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Ranaware AS, Kunchge NS, Lele SS, Ochatt SJ. Protoplast Technology and Somatic Hybridisation in the Family Apiaceae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1060. [PMID: 36903923 PMCID: PMC10005591 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Species of the family Apiaceae occupy a major market share but are hitherto dependent on open pollinated cultivars. This results in a lack of production uniformity and reduced quality that has fostered hybrid seed production. The difficulty in flower emasculation led breeders to use biotechnology approaches including somatic hybridization. We discuss the use of protoplast technology for the development of somatic hybrids, cybrids and in-vitro breeding of commercial traits such as CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility), GMS (genetic male sterility) and EGMS (environment-sensitive genic male sterility). The molecular mechanism(s) underlying CMS and its candidate genes are also discussed. Cybridization strategies based on enucleation (Gamma rays, X-rays and UV rays) and metabolically arresting protoplasts with chemicals such as iodoacetamide or iodoacetate are reviewed. Differential fluorescence staining of fused protoplast as routinely used can be replaced by new tagging approaches using non-toxic proteins. Here, we focused on the initial plant materials and tissue sources for protoplast isolation, the various digestion enzyme mixtures tested, and on the understanding of cell wall re-generation, all of which intervene in somatic hybrids regeneration. Although there are no alternatives to somatic hybridization, various approaches also discussed are emerging, viz., robotic platforms, artificial intelligence, in recent breeding programs for trait identification and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush S. Ranaware
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nandkumar S. Kunchge
- Research and Development Division, Kalash Seeds Pvt. Ltd., Jalna 431203, Maharashtra, India
| | - Smita S. Lele
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Marathwada Campus, Jalna 431203, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sergio J. Ochatt
- Agroécologie, InstitutAgro Dijon, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
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2
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Xu F, Yang X, Zhao N, Hu Z, Mackenzie SA, Zhang M, Yang J. Exploiting sterility and fertility variation in cytoplasmic male sterile vegetable crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab039. [PMID: 35039865 PMCID: PMC8807945 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has long been used to economically produce hybrids that harness growth vigor through heterosis. Yet, how CMS systems operate within commercially viable seed production strategies in various economically important vegetable crops, and their underlying molecular mechanisms, are often overlooked details that could expand the utility of CMS as a cost-effective and stable system. We provide here an update on the nature of cytoplasmic-nuclear interplay for pollen sterility and fertility transitions in vegetable crops, based on the discovery of components of nuclear fertility restoration and reversion determinants. Within plant CMS systems, pollen fertility can be rescued by the introduction of nuclear fertility restorer genes (Rfs), which operate by varied mechanisms to countermand the sterility phenotype. By understanding these systems, it is now becoming feasible to achieve fertility restoration with Rfs designed for programmable CMS-associated open reading frames (ORFs). Likewise, new opportunities exist for targeted disruption of CMS-associated ORFs by mito-TALENs in crops where natural Rfs have not been readily identified, providing an alternative approach to recovering fertility of cytoplasmic male sterile lines in crops. Recent findings show that facultative gynodioecy, as a reproductive strategy, can coordinate the sterility and fertility transition in response to environmental cues and/or metabolic signals that reflect ecological conditions of reproductive isolation. This information is important to devising future systems that are more inherently stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Xu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Zhao
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Zhongyuan Hu
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Sally A Mackenzie
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou,
Zhejiang, 310058, China
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3
