1
|
Wang H, Li B, Li A, An C, Liu S, Zhuang Z. Integrative Metabolomics, Enzymatic Activity, and Gene Expression Analysis Provide Insights into the Metabolic Profile Differences between the Slow-Twitch Muscle and Fast-Twitch Muscle of Pseudocaranx dentex. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6131. [PMID: 38892319 PMCID: PMC11172523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscles of teleost fish encompass heterogeneous muscle types, termed slow-twitch muscle (SM) and fast-twitch muscle (FM), characterized by distinct morphological, anatomical, histological, biochemical, and physiological attributes, driving different swimming behaviors. Despite the central role of metabolism in regulating skeletal muscle types and functions, comprehensive metabolomics investigations focusing on the metabolic differences between these muscle types are lacking. To reveal the differences in metabolic characteristics between the SM and FM of teleost, we conducted an untargeted metabolomics analysis using Pseudocaranx dentex as a representative model and identified 411 differential metabolites (DFMs), of which 345 exhibited higher contents in SM and 66 in FM. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these DFMs were enriched in the metabolic processes of lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates, purines, and vitamins, suggesting that there were significant differences between the SM and FM in multiple metabolic pathways, especially in the metabolism of energy substances. Furthermore, an integrative analysis of metabolite contents, enzymatic activity assays, and gene expression levels involved in ATP-PCr phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic oxidative energy systems was performed to explore the potential regulatory mechanisms of energy metabolism differences. The results unveiled a set of differential metabolites, enzymes, and genes between the SM and FM, providing compelling molecular evidence of the FM achieving a higher anaerobic energy supply capacity through the ATP-PCr phosphate and glycolysis energy systems, while the SM obtains greater energy supply capacity via aerobic oxidation. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the metabolic profiles and related regulatory mechanisms of skeletal muscles, thereby expanding the knowledge of metabolic physiology and ecological adaptation in teleost fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.W.); (B.L.); (A.L.); (C.A.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Busu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.W.); (B.L.); (A.L.); (C.A.); (Z.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.W.); (B.L.); (A.L.); (C.A.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Changting An
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.W.); (B.L.); (A.L.); (C.A.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Shufang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.W.); (B.L.); (A.L.); (C.A.); (Z.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhimeng Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.W.); (B.L.); (A.L.); (C.A.); (Z.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McMorris T, Hale BJ, Pine BS, Williams TB. Creatine supplementation research fails to support the theoretical basis for an effect on cognition: Evidence from a systematic review. Behav Brain Res 2024; 466:114982. [PMID: 38582412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Creatine supplementation has been put forward as a possible aid to cognition, particularly for vegans, vegetarians, the elderly, sleep deprived and hypoxic individuals. However, previous narrative reviews have only provided limited support for these claims. This is despite the fact that research has shown that creatine supplementation can induce increased brain concentrations of creatine, albeit to a limited extent. We carried out a systematic review to examine the current state of affairs. The review supported claims that creatine supplementation can increases brain creatine content but also demonstrated somewhat equivocal results for effects on cognition. It does, however, provide evidence to suggest that more research is required with stressed populations, as supplementation does appear to significantly affect brain content. Issues with research design, especially supplementation regimens, need to be addressed. Future research must include measurements of creatine brain content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry McMorris
- Institue of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth PO12ER, United Kingdom.
| | - Beverley J Hale
- Institue of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice S Pine
- Institue of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth PO12ER, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martinez-Morata I, Wu H, Galvez-Fernandez M, Ilievski V, Bottiglieri T, Niedzwiecki MM, Goldsmith J, Jones DP, Kioumourtzoglou MA, Pierce B, Walker DI, Gamble MV. Metabolomic Effects of Folic Acid Supplementation in Adults: Evidence from the FACT Trial. J Nutr 2024; 154:670-679. [PMID: 38092151 PMCID: PMC10900167 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folic acid (FA) is the oxidized form of folate found in supplements and FA-fortified foods. Most FA is reduced by dihydrofolate reductase to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5mTHF); the latter is the form of folate naturally found in foods. Ingestion of FA increases the plasma levels of both 5mTHF and unmetabolized FA (UMFA). Limited information is available on the downstream metabolic effects of FA supplementation, including potential effects associated with UMFA. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the metabolic effects of FA-supplementation, and the associations of plasma 5mTHF and UMFA with the metabolome in FA-naïve Bangladeshi adults. METHODS Sixty participants were selected from the Folic Acid and Creatine Trial; half received 800 μg FA/day for 12 weeks and half placebo. Plasma metabolome profiles were measured by high-resolution mass spectrometry, including 170 identified metabolites and 26,541 metabolic features. Penalized regression methods were used to assess the associations of targeted metabolites with FA-supplementation, plasma 5mTHF, and plasma UMFA. Pathway analyses were conducted using Mummichog. RESULTS In penalized models of identified metabolites, FA-supplementation was associated with higher choline. Changes in 5mTHF concentrations were positively associated with metabolites involved in amino acid metabolism (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, acetylmethionine, creatinine, guanidinoacetate, hydroxyproline/n-acetylalanine) and 2 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid and linoleic acid). Changes in 5mTHF concentrations were negatively associated with acetylglutamate, acetyllysine, carnitine, propionyl carnitine, cinnamic acid, homogentisate, arachidonic acid, and nicotine. UMFA concentrations were associated with lower levels of arachidonic acid. Together, metabolites selected across all models were related to lipids, aromatic amino acid metabolism, and the urea cycle. Analyses of nontargeted metabolic features identified additional pathways associated with FA supplementation. CONCLUSION In addition to the recapitulation of several expected metabolic changes associated with 5mTHF, we observed additional metabolites/pathways associated with FA-supplementation and UMFA. Further studies are needed to confirm these associations and assess their potential implications for human health. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER This trial was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01050556.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martinez-Morata
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Haotian Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marta Galvez-Fernandez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vesna Ilievski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Megan M Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeff Goldsmith
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brandon Pierce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mary V Gamble
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Candow DG, Forbes SC, Ostojic SM, Prokopidis K, Stock MS, Harmon KK, Faulkner P. "Heads Up" for Creatine Supplementation and its Potential Applications for Brain Health and Function. Sports Med 2023; 53:49-65. [PMID: 37368234 PMCID: PMC10721691 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
There is emerging interest regarding the potential beneficial effects of creatine supplementation on indices of brain health and function. Creatine supplementation can increase brain creatine stores, which may help explain some of the positive effects on measures of cognition and memory, especially in aging adults or during times of metabolic stress (i.e., sleep deprivation). Furthermore, creatine has shown promise for improving health outcome measures associated with muscular dystrophy, traumatic brain injury (including concussions in children), depression, and anxiety. However, whether any sex- or age-related differences exist in regard to creatine and indices of brain health and function is relatively unknown. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) provide an up-to-date summary and discussion of the current body of research focusing on creatine and indices of brain health and function and (2) discuss possible sex- and age-related differences in response to creatine supplementation on brain bioenergetics, measures of brain health and function, and neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Aging Muscle & Bone Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kylie K Harmon
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Faulkner
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alraddadi EA, Khojah AM, Alamri FF, Kecheck HK, Altaf WF, Khouqeer Y. Potential role of creatine as an anticonvulsant agent: evidence from preclinical studies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1201971. [PMID: 37456992 PMCID: PMC10339234 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1201971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders affecting people of all ages representing a significant social and public health burden. Current therapeutic options for epilepsy are not effective in a significant proportion of patients suggesting a need for identifying novel targets for the development of more effective therapeutics. There is growing evidence from animal and human studies suggesting a role of impaired brain energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of epilepsy. Candidate compounds with the potential to target brain energetics have promising future in the management of epilepsy and other related neurological disorders. Creatine is a naturally occurring organic compound that serves as an energy buffer and energy shuttle in tissues, such as brain and skeletal muscle, that exhibit dynamic energy requirements. In this review, applications of creatine supplements in neurological conditions in which mitochondrial dysfunction is a central component in its pathology will be discussed. Currently, limited evidence mainly from preclinical animal studies suggest anticonvulsant properties of creatine; however, the exact mechanism remain to be elucidated. Future work should involve larger clinical trials of creatine used as an add-on therapy, followed by large clinical trials of creatine as monotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Alraddadi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Khojah
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal F. Alamri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husun K. Kecheck
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wid F. Altaf
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Khouqeer
