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Wang KQ, Yu YH, Jia XL, Zhou SD, Zhang F, Zhao X, Zhai MY, Gong Y, Lu JY, Guo Y, Yang NY, Wang S, Xu XF, Yang ZN. Delayed callose degradation restores the fertility of multiple P/TGMS lines in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:717-730. [PMID: 34958169 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod/temperature-sensitive genic male sterility (P/TGMS) is widely applied for improving crop production. Previous investigations using the reversible male sterile (rvms) mutant showed that slow development is a general mechanism for restoring fertility to P/TGMS lines in Arabidopsis. In this work, we isolated a restorer of rvms-2 (res3), as the male sterility of rvms-2 was rescued by res3. Phenotype analysis and molecular cloning show that a point mutation in UPEX1 l in res3 leads to delayed secretion of callase A6 from the tapetum to the locule and tetrad callose wall degradation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that the tapetal transcription factor ABORTED MICROSPORES directly regulates UPEX1 expression, revealing a pathway for tapetum secretory function. Early degradation of the callose wall in the transgenic line eliminated the fertility restoration effect of res3. The fertility of multiple known P/TGMS lines with pollen wall defects was also restored by res3. We propose that the remnant callose wall may broadly compensate for the pollen wall defects of P/TGMS lines by providing protection for pollen formation. A cellular mechanism is proposed to explain how slow development restores the fertility of P/TGMS lines in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Qi Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Jingdezhen University, Jiangxi, 333000, China
| | - Ya-Hui Yu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Jingdezhen University, Jiangxi, 333000, China
| | - Xin-Lei Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Si-Da Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Ming-Yue Zhai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jie-Yang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yuyi Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Nai-Ying Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhong-Nan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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A Pipeline towards the Biochemical Characterization of the Arabidopsis GT14 Family. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031360. [PMID: 33572987 PMCID: PMC7866395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze the synthesis of glycosidic linkages and are essential in the biosynthesis of glycans, glycoconjugates (glycolipids and glycoproteins), and glycosides. Plant genomes generally encode many more GTs than animal genomes due to the synthesis of a cell wall and a wide variety of glycosylated secondary metabolites. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome is predicted to encode over 573 GTs that are currently classified into 42 diverse families. The biochemical functions of most of these GTs are still unknown. In this study, we updated the JBEI Arabidopsis GT clone collection by cloning an additional 105 GT cDNAs, 508 in total (89%), into Gateway-compatible vectors for downstream characterization. We further established a functional analysis pipeline using transient expression in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) followed by enzymatic assays, fractionation of enzymatic products by reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) and characterization by mass spectrometry (MS). Using the GT14 family as an exemplar, we outline a strategy for identifying effective substrates of GT enzymes. By addition of UDP-GlcA as donor and the synthetic acceptors galactose-nitrobenzodiazole (Gal-NBD), β-1,6-galactotetraose (β-1,6-Gal4) and β-1,3-galactopentose (β-1,3-Gal5) to microsomes expressing individual GT14 enzymes, we verified the β-glucuronosyltransferase (GlcAT) activity of three members of this family (AtGlcAT14A, B, and E). In addition, a new family member (AT4G27480, 248) was shown to possess significantly higher activity than other GT14 enzymes. Our data indicate a likely role in arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) biosynthesis for these GT14 members. Together, the updated Arabidopsis GT clone collection and the biochemical analysis pipeline present an efficient means to identify and characterize novel GT catalytic activities.
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Silva J, Ferraz R, Dupree P, Showalter AM, Coimbra S. Three Decades of Advances in Arabinogalactan-Protein Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610377. [PMID: 33384708 PMCID: PMC7769824 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a large, complex, and highly diverse class of heavily glycosylated proteins that belong to the family of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. Approximately 90% of the molecules consist of arabinogalactan polysaccharides, which are composed of arabinose and galactose as major sugars and minor sugars such as glucuronic acid, fucose, and rhamnose. About half of the AGP family members contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor, which allows for an association with the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The mysterious AGP family has captivated the attention of plant biologists for several decades. This diverse family of glycoproteins is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, including many algae, where they play fundamental roles in growth and development processes. The journey of AGP biosynthesis begins with the assembly of amino acids into peptide chains of proteins. An N-terminal signal peptide directs AGPs toward the endoplasmic reticulum, where proline hydroxylation occurs and a GPI anchor may be added. GPI-anchored AGPs, as well as unanchored AGPs, are then transferred to the Golgi apparatus, where extensive glycosylation occurs by the action of a variety glycosyltransferase enzymes. Following glycosylation, AGPs are transported by secretory vesicles to the cell wall or to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane (in the case of GPI-anchored AGPs). GPI-anchored proteins can be released from the plasma membrane into the cell wall by phospholipases. In this review, we present an overview of the accumulated knowledge on AGP biosynthesis over the past three decades. Particular emphasis is placed on the glycosylation of AGPs as the sugar moiety is essential to their function. Recent genetics and genomics approaches have significantly contributed to a broader knowledge of AGP biosynthesis. However, many questions remain to be elucidated in the decades ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Sharma P, Sharma S, Ramakrishna G, Srivastava H, Gaikwad K. A comprehensive review on leguminous galactomannans: structural analysis, functional properties, biosynthesis process and industrial applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:443-465. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1819196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sharma