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Palumbo F, Vitulo N, Vannozzi A, Magon G, Barcaccia G. The Mitochondrial Genome Assembly of Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare) Reveals Two Different atp6 Gene Sequences in Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Accessions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4664. [PMID: 32630002 PMCID: PMC7370444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has always aroused interest among researchers and breeders, being a valuable resource widely exploited not only to breed F1 hybrid varieties but also to investigate genes that control stamen and pollen development. With the aim of identifying candidate genes for CMS in fennel, we adopted an effective strategy relying on the comparison between mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) of both fertile and sterile genotypes. mtDNA raw reads derived from a CMS genotype were assembled in a single molecule (296,483 bp), while a draft mtDNA assembly (166,124 nucleotides, 94 contigs) was performed using male fertile sample (MF) sequences. From their annotation and alignment, two atp6-like sequences were identified. atp6-, the putative mutant copy with a 300 bp truncation at the 5'-end, was found only in the mtDNA of CMS samples, while the wild type copy (atp6+) was detected only in the MF mtDNA. Further analyses (i.e., reads mapping and Sanger sequencing), revealed an atp6+ copy also in CMS samples, probably in the nuclear DNA. However, qPCRs performed on different tissues proved that, despite its availability, atp6+ is expressed only in MF samples, while apt6- mRNA was always detected in CMS individuals. In the light of these findings, the energy deficiency model could explain the pollen deficiency observed in male sterile flower. atp6- could represent a gene whose mRNA is translated into a not-fully functional protein leading to suboptimal ATP production that guarantees essential cellular processes but not a high energy demand process such as pollen development. Our study provides novel insights into the fennel mtDNA genome and its atp6 genes, and paves the way for further studies aimed at understanding their functional roles in the determination of male sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Palumbo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Campus of Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (A.V.); (G.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Vannozzi
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Campus of Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (A.V.); (G.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Gabriele Magon
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Campus of Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (A.V.); (G.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Gianni Barcaccia
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Campus of Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy; (A.V.); (G.M.); (G.B.)
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Differentially Expressed Genes between Carrot Petaloid Cytoplasmic Male Sterile and Maintainer during Floral Development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17384. [PMID: 31757985 PMCID: PMC6874560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Petaloid cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited loss of male fertility due to the complete conversion of stamens into petal-like organs, and CMS lines have been widely utilized in carrot breeding. Petaloid CMS is an ideal model not only for studying the mitochondrial-nuclear interaction but also for discovering genes that are essential for floral organ development. To investigate the comprehensive mechanism of CMS and homeotic organ alternation during carrot flower development, we conducted transcriptome analysis between the petaloid CMS line (P2S) and its maintainer line (P2M) at four flower developmental stages (T1-T4). A total of 2838 genes were found to be differentially expressed, among which 1495 genes were significantly downregulated and 1343 genes were significantly upregulated in the CMS line. Functional analysis showed that most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, plant hormone signal transduction, and biosynthesis. A total of 16 MADS-box genes were grouped into class A, B, C, and E, but not class D, genes. Several key genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation showed continuously low expression from stage T2 in P2S, and the expression of DcPI and DcAG-like genes also greatly decreased at stage T2 in P2S. This indicated that energy deficiency might inhibit the expression of B- and C-class MADS-box genes resulting in the conversion of stamens into petals. Stamen petaloidy may act as an intrinsic stress, upregulating the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) genes and MADS-box genes at stages T3 and T4 in P2S, which results in some fertile revertants. This study will provide a better understanding of carrot petaloid CMS and floral development as a basis for further research.
