS Herein, we report a 27-year-old woman, who developed head and body tremors at the age of 12 years. Many hospitals misdiagnosed her condition as idiopathic tremor and Parkinson disease, with a poor curative effect. PRIMARY DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTION We diagnosed her with CTX and treated with chenodeoxycholic acid and clonazepam. CONCLUSION The patient's condition considerably improved. This case could help avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Neurology Department, Ji AO Brain Hospital of Siping, Si Ping, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jie Han
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Da Lian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dingbo Tao
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Da Lian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hongliang Zheng
- Neurology Department, Ji AO Brain Hospital of Siping, Si Ping, Jilin Province, China
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Steiner RD, DeBarber A, Larson A, Blanchard B, Laurie S, Odedara N, Rosengrant H, Dutta R. Living with Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis: Patient, Caregiver, and Expert Perspectives. Adv Ther 2024; 41:467-475. [PMID: 38110654 PMCID: PMC10838853 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-023-02687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
In this article, patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) and caregivers detail their experience with lifelong symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and efficacy, and ongoing disease management. One patient and four caregivers describe the challenges associated with pursuing a correct diagnosis for years before testing confirmed a CTX diagnosis. They also detail their ongoing struggles and desire for greater access to physicians with CTX knowledge and to reliable online resources to continue their education about the disease and strategies for symptom management. The expert perspective is a direct response by three CTX researchers, including physicians who are treating patients with CTX in the United States and experts whose laboratories provide genetic and biochemical testing for CTX. They respond to many of the patient and caregiver concerns, including steps that are being taken to identify CTX earlier and provide access to confirmatory diagnostic testing sooner, and suggest the best online resources for CTX-related information and access to webinars and support groups. While the expert perspective is a direct response to the patient and caregiver authors' CTX journeys, it should be beneficial to any patient with CTX or their caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Steiner
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrea DeBarber
- University Shared Resources, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Austin Larson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rana Dutta
- Mirum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 950 Tower Lane Suite 1050, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
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Qi J, Fang L, Hao W, Zou L. Resection of bilateral massive Achilles tendon xanthomata with reconstruction using vascularized iliotibial tract: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36247. [PMID: 38065900 PMCID: PMC10713196 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disease. Surgical treatment is only indicated when the xanthoma becomes large, painful, and irritable with shoe wear. Reconstruction of the large defect following resection challenging, especially with resection of the entire Achilles tendon. PATIENT CONCERNS We report a case of bilateral Achilles tendon defects of 16 cm following resection of bilateral Achilles tendon xanthomata, with reconstruction using vascularized iliotibial tract. The patient had a good functional outcome with well-preserved strength and cosmesis. OUTCOMES Reconstruction of a total Achilles tendon defect using Vascularized iliotibial tract is safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
| | - Long Fang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
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Takahashi M, Okazaki H, Tada H, Ishibashi S. A case of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with massive xanthomas but without a considerable increase in serum cholestanol levels. J Clin Lipidol 2023; 17:834-838. [PMID: 37777472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the sterol 27-hydroxylase gene (CYP27A1). Due to the deficiency of 27-hydroxylase, the synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol is impaired and excessive cholestanol accumulates in various tissues, such as the central nervous system, tendons, and lenses. Patients with CTX typically manifest intellectual decline, pyramidal tract symptoms, cerebellar symptoms, tendon xanthomas, juvenile cataracts, neonatal jaundice, chronic diarrhea, osteoporosis, and premature cardiovascular disease. Here, we report the atypical case of a 35-year-old female with CTX having massive xanthomas but without a considerable increase in serum cholestanol levels (3.9 µg/mL). In the differential diagnosis of xanthoma, CTX should not be ruled out even if the serum levels of cholestanol are not high, and genetic testing is necessary to make the appropriate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Okazaki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Nakazawa K, Yano K, Kaneshiro Y, Sakanaka H. Endoscopic resection of tendon xanthoma in the elbow of a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e244931. [PMID: 34772677 PMCID: PMC8593707 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the case of a 44-year-old woman with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) who had a tendon xanthoma on the right olecranon. The patient successfully underwent endoscopic resection. There were no signs of recurrence on MRI 2 years postoperatively. There were no complications related to the surgery, and the patient is completely satisfied with the treatment outcomes. CTX, a genetic metabolic disorder, is associated with the development of