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Sharma
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | - G. Ramakrishna
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Kishor Gaikwad
- National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR, New Delhi, India
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Yoon JM, Zhao L, Shanks JV. Metabolic engineering with plants for a sustainable biobased economy. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2013; 4:211-37. [PMID: 23540288 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061312-103320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Plants are bona fide sustainable organisms because they accumulate carbon and synthesize beneficial metabolites from photosynthesis. To meet the challenges to food security and health threatened by increasing population growth and depletion of nonrenewable natural resources, recent metabolic engineering efforts have shifted from single pathways to holistic approaches with multiple genes owing to integration of omics technologies. Successful engineering of plants results in the high yield of biomass components for primary food sources and biofuel feedstocks, pharmaceuticals, and platform chemicals through synthetic biology and systems biology strategies. Further discovery of undefined biosynthesis pathways in plants, integrative analysis of discrete omics data, and diversified process developments for production of platform chemicals are essential to overcome the hurdles for sustainable production of value-added biomolecules from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Moon Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Chou YH, Pogorelko G, Zabotina OA. Xyloglucan xylosyltransferases XXT1, XXT2, and XXT5 and the glucan synthase CSLC4 form Golgi-localized multiprotein complexes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1355-66. [PMID: 22665445 PMCID: PMC3425183 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is the major hemicellulosic polysaccharide in the primary cell walls of most vascular dicotyledonous plants and has important structural and physiological functions in plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the 1,4-β-glucan synthase, Cellulose Synthase-Like C4 (CSLC4), and three xylosyltransferases, XXT1, XXT2, and XXT5, act in the Golgi to form the xylosylated glucan backbone during xyloglucan biosynthesis. However, the functional organization of these enzymes in the Golgi membrane is currently unknown. In this study, we used bimolecular fluorescence complementation and in vitro pull-down assays to investigate the supramolecular organization of the CSLC4, XXT1, XXT2, and XXT5 proteins in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Quantification of bimolecular fluorescence complementation fluorescence by flow cytometry allowed us to perform competition assays that demonstrated the high probability of protein-protein complex formation in vivo and revealed differences in the abilities of these proteins to form multiprotein complexes. Results of in vitro pull-down assays using recombinant proteins confirmed that the physical interactions among XXTs occur through their catalytic domains. Additionally, coimmunoprecipitation of XXT2YFP and XXT5HA proteins from Arabidopsis protoplasts indicated that while the formation of the XXT2-XXT2 homocomplex involves disulfide bonds, the formation of the XXT2-XXT5 heterocomplex does not involve covalent interactions. The combined data allow us to propose that the proteins involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis function in a multiprotein complex composed of at least two homocomplexes, CSLC4-CSLC4 and XXT2-XXT2, and three heterocomplexes, XXT2-XXT5, XXT1-XXT2, and XXT5-CSLC4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsiang Chou
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology (Y.-H.C., G.P., O.A.Z.) and Interdepartmental Plant Biology Program (Y.-H.C.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Gennady Pogorelko
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology (Y.-H.C., G.P., O.A.Z.) and Interdepartmental Plant Biology Program (Y.-H.C.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Olga A. Zabotina
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology (Y.-H.C., G.P., O.A.Z.) and Interdepartmental Plant Biology Program (Y.-H.C.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Schiller M, Massalski C, Kurth T, Steinebrunner I. The Arabidopsis apyrase AtAPY1 is localized in the Golgi instead of the extracellular space. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:123. [PMID: 22849572 PMCID: PMC3511161 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two highly similar Arabidopsis apyrases AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 were previously shown to be involved in plant growth and development, evidently by regulating extracellular ATP signals. The subcellular localization of AtAPY1 was investigated to corroborate an extracellular function. RESULTS Transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing AtAPY1 fused to the SNAP-(O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase)-tag were used for indirect immunofluorescence and AtAPY1 was detected in punctate structures within the cell. The same signal pattern was found in seedlings stably overexpressing AtAPY1-GFP by indirect immunofluorescence and live imaging. In order to identify the nature of the AtAPY1-positive structures, AtAPY1-GFP expressing seedlings were treated with the endocytic marker stain FM4-64 (N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(p-diethylaminophenyl-hexatrienyl)-pyridinium dibromide) and crossed with a transgenic line expressing the trans-Golgi marker Rab E1d. Neither FM4-64 nor Rab E1d co-localized with AtAPY1. However, live imaging of transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing AtAPY1-GFP and either the fluorescent protein-tagged Golgi marker Membrin 12, Syntaxin of plants 32 or Golgi transport 1 protein homolog showed co-localization. The Golgi localization was confirmed by immunogold labeling of AtAPY1-GFP. There was no indication of extracellular AtAPY1 by indirect immunofluorescence using antibodies against SNAP and GFP, live imaging of AtAPY1-GFP and immunogold labeling of AtAPY1-GFP. Activity assays with AtAPY1-GFP revealed GDP, UDP and IDP as substrates, but neither ATP nor ADP. To determine if AtAPY1 is a soluble or membrane protein, microsomal membranes were isolated and treated with various solubilizing agents. Only SDS and urea (not alkaline or high salt conditions) were able to release the AtAPY1 protein from microsomal membranes. CONCLUSIONS AtAPY1 is an integral Golgi protein with the substrate specificity typical for Golgi apyrases. It is therefore not likely to regulate extracellular nucleotide signals as previously thought. We propose instead that AtAPY1 exerts its growth and developmental effects by possibly regulating glycosylation reactions in the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Schiller
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular Biotechnology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Carolin Massalski
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular Biotechnology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Iris Steinebrunner
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular Biotechnology, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, Dresden 01069, Germany
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Ye CY, Li T, Tuskan GA, Tschaplinski TJ, Yang X. Comparative analysis of GT14/GT14-like gene family in Arabidopsis, Oryza, Populus, Sorghum and Vitis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:688-95. [PMID: 21958711 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase family14 (GT14) belongs to the glycosyltransferase (GT) superfamily that plays important roles in the biosynthesis of cell walls, the most abundant source of cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production. It has been hypothesized that DUF266 proteins are a new class of GTs related to GT14. In this study, we identified 62 GT14 and 106 DUF266 genes (named GT14-like herein) in Arabidopsis, Oryza, Populus, Sorghum and Vitis. Our phylogenetic analysis separated GT14 and GT14-like genes into two distinct clades, which were further divided into eight and five groups, respectively. Similarities in protein domain, 3D structure and gene expression were uncovered between the two phylogenetic clades, supporting the hypothesis that GT14 and GT14-like genes belong to one family. Therefore, we proposed a new family name, GT14/GT14-like family that combines both subfamilies. Variation in gene expression and protein subcellular localization within the GT14-like subfamily were greater than those within the GT14 subfamily. One-half of the Arabidopsis and Populus GT14/GT14-like genes were found to be preferentially expressed in stem/xylem, indicating that they are likely involved in cell wall biosynthesis. This study provided new insights into the evolution and functional diversification of the GT14/GT14-like family genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yu Ye
- Biosciences Division and BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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10
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Zhou C, Yin Y, Dam P, Xu Y. Identification of novel proteins involved in plant cell-wall synthesis based on protein-protein interaction data. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5025-37. [PMID: 20687615 DOI: 10.1021/pr100249c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is mainly composed of polysaccharides, representing the richest source of biomass for future biofuel production. Currently, the majority of the cell-wall synthesis-related (CWSR) proteins are unknown even for model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We report a computational framework for predicting CWSR proteins based on protein-protein interaction (PPI) data and known CWSR proteins. We predict a protein to be a CWSR protein if it interacts with known CWSR proteins (seeds) with high statistical significance. Using this technique, we predicted 100 candidate CWSR proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana, 8 of which were experimentally confirmed by previous reports. Forty-two candidates have either independent supporting evidence or strong functional relevance to cell-wall synthesis and, hence, are considered as the most reliable predictions. For 33 of the predicted CWSR proteins, we have predicted their detailed functional roles in CWS, based on analyses of their domain architectures, phylogeny, and current functional annotation in conjunction with a literature search. We present the constructed PPIs covering all the known and predicted CWSR proteins at http://csbl.bmb.uga.edu/∼zhouchan/CellWallProtein/. The 42 most reliable candidates provide useful targets to experimentalists for further investigation, and the PPI data constructed in this work provides new information for cell-wall research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Zhou
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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11