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Xie Y, Zhang W, Wang Y, Xu L, Zhu X, Muleke EM, Liu L. Comprehensive transcriptome-based characterization of differentially expressed genes involved in microsporogenesis of radish CMS line and its maintainer. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:529-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Govindarajulu R, Parks M, Tennessen JA, Liston A, Ashman TL. Comparison of nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial phylogenies and the origin of wild octoploid strawberry species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:544-554. [PMID: 25878088 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Molecular phylogenies derived from all three plant genomes can provide insight into the evolutionary history of plant groups influenced by reticulation. We sought to reconstruct mitochondrial exome, chloroplast, and nuclear genome phylogenies for octoploid Fragaria and their diploid ancestors and to document patterns of incongruence between and within the cytoplasmic genomes and interpret these in the context of evolutionary origin of the octoploid strawberries. METHODS Using a genome-skimming approach, we assembled chloroplast genomes and mitochondrial exomes, and we used the POLiMAPS method to assemble nuclear sequence for octoploid species and constructed phylogenies from all three genomes. We assessed incongruence between and within cytoplasmic genomes using topology-based phylogenetic incongruence tests. KEY RESULTS The incongruent cytoplasmic genome phylogeny with respect to the placement of octoploids suggests potential breakage in linkage disequilibrium of cytoplasmic genomes during allopolyploid origin of the octoploids. Furthermore, a single mitochondrial chimeric gene with a putative role in cytoplasmic male sterility yields a phylogeny that is inconsistent with the rest of the mitochondrial genome but consistent with the chloroplast phylogeny, suggesting intracellular gene transfer between heteroplasmic mitochondria, possibly driven by selection to overcome the effects of mito-nuclear incompatibility in octoploid origins. CONCLUSIONS This work expands on the current understanding of evolutionary history of the octoploid ancestors of cultivated strawberry. It demonstrates phylogenetic incongruence between cytoplasmic genomes in octoploids with respect to diploid ancestors, indicating breakage in linkage disequilibrium of cytoplasmic genomes. We discuss potential organism-level processes that may have contributed to the observed incongruence in Fragaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Parks
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Jacob A Tennessen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Aaron Liston
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260 USA
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Basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor BcbHLHpol functions as a positive regulator of pollen development in non-heading Chinese cabbage. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 14:731-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Szklarczyk M, Szymański M, Wójcik-Jagła M, Simon PW, Weihe A, Börner T. Mitochondrial atp9 genes from petaloid male-sterile and male-fertile carrots differ in their status of heteroplasmy, recombination involvement, post-transcriptional processing as well as accumulation of RNA and protein product. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2014; 127:1689-701. [PMID: 24913361 PMCID: PMC4110418 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Petaloid cytoplasmic male-sterile carrots exhibit overexpression of the mitochondrial atp9 genes which is associated with specific features in organization and expression of these sequences. In carrots, the Sp-cytoplasm causes transformation of stamens into petal-like organs, while plants carrying normal N-cytoplasm exhibit normal flower morphology. Our work was aimed at characterization of distinct features both cytoplasms display with respect to organization and expression of the mitochondrial atp9 genes. We show that two carrot atp9 genes, previously reported as cytoplasm-specific, in fact occur in heteroplasmic condition. In the Sp-cytoplasm the atp9-1 version dominates over atp9-3, while in N-cytoplasmic plants this proportion is reversed. Herein, we also indicate the presence and recombination activity of a 130-/172-bp sequence repeat which likely shaped the present organization of carrot atp9 loci. Furthermore, cDNA sequence examination revealed that the atp9 open reading frames (ORFs) were C to U edited in 4 nucleotide positions. One of the editing events turns a glutamine triplet into the stop codon, thereby equalizing ORFs of atp9-1 and atp9-3. A certain fraction of partially edited molecules was identified-they all represented the atp9-3 sequence. In either Sp- or N-cytoplasmic plants multiple 5' transcript termini were observed. Of these, the ones mapping more distantly from the atp9 ORF were more pronounced in case of petaloid accessions. It was also shown that despite comparable copy number of the genomic atp9 sequences, the level of the respective mRNAs was approximately 3 times higher in case of petaloid carrots. The latter fact corresponded to the elevated content of the ATP9 protein in plants carrying Sp-cytoplasm. The semi-fertile phenotype of such plants is associated with a drop in ATP9 accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Szklarczyk
- Unit of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Kraków, Poland,
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9