tendon xanthomas. Endoscopic resection of tendon xanthoma in the elbow of patients with CTX is a less invasive method than open resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumasa Nakazawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seikeikai Hospital, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Yano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seikeikai Hospital, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Kaneshiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seikeikai Hospital, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seikeikai Hospital, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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Kısa PT, Yildirim GK, Hismi BO, Dorum S, Kusbeci OY, Topak A, Baydan F, Celik FND, Gorukmez O, Gulten ZA, Ekici A, Ozkan S, Yaman A, Arslan N. Patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis diagnosed with diverse multisystem involvement. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1201-1211. [PMID: 33704661 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a lipid storage disease caused by deficiency of sterol 27-hydroxylase enzyme encoded by CYP27A1 gene. This multicenter, cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to document clinical characteristics of CTX patients of different ages, clinical presentations of early-diagnosed patients, and responses to short-term chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) treatment. Seven of 11 CTX patients were diagnosed in childhood. Three patients (27%) had neonatal cholestasis, seven (63%) patients had a history of frequent watery defecation started in infantile period, and eight (72.7%) patients had juvenile cataract. Four patients in the adult age group had pyramidal signs and parkinsonism symptoms. The mean Mignarri score at diagnosis was significantly lower in the pediatric patients (267.8 ± 51.4) than in the adult patients (450.0 ± 64.0, p = 0.001). No significant difference was determined between pediatric patients and adult patients regarding plasma cholestanol concentration at diagnosis (p = 0.482). The frequency of defecation decreased with treatment in six children, who had diarrhea at admission. Compared to pretreatment values, patients' body weight and standardized body mass index significantly increased at the 12th month of treatment. In conclusion, Mignarri scores are lower in the pediatric patients than in adult patients since the most determinative signs of the CTX disease are not apparent yet in the childhood. The disease is frequently overlooked in routine practice as the disease presents itself with different clinical combinations both in adults and in children. CTX is potentially a treatable disease; thereby, enhanced awareness is critically important for early diagnosis particularly in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Teke Kısa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
- Dr. Behçet Uz Children's Research and Training Hospital, Department of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Izmir University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gonca Kilic Yildirim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Ozturk Hismi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevil Dorum
- Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Metabolic Diseases Clinic, Bursa University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ozge Yilmaz Kusbeci
- Department of Neurology, Izmir Bozyaka Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Topak
- Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Medical Genetics Clinic, Bursa University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Figen Baydan
- Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Department of Child Health and Diseases, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Izmir University of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Orhan Gorukmez
- Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Medical Genetics Clinic, Bursa University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Zumrut Arslan Gulten
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ekici
- Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Bursa University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Serhat Ozkan
- Department of Neurology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Aylin Yaman
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nur Arslan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (İBG-izmir), 35340, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Ma C, Ren YD, Wang JC, Wang CJ, Zhao JP, Zhou T, Su HW. The clinical and imaging features of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: A case report and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24687. [PMID: 33655933 PMCID: PMC7939202 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid deposition disorder characterized by systemic signs and neurological dysfunction. The radiological features of CTX are infrequently summarized in the literature. PATIENT CONCERNS We described a 40-year-old male patient who repeatedly engaged in wrestling matches and presented with progressive difficulty in walking and reduced balance with egg-sized, hard, smooth, and painless masses in both ankles. DIAGNOSIS Neuroimaging examination showed abnormalities both supra- and infratentorially. Bilateral ankle joint magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral xanthomata of the Achilles tendon. The diagnosis was confirmed by the detection of a sterol 27-hydroxylase gene mutation. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated with chenodeoxycholic acid (250 mg 3 times per day). OUTCOMES To date, the patient's bilateral xanthomas of the Achilles tendon have begun to diminish, and his neurological impairment has not deteriorated further but has not yet improved. LESSONS We report a rare case of CTX and summarize the clinical and imaging features of this disease. Our findings suggest that the abnormal signals in the dentate nucleus or a long spinal cord lesion involving the central and posterior cord, combined with tendon xanthoma, are important clues for the diagnosis of CTX.