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stabilization Effects Induced by Trehalose on Creatine Aqueous Solutions Investigated by Infrared Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196310. [PMID: 36234846 PMCID: PMC9573458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is a very popular amino acid widely utilized in the sports world due to its functions mainly related to muscle building and increasing performance. The present work investigates the behavior of creatine aqueous solutions and of creatine aqueous in the presence of trehalose as a function of time changes by means of Infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectra have been gathered and studied over time for both the full spectrum and the intramolecular OH-stretching region for the two mixtures. This latter region was studied more specifically using a cutting-edge technique called Spectral Distance (SD). From this analysis of the spectral features of the investigated samples, it emerges that trehalose has a significant stabilizing effect on creatine aqueous solutions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang S, Zang C, Pan J, Ma C, Wang C, Li X, Cai W, Yang K. Effects of dietary guanidinoacetic acid on growth performance, guanidinoacetic acid absorption and creatine metabolism of lambs. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264864. [PMID: 35275964 PMCID: PMC8916673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is the only precursor for the creatine synthesis of vertebrates. Creatine (Cr) and phosphocreatine (PCr) are able to provide energy for the rapid growth and development of the muscle tissue. This study evaluated the effects of dietary different levels GAA on growth performance, GAA absorption and creatine metabolism of lambs. Twenty-four 3-month-old healthy Kazakh male lambs (body weight = 27.35± 0.58 kg) were randomly divided into four groups with 6 lambs in each group. The lambs were fed with the basal diets supplemented with 0 (0 mg/kg group), 500 (500 mg/kg group), 1000 (1000 mg/kg group) and 1500 mg (1500 mg/kg group) GAA per kg diet (DM basis), respectively. The results showed that, as the GAA content of the diet increased, there was a quadratic change in DMI, with the lowest in the 500 mg/kg group and the highest in the 0 mg/kg group. The CK enzyme activity and ATP content in quadriceps muscle increased linearly with increasing levels of diary GAA in the diet. PCr levels and ADP levels in the longest dorsal muscle increased linearly with increasing levels of GAA in the diet. The relative expression of SLC6A6 and SLC6A8 mRNA in the jejunum and ileum mucosa showed a quadratic change as the dietary GAA level increased, with the lowest relative expression in both the 1500 mg/kg group. With the increase of dietary GAA level, both Cr concentration in hepatic vein plasma and the portal plasma GAA concentration shows a quadratic change, with the highest concentration in the 500 mg/kg group and the lowest concentration in the 0 mg/kg group. Therefore, dietary supplementation with 500~1000 mg/kg DM GAA is recommended for lambs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Changjiang Zang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jun Pan
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chen Ma
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Caidie Wang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wenjie Cai
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Kailun Yang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nersesova LS, Petrosyan MS, Arutjunyan AV. Neuroprotective Potential of Creatine. Hidden Resources of Its Therapeutic and Preventive Use. NEUROCHEM J+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712422010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
9
|
Schicker K, Farr CV, Boytsov D, Freissmuth M, Sandtner W. Optimizing the Substrate Uptake Rate of Solute Carriers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:817886. [PMID: 35185619 PMCID: PMC8850955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.817886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity in solute carriers arose from evolutionary pressure. Here, we surmised that the adaptive search for optimizing the rate of substrate translocation was also shaped by the ambient extracellular and intracellular concentrations of substrate and co-substrate(s). We explored possible solutions by employing kinetic models, which were based on analytical expressions of the substrate uptake rate, that is, as a function of the microscopic rate constants used to parameterize the transport cycle. We obtained the defining terms for five reaction schemes with identical transport stoichiometry (i.e., Na+: substrate = 2:1). We then utilized an optimization algorithm to find the set of numeric values for the microscopic rate constants, which provided the largest value for the substrate uptake rate: The same optimized rate was achieved by different sets of numerical values for the microscopic rate constants. An in-depth analysis of these sets provided the following insights: (i) In the presence of a low extracellular substrate concentration, a transporter can only cycle at a high rate, if it has low values for both, the Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) for substrate and the maximal substrate uptake rate (Vmax). (ii) The opposite is true for a transporter operating at high extracellular substrate concentrations. (iii) Random order of substrate and co-substrate binding is superior to sequential order, if a transporter is to maintain a high rate of substrate uptake in the presence of accumulating intracellular substrate. Our kinetic models provide a framework to understand how and why the transport cycles of closely related transporters differ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Walter Sandtner
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gonçalves MG, Medeiros MA, de Lemos LIC, de Fátima Campos Pedrosa L, de Andrade Santos PP, Abreu BJ, Lima JPMS. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Histopathological and Biochemical Parameters in the Kidney and Pancreas of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030431. [PMID: 35276790 PMCID: PMC8840440 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide health concern, and projections state that cases will reach 578 million by 2030. Adjuvant therapies that can help the standard treatment and mitigate DM effects are necessary, especially those using nutritional supplements to improve glycemic control. Previous studies suggest creatine supplementation as a possible adjuvant therapy for DM, but they lack the evaluation of potential morphological parameters alterations and tissue injury caused by this compound. The present study aimed to elucidate clinical, histomorphometric, and histopathological consequences and the cellular oxidative alterations of creatine supplementation in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 DM rats. We could estimate whether the findings are due to DM or the supplementation from a factorial experimental design. Although creatine supplementation attenuated some biochemical parameters, the morphological analyses of pancreatic and renal tissues made clear that the supplementation did not improve the STZ-induced DM1 injuries. Moreover, creatine-supplemented non-diabetic animals were diagnosed with pancreatitis and showed renal tubular necrosis. Therefore, even in the absence of clinical symptoms and unaltered biochemical parameters, creatine supplementation as adjuvant therapy for DM should be carefully evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meline Gomes Gonçalves
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
| | - Matheus Anselmo Medeiros
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Digital Metropolis Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-400, RN, Brazil;
| | | | - Lucia de Fátima Campos Pedrosa
- Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59.078-970, RN, Brazil; (L.I.C.d.L.); (L.d.F.C.P.)
| | - Pedro Paulo de Andrade Santos
- Structural and Functional Biology Graduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
- Biosciences Center, Morphology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
| | - Bento João Abreu
- Biosciences Center, Morphology Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
| | - João Paulo Matos Santos Lima
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Digital Metropolis Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-400, RN, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wallery JJ, Kale VP, Novak J, Gibbs S, Do MHT, McKew JC, Terse PS. Evaluation of chronic toxicity of cyclocreatine in beagle dogs after oral gavage administration for up to 23 weeks. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 430:115680. [PMID: 34411581 PMCID: PMC8549071 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyclocreatine (LUM-001) was evaluated for chronic toxicity (23 weeks) in beagle dogs to support clinical development in patients with creatine transporter deficiency (CTD) disorder. Deionized water (vehicle control) or cyclocreatine was administered by oral gavage twice daily (12 ± 1 h apart) at 20, 40 and 75 mg/kg/dose followed by a recovery period. Due to severe toxicity, the study was terminated earlier than the planned 39 weeks of dosing. Animals in the 20, 40 and 75 mg/kg/dose groups completed 160, 106, and 55 days of dosing, respectively, followed by 30, 55 and 106 days of a recovery period, respectively. Three (25%), 7 (58%), and 7 (58%) animals were euthanized and/or found dead in the 40, 80, and 150 mg/kg/day dose groups, respectively. Clinical signs observed were inappetence, frequent emesis, stool abnormalities, weight loss, lethargy and respiratory distress. Histopathological evaluation revealed congestion, edema, cellular infiltration, fibrin, and/or hemorrhage in the lungs of all dose groups. Additionally, animals in all cyclocreatine treatment groups had perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuoles in the heart, kidneys, skeletal and smooth muscles. After the recovery period, the vacuoles were still observed in the cardiac and renal tissues. Cyclocreatine was absorbed rapidly with mean Tmax within 1 to 2 h and half-life ranged between 2.17 and 2.79 h on Day 1, however, on the final day of dosing, it ranged between 5.80 and 8.77 h (males) and 10.3 to 13.1 h (females). To conclude, in this study the lungs, kidneys, heart, skeletal and smooth muscles were identified as the target organs of cyclocreatine toxicity in beagle dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pramod S Terse
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Impaired cardiac energy metabolism has been proposed as a mechanism common to different heart failure aetiologies. The energy-depletion hypothesis was pursued by several researchers, and is still a topic of considerable interest. Unlike most organs, in the heart, the creatine kinase system represents a major component of the metabolic machinery, as it functions as an energy shuttle between mitochondria and cytosol. In heart failure, the decrease in creatine level anticipates the reduction in adenosine triphosphate, and the degree of myocardial phosphocreatine/adenosine triphosphate ratio reduction correlates with disease severity, contractile dysfunction, and myocardial structural remodelling. However, it remains to be elucidated whether an impairment of phosphocreatine buffer activity contributes to the pathophysiology of heart failure and whether correcting this energy deficit might prove beneficial. The effects of creatine deficiency and the potential utility of creatine supplementation have been investigated in experimental and clinical models, showing controversial findings. The goal of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview on the role of creatine in cardiac energy metabolism, the assessment and clinical value of creatine deficiency in heart failure, and the possible options for the specific metabolic therapy.