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Li Y, Liu T, Duan W, Song X, Shi G, Zhang J, Deng X, Zhang S, Hou X. Instability in mitochondrial membranes in Polima cytoplasmic male sterility of Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis. Funct Integr Genomics 2014; 14:441-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-014-0368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Differential proteomic studies of the genic male-sterile line and fertile line anthers of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Genes Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Abstract
In plants, male sterility can be caused either by mitochondrial genes with coupled nuclear genes or by nuclear genes alone; the resulting conditions are known as cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and genic male sterility (GMS), respectively. CMS and GMS facilitate hybrid seed production for many crops and thus allow breeders to harness yield gains associated with hybrid vigor (heterosis). In CMS, layers of interaction between mitochondrial and nuclear genes control its male specificity, occurrence, and restoration of fertility. Environment-sensitive GMS (EGMS) mutants may involve epigenetic control by noncoding RNAs and can revert to fertility under different growth conditions, making them useful breeding materials in the hybrid seed industry. Here, we review recent research on CMS and EGMS systems in crops, summarize general models of male sterility and fertility restoration, and discuss the evolutionary significance of these reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources
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12
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Zheng R, Sijun Yue, Xu X, Liu J, Xu Q, Wang X, Han L, Yu D. Proteome analysis of the wild and YX-1 male sterile mutant anthers of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.). PLoS One 2012; 7:e41861. [PMID: 22860020 PMCID: PMC3408462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollen development is disturbed in the early tetrad stage of the YX-1 male sterile mutant of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.). The present study aimed to identify differentially expressed anther proteins and to reveal their possible roles in pollen development and male sterility. To address this question, the proteomes of the wild-type (WT) and YX-1 mutant were compared. Approximately 1760 protein spots on two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) gels were detected. A number of proteins whose accumulation levels were altered in YX-1 compared with WT were identified by mass spectrometry and the NCBInr and Viridiplantae EST databases. Proteins down-regulated in YX-1 anthers include ascorbate peroxidase (APX), putative glutamine synthetase (GS), ATP synthase subunits, chalcone synthase (CHS), CHS-like, putative callose synthase catalytic subunit, cysteine protease, 5B protein, enoyl-ACP reductase, 14-3-3 protein and basic transcription factor 3 (BTF3). Meanwhile, activities of APX and GS, RNA expression levels of apx and atp synthase beta subunit were low in YX-1 anthers which correlated with the expression of male sterility. In addition, several carbohydrate metabolism-related and photosynthesis-related enzymes were also present at lower levels in the mutant anthers. In contrast, 26S proteasome regulatory subunits, cysteine protease inhibitor, putative S-phase Kinase association Protein 1(SKP1), and aspartic protease, were expressed at higher levels in YX-1 anthers relative to WT anthers. Regulation of wolfberry pollen development involves a complex network of differentially expressed genes. The present study lays the foundation for future investigations of gene function linked with wolfberry pollen development and male sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Sijun Yue
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Han
- College of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Analysis of genetic diversity in cytoplasmic male sterility, and association of mitochondrial genes with petaloid-type cytoplasmic male sterility in tuber mustard (Brassica juncea var. tumida Tsen et Lee). Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:1059-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li S, Tan Y, Wang K, Wan C, Zhu Y. Gametophytically alloplasmic CMS line of rice (Oryza sativa L.) with variant orfH79 haplotype corresponds to specific fertility restorer. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2008; 117:1389-1397. [PMID: 18762904 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
For years discovery and identification of the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) resource in wild rice is the most intriguing events in breeding field. orfH79, a chimeric gene in mitochondria, has been suggested being the determinant for Honglian CMS in rice. In this report orfH79 gene as molecular marker to screen the wild rice, we found eight accessions with orfH79 gene in the total 42 investigated objects. Sequence analysis revealed that there were a total of nine nucleotide substitutions resulting in the change of nine amino acids in the newly identified orfH79 in wild rice, which further fell into seven haplotypes. In order to investigate the underlying relationship between orfH79 haplotypes and the corresponding fertility restorers, four accessions were selected with different orfH79 haplotype as female parents to hybridize the Honglian maintainer line, Yuetai B. After eight consecutive recurrent backcrosses, four alloplasmic CMS lines with different orfH79 haplotype were developed. Microscopic observation exhibited that their pollen grains were spherical and clear in 1% I(2)-KI solution same as that of Honglian CMS line. Moreover, these four CMS lines displayed various fertility restoring model through test cross, suggesting that each orfH79 haplotye represents a new CMS type and corresponds to their specific Rf allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Li