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Migoya-Borja M, Cegla-Schvartzman F, Palomar-Ciria N, Iza M, Barrigón ML, Baca-García E. Clinical Note: Bipolar disorder in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis: a case report. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2021; 49:85-86. [PMID: 33686641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous X anthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder presenting with possible psychiatric manifestations that, once established, are difficult to control. We present the case of a 29-year-old woman diagnosed with CTX who developed bipolar disorder. Owing to difficulties in pharmacological management, the patient underwent electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which lead to a favorable outcome. Little is known about the treatment of psychiatric symptoms of CTX, un uncommon disorder, though ECT may be an effective and safe approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Migoya-Borja
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Miren Iza
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Barrigón
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain. Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Baca-García
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain. Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital General de Villalba, Madrid, Spain. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario Infanta Elena, Valdemoro, Spain. Insituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain. CIBERSAM (Centro de Investigación en Salud Mental), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain. 9 Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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9
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Jesslyn L, Ngah KC, Muhammad Zaidulkhair Mhd R, Ashwini S. Bilateral xanthomas of tendoachilles in a slow learner adolescent - A rare case report of van bogaert scherer epstein disease. Med J Malaysia 2018; 73:321-322. [PMID: 30350812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Van Bogaert Scherer Epstein Disease is a rare autosomal recessive condition involving abnormal deposition of cholesterol and cholestanol in various parts of body, various clinical symptoms manifest on different age group, significantly neurological impairment in late presentation. We are reporting a slow learner young lady presented with bilateral painless ankle swelling, our initial clinical impression were torn Achilles tendon or Haglund's deformity. On further detail history taking, it leads us towards this disease and confirmed with biopsy. A proper history taking and assessment can easily diagnose this condition, early treatment can perhaps change the fate of these unfortunate patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jesslyn
- Hospital Kulim, Department of Orthopaedics, Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - K C Ngah
- Hospital Kulim, Department of Orthopaedics, Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | - S Ashwini
- Hospital Kulim, Department of Orthopaedics, Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia
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Rossi M, Cesarini M, Gatto EM, Cammarota A, Merello M. A Treatable Rare Cause of Progressive Ataxia and Palatal Tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2018; 8:538. [PMID: 29971195 PMCID: PMC6026278 DOI: 10.7916/d8x07q2n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder characterized by chronic diarrhea, tendon xanthomas, juvenile cataracts, and neurological symptoms. Case Report An adult patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis exhibited ataxia and palatal tremor in the absence of tendon xanthomas and cataracts. Discussion The importance of this case resides on the fact that cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis should be considered as a possible etiology of the syndrome of progressive ataxia with palatal tremor, even in the absence of tendon xanthomas and cataracts. Early diagnosis is critical to the institution of specific treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malco Rossi
- Movement Disorders Section and Neurology Department, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin Cesarini
- Movement Disorders Section and Neurology Department, Instituto de Neurociencias de Buenos Aires (INEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilia M. Gatto
- Movement Disorders Section and Neurology Department, Instituto de Neurociencias de Buenos Aires (INEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel Cammarota
- Movement Disorders Section and Neurology Department, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Merello
- Movement Disorders Section and Neurology Department, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Tada H, Inaba S, Pozharitckaia D, Kawashiri MA. Prominent Tendon Xanthomas and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Associated with Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis Identified Using Whole Exome Sequencing. Intern Med 2018; 57:1119-1122. [PMID: 29269672 PMCID: PMC5938503 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.9687-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A 63-year-old man was hospitalized due to an abdominal pulsatile mass. Computed tomography revealed a saccular type abdominal aortic aneurysm, the diameter of which was 52 mm. A physical examination revealed prominent Achilles tendon thickness and plantar xanthomas. He was born in a family of consanguineous marriage, where his parents were second cousins. He had no familial history of high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, tendon xanthomas, or premature atherosclerosis. Whole-exome sequencing assuming recessive inheritance determined his genetic diagnosis to be cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis caused by homozygous mutations (c.410G>A or p.Arg137Gln) in the cytochrome P450 subfamily 27 A1 (CYP27A1) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Syota Inaba
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Daria Pozharitckaia
- Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V. F. Voyno-Yasenetsky, Russian Federation
| | - Masa-Aki Kawashiri
- Department of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Abdel-Hamid MS, Issa MY, Otaify GA, Zaki MS. A novel frameshift mutation in the sterol 27-hydroxylase gene in an Egyptian family with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis without cataract. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:311-315. [PMID: 28229379 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder caused by deficiency of the mitochondrial cytochrome P450 sterol 27-hydroxylase enzyme encoded by CYP27A1 gene. CTX is characterized by tendon xanthomas, juvenile cataracts and multiple progressive neurological symptoms. Here we report on the clinical and molecular findings of a 35-years old Egyptian patient with CTX without cataract. Parents were first cousins with family history of two deceased sibs with mild impaired cognitive functions and epilepsy without appearance of tendon xanthomas. Our proband had learning disabilities and developed seizures at 9 years old. Tendon xanthomata appeared at the age of 16 and his neurological symptoms remained stationary till 28 years followed by progressive cerebello-pyramidal signs, dementia and psychiatric disturbance. Cataract was not evident in our patient. Brain MRI showed the characteristic focal lesions appeared as xanthomas in cerebellum and occipital horns of lateral ventricles. Molecular study identified a novel homozygous frameshift mutation in CYP27A1 gene, c.1169delT (p.K391Rfs*17). Our study emphasizes the important role of early genetic testing in prevention of morbidity and mortality of the disease and proper counseling. Moreover, it shows that the absence of cataract should not rule out the diagnosis of CTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Y Issa
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Tahrir street, Dokki, Giza, Cairo, 12311, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Otaify
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Tahrir street, Dokki, Giza, Cairo, 12311, Egypt
| | - Maha S Zaki
- Clinical Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Tahrir street, Dokki, Giza, Cairo, 12311, Egypt.