Collapse
|
13
|
Parma B, Ramesh V, Gollavilli PN, Siddiqui A, Pinna L, Schwab A, Marschall S, Zhang S, Pilarsky C, Napoli F, Volante M, Urbanczyk S, Mielenz D, Schrøder HD, Stemmler M, Wurdak H, Ceppi P. Metabolic impairment of non-small cell lung cancers by mitochondrial HSPD1 targeting. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:248. [PMID: 34364401 PMCID: PMC8348813 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The identification of novel targets is of paramount importance to develop more effective drugs and improve the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Since cells alter their metabolic rewiring during tumorigenesis and along cancer progression, targeting key metabolic players and metabolism-associated proteins represents a valuable approach with a high therapeutic potential. Metabolic fitness relies on the functionality of heat shock proteins (HSPs), molecular chaperones that facilitate the correct folding of metabolism enzymes and their assembly in macromolecular structures. Methods Gene fitness was determined by bioinformatics analysis from available datasets from genetic screenings. HSPD1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from NSCLC patients. Real-time proliferation assays with and without cytotoxicity reagents, colony formation assays and cell cycle analyses were used to monitor growth and drug sensitivity of different NSCLC cells in vitro. In vivo growth was monitored with subcutaneous injections in immune-deficient mice. Cell metabolic activity was analyzed through extracellular metabolic flux analysis. Specific knockouts were introduced by CRISPR/Cas9. Results We show heat shock protein family D member 1 (HSPD1 or HSP60) as a survival gene ubiquitously expressed in NSCLC and associated with poor patients’ prognosis. HSPD1 knockdown or its chemical disruption by the small molecule KHS101 induces a drastic breakdown of oxidative phosphorylation, and suppresses cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. By combining drug profiling with transcriptomics and through a whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 screen, we demonstrate that HSPD1-targeted anti-cancer effects are dependent on oxidative phosphorylation and validated molecular determinants of KHS101 sensitivity, in particular, the creatine-transporter SLC6A8 and the subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex COX5B. Conclusions These results highlight mitochondrial metabolism as an attractive target and HSPD1 as a potential theranostic marker for developing therapies to combat NSCLC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-02049-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Parma
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vignesh Ramesh
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paradesi Naidu Gollavilli
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aarif Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Luisa Pinna
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Schwab
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Marschall
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shuman Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen- Nuremberg (FAU) and University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Department of Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen- Nuremberg (FAU) and University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francesca Napoli
- Department of Oncology At San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology At San Luigi Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Sophia Urbanczyk
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Marc Stemmler
- Department of Experimental Medicine-I, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- Stem Cell and Brain Tumour Group, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Paolo Ceppi
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ostojic SM. Modulation of CT1 Function: From Klotho Protein to Ammonia and Beyond. Front Nutr 2021; 8:660021. [PMID: 34041260 PMCID: PMC8143434 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.660021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- FSPE Applied Bioenergetics Lab, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bonilla DA, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Forero DA, Kerksick CM, Roberts MD, Rawson ES. Metabolic Basis of Creatine in Health and Disease: A Bioinformatics-Assisted Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041238. [PMID: 33918657 PMCID: PMC8070484 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is a ubiquitous molecule that is synthesized mainly in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Most of the Cr pool is found in tissues with high-energy demands. Cr enters target cells through a specific symporter called Na+/Cl−-dependent Cr transporter (CRT). Once within cells, creatine kinase (CK) catalyzes the reversible transphosphorylation reaction between [Mg2+:ATP4−]2− and Cr to produce phosphocreatine (PCr) and [Mg2+:ADP3−]−. We aimed to perform a comprehensive and bioinformatics-assisted review of the most recent research findings regarding Cr metabolism. Specifically, several public databases, repositories, and bioinformatics tools were utilized for this endeavor. Topics of biological complexity ranging from structural biology to cellular dynamics were addressed herein. In this sense, we sought to address certain pre-specified questions including: (i) What happens when creatine is transported into cells? (ii) How is the CK/PCr system involved in cellular bioenergetics? (iii) How is the CK/PCr system compartmentalized throughout the cell? (iv) What is the role of creatine amongst different tissues? and (v) What is the basis of creatine transport? Under the cellular allostasis paradigm, the CK/PCr system is physiologically essential for life (cell survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and migration/motility) by providing an evolutionary advantage for rapid, local, and temporal support of energy- and mechanical-dependent processes. Thus, we suggest the CK/PCr system acts as a dynamic biosensor based on chemo-mechanical energy transduction, which might explain why dysregulation in Cr metabolism contributes to a wide range of diseases besides the mitigating effect that Cr supplementation may have in some of these disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society–DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110861, Colombia
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences (GICAFS), Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- kDNA Genomics, Joxe Mari Korta Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-320-335-2050
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Diego A. Forero
- Professional Program in Sport Training, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111221, Colombia;
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO 63301, USA;
| | - Michael D. Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
- Edward via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Eric S. Rawson
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Science, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Role of Creatine in the Heart: Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041215. [PMID: 33917009 PMCID: PMC8067763 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is a key player in heart contraction and energy metabolism. Creatine supplementation (throughout the paper, only supplementation with creatine monohydrate will be reviewed, as this is by far the most used and best-known way of supplementing creatine) increases creatine content even in the normal heart, and it is generally safe. In heart failure, creatine and phosphocreatine decrease because of decreased expression of the creatine transporter, and because phosphocreatine degrades to prevent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) exhaustion. This causes decreased contractility reserve of the myocardium and correlates with left ventricular ejection fraction, and it is a predictor of mortality. Thus, there is a strong rationale to supplement with creatine the failing heart. Pending additional trials, creatine supplementation in heart failure may be useful given data showing its effectiveness (1) against specific parameters of heart failure, and (2) against the decrease in muscle strength and endurance of heart failure patients. In heart ischemia, the majority of trials used phosphocreatine, whose mechanism of action is mostly unrelated to changes in the ergogenic creatine-phosphocreatine system. Nevertheless, preliminary data with creatine supplementation are encouraging, and warrant additional studies. Prevention of cardiac toxicity of the chemotherapy compounds anthracyclines is a novel field where creatine supplementation may also be useful. Creatine effectiveness in this case may be because anthracyclines reduce expression of the creatine transporter, and because of the pleiotropic antioxidant properties of creatine. Moreover, creatine may also reduce concomitant muscle damage by anthracyclines.
Collapse
|
17
|
The Potential Role of Creatine in Vascular Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030857. [PMID: 33807747 PMCID: PMC7999364 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is an organic compound, consumed exogenously in the diet and synthesized endogenously via an intricate inter-organ process. Functioning in conjunction with creatine kinase, creatine has long been known for its pivotal role in cellular energy provision and energy shuttling. In addition to the abundance of evidence supporting the ergogenic benefits of creatine supplementation, recent evidence suggests a far broader application for creatine within various myopathies, neurodegenerative diseases, and other pathologies. Furthermore, creatine has been found to exhibit non-energy related properties, contributing as a possible direct and in-direct antioxidant and eliciting anti-inflammatory effects. In spite of the new clinical success of supplemental creatine, there is little scientific insight into the potential effects of creatine on cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of mortality. Taking into consideration the non-energy related actions of creatine, highlighted in this review, it can be speculated that creatine supplementation may serve as an adjuvant therapy for the management of vascular health in at-risk populations. This review, therefore, not only aims to summarize the current literature surrounding creatine and vascular health, but to also shed light onto the potential mechanisms in which creatine may be able to serve as a beneficial supplement capable of imparting vascular-protective properties and promoting vascular health.
Collapse
|
18
|
The Role of Creatine in the Development and Activation of Immune Responses. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030751. [PMID: 33652752 PMCID: PMC7996722 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of dietary supplements has become increasingly common over the past 20 years. Whereas supplements were formerly used mainly by elite athletes, age and fitness status no longer dictates who uses these substances. Indeed, many nutritional supplements are recommended by health care professionals to their patients. Creatine (CR) is a widely used dietary supplement that has been well-studied for its effects on performance and health. CR also aids in recovery from strenuous bouts of exercise by reducing inflammation. Although CR is considered to be very safe in recommended doses, a caveat is that a preponderance of the studies have focused upon young athletic individuals; thus there is limited knowledge regarding the effects of CR on children or the elderly. In this review, we examine the potential of CR to impact the host outside of the musculoskeletal system, specifically, the immune system, and discuss the available data demonstrating that CR can impact both innate and adaptive immune responses, together with how the effects on the immune system might be exploited to enhance human health.
