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Abstract
After working in the substance use field for several years and conducting research on substance use, it has come to my attention how deeply ingrained the War on Drugs propaganda is in substance use research. The lines of research demonstrating the potential benefits of substance use (including illicit substances), delineation of harm from stigma, and the societal impact of the War on Drugs is rather weak and lacking, despite numerous recent studies showing the benefits of certain substances and reports of individuals in therapy and online suggesing that illicit substances help them in some respects. There are numerous critical implications of this bias in substance use research. Suppose the field primarily produces studies that show that all substances are harmful in almost any circumstance and that substance use disorders (SUDs) are primarily driven by psychological deficits (e.g., willpower). In that case, we, as researchers, would be feeding into the War on Drugs, which is known for marginalizing individuals, promoting organized crime, exacerbating SUDs, feeding into a police and prison state, and killing individuals due to tainted substances. Substance use researchers and clinicians are among the first to recognize that the War on Drugs has failed. Yet, despite this belief, we seem to have not quite fully noticed how the propaganda has influenced how we conduct our jobs and the research we produce. In the current letter, I inform researchers who study substance use and clinicians who treat SUDs to acknowledge their own learned biases against substances and those who use substances; to be more cautious when interpreting substance use data in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant M Stone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 2345Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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2
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López-Ramírez E, Huber MJ, Inozemtseva O. The Positive Effect of the Rational Addiction Prevention Program (RAPP) on Adolescents with High Risk for Drug Consumption. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:342-353. [PMID: 33559022 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this longitudinal study was to determine the effect of an original prevention program (RAPP) on the behavioral and cognitive characteristics of adolescents with high risk for substance consumption. Seventy-six Mexican adolescents 12-15 years old (38 with high risk (HR) and 38 with low risk (LR)) were selected. RAPP was applied for 3 months. Resilience, social skills, attitudes towards substance use, ability to delay a reward, and inhibitory control were assessed in these adolescents, before and after the RAPP intervention. Both groups improved their scores; however, HR achieved greater changes than LR. Findings suggest that HR have behavioral characteristics that can be considered as risk factors for substance consumption (low levels of resilience, low social skills, little family support, positive attitudes towards substance use). RAPP proved to be an effective program for preventing these risk factors for substance use in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique López-Ramírez
- Doctorado en Educación, Departamento de Estudios en Educación, CUCSH, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Parres Arias, 150, Col. San José del Bajío, CP 45000, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.,Tecnológico Nacional de México, Campus Instituto Tecnológico de Pochutla, km. 5.35 carretera San Pedro Pochutla-Puerto Ángel, localidad el Colorado, CP 70902, San Pedro Pochutla, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Mary J Huber
- Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Olga Inozemtseva
- Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo, 180, Col. Arcos Vallarta, CP 33130, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. .,Doctorado en Educación, Departamento de Estudios en Educación, CUCSH, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Parres Arias, 150, Col. San José del Bajío, CP 45000, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Lennox Terrion J, O'Rielly S, Rocchi M. Social Competence of Adolescents in Residential Substance Abuse Treatment. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2015.1037515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yu J, Wu Q, Yang C, Vrana KE, Zhou L, Yang L, Zhang H, Yan D, Li J, Teng S, Gong J, Yan Y, Wang Z. Influence of Parental Monitoring, Sensation Seeking, Expected Social Benefits, and Refusal Efficacy on Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Chinese Adolescents. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2814. [PMID: 26986098 PMCID: PMC4839879 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships between parental monitoring (PM), sensation seeking (SS), expected social benefits (ESB), refusal efficacy (RE), and tobacco and alcohol use (TAU) have been well documented among adolescents. However, the mechanisms by which these 4 determinants affect TAU remain unclear. Based on the Theory of Triadic Influence, this study aimed to explore how PM, SS, ESB, and RE simultaneously influenced TAU in Chinese adolescents. From September 2013 to June 2014, we used multistage cluster sampling to select 6269 students from 179 classes of 7 vocational high schools in 3 cities of China. Each student completed a battery of 5 measures: PM, SS, ESB, RE, and TAU. Then, we used structural equation modeling techniques and mediation analyses to investigate the relationships among these 5 measures, with TAU as the final dependent variable. Results demonstrated that the relationship between PM and TAU was fully mediated by ESB and RE (b = -0.18, P < 0.001), that SS influenced TAU directly (b = 0.10, P < 0.001) and indirectly through ESB and RE (b = 0.15, P < 0.001), and that ESB influenced TAU directly (b = 0.09, P < 0.001) and indirectly through RE (b = 0.28, P < 0.001).These findings indicate that the link between PM and SS to TAU among Chinese adolescents can be explained by ESB and RE. These 4 precursory determinants can play an important role in TAU prevention among adolescents in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincong Yu