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Saute JA, Giugliani R, Merkens LS, Chiang JPW, DeBarber AE, de Souza CFM. Look carefully to the heels! A potentially treatable cause of spastic paraplegia. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:363-4. [PMID: 25112387 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Alex Saute
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Zip Code 90.035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,
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14
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Mignarri A, Gallus GN, Dotti MT, Federico A. A suspicion index for early diagnosis and treatment of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:421-9. [PMID: 24442603 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an autosomal recessive lipid storage disorder characterized by a heterogeneous presentation and a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Since early diagnosis and replacement therapy with chenodeoxycholic acid can prevent clinical deterioration, our aim was to develop a diagnostic tool to identify and treat CTX patients at an initial stage of the disease. METHODS We devised a suspicion index, composed of weighted scores assigned to indicators such as family history characteristics and common systemic and neurological features, on the basis of a pooled analysis of selected international CTX series. The indicators were classified as very strong (score 100), strong (50) or moderate (25). The suspicion index was then applied retrospectively to our CTX population. RESULTS Early systemic signs such as cataract, diarrhea and neonatal cholestatic jaundice were considered strong indicators, together with neurological features such as intellectual impairment, psychiatric disturbances, ataxia, spastic paraparesis and dentate nuclei abnormalities at MRI. Tendon xanthomas were regarded as very strong indicators, as was an affected sibling. A total score ≥ 100 warranted serum cholestanol assessment. Elevated cholestanol or a total score ≥ 200, with one very strong or four strong indicators, warranted CYP27A1 gene analysis. In our patients, age at diagnosis was 35.5 ± 11.8 years (mean ± standard deviation), whereas with the diagnostic tool it became 10.6 ± 9.8 years (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our suspicion index provides a simple and inexpensive diagnostic tool allowing diagnosis and treatment of CTX before neurological disability occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mignarri
- Unit of Neurology and Neurometabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Yoshinaga T, Sekijima Y, Koyama S, Maruyama K, Yoshida T, Kato T, Ikeda SI. Clinical and radiological findings of a cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis patient with a novel p.A335V mutation in the CYP27A1 gene. Intern Med 2014; 53:2725-9. [PMID: 25447658 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein describe the case of a Japanese cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) patient with a novel CYP27A1 gene mutation. The patient had been diagnosed with cataracts at 25 years of age and subsequently developed neurological symptoms in his forties, being referred to our hospital at 47 years of age. Upon admission, Achilles tendon xanthomas, cognitive impairment, dysphagia, dysarthria, dystonia, spasticity, muscle weakness and ataxia were observed. Brain MRI revealed abnormal signals in the dentate nuclei, periventricular white matter and pyramidal tract, and the serum cholestanol level was elevated. A CYP27A1 gene analysis identified compound heterozygosity for p.A335V, a novel mutation, and p.R405Q, a previously reported mutation. Making an early diagnosis of CTX is crucial, as the administration of chenodeoxycholic acid reverses metabolic derangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneaki Yoshinaga
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan
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16
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Martini G, Mignarri A, Ruvio M, Valenti R, Franci B, Del Puppo M, Federico A, Nuti R, Dotti MT. Long-term bone density evaluation in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: evidence of improvement after chenodeoxycholic acid treatment. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 92:282-6. [PMID: 23212544 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-012-9677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is known to be associated with osteoporosis and a higher incidence of bone fractures. However, the underlying pathogenesis is still unknown, and the effects of long-term replacement therapy with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) on bone mineral density (BMD) have not been fully investigated. We studied 11 CTX patients aged 13-43 years. We performed dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and assessed serum cholestanol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations both at the time of diagnosis and after long-term treatment with CDCA. At baseline, we found low BMD in nine patients, cholestanol elevation in all subjects, and 25-OHD decrease in nine. After a mean follow-up time of 30 months (range 24-36), no substantial clinical changes including bone fractures occurred; and we detected a significant increase of both planar and volumetric BMD as well as normalization of plasma cholestanol levels and increase of serum 25-OHD. Densitometric improvement following CDCA introduction was not correlated to changes of biochemical parameters. Our study confirms the presence of low bone mass in CTX and demonstrates that long-term CDCA treatment increases bone mineral content. In this respect, improvement of vitamin D intestinal absorption secondary to bile acid restoration could play an important role. Moreover, our data strongly suggest the utility of periodic bone density evaluation in CTX patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Martini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Blaabjerg M, Marjanovic D. [Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare disorder, which requires a specific treatment]. Ugeskr Laeger 2013; 175:285-286. [PMID: 23369332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare, but treatable lipid storage disorder caused by mutation in the CYP27A1 gene. The disorder results in deposition of cholestanol in various tissues. The classical CTX phenotype includes diarrhoea, juvenile cataract, xanthoma and progressive neurological symptoms. Studies have shown that progression of symptoms can be halted or even reversed, if treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid is initiated early. The diagnosis of CTX is often delayed due to lack of awareness of the disease. We describe the history, clinical features, biochemical, genetic and magnetic resonance imaging findings of the first reported case of CTX in Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Blaabjerg