Collapse
|
19
|
Creatine Metabolism in Female Reproduction, Pregnancy and Newborn Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020490. [PMID: 33540766 PMCID: PMC7912953 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine metabolism is an important component of cellular energy homeostasis. Via the creatine kinase circuit, creatine derived from our diet or synthesized endogenously provides spatial and temporal maintenance of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production; this is particularly important for cells with high or fluctuating energy demands. The use of this circuit by tissues within the female reproductive system, as well as the placenta and the developing fetus during pregnancy is apparent throughout the literature, with some studies linking perturbations in creatine metabolism to reduced fertility and poor pregnancy outcomes. Maternal dietary creatine supplementation during pregnancy as a safeguard against hypoxia-induced perinatal injury, particularly that of the brain, has also been widely studied in pre-clinical in vitro and small animal models. However, there is still no consensus on whether creatine is essential for successful reproduction. This review consolidates the available literature on creatine metabolism in female reproduction, pregnancy and the early neonatal period. Creatine metabolism is discussed in relation to cellular bioenergetics and de novo synthesis, as well as the potential to use dietary creatine in a reproductive setting. We highlight the apparent knowledge gaps and the research “road forward” to understand, and then utilize, creatine to improve reproductive health and perinatal outcomes.
Collapse
|
20
|
Grimaldi M, Marino C, Buonocore M, Santoro A, Sommella E, Merciai F, Salviati E, De Rosa A, Nuzzo T, Errico F, Campiglia P, Usiello A, D'Ursi AM. Prenatal and Early Postnatal Cerebral d-Aspartate Depletion Influences l-Amino Acid Pathways, Bioenergetic processes, and Developmental Brain Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:727-739. [PMID: 33274941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
d-Amino acids were believed to occur only in bacteria and invertebrates. Today, it is well known that d-amino acids are also present in mammalian tissues in a considerable amount. In particular, high levels of free d-serine (d-Ser) and d-aspartate (d-Asp) are found in the brain. While the functions of d-Ser are well known, many questions remain unanswered regarding the role of d-Asp in the central nervous system. d-Asp is very abundant at the embryonic stage, while it strongly decreases after birth because of the expression of d-aspartate oxidase (Ddo) enzyme, which catalyzes the oxidation of this d-amino acid into oxaloacetate, ammonium, and hydrogen peroxide. Pharmacologically, d-Asp acts as an endogenous agonist of N-methyl d-aspartate and mGlu5 receptors, which are known to control fundamental brain processes, including brain development, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. In this work, we studied a recently generated knockin mouse model (R26ddo/ddo), which was designed to express DDO beginning at the zygotic stage. This strategy enables d-Asp to be almost eliminated in both prenatal and postnatal lives. To understand which biochemical pathways are affected by depletion of d-Asp, in this study, we carried out a metabolomic and lipidomic study of ddo knockin brains at different stages of embryonic and postnatal development, combining nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) techniques. Our study shows that d-Asp deficiency in the brain influences amino acid pathways such as threonine, glycine, alanine, valine, and glutamate. Interestingly, d-Asp is also correlated with metabolites involved in brain development and functions such as choline, creatine, phosphocholine (PCho), glycerophosphocholine (GPCho), sphingolipids, and glycerophospholipids, as well as metabolites involved in brain energy metabolism, such as GPCho, glucose, and lactate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Marino
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Michela Buonocore
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Angelo Santoro
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Merciai
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Emanuela Salviati
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Arianna De Rosa
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Tommaso Nuzzo
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Errico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Università, 100-80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno, Via De Renzi 50, 84125 Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zajac A, Golas A, Chycki J, Halz M, Michalczyk MM. The Effects of Long-Term Magnesium Creatine Chelate Supplementation on Repeated Sprint Ability (RAST) in Elite Soccer Players. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102961. [PMID: 32998206 PMCID: PMC7600931 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of 16 weeks of a low dose of magnesium creatine chelate supplementation on repeated sprint ability test (RAST) results in elite soccer players. Materials: Twenty well-trained soccer players participated in the study. The players were divided randomly into two groups: the supplemented group (SG = 10) and placebo group (PG = 10). Out of the 20 subjects selected for the study, 16 (SG = 8, PG = 8) completed the entire experiment. The SG ingested a single dose of 5500 mg of magnesium creatine chelate (MgCr-C), in 4 capsules per day, which was 0.07 g/kg/d. The PG received an identical 4 capsules containing corn starch. Before and after the study, the RAST was performed. In the RAST, total time (TT), first and sixth 35 m sprint length (s), average power (AP) and max power (MP) were measured. Additionally, before and after the test, lactate LA (mmol/L) and acid–base equilibrium pH (-log(H+)), bicarbonates HCO3− (mmol/L) were evaluated. Also, in serum at rest, creatinine (mg/dL) concentration was measured. Results: After the study, significantly better results in TT, AP and MP were observed in the SG. No significant changes in the RAST results were observed in the PG. After the study, significant changes in the first 35 m sprint, as well as the sixth 35 m sprint results were registered in the SG, while insignificant changes occurred in the PG. A significantly higher creatinine concentration was observed. Also, a higher post-RAST concentration of LA, HCO3− and lower values of pH were observed in April, May and June compared with baseline values. Conclusions: The long timeframe, i.e., 16 weeks, of the low dose of magnesium creatine chelate supplementation improved the RAST results in the SG. Despite the long period of MgCr-C supplementation, in the end of the study, the creatinine level in the SG reached higher but still reference values.
Collapse
|
22
|
Clarke H, Kim DH, Meza CA, Ormsbee MJ, Hickner RC. The Evolving Applications of Creatine Supplementation: Could Creatine Improve Vascular Health? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092834. [PMID: 32947909 PMCID: PMC7551337 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is a naturally occurring compound, functioning in conjunction with creatine kinase to play a quintessential role in both cellular energy provision and intracellular energy shuttling. An extensive body of literature solidifies the plethora of ergogenic benefits gained following dietary creatine supplementation; however, recent findings have further indicated a potential therapeutic role for creatine in several pathologies such as myopathies, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic disturbances, chronic kidney disease and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, creatine has been found to exhibit non-energy-related properties, such as serving as a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Despite the therapeutic success of creatine supplementation in varying clinical populations, there is scarce information regarding the potential application of creatine for combatting the current leading cause of mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD). Taking into consideration the broad ergogenic and non-energy-related actions of creatine, we hypothesize that creatine supplementation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for improving vascular health in at-risk populations such as older adults or those with CVD. With an extensive literature search, we have found only four clinical studies that have investigated the direct effect of creatine on vascular health and function. In this review, we aim to give a short background on the pleiotropic applications of creatine, and to then summarize the current literature surrounding creatine and vascular health. Furthermore, we discuss the varying mechanisms by which creatine could benefit vascular health and function, such as the impact of creatine supplementation upon inflammation and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Clarke
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Do-Houn Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Cesar A. Meza
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
| | - Michael J. Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
- Department of Biokenetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Robert C. Hickner
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (H.C.); (D.-H.K.); (C.A.M.); (M.J.O.)