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Meur G, Gaikwad K, Bhat SR, Prakash S, Kirti PB. Homeotic-like modification of stamens to petals is associated with aberrant mitochondrial gene expression in cytoplasmic male sterile Ogura Brassica juncea. J Genet 2006; 85:133-9. [PMID: 17072082 DOI: 10.1007/bf02729019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported correction of severe leaf chlorosis in the cytoplasmic male sterile Ogura (also called Ogu) Brassica juncea line carrying Ogura cytoplasm by plastid substitution via protoplast fusion. Two cybrids obtained from the fusion experiment, Og1 and Og2, were green and carried the plastid genome of B. juncea cv. RLM198. While Og1 displayed normal flower morphology comparable to that of its euplasmic B. juncea counterpart except for sterile anthers, Og2 retained homeotic-like floral modification of stamens to petal-like structures and several other floral deformities observed in the chlorotic (Ogu) B. juncea cv. RLM198 (or OgRLM). With respect to the mitochondrial genome, Og1 showed 81% genetic similarity to the fertile cultivar RLM while Og2 showed 93% similarity to OgRLM. In spite of recombination and rearrangements in the mitochondrial genomes in the cybrids, expression patterns of 10 out of 11 mitochondrial genes were similar in all the three CMS lines; the only exception was atp6, whose expression was altered. While Og1 showed normal atp6 transcript similar to that in RLM, in Og2 and OgRLM weak expression of a longer transcript was detected. These results suggest that the homeotic-like changes in floral patterning leading to petaloid stamens in Og2 and OgRLM may be associated with aberrant mitochondrial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Meur
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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16
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Robison MM, Wolyn DJ. Petaloid-type cms in carrot is not associated with expression of atp8 (orfB). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2006; 112:1496-502. [PMID: 16550397 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-006-0253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Two different atp8 reading frames with divergent C-terminal extensions were identified in a sterility-inducing mitochondrial type (mitotype) of carrot; examination of three fertility-inducing mitotypes revealed atp8 reading frames that were either terminated at a position conserved among other plant atp8 genes or continued with unique C-terminal extensions. Similarities between the C-terminal extensions suggest ancient common ancestry, but the level of sequence divergence implies lack of functional conservation. Northern analysis indicated that the C-terminal extensions are transcribed and are present within the primary atp8 transcripts. Western analysis revealed that the products of the two extended atp8 reading frames encoded by the sterility-inducing mitotype are significantly smaller than those predicted by complete translation of their C-terminal extensions, but are slightly larger than the products from unextended reading frames. No alterations were observed in atp8 transcripts or proteins isolated from flowers of the sterility-inducing mitotype that were phenotypically fertile as a result of segregation for nuclear fertility-restoring Ms or Rf alleles, and thus, there is no evidence that expression of atp8 is directly involved in the petaloid cms phenotype in carrot.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA, Plant/isolation & purification
- Daucus carota/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Plant
- Mitochondria/classification
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Open Reading Frames
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/isolation & purification
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/isolation & purification
- Reproduction/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Robison
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Bovey Bldg., University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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17
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Robison MM, Wolyn DJ. A 60 kDa COX1 protein in mitochondria of carrot irrespective of the presence of C-terminal extensions in the cox1 reading frames. Mol Genet Genomics 2005; 275:68-73. [PMID: 16362373 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-005-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An inverted repeat in the mitochondrial DNA of carrot mitochondrial type (mitotype) SW3 has been sequenced in the context of its up- and downstream genomic environments. The 3,159 bp repeat encodes rps7 and cox1, but the cox1 reading frame does not encode a stop codon at a position predicted by alignment with other plant cox1 genes; cox1 extends into both of the downstream flanking sequences as unique C-terminal extensions of 224 (cox1-1) or 284 (cox1-2) amino acids. Northern and RT-PCR analyses revealed that rps7 and cox1 are co-transcribed and RNA-edited. In three additional mitotypes of carrot, rps7 and cox1 are co-transcribed, but are present as single copies within the genome. In mitotype FG17, the cox1 gene has a C-terminal extension like cox1-1, but in mitotypes FW2 and FW4, the cox1 genes lack C-terminal extensions and have stop codons and 3' UTRs like those of other plant cox1 genes. The C-terminal extensions are transcribed in SW3 and FG17 and result in longer primary transcripts than those from FW2 and FW4. Western immunoblotting of mitochondrial proteins from all mitotypes detected COX1 products of the predicted unextended size in all mitotypes, irrespective of the presence of a C-terminal extension in the reading frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Robison
- Department of Plant Agriculture, Bovey Bldg, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON, Canada.