- Neurologisk Afdeling, Odense Universitetshospital, Sdr. Boulevard 29,5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Pedroso JL, Pinto WB, Souza PV, Santos LT, Abud IC, Avelino MA, Barsottini OG. Early-onset epilepsy as the main neurological manifestation of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Epilepsy Behav 2012; 24:380-1. [PMID: 22658436 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder, which usually presents with diverse systemic manifestations (ophthalmologic, cardiac, and dermatologic symptoms), and neurological dysfunction, such as neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive decline, and ataxia. Epilepsy is rarely seen as the main neurological manifestation of CTX. Herein, we describe a middle-aged woman with epilepsy since childhood as the only neurological symptom associated with the classical systemic manifestations of CTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz Pedroso
- Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Umemoto Y, Ueno H, Hara N, Nakamura T, Ohtsuki T, Yanase T, Yamawaki T, Matsumoto M. [Case report: A case of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with multiple large soft tissue tumors]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2012; 101:1397-1400. [PMID: 22693862 DOI: 10.2169/naika.101.1397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Umemoto
- Department of Neurology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
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Androdias G, Vukusic S, Gignoux L, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Acquaviva C, Zabot MT, Couvert P, Carrie A, Confavreux C, Labauge P. Leukodystrophy with a cerebellar cystic aspect and intracranial atherosclerosis: an atypical presentation of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Neurol 2011. [PMID: 21769531 DOI: 10.1007/s00415‐011‐6167‐x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Androdias G, Vukusic S, Gignoux L, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Acquaviva C, Zabot MT, Couvert P, Carrie A, Confavreux C, Labauge P. Leukodystrophy with a cerebellar cystic aspect and intracranial atherosclerosis: an atypical presentation of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Neurol 2011; 259:364-6. [PMID: 21769531 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-011-6167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Chen SF, Tsai NW, Chang CC, Lu CH, Huang CR, Chuang YC, Chang WN. Neuromuscular abnormality and autonomic dysfunction in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. BMC Neurol 2011; 11:63. [PMID: 21627786 PMCID: PMC3119170 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare lipid-storage disease. Neuromuscular abnormality and autonomic system (ANS) dysfuction in CTX are rarely examined in large-scale studies in the literature. We studied the peripheral nervous system, myopathology, and autonomic system of four CTX patients and performed a literature review of the reported CTX patients with peripheral neuropathy. METHODS Four biochemically and genetically confirmed CTX patients, belonging to two families, were included for study and all received nerve conduction study (NCS), muscle biopsy for histopathologic and ultrastructural study, skin biopsy for intraepidermal nerve fiber (INEF) density measurement, autonomic testings including sympathetic skin response, R-R interval variation and head-up tilt test using an automated tilt table to record the changes of blood pressure and heart rate in different postures. The Q-Sweat test was also applied for the detection of sweat amount and onset time of response. The clinical characteristics, study methods and results of 13 studies of peripheral neuropathy in CTX patients in the literature were also recorded for analysis. RESULTS The results of NCS study showed axonal sensory-motor polyneuropathy in three CTX cases and mixed axonal and demyelinating sensor-motor polyneuropathy in one. The myopathological and histopathologic studies revealed mild denervation characteristics, but the ultrastructural study revealed changes of mitochondria and the membranous system, and increased amounts of glycogen, lipofuscin and lipid deposition. The ANS study revealed different degrees of abnormalities in the applied tests and the INEF density measurement showed small fiber neuropathy in three of the four CTX patients. The literature review of peripheral neuropathy in CTX revealed different types of peripheral neuropathy, of which axonal peripheral neuropathy was the most common. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral neuropathy, especially the subtype of axonal sensori-motor neuropathy, is common in patients with CTX. Evidence of lipid metabolic derangement in CTX can be reflected in ultrastructural studies of muscles. With an adequate multi-parametric evaluation, a high incidence of ANS abnormalities can be seen in this rare lipid-storage disease, and a high incidence of small fiber involvement is also reflected in the IENF density measurement of skin biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chih Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ren Huang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Neng Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Posada IJ, Ramos A. Botulinum toxin-responsive oromandibular dystonia in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011; 17:570-2. [PMID: 21531161 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Abstract
We describe two adolescent Indian siblings with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with cognitive impairment, progressive neurological deterioration, juvenile cataracts and chronic diarrhea. Both patients had bilateral Achilles tendon xanthomata. Rapid progression of disease was an unusual finding in these cases. Magnetic resonance imaging showed characteristic signal alterations in cerebellar hemispheres, brainstem and posterior cerebral white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kamate
- Department of Pediatrics, KLE University's JN Medical College, Belgaum, India.