- Department of Biokenetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kale VP, Wallery J, Novak J, Gibbs S, Bourdi M, Do MHT, McKew JC, Terse PS. Evaluation of chronic toxicity of cyclocreatine, a creatine analog, in Sprague Dawley rat after oral gavage administration for up to 26 weeks. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104750. [PMID: 32745584 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclocreatine (LUM-001), a creatine analog, was evaluated for its nonclinical toxicity in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Deionized water as a vehicle control article or cyclocreatine was administered by oral gavage twice daily (approximately 12 ± 1 h apart) at 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg/dose levels in rats up to 26 weeks followed by a 28-day recovery period. Due to an increased incidence of seizures, the 600 mg/kg/day dose group males were dosed only for 16-weeks followed by a 14-week recovery period. Thirteen males and four females from 600 mg/kg/day dose group were sacrificed at interim on Day 113 to study plausible brain lesions and not due to moribundity. There was a dose dependent increase in the number of seizure incidences in ≥60 mg/kg/day males and 600 mg/kg/day females. Microscopically, higher incidences of vacuoles in the brain at 600 mg/kg/day in both sexes, thyroid follicular atrophy and follicular cell hypertrophy at ≥200 mg/kg/day in males and 600 mg/kg/day in females, and seminiferous tubular degeneration and/or interstitial edema in testes at ≥200 mg/kg/day were observed. Mean plasma half-life of cyclocreatine was between 3.5 and 6.5 h. In conclusion, chronic administration of cyclocreatine by oral gavage in Sprague Dawley rats induced the seizures and microscopic lesions in the brain, testes and thyroid. Based on the results of this study the highest tested dose of 600 mg/kg/day (mean Cmax of 151.5 μg/mL; AUC0-24 of 1970 h*μg/mL) was considered the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in SD rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mohammed Bourdi
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Pramod S Terse
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ellery SJ, Murthi P, Davies-Tuck ML, Della Gatta PA, May AK, Kowalski GM, Callahan DL, Bruce CR, Alers NO, Miller SL, Erwich JJHM, Wallace EM, Walker DW, Dickinson H, Snow RJ. Placental creatine metabolism in cases of placental insufficiency and reduced fetal growth. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 25:495-505. [PMID: 31323678 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaz039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is a metabolite involved in cellular energy homeostasis. In this study, we examined placental creatine content, and expression of the enzymes required for creatine synthesis, transport and the creatine kinase reaction, in pregnancies complicated by low birthweight. We studied first trimester chorionic villus biopsies (CVBs) of small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriately grown infants (AGA), along with third trimester placental samples from fetal growth restricted (FGR) and healthy gestation-matched controls. Placental creatine and creatine precursor (guanidinoacetate-GAA) levels were measured. Maternal and cord serum from control and FGR pregnancies were also analyzed for creatine concentration. mRNA expression of the creatine transporter (SLC6A8); synthesizing enzymes arginine:glycine aminotransferase (GATM) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT); mitochondrial (mtCK) and cytosolic (BBCK) creatine kinases; and amino acid transporters (SLC7A1 & SLC7A2) was assessed in both CVBs and placental samples. Protein levels of AGAT (arginine:glycine aminotransferase), GAMT, mtCK and BBCK were also measured in placental samples. Key findings; total creatine content of the third trimester FGR placentae was 43% higher than controls. The increased creatine content of placental tissue was not reflected in maternal or fetal serum from FGR pregnancies. Tissue concentrations of GAA were lower in the third trimester FGR placentae compared to controls, with lower GATM and GAMT mRNA expression also observed. No differences in the mRNA expression of GATM, GAMT or SLC6A8 were observed between CVBs from SGA and AGA pregnancies. These results suggest placental creatine metabolism in FGR pregnancies is altered in late gestation. The relevance of these changes on placental bioenergetics should be the focus of future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey J Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Padma Murthi
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria; Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Pregnancy Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miranda L Davies-Tuck
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul A Della Gatta
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise Sciences, Deakin, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anthony K May
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise Sciences, Deakin, Geelong, Australia
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise Sciences, Deakin, Geelong, Australia
| | - Damien L Callahan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Burwood, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise Sciences, Deakin, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nicole O Alers
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jan Jaap H M Erwich
- Dept of Obstetrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Euan M Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hayley Dickinson
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rod J Snow
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise Sciences, Deakin, Geelong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
The Effects of Early-Onset Pre-Eclampsia on Placental Creatine Metabolism in the Third Trimester. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030806. [PMID: 31991880 PMCID: PMC7036877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine is a metabolite important for cellular energy homeostasis as it provides spatio-temporal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) buffering for cells with fluctuating energy demands. Here, we examined whether placental creatine metabolism was altered in cases of early-onset pre-eclampsia (PE), a condition known to cause placental metabolic dysfunction. We studied third trimester human placentae collected between 27–40 weeks’ gestation from women with early-onset PE (n = 20) and gestation-matched normotensive control pregnancies (n = 20). Placental total creatine and creatine precursor guanidinoacetate (GAA) content were measured. mRNA expression of the creatine synthesizing enzymes arginine:glycine aminotransferase (GATM) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), the creatine transporter (SLC6A8), and the creatine kinases (mitochondrial CKMT1A & cytosolic BBCK) was assessed. Placental protein levels of arginine:glycine aminotransferase (AGAT), GAMT, CKMT1A and BBCK were also determined. Key findings; total creatine content of PE placentae was 38% higher than controls (p < 0.01). mRNA expression of GATM (p < 0.001), GAMT (p < 0.001), SLC6A8 (p = 0.021) and BBCK (p < 0.001) was also elevated in PE placentae. No differences in GAA content, nor protein levels of AGAT, GAMT, BBCK or CKMT1A were observed between cohorts. Advancing gestation and birth weight were associated with a down-regulation in placental GATM mRNA expression, and a reduction in GAA content, in control placentae. These relationships were absent in PE cases. Our results suggest PE placentae may have an ongoing reliance on the creatine kinase circuit for maintenance of cellular energetics with increased total creatine content and transcriptional changes to creatine synthesizing enzymes and the creatine transporter. Understanding the functional consequences of these changes warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Sironi C, Bodega F, Zocchi L, Porta C. Effects of Creatine Treatment on Jejunal Phenotypes in a Rat Model of Acidosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8070225. [PMID: 31319541 PMCID: PMC6680959 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of creatine treatment on jejunal phenotypes in a rat model of oxidative stress induced by acidosis. In particular, the activities of some antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione reductase), the level of lipid peroxidation, the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP70), and the expression of the major carriers of the cells (Na+/K+-ATPase, sodium-glucose Transporter 1—SGLT1, and glucose transporter 2—GLUT2) were measured under control and chronic acidosis conditions. Creatine did not affect the activity of antioxidant enzymes in either the control or acidosis groups, except for catalase, for which the activity was reduced in both conditions. Creatine did not change the lipid peroxidation level or HSP70 expression. Finally, creatine stimulated (Na+/K+)-ATPase expression under both control and chronic acidosis conditions. Chronic acidosis caused reductions in the expression levels of GLUT2 and SGLT1. GLUT2 reduction was abolished by creatine, while the presence of creatine did not induce any strengthening effect on the expression of SGLT1 in either the control or chronic acidosis groups. These results indicate that creatine has antioxidant properties that are realized through direct interaction of the molecule with reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the administration of creatine seems to determine a functional strengthening of the tissue, making it more resistant to acidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sironi
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Bodega
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luciano Zocchi
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Porta
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lin C, Chen Z, Zhang L, Wei Z, Cheng KK, Liu Y, Shen G, Fan H, Dong J. Deciphering the metabolic perturbation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: a 1H NMR-based metabolomics study. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:300. [PMID: 31196218 PMCID: PMC6567409 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is caused by the growth of Echinococcus multilocularis larvae in the liver. It is a chronic and potentially lethal parasitic disease. Early stage diagnosis for this disease is currently not available due to its long asymptomatic incubation period. In this study, a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics approach was applied in conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis to investigate the altered metabolic profiles in blood serum and urine samples obtained from HAE patients. The aim of the study was to identify the metabolic signatures associated with HAE. RESULTS A total of 21 distinct metabolic differences between HAE patients and healthy individuals were identified, and they are associated with perturbations in amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Furthermore, the present results showed that the Fischer ratio, which is the molar ratio of branched-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids, was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the blood serum obtained from the HAE patients than it was in the healthy patient group. CONCLUSIONS The altered Fischer ratio, together with perturbations in metabolic pathways identified in the present study, may provide new insights into the mechanistic understanding of HAE pathogenesis and potential therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caigui Lin
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China.,Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease Research, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Zhiliang Wei
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, 21205, USA
| | - Kian-Kai Cheng
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 84600, Muar, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Yueyue Liu
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Guiping Shen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Haining Fan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810001, China. .,Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Hydatid Disease Research, Xining, 810001, China.
| | - Jiyang Dong
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hummer E, Suprak DN, Buddhadev HH, Brilla L, San Juan JG. Creatine electrolyte supplement improves anaerobic power and strength: a randomized double-blind control study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:24. [PMID: 31126306 PMCID: PMC6534934 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine supplementation aids the Phosphagen system by increasing the amount of free creatine and phosphocreatine available to replenish adenosine triphosphate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a creatine and electrolyte formulated multi-ingredient performance supplement (MIPS) on strength and power performance compared to a placebo. Maximal strength along with total concentric work, mean rate of force development (mRFD), mean power, peak power, and peak force for both bench press and back squat were determined at pre-test and post-test separated by 6 weeks of supplementation. Methods Twenty-two subjects (6 females, 21 ± 2 yrs., 72.46 ± 11.18 kg, 1.72 ± 0.09 m) performed a one-repetition maximum (1RM) for back squat and bench press. Eighty percent of the subject’s pre-test 1RM was used for a maximal repetition test to assess performance variables. Testing was separated by 6 weeks of supplementation of a MIPS dose per day in a double-blind fashion for comparison. A two-way mixed analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied with an alpha level of 0.05. Results For their back squat 1RM, the MIPS group displayed significant increase of 13.4% (95% CI: 2.77, 23.8%) while placebo displayed a decrease of − 0.2% (95% CI: − 1.46, 2.87%) (p = 0.047, ηp2 = 0.201). The MIPS displayed a significant increase of 5.9% (95% CI: 2.5, 10.1%) and placebo displayed a non-significant increase of 0.7% (95% CI: − 3.49, 3.9%) in bench press maximal strength (p = 0.033,0.217). The MIPS group displayed a significant increase as well in total concentric work (26.5, 95% CI: 6.07, 46.87%, p = 0.008, ηp2 = 0.330) and mean power (17.9, 95% CI: 3.42, 32.46%, p = 0.003, ηp2 = 0.402) for the maximal repetition bench press test at 80% of their 1RM. Conclusions The MIPS was found to be beneficial to recreationally trained individuals compared to a placebo. The greatest benefits are seen in bench press and back squat maximal strength as well as multiple repetition tests to fatigue during the bench press exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hummer
- The University of Tennessee, 1914 Andy Holt Ave, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - David N Suprak
- Western Washington University, 516 High St, Bellingham, WA, 98225-9067, USA
| | - Harsh H Buddhadev
- Western Washington University, 516 High St, Bellingham, WA, 98225-9067, USA
| | - Lorrie Brilla
- Western Washington University, 516 High St, Bellingham, WA, 98225-9067, USA.