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18
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Dieterich JH, Braun HP, Schmitz UK. Alloplasmic male sterility in Brassica napus (CMS 'Tournefortii-Stiewe') is associated with a special gene arrangement around a novel atp9 gene. Mol Genet Genomics 2003; 269:723-31. [PMID: 12898218 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-003-0886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2003] [Accepted: 06/09/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To identify regions of the mitochondrial genome potentially involved in the expression of alloplasmic 'Tournefortii-Stiewe' cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in Brassica napus, transcripts of 25 mitochondrial genes were analysed in fertile and near isogenic male-sterile plants (BC(8) generation). Differences were detected in the transcription of genes for subunit 9 of ATP synthase (atp9), cytochrome b (cob) and subunit 2 of NADH dehydrogenase (nad2). Structural analysis of these gene regions revealed differences in genome organisation around atp9 between male-sterile and fertile plants. Three atp9 genes, two of which were hitherto unknown, are present in the mitochondria of CMS plants, and rearrangements upstream of one of these genes have generated a chimeric 193-codon ORF, designated orf193. This region is transcribed as a CMS specific bi-cistronic mRNA of 1.58 kb comprising orf193 and atp9. The level of the aberrant 1.58-kb transcript is reduced in plants restored to fertility by as yet uncharacterized nuclear genes. orf193 encodes a polypeptide of 22.7 kDa which exhibits partial sequence identity to the subunit 6 of the ATP synthase complex. However, as it forms an uninterrupted ORF with one of the newly discovered atp9 genes it may also be translated as a chimeric 30.2-kDa protein. It is likely that either or both gene products interfere with the function or assembly of the mitochondrial F(0)F(1)-ATP synthase, thus impairing the highly ATP-dependent process of pollen development. The novel molecular features of alloplasmic 'Tournefortii-Stiewe' CMS are discussed with respect to the other known mechanisms of CMS in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Dieterich
- Institut für Angewandte Genetik, Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
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19
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Kleter GA, Peijnenburg AACM. Presence of potential allergy-related linear epitopes in novel proteins from conventional crops and the implication for the safety assessment of these crops with respect to the current testing of genetically modified crops. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2003; 1:371-80. [PMID: 17166136 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-7652.2003.00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria of cytoplasmic male sterile crop plants contain novel, chimeric open reading frames. In addition, a number of crops carry endogenous double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA). In this study, the novel proteins encoded by these genetic components were screened for the presence of potential binding sites (epitopes) of allergy-associated IgE antibodies, as was previously done with transgenic proteins from genetically modified crops. The procedure entails the identification of stretches of at least six contiguous amino acids that are shared by novel proteins and known allergenic proteins. These stretches are further checked for potential linear IgE-binding epitopes. Of the 16 novel protein sequences screened in this study, nine contained stretches of six or seven amino acids that were also present in allergenic proteins. Four cases of similarity are of special interest, given the predicted antigenicity of the identical stretch within the allergenic and novel protein, the IgE-binding by a peptide containing an identical stretch reported in literature, or the multiple incidence of identical stretches of the same allergen within a novel protein. These selected stretches are present in novel proteins derived from oilseed rape and radish (ORF138), rice (dsRNA), and fava bean (dsRNA), and warrant further clinical testing. The frequency of positive outcomes and the sizes of the identical stretches were comparable to those previously found for transgenic proteins in genetically modified crops. It is discussed whether novel proteins from conventional crops should be subject to an assessment of potential allergenicity, a procedure which is currently mandatory for transgenic proteins from genetically modified crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs A Kleter