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26
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27
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Cruysberg JRM. Children with cataract and chronic diarrhoea: cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:309. [PMID: 19266310 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pierre G, Setchell K, Blyth J, Preece MA, Chakrapani A, McKiernan P. Prospective treatment of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with cholic acid therapy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31 Suppl 2:S241-5. [PMID: 19125350 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-0815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) OMIM#213700 is a rare disorder of bile acid synthesis caused by deficiency of the enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase. It results in deficiency of bile acids and accumulation of abnormal bile alcohols and accelerated cholesterol synthesis. CTX usually presents in the second or third decade with slowly progressive neurological dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia and premature atherosclerosis. Treatment with bile acid supplementation improves but does not completely reverse the neurological signs and symptoms. However, CTX is now known to be associated with a period of neonatal cholestasis. If it is diagnosed at this point, treatment may prevent the onset of neurological problems. We present the case histories and developmental findings in two affected siblings treated from infancy. We plan to continue regular neurodevelopmental reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germaine Pierre
- Department of Inherited Metabolic Disease, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK.
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29
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Zacherl M, Sourij H, Beham A, Emberger W, Leithner A, Windhager W. [Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Hereditary lipid storage disease leading to bilateral swelling of Achilles tendon]. Orthopade 2008; 37:704-8. [PMID: 18483801 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-008-1275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare hereditary lipid storage disease characterised by deposits of cholestanol. In a female patient with bilateral swelling of the Achilles tendon who underwent biopsy, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis was confirmed by combining disease patterns. She suffered from ataxia, depression, epilepsy, reduced intelligence, bilateral cataracts, gallstones, and atherosclerosis. Concentration of serum cholestanol was 10 times higher than normal. As causal therapy, ursodeoxycholic acid and statin drugs were prescribed to halt progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zacherl
- Universitätsklinik für Orthopädie, Medizinische Universität, Graz.
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30
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Mukherjee AA, Chawla BP, Rathi SS, Puthran RS. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: a treatable cause of metabolic ataxia. J Assoc Physicians India 2007; 55:655-657. [PMID: 18051740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is an exceptionally rare condition in Indian subcontinent, however, it is potentially treatable if diagnosed. We present and discuss the clinical presentation and investigations in a case of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX).
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Mukherjee
- Department of Medicine, K.J. Somaiya Medical College and Research Centre, Sion, Mumbai
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31
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Burghaus L, Liu W, Haupt WF. [Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2007; 132:1463-6. [PMID: 17583829 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-982053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS A 43-year-old woman had since childhood suffered from progressive dementia. Gait ataxia and mild polyneuropathy were noted in the neurological examination. She also had painful xanthomas of the achilles tendons. A bilateral cataract operation had been performed during adolescence. INVESTIGATIONS An elevated concentration of cholestanol and a normal cholesterol level were found in the blood samples. The cerebral computed tomography revealed slight cerebral atrophy, predominantly affecting the cerebellum. Neurophysiological tests detected a sensory polyneuropathy in the legs. In addition the electroencephalogram showed a generalized slowing of electrical activity. DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND COURSE Clinical findings and laboratory values indicated the diagnosis of a cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. After initiation of a drug therapy, based on a combination of an HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitor (simvastatin 20 mg/day) and a bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid (15 mg/kg/day), further progression of the disease was prevented. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is easily made in patients presenting all clinical symptoms expected in the disease. However, up to 30% of the patients do not show severe xanthomas. Especially in early stages of the disease the diagnosis may be difficult. Treatment can be efficacious and should be started as early as possible to prevent irreversible damage, particularly in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Burghaus
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany.
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Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessively inherited lipid storage disorder with multiple system involvement and has been reported worldwide. Here we report a Chinese family with CTX and present the pathological findings within peripheral nerves and CYP27A1 gene mutation analysis. We also review the published literature to discuss the clinical presentation and classification of neuropathy in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Peking University, China
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34
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Matsumoto M, Kabashima N, Serino R, Tokunaga M, Oikawa S, Shibata T, Otsuji Y, Tamura M. [Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with minimal change nephrotic syndrome]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2007; 96:150-2. [PMID: 17305069 DOI: 10.2169/naika.96.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Matsumoto
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu
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35
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Geraldes R, Santos-Bento M, de Carvalho M. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: No involvement of the autonomic nervous system in a case with severe neuropathy. Neurophysiol Clin 2007; 37:47-9. [PMID: 17418358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Okuma
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University Tokyo Hospital.