| | - Jun G San Juan
- Western Washington University, 516 High St, Bellingham, WA, 98225-9067, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gómez-Canela C, Prats E, Lacorte S, Raldúa D, Piña B, Tauler R. Metabolomic changes induced by nicotine in adult zebrafish skeletal muscle. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:388-397. [PMID: 30142605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute exposure to nicotinic agonists induces myotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. The main goal of this work was to evaluate the potential myotoxicity of nicotine acetylcholine receptor agonists on adult zebrafish muscle tissue by using nicotine as a model compound. Liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) datasets were processed with different chemometric tools based on the selection of Regions of Interest (ROI) and Multivariate Curve-Resolution (ROI-MCR procedure) Alternating Least Squares (ALS) for the analysis of different exposure experiments. Analysis of Variance Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA) of changes on metabolite peak profile areas showed significant nicotine concentration and exposure time-dependent changes, clearly differentiating between exposed and non-exposed samples and between short (2 h) and long exposure times (6 h or 24 h). Most of the changes observed in the concentrations of different metabolites are probably secondary to the observed hyperlocomotion, as they have been also observed in humans after strenuous muscular exercise. The absence of myotoxicity might be related with the reduced calcium permeability of adult muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Eva Prats
- Centre d'Investigació I Desenvolupament, CID-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Demetrio Raldúa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamí Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Oliver JM, Anzalone AJ, Turner SM. Protection Before Impact: the Potential Neuroprotective Role of Nutritional Supplementation in Sports-Related Head Trauma. Sports Med 2018; 48:39-52. [PMID: 29368186 PMCID: PMC5790849 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Even in the presence of underreporting, sports-related concussions/mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are on the rise. In the absence of proper diagnosis, an athlete may return to play prior to full recovery, increasing the risk of second-impact syndrome or protracted symptoms. Recent evidence has demonstrated that sub-concussive impacts, those sustained routinely in practice and competition, result in a quantifiable pathophysiological response and the accumulation of both concussive and sub-concussive impacts sustained over a lifetime of sports participation may lead to long-term neurological impairments and an increased risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases. The pathophysiological, neurometabolic, and neurochemical cascade that initiates subsequent to the injury is complex and involves multiple mechanisms. While pharmaceutical treatments may target one mechanism, specific nutrients and nutraceuticals have been discovered to impact several pathways, presenting a broader approach. Several studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of nutritional supplementation in the treatment of mTBI. However, given that many concussions go unreported and sub-concussive impacts result in a pathophysiological response that, too, may contribute to long-term brain health, protection prior to impact is warranted. This review discusses the current literature regarding the role of nutritional supplements that, when provided before mTBI and traumatic brain injury, may provide neurological protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Oliver
- Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University (TCU), Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA.
| | - Anthony J Anzalone
- Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University (TCU), Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| | - Stephanie M Turner
- Sports Concussion Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University (TCU), Box 297730, Fort Worth, TX, 76129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
The creatine kinase system as a therapeutic target for myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1119-1127. [PMID: 30242115 PMCID: PMC6195634 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Restoring blood flow following an acute myocardial infarction saves lives, but results in tissue damage due to ischaemia–reperfusion injury (I/R). Ameliorating this damage is a major research goal to improve recovery and reduce subsequent morbidity due to heart failure. Both the ischaemic and reperfusion phases represent crises of cellular energy provision in which the mitochondria play a central role. This mini-review will explore the rationale and therapeutic potential of augmenting the creatine kinase (CK) energy shuttle, which constitutes the primary short-term energy buffer and transport system in the cardiomyocyte. Proof-of-principle data from several transgenic mouse models have demonstrated robust cardioprotection by either raising myocardial creatine levels or by overexpressing specific CK isoforms. The effect on cardiac function, high-energy phosphates and myocardial injury will be discussed and possible directions for future research highlighted. We conclude that the CK system represents a viable target for therapeutic intervention in I/R injury; however, much needed translational studies will require the development of new pharmacological tools.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kinjo A, Sassa M, Koito T, Suzuki M, Inoue K. Functional characterization of the GABA transporter GAT-1 from the deep-sea mussel Bathymodiolus septemdierum. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 227:1-7. [PMID: 30195015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter subtype 1 (GAT-1) is a specific transporter for GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter in GABA-ergic neurons. GAT-1 belongs to the GAT group, in which five related transporters, GAT-2, GAT-3, GAT-4, CT1, and TAUT are known in mammals. By contrast, the deep-sea mussel, Bathymodiolus septemdierum has only two GAT group members, BsGAT-1 and BsTAUT, and their function in environmental adaptation is of interest to better understand the physiology of deep-sea organisms. Compared with BsTAUT, the function of BsGAT-1 is unknown. Here, we report the functional characterization of BsGAT-1. Analyses of BsGAT-1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes showed that it could transport GABA in a Na+- and Cl--dependent manner, with Km and Vmax values of 0.58 μM and 1.97 pmol/oocyte/h, respectively. BsGAT-1 activity was blocked by the GAT-1 selective inhibitors SKF89976A and ACHC. Competition assays indicated that BsGAT-1 has no affinity for taurine and thiotaurine. These characteristics were common with those of mammalian GAT-1, suggesting its conserved function in the nervous system. However, BsGAT-1 showed a certain affinity for hypotaurine, which is involved in sulfide detoxification in hydrothermal vent-specific animals. This result suggests an additional role for BsGAT-1 in sulfide detoxification, which may be specific to the deep-sea mussel. In a tissue distribution analysis, BsGAT-1 mRNA expression was observed in various tissues. The expression in the adductor and byssus retractor muscles, labial palp, and foot, which possibly contain ganglia, suggested a function in the neural system, while BsGAT-1 expression in other tissues might be related to sulfide detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kinjo
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8564, Japan.