- From the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (JY, QW, LY, HZ, DY, JL, ST, ZW), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Division of Biostatistics (CY), Department of Public Health Sciences, and Office for Scholarship in Learning and Education Research (OSLER), College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA; Department of Pharmacology (KEV), College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA; Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention (LZ), Shenzhen, China; Chronic Disease Department (JG, YY), Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China; Department of Preventive Medicine (QW), Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China; and Chongqing Health Information Center (JL), Chongqing, China
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Bektas M, Ozturk C, Karatas H, Bektas I. Effects of student perceptions of social skills on their perception of smoking. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:5937-40. [PMID: 25081725 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.14.5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted as a descriptive-correlational exercise with the aim of determining the effect of student perceptions of social skills on their pro and con perceptions of smoking. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample comprised 106 students at 6th, 7th and 8th grades in three primary schools. The data were collected through socio-demographic data collection form, Social Skill Perception Form and Child Decisional Balance Scale. Data were evaluated by percentage calculation, Student t test and correlation analysis. RESULTS While the point average of pro perception of smoking of the students with a high point average of social skill perception, was 8.6±3.1, in those with a low social skill perception point average it was 10.7±4.2, the difference being significant(p=0.012). The respective point averages of con perceptions were 26.8±3.7 and 23.5±3.3, again significant (p=0.000). While a positive medium level (r=0.410) relationship was determined between the point average of social skill perception and con perception of smoking, a negative low level (r=0.281) relationship was determined with the pro perception of smoking. CONCLUSIONS As the social skill perception point average increases, children's con perceptions of smoking increase and their pro perceptions decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Bektas
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Dokuz Eylul University, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail :
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Tran OK, Furlong MJ. Personal Strengths and Assets Among Adolescents: A Comparison of Smokers and Nonsmokers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03340908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Martín-Santana JD, Beerli-Palacio A, Fernández-Monroy M. A motivation-based explanatory model of street drinking among young people. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 29:383-400. [PMID: 25068605 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2013.851635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This social marketing study focuses on street drinking behavior among young people. The objective is to divide the market of young people who engage in this activity into segments according to their motivations. For the three segments identified, a behavior model is created using the beliefs, attitudes, behavior, and social belonging of young people who engage in street drinking. The methodology used individual questionnaires filled in by a representative sample of young people. The results show that the behavior model follows the sequence of attitudes-beliefs-behavior and that social belonging influences these three variables. Similarly, differences are observed in the behavior model depending on the segment individuals belong to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa D Martín-Santana
- a Facultad de Economía, Empresa y Turismo , Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria , Spain
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Dulin PL, Gonzalez VM, King DK, Giroux D, Bacon S. Smartphone-Based, Self-Administered Intervention System for Alcohol Use Disorders: Theory and Empirical Evidence Basis. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2013; 31. [PMID: 24347811 DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2013.800425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in mobile technology provide an opportunity to deliver in-the-moment interventions to individuals with alcohol use disorders, yet availability of effective "apps" that deliver evidence-based interventions is scarce. We developed an immediately available, portable, smartphone-based intervention system whose purpose is to provide stand-alone, self-administered assessment and intervention. In this paper, we describe how theory and empirical evidence, combined with smartphone functionality contributed to the construction of a user-friendly, engaging alcohol intervention. With translation in mind, we discuss how we selected appropriate intervention components including assessments, feedback and tools, that work together to produce the hypothesized outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diane K King
- University of Alaska, Anchorage Department of Psychology
| | | | - Samantha Bacon
- University of Alaska, Anchorage Department of Psychology