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37
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Brodsky JW, Beischer AD, Anat D, East C, Soltero E, Tint GS, Salen G, Silverman J. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: a rare cause of bilateral Achilles tendon swelling and ataxia. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88:1340-4. [PMID: 16757769 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.e.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James W Brodsky
- Baylor University Medical Center, 411 North Washington Avenue, Suite 7000, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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38
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Frih-Ayed M, Boughammoura-Bouatay A, Ben Hamda K, Chebel S, Ben Farhat M. L'hypertrophie du septum inter-auriculaire dans la xanthomatose cérébrotendineuse. Rev Med Interne 2005; 26:992-3. [PMID: 16236394 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2005.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 08/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Isenhardt K, Schmitt R, Nagel A, Drach L, Schlote W. Inherited cholesterol lipidosis: cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (van Bogaert Scherer Epstein disease). A clinicopathological study. Clin Neuropathol 2005; 24:276-83. [PMID: 16320823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomathosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal-recessively transmitted disease of the lipid storage system with an array of general and neurological symptoms, based on the pathological storage of cholestanol and cholesterol. The histologic manifestations are foamy cell granulomata and cholesterol crystals within various tissues, associated with a loss of both nerve cells and demyelination inside the CNS. We present a case of CTX with clinical progression as well as the pathomorphologic autopsy findings. The CNS affection in our case will be demonstrated and the pathogenesis be discussed. Medical treatment of CTX is possible but with variable success. In the case shown, the patient profited only marginally from a long-term application of chenodeoxycholic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Isenhardt
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Aschaffenburg, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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40
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Lange MC, Zétola VF, Teive HAG, Scola RH, Trentin AP, Zavala JA, Pereira ER, Raskin S, Werneck LC, Sistermans EA. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: report of two Brazilian brothers. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr 2004; 62:1085-9. [PMID: 15608974 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2004000600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a treatable rare autossomal recessive disease characterized by lipid storage secondary to a sterol 27-hydroxylase deficiency in the formation of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids. We describe two Brazilian brothers with cognitive impairement and chronic diarrhea. One of them also presents bilateral cataracts. Neurological findings were progressive walking deficit, limb ataxia and pyramidal signs. Both patients had bilateral Achilles tendon xanthomata. Magnetic resonance image showed signal alterations in cerebellar hemispheres. We describe these cases with molecular genetic analysis confirming diagnosis and comparing with previous literature. The CYP27A1 gene study showed a C1187T mutation on exon 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Christiano Lange
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Abstract
Coronary heart disease is a prevalent condition and a leading cause of death in developed countries. Most cases are due to the cluster of classical risk factors, such as smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure and dyslipidaemia. However, a few patients develop severe and premature arteriosclerosis in spite of absence of common risk factors. Here, we present the clinical, analytical and molecular features of a 36-years-old man who died from advanced ischaemic heart disease as a result of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), a rare condition characterized by elevation in plasma and most tissues of cholestanol and where neurological impairment is the hallmark of this disease. We discuss the relevance of heart disease and the mechanism leading to accelerate arteriosclerosis is CTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Valdivielso
- Unidad de Lípidos y Dermatología, Hospital Clínico Universitario 'Virgen de la Victoria', Málaga, Spain.
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Bordia S, Saifee AA. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with oromandibular dyskinesia. Neurol India 2003; 51:556-8. [PMID: 14742951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
We present an unusual case of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis in a female elderly patient with recurrent TM joint dislocation and oromandibular dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bordia
- Department of Neurology, RNT Medical College, Udaipur, India
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castelnovo
- Department of Neurology, Caremeau Hospital, CHU Nimes, France.
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44
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Cruysberg JRM. Article: Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis in three siblings from a Chinese family. Singapore Med J 2003; 44:488; author reply 489. [PMID: 14740780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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45
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Kato H, Koyabu S, Aoki S, Tamai T, Sugawa M, Watanabe M, Shiraishi T. An autopsy case of gallbladder cancer developing in a Japanese man with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: genetic analysis of the sterol 27-hydroxylase and p53 genes. Pathology 2003; 35:141-4. [PMID: 12745462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid-storage disorder characterised by xanthomas, neurological dysfunctions and premature atherosclerosis. A case of a well differentiated adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder occurring in a 57-year-old Japanese man with CTX, confirmed clinically, biochemically and at autopsy is reported together with analyses of the sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27) and p53 genes. A missense mutation of the p53 (G for C) was detected in the gallbladder adenocarcinoma. Direct sequence analysis also showed a silent mutational substitution of unknown significance, C for A, in CYP27 at codon 89. In the past, CTX patients have only demonstrated this infrequently, indicating no direct relationship between CYP27 dysfunction and tumour development. Thus, the present case of gallbladder cancer appears to be a chance occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Kato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Owase General Hospital, Owase, Mie, Japan.