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Boyer JS. Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2009; 36:383-394. [PMID: 32688655 DOI: 10.1071/fp09048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently discovered reactions allow the green alga Chara corallina (Klien ex. Willd., em. R.D.W.) to grow well without the benefit of xyloglucan or rhamnogalactan II in its cell wall. Growth rates are controlled by polygalacturonic acid (pectate) bound with calcium in the primary wall, and the reactions remove calcium from these bonds when new pectate is supplied. The removal appears to occur preferentially in bonds distorted by wall tension produced by the turgor pressure (P). The loss of calcium accelerates irreversible wall extension if P is above a critical level. The new pectate (now calcium pectate) then binds to the wall and decelerates wall extension, depositing new wall material on and within the old wall. Together, these reactions create a non-enzymatic but stoichiometric link between wall growth and wall deposition. In green plants, pectate is one of the most conserved components of the primary wall, and it is therefore proposed that the acceleration-deceleration-wall deposition reactions are of wide occurrence likely to underlie growth in virtually all green plants. C. corallina is one of the closest relatives of the progenitors of terrestrial plants, and this review focuses on the pectate reactions and how they may fit existing theories of plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Boyer
- College of Marine and Earth Studies and College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA. Email
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12
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Burton RA, Collins HM, Fincher GB. The Role of Endosperm Cell Walls in Barley Malting Quality. ADVANCED TOPICS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-01279-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Nielsen E. Plant Cell Wall Biogenesis During Tip Growth in Root Hair Cells. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79405-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Qu Y, Egelund J, Gilson PR, Houghton F, Gleeson PA, Schultz CJ, Bacic A. Identification of a novel group of putative Arabidopsis thaliana beta-(1,3)-galactosyltransferases. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 68:43-59. [PMID: 18548197 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To begin biochemical and molecular studies on the biosynthesis of the type II arabinogalactan chains on arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), we adopted a bioinformatic approach to identify and systematically characterise the putative galactosyltransferases (GalTs) responsible for synthesizing the beta-(1,3)-Gal linkage from CAZy GT-family-31 from Arabidopsis thaliana. These analyses confirmed that 20 members of the GT-31 family contained domains/motifs typical of biochemically characterised beta-(1,3)-GTs from mammalian systems. Microarray data confirm that members of this family are expressed throughout all tissues making them likely candidates for the assembly of the ubiquitously found AGPs. One member, At1g77810, was selected for further analysis including location studies that confirmed its presence in the Golgi and preliminary enzyme substrate specificity studies that demonstrated beta-(1,3)-GalT activity. This bioinformatic/molecular study of CAZy GT-family-31 was validated by the recent report of Strasser et al. (Plant Cell 19:2278-2292, 2007) that another member of this family (At1g26810; GALT1) encodes a beta-(1,3)-GalT involved in the biosynthesis of the Lewis a epitope of N-glycans in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Qu
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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15
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Foresti O, Denecke J. Intermediate organelles of the plant secretory pathway: identity and function. Traffic 2008; 9:1599-612. [PMID: 18627574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells comprises a network of organelles that connects three large membranes, the plasma membrane, the vacuole and the endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi apparatus and the various post-Golgi organelles that control vacuolar sorting, secretion and endocytosis can be regarded as intermediate organelles of the endocytic and biosynthetic routes. Many processes in the secretory pathway have evolved differently in plants and cannot be studied using yeast or mammalian cells as models. The best characterized organelles are the Golgi apparatus and the prevacuolar compartment, but recent work has shed light on the role of the trans Golgi network, which has to be regarded as a separate organelle in plants. In this study, we wish to highlight recent findings regarding the late secretory pathway and its crosstalk with the early secretory pathway as well as the endocytic route in plants. Recently published findings and suggested models are discussed within the context of known features of the equivalent pathway in other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Foresti
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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16
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Cavalier DM, Lerouxel O, Neumetzler L, Yamauchi K, Reinecke A, Freshour G, Zabotina OA, Hahn MG, Burgert I, Pauly M, Raikhel NV, Keegstra K. Disrupting two Arabidopsis thaliana xylosyltransferase genes results in plants deficient in xyloglucan, a major primary cell wall component. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:1519-37. [PMID: 18544630 PMCID: PMC2483363 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.059873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucans are the main hemicellulosic polysaccharides found in the primary cell walls of dicots and nongraminaceous monocots, where they are thought to interact with cellulose to form a three-dimensional network that functions as the principal load-bearing structure of the primary cell wall. To determine whether two Arabidopsis thaliana genes that encode xylosyltransferases, XXT1 and XXT2, are involved in xyloglucan biosynthesis in vivo and to determine how the plant cell wall is affected by the lack of expression of XXT1, XXT2, or both, we isolated and characterized xxt1 and xxt2 single and xxt1 xxt2 double T-DNA insertion mutants. Although the xxt1 and xxt2 mutants did not have a gross morphological phenotype, they did have a slight decrease in xyloglucan content and showed slightly altered distribution patterns for xyloglucan epitopes. More interestingly, the xxt1 xxt2 double mutant had aberrant root hairs and lacked detectable xyloglucan. The reduction of xyloglucan in the xxt2 mutant and the lack of detectable xyloglucan in the xxt1 xxt2 double mutant resulted in significant changes in the mechanical properties of these plants. We conclude that XXT1 and XXT2 encode xylosyltransferases that are required for xyloglucan biosynthesis. Moreover, the lack of detectable xyloglucan in the xxt1 xxt2 double mutant challenges conventional models of the plant primary cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Cavalier