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Peleg-Oren N, Hospital M, Morris SL, Wagner EF. Mechanisms of Association Between Paternal Alcoholism and Abuse of Alcohol and Other Illicit Drugs Among Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2013; 22:133-149. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2012.730363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Westling E, Andrews JA, Peterson M. Gender differences in pubertal timing, social competence, and cigarette use: a test of the early maturation hypothesis. J Adolesc Health 2012; 51:150-5. [PMID: 22824445 PMCID: PMC3405903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The timing of pubertal maturation has been associated with cigarette use, but the exact mechanisms by which maturation influences cigarette use are unclear. One hypothesis posited to explain this association is the early maturation hypothesis, that boys and girls who mature earlier than their peers have developed physically before their social resources have fully developed, leaving them ill-equipped to deal with challenges that may arise when entering physical maturity. This prospective study examines the relations between pubertal timing, social competence, and cigarette use in a sample of 1,013 boys and girls, followed from 5th through 12th grade. METHODS Latent growth modeling was used to predict cigarette use across high school years (grades 9-12) from pubertal timing assessed in 5th grade (for girls) and 6th grade (for boys) as mediated by social competence across grades 6-8. RESULTS Earlier pubertal maturation predicted cigarette use in 9th grade and increased cigarette use across high school. Earlier maturation also predicted lower social competence in 6th grade. For girls, social competence partially mediated the relation between pubertal timing and cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS The data supported the early maturation hypothesis for both boys and girls, as earlier maturers were more likely to smoke in 9th grade and had lower social competence in 6th grade. However, social competence partially mediated cigarette use for girls only. The mechanisms by which negative outcomes are associated with pubertal maturation appear to differ by gender.
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Marelich WD, Murphy DA, Payne DL, Herbeck DM, Schuster MA. Self-competence Among Early and Middle Adolescents Affected by Maternal HIV/AIDS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2012; 17:21-33. [PMID: 22485061 DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2011.649398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent children of mothers with HIV face a host of stressors that place them at increased risk for poor outcomes. Using covariance structure analysis, this study examines adolescent risk outcomes and their relationships to maternal health, as well as the potentially protective factors of family environment and self-competence. The final model indicated that poor maternal health was negatively related to a protective family environment, which in turn was negatively related to adolescent risk outcomes. A protective family environment was also positively related to adolescent self-competence, which was negatively related to adolescent risk outcomes. Implications of the study are discussed, including how these findings can influence interventions aimed at reducing the risk for poor outcomes among adolescent youth with HIV-infected mothers.
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Dar-Nimrod I, Hansen IG, Proulx T, Lehman DR, Chapman BP, Duberstein PR. Coolness: An Empirical Investigation. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Some people are routinely described as “cool,” but it is unknown whether this descriptor conveys trait-like information beyond mere likability or popularity. This is the first systematic quantitative investigation of coolness from a trait perspective. Three studies of North Americans (N = 918) converged to identify personality markers for coolness. Study 1 participants described coolness largely by referring to socially desirable attributes (e.g., social, popular, talented). Study 2 provided further evidence of the relationship between coolness and social desirability, yet also identified systematic discrepancies between valuations of coolness and social desirability. Factor analyses (Studies 2 and 3) indicated that coolness was primarily conceptualized in terms of active, status-promoting, socially desirable characteristics (“Cachet coolness”), though a second orthogonal factor (“Contrarian coolness”) portrayed cool as rebellious, rough, and emotionally controlled. Study 3, which examined peer valuations of coolness, showed considerable overlap with abstract evaluations of the construct. We conclude that coolness is reducible to two conceptually coherent and distinct personality orientations: one outward focused and attuned to external valuations, the other more independent, rebellious, and countercultural. These results have implications for both basic and applied research and theory in personality and social psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Dar-Nimrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Laboratory of Personality and Development, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - I. G. Hansen
- Department of Psychology, York College, City University of New York, USA
| | - T. Proulx
- Department of Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - D. R. Lehman
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B. P. Chapman