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46
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Cruysberg JRM. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: juvenile cataract and chronic diarrhea before the onset of neurologic disease. Arch Neurol 2002; 59:1975. [PMID: 12470193 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.59.12.1975-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Clayton PT, Verrips A, Sistermans E, Mann A, Mieli-Vergani G, Wevers R. Mutations in the sterol 27-hydroxylase gene (CYP27A) cause hepatitis of infancy as well as cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2002; 25:501-13. [PMID: 12555943 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021211520034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Follow-up investigations were undertaken on a previously reported patient who had severe familial giant cell hepatitis in infancy associated with substantially increased urinary excretion of bile alcohol glucuronides. By the age of 11 years, he had developed a profile of cholanoids in plasma and urine that closely resembled the pattern seen in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). Sequencing of the sterol 27-hydroxylase gene (CYP27A) showed that he was homozygous for a deletion (525/526delG) that causes a frameshift and a premature stop codon. This genotype has previously been described in an adult female with classical symptoms of CTX (tendon xanthomata, cataracts and deteriorating cognitive function). A review of past medical histories of a group of patients with CTX revealed that prolonged neonatal cholestatic jaundice was common. The family histories also revealed fetal and neonatal deaths among siblings of patients with CTX. We conclude that defective activity of cholesterol 27-hydroxylase can lead to neonatal cholestatic jaundice ('hepatitis of infancy'), which may be self-limiting. After a latent period, however, progressive accumulation of cholesterol and cholestanol can lead to the xanthomata, neurodegeneration, cataracts and atherosclerosis that are typical of CTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Clayton
- Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK.
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Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a hereditary disorder, which is inherited as an autosomally recessive disease, causing production of cholesterol and cholestanol xanthomas and mental retardation. The disease is caused by mutations in the gene for sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1). The only CTX patients diagnosed in Scandinavia are two Norwegian sisters from a consanguineous marriage. Here we have characterized the mutation and its functional consequences for the enzyme. Analysis of genomic DNA from cultured fibroblasts identified a base exchange C > T in position 1441, causing arginine at amino acid position 441 to be replaced by tryptophan. The same mutation was introduced by mutagenesis in the complimentary DNA (cDNA) for CYP27, ligated into the expression vector pcDNA4/HisMax and transfected into HEK293 cells. The mutated enzyme had less than 5% of the enzyme activity compared with the native enzyme. No abnormal catalytic products could be identified in the cell culture medium. Probably the mutation affects the haem binding within the holoenzyme. The mutation has also previously been reported in a Japanese family. This is the second example of a CTX-causing mutation that has been recognized in more than one population.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rystedt
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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von Bahr S, Movin T, Papadogiannakis N, Pikuleva I, Rönnow P, Diczfalusy U, Björkhem I. Mechanism of accumulation of cholesterol and cholestanol in tendons and the role of sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:1129-35. [PMID: 12117727 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000022600.61391.a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tendon xanthomas are deposits of lipids and connective tissue commonly found in hypercholesterolemic patients. Macrophages are likely to be responsible for the lipid accumulation. Normolipidemic patients with the rare disease cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, lacking the enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1), develop prominent xanthomas in tendons and brain containing both cholestanol and cholesterol, with a cholestanol:cholesterol ratio higher than that in the circulation. Because of its ability to convert cholesterol into polar metabolites that leave the cells faster, CYP27A1 has been suggested to be an antiatherogenic enzyme. The hypothesis was tested that tendons contain CYP27A1 that may be of importance for the normal efflux of both steroids. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blotting and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that human tendons contain significant amounts of CYP27A1 and its product, 27-hydroxycholesterol. Immunohistochemistry showed that CYP27A1 is present in macrophages and tenocytes. The tendons also contained cholestanol, with a cholestanol:cholesterol ratio slightly higher than that in the circulation. Recombinant human CYP27A1, and cultured human macrophages containing this enzyme, had similar activity toward cholesterol and cholestanol. After loading of macrophages with labeled cholesterol and cholestanol, there was an efflux of these steroids in both unmetabolized and 27-oxygenated form, resulting in a significant cellular accumulation of cholestanol compared with cholesterol. CONCLUSION The results are consistent with the possibility that CYP27A1 is of importance for the efflux of both cholesterol and cholestanol from tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara von Bahr
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dotti MT, Rufa A, Federico A. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: heterogeneity of clinical phenotype with evidence of previously undescribed ophthalmological findings. J Inherit Metab Dis 2001; 24:696-706. [PMID: 11804206 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012981019336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrontendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive neurometabolic disease involving lipid metabolism. The classical phenotype is characterized by neurological dysfunction, tendon xanthomas and juvenile cataracts. Other ophthalmological findings have occasionally been reported. To gain more insight into the type and frequency of ophthalmological alterations in this multisystem metabolic disorder, we examined 13 CTX patients. Besides cataracts, found in all cases, the second most frequent ocular abnormality was paleness of the optic disk, which was found in 6 patients and was probably previously underestimated. Signs of premature retinal senescence were also observed. We discuss the possible relation between these ocular manifestations and the metabolic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Dotti
- Unit of Neurometabolic Diseases and Research Center for Diagnosis, Prevention and Therapy of Neurohandicap, University of Siena, Italy
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