| | - Mieko Sassa
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8564, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
| | - Tomoko Koito
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Miwa Suzuki
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Koji Inoue
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8564, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Crisafulli DL, Buddhadev HH, Brilla LR, Chalmers GR, Suprak DN, San Juan JG. Creatine-electrolyte supplementation improves repeated sprint cycling performance: A double blind randomized control study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:21. [PMID: 29743825 PMCID: PMC5930494 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine supplementation is recommended as an ergogenic aid to improve repeated sprint cycling performance. Furthermore, creatine uptake is increased in the presence of electrolytes. Prior research examining the effect of a creatine-electrolyte (CE) supplement on repeated sprint cycling performance, however, did not show post-supplementation improvement. The purpose of this double blind randomized control study was to investigate the effect of a six-week CE supplementation intervention on overall and repeated peak and mean power output during repeated cycling sprints with recovery periods of 2 min between sprints. Methods Peak and mean power generated by 23 male recreational cyclists (CE group: n = 12; 24.0 ± 4.2 years; placebo (P) group: n = 11; 23.3 ± 3.1 years) were measured on a Velotron ergometer as they completed five 15-s cycling sprints, with 2 min of recovery between sprints, pre- and post-supplementation. Mixed-model ANOVAs were used for statistical analyses. Results A supplement-time interaction showed a 4% increase in overall peak power (pre: 734 ± 75 W; post: 765 ± 71 W; p = 0.040; ηp2 = 0.187) and a 5% increase in overall mean power (pre: 586 ± 72 W; post: 615 ± 74 W; p = 0.019; ηp2 = 0.234) from pre- to post-supplementation for the CE group. For the P group, no differences were observed in overall peak (pre: 768 ± 95 W; post: 772 ± 108 W; p = 0.735) and overall mean power (pre: 638 ± 77 W; post: 643 ± 92 W; p = 0.435) from pre- to post-testing. For repeated sprint analysis, peak (pre: 737 ± 88 W; post: 767 ± 92 W; p = 0.002; ηp2 = 0.380) and mean (pre: 650 ± 92 W; post: 694 ± 87 W; p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.578) power output were significantly increased only in the first sprint effort in CE group from pre- to post-supplementation testing. For the P group, no differences were observed for repeated sprint performance. Conclusion A CE supplement improves overall and repeated short duration sprint cycling performance when sprints are interspersed with adequate recovery periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Crisafulli
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Carver 201L, MS 9067, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
| | - Harsh H Buddhadev
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Carver 201L, MS 9067, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
| | - Lorrie R Brilla
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Carver 201L, MS 9067, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
| | - Gordon R Chalmers
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Carver 201L, MS 9067, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
| | - David N Suprak
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Carver 201L, MS 9067, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
| | - Jun G San Juan
- Kinesiology Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Western Washington University, Carver 201L, MS 9067, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Santacruz L, Arciniegas AJL, Darrabie M, Mantilla JG, Baron RM, Bowles DE, Mishra R, Jacobs DO. Hypoxia decreases creatine uptake in cardiomyocytes, while creatine supplementation enhances HIF activation. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/16/e13382. [PMID: 28821596 PMCID: PMC5582266 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine (Cr), phosphocreatine (PCr), and creatine kinases (CK) comprise an energy shuttle linking ATP production in mitochondria with cellular consumption sites. Myocytes cannot synthesize Cr: these cells depend on uptake across the cell membrane by a specialized creatine transporter (CrT) to maintain intracellular Cr levels. Hypoxia interferes with energy metabolism, including the activity of the creatine energy shuttle, and therefore affects intracellular ATP and PCr levels. Here, we report that exposing cultured cardiomyocytes to low oxygen levels rapidly diminishes Cr transport by decreasing Vmax and Km. Pharmacological activation of AMP‐activated kinase (AMPK) abrogated the reduction in Cr transport caused by hypoxia. Cr supplementation increases ATP and PCr content in cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia, while also significantly augmenting the cellular adaptive response to hypoxia mediated by HIF‐1 activation. Our results indicate that: (1) hypoxia reduces Cr transport in cardiomyocytes in culture, (2) the cytoprotective effects of Cr supplementation are related to enhanced adaptive physiological responses to hypoxia mediated by HIF‐1, and (3) Cr supplementation increases the cellular ATP and PCr content in RNCMs exposed to hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Santacruz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas .,Department of Natural Sciences, Bowie State University, Bowie, Maryland
| | - Antonio Jose Luis Arciniegas
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Rebecca M Baron
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dawn E Bowles
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Danny O Jacobs
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Riesberg LA, McDonald TL, Wang Y, Chen XM, Holzmer SW, Tracy SM, Drescher KM. Creatinine downregulates TNF-α in macrophage and T cell lines. Cytokine 2018; 110:29-38. [PMID: 29698843 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Creatinine is the breakdown product of creatine, a key participant in the generation of ATP and is traditionally considered to be a biologically inert waste product. Based on our earlier work, we analyzed the effects of creatinine hydrochloride on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, in a human T cell line, as well as human and mouse macrophage cell lines. Exposing cells to creatinine hydrochloride significantly reduced TNF-α mRNA and protein levels compared to control-treated cultures in all cell lines tested. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent inducer of inflammation, was employed with in mouse macrophage cell lines to induce high levels of TNF-α in order to determine whether creatinine hydrochloride could reduce preexisting inflammation. Cells treated with LPS and creatinine hydrochloride had significantly reduced TNF-α levels compared to cells treated with LPS alone. As the NF-κB signaling pathway represents a major mechanism of TNF-α generation, nuclear extracts were examined for NF-κB pathway activation. Cells exposed to CRN had significantly lower levels of NF-κB in the nucleus compared to control-treated cells. Together, these results support the hypothesis that CRN can alter anti-inflammatory responses by interfering with the activation of the NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Riesberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Thomas L McDonald
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Stephanie W Holzmer
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Steven M Tracy
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tomcik KA, Camera DM, Bone JL, Ross ML, Jeacocke NA, Tachtsis B, Senden J, VAN Loon LJC, Hawley JA, Burke LM. Effects of Creatine and Carbohydrate Loading on Cycling Time Trial Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:141-150. [PMID: 28806275 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Creatine (Cr) and carbohydrate loadings are dietary strategies used to enhance exercise capacity. This study examined the metabolic and performance effects of a combined CR and CHO loading regiment on time trial (TT) cycling bouts. METHODS Eighteen well-trained (~65 mL·kg·min V˙O2peak) men completed three performance trials (PT) that comprised a 120-km cycling TT interspersed with alternating 1- and 4-km sprints (six sprints each) performed every 10 km followed by an inclined ride to fatigue (~90% V˙O2peak). Subjects were pair matched into either CR-loaded (20 g·d for 5 d + 3 g·d for 9 d) or placebo (PLA) groups (n = 9) after the completion of PT1. All subjects undertook a crossover application of the carbohydrate interventions, consuming either moderate (6 g·kg body mass (BM) per day; MOD) or CHO-loaded (12 g·kg BM·d; LOAD) diets before PT2 and PT3. Muscle biopsies were taken before PT1, 18 h after PT1, and before both PT2 and PT3. RESULTS No significant differences in overall TT or inclined ride times were observed between intervention groups. PLA + LOAD improved power above baseline (P < 0.05) during the final 1-km sprint, whereas CR + MOD and CR + LOAD improved power (P < 0.05) during the final 4-km sprint. Greater power was achieved with MOD and LOAD compared with baseline with PLA (P < 0.05). CR increased pre-PT BM compared with PLA (+1.54% vs +0.99% from baseline). CR + LOAD facilitated greater [total CR] (P < 0.05 vs baseline) and muscle [glycogen] (P < 0.01 vs baseline and MOD) compared with PLA + LOAD. Mechanistic target of rapamycin decreased from baseline after glycogen depletion (~30%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Power output in the closing sprints of exhaustive TT cycling increased with CR ingestion despite a CR-mediated increase in weight. CR cosupplemented with carbohydrates may therefore be beneficial strategy for late-stage breakaway moments in endurance events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristyen A Tomcik
- 1Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, AUSTRALIA; 2Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory, AUSTRALIA; 3NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, THE NETHERLANDS; and 4Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ammal Kaidery N, Thomas B. Current perspective of mitochondrial biology in Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2018; 117:91-113. [PMID: 29550604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by preferential loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein. Although the cause of PD remains elusive, remarkable advances have been made in understanding the possible causative mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. An explosion of discoveries during the past two decades has led to the identification of several autosomal dominant and recessive genes that cause familial forms of PD. The investigations of these familial PD gene products have shed considerable insights into the molecular pathogenesis of the more common sporadic PD. A growing body of evidence suggests that the etiology of PD is multifactorial and involves a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Substantial evidence from human tissues, genetic and toxin-induced animal and cellular models indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the pathophysiology of PD. Deficits in mitochondrial functions due to bioenergetics defects, alterations in the mitochondrial DNA, generation of reactive oxygen species, aberrant calcium homeostasis, and anomalies in mitochondrial dynamics and quality control are implicated in the underlying mechanisms of neuronal cell death in PD. In this review, we discuss how familial PD-linked genes and environmental factors interface the pathways regulating mitochondrial functions and thereby potentially converge both familial and sporadic PD at the level of mitochondrial integrity. We also provide an overview of the status of therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in PD. Unraveling potential pathways that influence mitochondrial homeostasis in PD may hold the key to therapeutic intervention for this debilitating neurodegenerative movement disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Neurology Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Alraddadi EA, Lillico R, Vennerstrom JL, Lakowski TM, Miller DW. Absolute Oral Bioavailability of Creatine Monohydrate in Rats: Debunking a Myth. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E31. [PMID: 29518030 PMCID: PMC5874844 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatine is an ergogenic compound used by athletes to enhance performance. Supplementation with creatine monohydrate (CM) has been suggested for musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. Until now, little is known about its pharmacokinetic profile. Our objective was to determine the oral bioavailability of CM and the influence of dose on oral absorption. Rats were dosed orally with low dose (10 mg/kg) or high dose (70 mg/kg) 13C-labeled CM. Blood samples were removed at various time points. Muscle and brain tissue were collected at the conclusion of the study. Plasma and tissue levels of 13C-labeled creatine were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of CM were built using GastroPlus™. These models were used to predict the plasma concentration-time profiles of creatine hydrochloride (CHCL), which has improved aqueous solubility compared to CM. Absolute oral bioavailability for low dose CM was 53% while high dose CM was only 16%. The simulated Cmax of 70 mg/kg CHCL was around 35 μg/mL compared to 14 μg/mL for CM with a predicted oral bioavailability of 66% with CHCL compared to 17% with CM. Our results suggest that the oral bioavailability of CM is less than complete and subject to dose and that further examination of improved dosage formulations of creatine is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman A Alraddadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3J7, Canada.
| | - Ryan Lillico
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Jonathan L Vennerstrom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6125, USA.
| | - Ted M Lakowski
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Donald W Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3J7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
An interplay between plasticity and parental phenotype determines impacts of ocean acidification on a reef fish. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 2:334-342. [PMID: 29255298 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The impacts of ocean acidification will depend on the ability of marine organisms to tolerate, acclimate and eventually adapt to changes in ocean chemistry. Here, we use a unique transgenerational experiment to determine the molecular response of a coral reef fish to short-term, developmental and transgenerational exposure to elevated CO2, and to test how these responses are influenced by variations in tolerance to elevated CO2 exhibited by the parents. Within-generation responses in gene expression to end-of-century predicted CO2 levels indicate that a self-amplifying cycle in GABAergic neurotransmission is triggered, explaining previously reported neurological and behavioural impairments. Furthermore, epigenetic regulator genes exhibited a within-generation specific response, but with some divergence due to parental phenotype. Importantly, we find that altered gene expression for the majority of within-generation responses returns to baseline levels following parental exposure to elevated CO2 conditions. Our results show that both parental variation in tolerance and cross-generation exposure to elevated CO2 are crucial factors in determining the response of reef fish to changing ocean chemistry.