- Department of Psychiatry and Laboratory of Personality and Development, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - P. R. Duberstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Laboratory of Personality and Development, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Chilenski SM. From the macro to the micro: a geographic examination of the community context and early adolescent problem behaviors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 48:352-364. [PMID: 21336674 PMCID: PMC3744232 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-011-9428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how multiple dimensions and levels of the community context associated with early adolescent problem behaviors in rural communities. Four thousand, five hundred and nine eighth-grade students in 28 rural and small town school districts in two states participated in surveys regarding substance use and delinquency in 2005. Locations of alcohol retailers, tobacco retailers, youth-serving organizations, and student residences were geocoded. Associations of the number of proximal alcohol and tobacco retailers, and youth-serving organizations with an early-adolescent problem behavior index were tested in Nonlinear Mixed Models that controlled for multiple district-level and individual characteristics. Multi-level model results demonstrated that the number of alcohol and tobacco retail locations within a one-mile radius of each adolescent's home positively associated with student-reported problem behaviors above and beyond the influence of school district and individual characteristics. Results suggest that the proximal community context added significantly to the district context when understanding the occurrence of early adolescent problem behaviors. Recognizing this variability in geographically determined risk within a community will likely enhance the effectiveness of community prevention activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Chilenski
- Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, 402 Marion Place, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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von Eye A, Bogat GA, Rhodes JE. Variable-oriented and person-oriented perspectives of analysis: The example of alcohol consumption in adolescence. J Adolesc 2006; 29:981-1004. [PMID: 17045640 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents person-oriented and variable-oriented approaches to data analysis. To illustrate these two approaches and the types of information they provide the researcher, data from 3,558 control group youth from the National Cross-Site Evaluation of High Risk Youth Programs were analysed. The relationship, over time, between parent attitudes and gender as it relates to youth alcohol consumption were examined. Data were analysed and compared using a variable-oriented approach (repeated measures ANOVA) and a person-oriented approach (Configural Frequency Analysis). Data analysis demonstrated that variable- and person-oriented approaches provide the researcher with different information that can be complementary. The ANOVA identified an overall trend that accounted for little variance; the CFA explained why this was the case by identifying groups of respondents whose behaviour was different from the overall trend. The implications of these results and the use of both types of approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von Eye
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Leventhal AM, Schmitz JM. The role of drug use outcome expectancies in substance abuse risk: an interactional-transformational model. Addict Behav 2006; 31:2038-62. [PMID: 16616433 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2005] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
While a variety of risk factors for substance abuse have been identified, the psychological mechanisms underlying the transmission of risk is unclear based on studies using traditional risk-outcome research designs. The present paper identifies drug use outcome expectancies as a common etiological mechanism involved in substance abuse risk. Existing literature findings are reviewed and integrated according to an interactional-transformational (IT) model of developmental psychopathology. This model identifies the preliminary (mediating) and secondary (moderating) role of drug expectancies as important operations involved in the development of substance use patterns. Advantages of the IT model over traditional trait-based or environmental models are discussed, along with implications for intervention and future research.
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Tragesser SL, Aloise-Young PA, Swaim RC. Peer Influence, Images of Smokers, and Beliefs about Smoking among Preadolescent Nonsmokers. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Piko BF. Adolescent smoking and drinking: the role of communal mastery and other social influences. Addict Behav 2006; 31:102-14. [PMID: 15936154 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this study is to investigate social influences of adolescent smoking and drinking. These social influences include social motives, parental attitudes, communal mastery and peers' substance use patterns. Literature suggests that communal mastery (as a form of social competence) may be related to adolescent substance use. In addition, gender differences may be hypothesized in the social influences of adolescent substance use. Data were collected in a middle and high school student population (N = 634, 50.6% males, age range: 11-19, mean: 15.6, S.D.: 2.0) in Szeged, Hungary. The instruments contained questions on sociodemographics, smoking and drinking, social influences, social motives, and communal mastery. Results showed that high levels of communal mastery was an important protective factor against adolescent boys' smoking and drinking. For girls, communal mastery did not play such a role. The role of social motives, friends' and best friend's substance use and parental approval also were justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina F Piko
- University of Szeged, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Hungary.
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Assertiveness Among Young Rural Adolescents: Relationship to Alcohol Use. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2005. [DOI: 10.1300/j029v14n03_03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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