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, PO Box 230, NL 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Heazlewood JL, Whelan J, Millar AH. The products of the mitochondrial orf25 and orfB genes are FO components in the plant F1FO ATP synthase. FEBS Lett 2003; 540:201-5. [PMID: 12681508 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The F(O) portion of the mitochondrial ATP synthase contains a range of different subunits in bacteria, yeast and mammals. A search of the Arabidopsis genome identified sequence orthologs for only some of these subunits. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation of Arabidopsis mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes revealed intact F(1)F(O), and separated F(1) and F(O) components. The subunits of each complex were analysed by mass spectrometry and matched to Arabidopsis genes. In the F(1)F(O) complex a series of nine known subunits were identified along with two additional proteins matching the predicted products of the mitochondrial encoded orfB and orf25 genes. The F(1) complex contained the five well-characterised F(1) subunits, while four subunits in the F(O) complex were identified: subunit 9, d subunit, and the orfB and orf25 products. Previously, orfB has been suggested as the plant equivalent of subunit 8 based on structural and sequence similarity. We propose that orf25 is the plant b subunit based on structural similarity and its presence in the F(O) complex. Chimerics of orf25, orfB, subunit 9 and subunit 6 have been associated with cytoplasmic male sterility in a variety of plant species, our additional findings now place all these proteins in the same protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Heazlewood
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
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Linke B, Nothnagel T, Börner T. Flower development in carrot CMS plants: mitochondria affect the expression of MADS box genes homologous to GLOBOSA and DEFICIENS. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 34:27-37. [PMID: 12662306 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Maternally inherited defects in the formation of male flower organs leading to cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) indicate an involvement of mitochondrial genes in the control of flower formation. In the 'carpeloid' CMS type of carrot, stamens are replaced by carpels. The florets thus resemble well-investigated homeotic flower mutants of Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum, in which organ identity is impaired because of the mutation of specific nuclear MADS box genes. We have isolated five cDNAs encoding MADS box proteins (DcMADS1-5) from a flower-specific library of carrot. Structural features deduced from their sequence and transcript patterns in unmodified carrot flowers determined by in situ hybridisation relate them to known MADS box transcription factors involved in specification of flower organs. In 'carpeloid' CMS flowers, we detected a distinctly reduced expression of DcMADS2 and DcMADS3, homologues of the Antirrhinum genes GLOBOSA and DEFICIENS. Our data strongly suggest that the 'carpeloid' CMS phenotype is caused by a cytoplasmic (mitochondrial) effect on the expression of two MADS box factors specifying organ development at whorls 2 and 3 of carrot flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Linke
- Department of Biology, Humboldt University, Chausseestr 117, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
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Sabar M, Gagliardi D, Balk J, Leaver CJ. ORFB is a subunit of F1F(O)-ATP synthase: insight into the basis of cytoplasmic male sterility in sunflower. EMBO Rep 2003; 4:381-6. [PMID: 12671689 PMCID: PMC1319156 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.embor800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ORFB is the product of a gene that is conserved in plant mitochondrial genomes, and which, on the basis of sequence motif and structural similarity, is predicted to be the homologue of yeast and mammalian ATP8, part of the F(O) component of the F1F(O)-ATP synthase. We have shown that, in sunflower, orfB transcripts are edited, increasing the similarity of the predicted protein to ATP8 proteins from non-plant species. Blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and peptide sequencing confirm that ORFB localizes to the ATP synthase complex. The predicted amino-terminal 19 amino acids of ORFB are identical to those in the chimeric mitochondrial ORF522 protein, which is associated with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in sunflower. Assays comparing respiratory complexes from a male-sterile line expressing ORF522 with those from a male-fertile line show a specific decrease in ATP hydrolysis by the ATP synthase. These observations allow us to propose a mechanism underlying CMS that is associated with the expression of chimeric open reading frames containing part of the orfB gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sabar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Dominique Gagliardi
- Present address: IBMP-CNRS, 12 Rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Janneke Balk
- Present address: Institut für Zytobiologie und Zytopathologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Kochstrasse 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Leaver
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
- Tel: +44 1865 275 143; Fax: +44 1865 275 144;
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