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Rao Y, Boons GJ. A Highly Convergent Chemical Synthesis of Conformational Epitopes of Rhamnogalacturonan II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rao Y, Boons GJ. A Highly Convergent Chemical Synthesis of Conformational Epitopes of Rhamnogalacturonan II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6148-51. [PMID: 17615607 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Wolf C, Hennig M, Romanovicz D, Steinebrunner I. Developmental defects and seedling lethality in apyrase AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 double knockout mutants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 64:657-72. [PMID: 17534719 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Previously it was shown that the Arabidopsis apyrase genes AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 are crucial for male fertility because mutant pollen (apy1-1; apy2-1) with T-DNA insertions in both genes could not germinate (Steinebrunner et al. (2003) Plant Physiol. 131: 1638-1647). In this study, pollen germination was restored and apyrase T-DNA double knockouts (DKO) apy1-1/apy1-1; apy2-1/apy2-1 were generated by complementation with AtAPY2 under the control of a pollen-specific promoter. The DKO phenotype displayed developmental defects including the lack of functional root and shoot meristems. In cotyledons, morphogenetic and patterning abnormalities were apparent, e.g., unlobed pavement cells and stomatal clusters. Another set of lines was created which carried either AtAPY1 or AtAPY2 under a dexamethasone-(DEX)-inducible promoter as an additional transgene to the pollen-specific gene construct. Application of DEX did not reverse the DKO phenotype to wild-type, but some inducible lines exhibited less severe defects even in the absence of the inducer, probably due to some background expression. However, even these DKO mutants were seedling-lethal and shared other defects regarding cell division, cell expansion and stomatal patterning. Taken together, the defects in the DKO mutants demonstrate that AtAPY1 and AtAPY2 are essential for normal plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Wolf
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular Biotechnology, Technical University of Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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Suzuki S, Li L, Sun YH, Chiang VL. The cellulose synthase gene superfamily and biochemical functions of xylem-specific cellulose synthase-like genes in Populus trichocarpa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:1233-45. [PMID: 16950861 PMCID: PMC1630762 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.086678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wood from forest trees modified for more cellulose or hemicelluloses could be a major feedstock for fuel ethanol. Xylan and glucomannan are the two major hemicelluloses in wood of angiosperms. However, little is known about the genes and gene products involved in the synthesis of these wood polysaccharides. Using Populus trichocarpa as a model angiosperm tree, we report here a systematic analysis in various tissues of the absolute transcript copy numbers of cellulose synthase superfamily genes, the cellulose synthase (CesA) and the hemicellulose-related cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes. Candidate Csl genes were characterized for biochemical functions in Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells. Of the 48 identified members, 37 were found expressed in various tissues. Seven CesA genes are xylem specific, suggesting gene networks for the synthesis of wood cellulose. Four Csl genes are xylem specific, three of which belong to the CslA subfamily. The more xylem-specific CslA subfamily is represented by three types of members: PtCslA1, PtCslA3, and PtCslA5. They share high sequence homology, but their recombinant proteins produced by the S2 cells exhibited distinct substrate specificity. PtCslA5 had no catalytic activity with the substrates for xylan or glucomannan. PtCslA1 and PtCslA3 encoded mannan synthases, but PtCslA1 further encoded a glucomannan synthase for the synthesis of (1-->4)-beta-D-glucomannan. The expression of PtCslA1 is most highly xylem specific, suggesting a key role for it in the synthesis of wood glucomannan. The results may help guide further studies to learn about the regulation of cellulose and hemicellulose synthesis in wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Suzuki
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
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Tiné MAS, Silva CO, Lima DUD, Carpita NC, Buckeridge MS. Fine structure of a mixed-oligomer storage xyloglucan from seeds of Hymenaea courbaril. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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PROSEUS TIMOTHYE, BOYER JOHNS. Periplasm turgor pressure controls wall deposition and assembly in growing Chara corallina cells. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2006; 98:93-105. [PMID: 16720633 PMCID: PMC2803550 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS New wall deposition usually accompanies plant growth. External osmotica inhibit both processes but wall precursors continue to be synthesized, and exocytosis follows. Consequently, the osmotica appear to act outside of the plasma membrane. Because this implies an action of turgor pressure (P) on the periplasm by unknown mechanisms, the following study was undertaken to determine whether P could act in a way that altered wall deposition and assembly in the periplasm while the cells grow. METHODS Cells of Chara corallina were exposed to P slightly below normal by using a pressure probe while supplying inorganic carbon in light. After labelling, the walls were isolated and the amount of new wall was determined. Similar measurements were made after treatment with osmotica. Chlortetracycline-stimulated exocytosis was determined microscopically. Polysaccharide properties were determined by confocal microscopy and vapour pressure osmometry in an 'artificial periplasm' in isolated Chara cell walls, using labelled dextran as an analogue of hemicellulose, and polygalacturonate as pectin. KEY RESULTS Rapid growth and wall deposition occurred at normal P of 0.5 MPa but both processes decreased when P was lowered 0.1 MPa. Inorganic carbon uptake and exocytosis were unaffected. In the artificial periplasm, normal P caused high polysaccharide concentrations and rapid polysaccharide entry into the wall, and gel formation in the pectin. Lowering P decreased entry and gel formation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first indication that normal P of 0.5 MPa can concentrate periplasmic polysaccharides sufficiently to cause cross-linking and gel formation in pectins while simultaneously fostering the entry of large polysaccharides into small interstices in the existing wall. This P-action would thicken the primary wall and form a smooth transition between the new and old structure, suggesting a molecular mechanism of wall deposition and assembly while the wall extends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JOHN S. BOYER
- College of Marine Studies and College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Road, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
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Farrokhi N, Burton RA, Brownfield L, Hrmova M, Wilson SM, Bacic A, Fincher GB. Plant cell wall biosynthesis: genetic, biochemical and functional genomics approaches to the identification of key genes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2006; 4:145-67. [PMID: 17177793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are dynamic structures that represent key determinants of overall plant form, plant growth and development, and the responses of plants to environmental and pathogen-induced stresses. Walls play centrally important roles in the quality and processing of plant-based foods for both human and animal consumption, and in the production of fibres during pulp and paper manufacture. In the future, wall material that constitutes the major proportion of cereal straws and other crop residues will find increasing application as a source of renewable fuel and composite manufacture. Although the chemical structures of most wall constituents have been defined in detail, the enzymes involved in their synthesis and remodelling remain largely undefined, particularly those involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis. There have been real recent advances in our understanding of cellulose biosynthesis in plants, but, with few exceptions, the identities and modes of action of polysaccharide synthases and other glycosyltransferases that mediate the biosynthesis of the major non-cellulosic wall polysaccharides are not known. Nevertheless, emerging functional genomics and molecular genetics technologies are now allowing us to re-examine the central questions related to wall biosynthesis. The availability of the rice, Populus trichocarpa and Arabidopsis genome sequences, a variety of mutant populations, high-density genetic maps for cereals and other industrially important plants, high-throughput genome and transcript analysis systems, extensive publicly available genomics resources and an increasing armoury of analysis systems for the definition of candidate gene function will together allow us to take a systems approach to the description of wall biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Farrokhi
- School of Agriculture and Wine, and Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Yong W, Link B, O'Malley R, Tewari J, Hunter CT, Lu CA, Li X, Bleecker AB, Koch KE, McCann MC, McCarty DR, Patterson SE, Reiter WD, Staiger C, Thomas SR, Vermerris W, Carpita NC. Genomics of plant cell wall biogenesis. PLANTA 2005; 221:747-51. [PMID: 15981004 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-1563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Yong
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2054, USA
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PROSEUS TIMOTHYE, BOYER JOHNS. Turgor pressure moves polysaccharides into growing cell walls of Chara corallina. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2005; 95:967-79. [PMID: 15760911 PMCID: PMC4246760 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mci113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plant growth involves pressure-driven cell enlargement generally accompanied by deposition of new cell wall. New polysaccharides are secreted by the plasma membrane but their subsequent entry into the wall is obscure. Therefore, polysaccharides and gold colloids of various sizes were presented to the inner wall face as though they were secreted by the plasma membrane. METHODS Primary cell walls were isolated from growing internodes of Chara corallina and one end was attached to a glass capillary. Solutions of dextran or suspensions of gold colloids were pushed into the lumen by oil in the capillary. The oil did not enter the wall, and the solution or suspension was pressed against the inner wall face, pressurized at various 'artificial' P (turgor pressure), and polymer or colloid movement through the wall was monitored. KEY RESULTS Interstices in the wall matrix had a diameter of about 4.6 nm measured at high P with gold colloids. Small solute (0.8 nm) readily moved through these interstices unaffected by P. Dextrans of 3.5 nm diameter moved faster at higher P while dextran of 9 nm scarcely entered unless high P was present. Dextran of 11 nm did not enter unless P was above a threshold, and dextran of 27 nm did not enter at P as high as 0.5 MPa. The walls filtered the dextrans, which became concentrated against the inner wall face, and most polymer movement occurred after P stabilized and bulk flow ended. CONCLUSIONS P created a steep gradient in concentration and mechanical force at the inner wall face that moved large polymers into small wall openings apparently by starting a polymer end or deforming the polymer mechanically at the inner wall face. This movement occurred at P generally accepted to extend the walls for growth.
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Liepman AH, Wilkerson CG, Keegstra K. Expression of cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes in insect cells reveals that CslA family members encode mannan synthases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2221-6. [PMID: 15647349 PMCID: PMC548565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409179102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronoarabinoxylan, xyloglucan, and galactomannan are noncellulosic polysaccharides found in plant cell walls. All consist of beta-linked glycan backbones substituted with sugar side chains. Although considerable progress has been made in characterizing the structure of these polysaccharides, little is known about the biosynthetic enzymes that produce them. Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes are hypothesized to encode Golgi-localized beta-glycan synthases that polymerize the backbones of noncellulosic polysaccharides. To investigate this hypothesis, we used heterologous expression in Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells to systematically analyze the functions of the gene products of a group of Csl genes from Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa L.), including members from five Csl gene families (CslA, CslC, CslD, CslE, and CslH). Our analyses indicate that several members of the CslA gene family encode beta-mannan synthases. Recombinant CslA proteins produce beta-linked mannan polymers when supplied GDP-mannose. The same proteins can produce beta-linked glucomannan heteropolymers when supplied both GDP-mannose and GDP-glucose. One CslA protein also produced beta-linked glucan polymers when supplied GDP-glucose alone. Heterologous expression studies of additional candidate glycan synthases in insect cells or other systems may help identify other noncellulosic polysaccharide biosynthetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron H Liepman
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Departments of Plant Biology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Shao M, Zheng H, Hu Y, Liu D, Jang JC, Ma H, Huang H. The GAOLAOZHUANGREN1 gene encodes a putative glycosyltransferase that is critical for normal development and carbohydrate metabolism. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 45:1453-60. [PMID: 15564529 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are enzymes that catalyze the attachment of a sugar molecule to specific acceptor molecules. These enzymes have been shown to play important roles in a number of biological processes. Whereas a large number of putative glycosyltransferase genes have been identified by genomic sequencing, the functions of most of these genes are unknown. Here we report the characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant, designated gaolaozhuangren1 (glz1), which is allelic to parvus characterized recently. The glz1 mutant exhibited a reduced plant stature, reduced size of organs in the shoot and dark-green leaves, indicating an important role of GLZ1 gene in normal development. The earliest GLZ1 expression appears at the shoot apical region of 4-d-old seedlings, which coincides with the onset of the glz1 morphological phenotypes. GLZ1 is expressed in a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated manner, predominantly in the stem and silique, and moderately in the flower. GLZ1 expression is strong in the midrib of rosette and cauline leaves; however, its expression was not detectable in the midrib of the cotyledon. Further analyses revealed that carbohydrate composition and distribution were aberrant in the glz1 mutant. These, together with the GLZ1 expression pattern, suggest a requirement for the GLZ1 function in normal sink-source transition during plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghai Shao
- National Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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O'Neill MA, Ishii T, Albersheim P, Darvill AG. Rhamnogalacturonan II: structure and function of a borate cross-linked cell wall pectic polysaccharide. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2004; 55:109-39. [PMID: 15377216 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) is a structurally complex pectic polysaccharide that was first identified in 1978 as a quantitatively minor component of suspension-cultured sycamore cell walls. Subsequent studies have shown that RG-II is present in the primary walls of angiosperms, gymnosperms, lycophytes, and pteridophytes and that its glycosyl sequence is conserved in all vascular plants examined to date. This is remarkable because RG-II is composed of at least 12 different glycosyl residues linked together by more than 20 different glycosidic linkages. However, only a few of the genes and proteins required for RG-II biosynthesis have been identified. The demonstration that RG-II exists in primary walls as a dimer that is covalently cross-linked by a borate diester was a major advance in our understanding of the structure and function of this pectic polysaccharide. Dimer formation results in the cross-linking of the two homogalacturonan chains upon which the RG-II molecules are constructed and is required for the formation of a three-dimensional pectic network in muro. This network contributes to the mechanical properties of the primary wall and is required for normal plant growth and development. Indeed, changes in wall properties that result from decreased borate cross-linking of pectin may lead to many of the symptoms associated with boron deficiency in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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Perrin RM, Jia Z, Wagner TA, O'Neill MA, Sarria R, York WS, Raikhel NV, Keegstra K. Analysis of xyloglucan fucosylation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:768-78. [PMID: 12805606 PMCID: PMC167016 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.016642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2002] [Revised: 11/17/2002] [Accepted: 01/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a load-bearing primary wall component in dicotyledonous and non-graminaceous monocotyledonous plants. XyG fucosyltransferase (FUTase), encoded by the Arabidopsis gene AtFUT1, directs addition of fucose (Fuc) residues to terminal galactose residues on XyG side chains. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and analysis of promoter-beta-glucuronidase transgenic plants indicated highest expression of AtFUT1 in the upper portion of elongating inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis. XyG FUTase activity was highest in Golgi vesicles prepared from growing Arabidopsis tissues and low in those isolated from mature tissues. There was no discernible correlation between the Fuc contents of XyG oligosaccharides derived from different Arabidopsis organs and the level of AtFUT1 expression in the organs. Thus, organ-specific variations in AtFUT1 expression and enzyme activity probably reflect differential rates of cell wall biosynthesis, rather than differences in levels of XyG fucosylation. The effects of manipulating AtFUT1 expression were examined using an Arabidopsis mutant (atfut1) containing a T-DNA insertion in the AtFUT1 locus and transgenic plants with strong constitutive expression of AtFUT1. No Fuc was detected in XyG derived from leaves or roots of atfut1. Plants overexpressing AtFUT1 had higher XyG FUTase activity than wild-type plants, but the XyG oligosaccharides derived from the transgenic and wild-type plants contained comparable amounts of Fuc, indicating that suitable acceptor substrates are limiting. Galactosyl residues had slightly higher levels of O-acetylation in XyG from plants that overexpressed AtFUT1 than in XyG from wild-type plants. O-Acetylation of galactose residues was considerably reduced in Fuc-deficient mutants (atfut1, mur1, and mur2) that synthesize XyG containing little or no Fuc. These results suggest that fucosylated XyG is a suitable substrate for at least one O-acetyltransferase in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Perrin
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Nunan KJ, Scheller HV. Solubilization of an arabinan arabinosyltransferase activity from mung bean hypocotyls. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:331-42. [PMID: 12746538 PMCID: PMC166978 DOI: 10.1104/pp.102.019406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2002] [Revised: 01/18/2003] [Accepted: 02/04/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of polysaccharides destined for the plant cell wall and the subsequent assembly of the cell wall are poorly understood processes that are currently the focus of much research. Arabinan, a component of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I, is composed of arabinosyl residues connected via various glycosidic linkages, and therefore, the biosynthesis of arabinan is likely to involve more than one arabinosyltransferase. We have studied the transfer of [(14)C]arabinose (Ara) from UDP-L-arabinopyranose onto polysaccharides using microsomal membranes isolated from mung bean (Vigna radiata) hypocotyls. [(14)C]arabinosyl and [(14)C]xylosyl residues were incorporated into endogenous products due to the presence of UDP-Xyl-4-epimerase activity. Enzymatic digestion of endogenous products with endo-arabinanase released very little radiolabeled sugars, whereas digestion with arabinofuranosidase released some [(14)C]Ara. Microsomal membranes solubilized with the detergent octyl glucoside were able to add a single [(14)C]Ara residue onto (1-->5)-linked alpha-L-arabino-oligosaccharide acceptors. The reaction had a pH optimum of 6.5 and a requirement for manganese ions. However, enzymatic digestion of the radiolabeled oligosaccharides with endo-arabinanase and arabinofuranosidases could not fully release the radiolabeled Ara residue, indicating that the [(14)C]Ara residue was not a (1-->2)-, (1-->3)-, or (1-->5)-linked alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl residue. Rather, mild acid treatment of the product suggested that the radiolabeled Ara residue was in a pyranose conformation, and this result was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography of radiolabeled partially methylated sugars. Using microsomal membranes separated on a discontinuous sucrose gradient, the arabinosyltransferase activity appears to be mainly localized to Golgi membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Joy Nunan
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
The characterization of cell wall mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana, combined with biochemical approaches toward the purification and characterization of glycosyltransferases, has led to significant advances in understanding cell wall synthesis and the properties of cell walls. New insights have been gained into the formation of cellulose and the functions of the matrix polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonan-II and xyloglucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Dieter Reiter
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3125, USA.
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Price NJ, Reiter WD, Raikhel NV. Molecular Genetics of Non-processive Glycosyltransferases. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2002; 1:e0025. [PMID: 22303201 PMCID: PMC3243348 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Vergara CE, Carpita NC. Beta-D-glycan synthases and the CesA gene family: lessons to be learned from the mixed-linkage (1-->3),(1-->4)beta-D-glucan synthase. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 47:145-160. [PMID: 11554469 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0668-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase genes (CesAs) encode a broad range of processive glycosyltransferases that synthesize (1-->4)beta-D-glycosyl units. The proteins predicted to be encoded by these genes contain up to eight membrane-spanning domains and four 'U-motifs' with conserved aspartate residues and a QxxRW motif that are essential for substrate binding and catalysis. In higher plants, the domain structure includes two plant-specific regions, one that is relatively conserved and a second, so-called 'hypervariable region' (HVR). Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among members of the CesA multi-gene families from two grass species, Oryza sativa and Zea mays, with Arabidopsis thaliana and other dicotyledonous species reveals that the CesA genes cluster into several distinct sub-classes. Whereas some sub-classes are populated by CesAs from all species, two sub-classes are populated solely by CesAs from grass species. The sub-class identity is primarily defined by the HVR, and the sequence in this region does not vary substantially among members of the same sub-class. Hence, we suggest that the region is more aptly termed a 'class-specific region' (CSR). Several motifs containing cysteine, basic, acidic and aromatic residues indicate that the CSR may function in substrate binding specificity and catalysis. Similar motifs are conserved in bacterial cellulose synthases, the Dictyostelium discoideum cellulose synthase, and other processive glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of non-cellulosic polymers with (1-->4)beta-linked backbones, including chitin, heparan, and hyaluronan. These analyses re-open the question whether all the CesA genes encode cellulose synthases or whether some of the sub-class members may encode other non-cellulosic (1-->4)beta-glycan synthases in plants. For example, the mixed-linkage (1-->3)(1-->4)beta-D-glucan synthase is found specifically in grasses and possesses many features more similar to those of cellulose synthase than to those of other beta-linked cross-linking glycans. In this respect, the enzymatic properties of the mixed-linkage beta-glucan synthases not only provide special insight into the mechanisms of (1-->4)beta-glycan synthesis but may also uncover the genes that encode the synthases themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Vergara
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1155, USA
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Abstract
Glycosyltransferases are involved in the biosyntheses of cell-wall polysaccharides, the addition of N-linked glycans to glycoproteins, and the attachment of sugar moieties to various small molecules such as hormones and flavonoids. In the past two years, substantial progress has been made in the identification and cloning of genes that encode glycosyltransferases. Moreover, analysis of the recently completed Arabidopsis genome sequence indicates the existence of several hundred additional genes encoding putative glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Keegstra
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, Michigan USA.
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