Collapse
|
40
|
White DP, Baumgarner BL, Watanabe WO, Alam MS, Kinsey ST. The effects of dietary β-guanidinopropionic acid on growth and muscle fiber development in juvenile red porgy, Pagrus pagrus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 216:48-58. [PMID: 29175483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-guanidinopropionic acid (β-GPA) has been used in mammalian models to reduce intracellular phosphocreatine (PCr) concentration, which in turn lowers the energetic state of cells. This leads to changes in signaling pathways that attempt to re-establish energetic homeostasis. Changes in those pathways elicit effects similar to those of exercise such as changes in body and muscle growth, metabolism, endurance and health. Generally, exercise effects are beneficial to fish health and aquaculture, but inducing exercise in fishes can be impractical. Therefore, this study evaluated the potential use of supplemental β-GPA to induce exercise-like effects in a rapidly growing juvenile teleost, the red porgy (Pagrus pagrus). We demonstrate for the first time that β-GPA can be transported into teleost muscle fibers and is phosphorylated, and that this perturbs the intracellular energetic state of the cells, although to a lesser degree than typically seen in mammals. β-GPA did not affect whole animal growth, nor did it influence skeletal muscle fiber size or myonuclear recruitment. There was, however, an increase in mitochondrial volume within myofibers in treated fish. GC/MS metabolomic analysis revealed shifts in amino acid composition of the musculature, putatively reflecting increases in connective tissue and decreases in protein synthesis that are associated with β-GPA treatment. These results suggest that β-GPA modestly affects fish muscle in a manner similar to that observed in mammals, and that β-GPA may have application to aquaculture by providing a more practical means of generating some of the beneficial effects of exercise in fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalon P White
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-5915, United States.
| | - Bradley L Baumgarner
- Division of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of South Carolina Upstate, 800 University Way, Spartanburg, SC 29303, United States
| | - Wade O Watanabe
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-5915, United States; Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-5928, United States
| | - Md Shah Alam
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-5928, United States
| | - Stephen T Kinsey
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403-5915, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
TREM2 Maintains Microglial Metabolic Fitness in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell 2017; 170:649-663.e13. [PMID: 28802038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevated risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with hypomorphic variants of TREM2, a surface receptor required for microglial responses to neurodegeneration, including proliferation, survival, clustering, and phagocytosis. How TREM2 promotes such diverse responses is unknown. Here, we find that microglia in AD patients carrying TREM2 risk variants and TREM2-deficient mice with AD-like pathology have abundant autophagic vesicles, as do TREM2-deficient macrophages under growth-factor limitation or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Combined metabolomics and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) linked this anomalous autophagy to defective mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, which affects ATP levels and biosynthetic pathways. Metabolic derailment and autophagy were offset in vitro through Dectin-1, a receptor that elicits TREM2-like intracellular signals, and cyclocreatine, a creatine analog that can supply ATP. Dietary cyclocreatine tempered autophagy, restored microglial clustering around plaques, and decreased plaque-adjacent neuronal dystrophy in TREM2-deficient mice with amyloid-β pathology. Thus, TREM2 enables microglial responses during AD by sustaining cellular energetic and biosynthetic metabolism.
Collapse
|
42
|
Fu Y, Si Z, Li P, Li M, Zhao H, Jiang L, Xing Y, Hong W, Ruan L, Wang JS. Acute psychoactive and toxic effects of D. metel on mice explained by 1H NMR based metabolomics approach. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1295-1309. [PMID: 28584907 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Datura metel L. (D. metel) is one well-known folk medical herb with wide application and also the most abused plants all over the world, mainly for spiritual or religious purpose, over-dosing of which often produces poisonous effects. In this study, mice were orally administered with the extract of D. metel once a day at doses for 10 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg for consecutive 4 days, 1H NMR based metabolomics approach aided with histopathological inspection and biochemical assays were used for the first time to study the psychoactive and toxic effects of D. metel. Histopathological inspection revealed obvious hypertrophy of hepatocytes, karyolysis and karyorrhexis in livers as well as distinct nerve cell edema, chromatolysis and lower nuclear density in brains. The increased tissue level of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased tissue level of glutathione (GSH) along with increased serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) suggested brain and liver injury induced by D. metel. Orthogonal signal correction-partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OSC-PLS-DA) of NMR profiles supplemented with correlation network analysis revealed significant altered metabolites and related pathway that contributed to oxidative stress, energy metabolism disturbances, neurotransmitter imbalance and amino acid metabolism disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Fu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Si
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shu Shan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Pumin Li
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Li
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - He Zhao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexiao Xing
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Hong
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Ruan
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Song Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Xu W, Lin D, Huang C. NMR-based metabolomic analysis for the effects of creatine supplementation on mouse myoblast cell line C2C12. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:617-627. [PMID: 28475656 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) supplementation has drawn much attention from researchers owing to its widespread efficacy in sports, and more recently, in therapeutic fields. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we performed nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic analysis to address the metabolic profile of aqueous extracts from the mouse myoblast cell line C2C12 exposed to 2 mM Cr for 24 h (the Cr-treated group). Results showed that Cr supplementation facilitated the proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts. Both pattern recognition and hierarchical cluster analyses demonstrated that the metabolic profiles of the Cr-treated and control groups were distinctly different. We identified 13 characteristic metabolites significantly responsible for the discrimination of metabolic profiles between the two groups, through orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis and independent samples t-test. We further verified the discrimination performances of these metabolites by conducting univariate receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Compared with the control group, the Cr-treated group exhibited increased levels of Cr, phosphocreatine (PCr), glutathione (GSH), and glucose, but decreased levels of leucine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine, choline, O-phosphocholine, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and glycerol. Our results demonstrated that Cr supplementation upregulated PCr and glucose, promoted trichloroacetic acid cycle anaplerotic flux and GSH-mediated antioxidant capacity, and stabilized lipid membranes through suppressing glycerophospholipid metabolism. Our work provides new clues to the molecular mechanisms underlying the pleiotropic effects of Cr in muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Donghai Lin
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Caihua Huang
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350104, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Baharom S, De Matteo R, Ellery S, Della Gatta P, Bruce CR, Kowalski GM, Hale N, Dickinson H, Harding R, Walker D, Snow RJ. Does maternal-fetal transfer of creatine occur in pregnant sheep? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E75-E83. [PMID: 28325734 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00450.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine the disposition of creatine in ovine pregnancy and whether creatine is transferred across the placenta from mother to fetus. Pregnant ewes received either 1) a continuous intravenous infusion of creatine monohydrate or saline from 122 to 131 days gestation, with maternal and fetal arterial blood and amniotic fluid samples collected daily for creatine analysis and fetal tissues collected at necropsy at 133 days for analysis of creatine content, or 2) a single systemic bolus injection of [13C]creatine monohydrate at 130 days of gestation, with maternal and fetal arterial blood, uterine vein blood, and amniotic fluid samples collected before and for 4 h after injection and analyzed for creatine, creatine isotopic enrichment, and guanidinoacetic acid (GAA; precursor of creatine) concentrations. Presence of the creatine transporter-1 (SLC6A8) and l-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT; the enzyme synthesizing GAA) proteins were determined by Western blots of placental cotyledons. The 10-day creatine infusion increased maternal plasma creatine concentration three- to fourfold (P < 0.05) without significantly changing fetal arterial, amniotic fluid, fetal tissues, or placental creatine content. Maternal arterial 13C enrichment was increased (P < 0.05) after bolus [13C]creatine injection without change of fetal arterial 13C enrichment. SLC6A8 and AGAT proteins were identified in placental cotyledons, and GAA concentration was significantly higher in uterine vein than maternal artery plasma. Despite the presence of SLC6A8 protein in cotyledons, these results suggest that creatine is not transferred from mother to fetus in near-term sheep and that the ovine utero-placental unit releases GAA into the maternal circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Baharom
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Robert De Matteo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stacey Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Paul Della Gatta
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nadia Hale
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Hayley Dickinson
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Richard Harding
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Walker
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Rodney J Snow
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Creatine is a principle component of the creatine kinase (CK) phosphagen system common to all vertebrates. It is found in excitable cells, such as cardiomyocytes, where it plays an important role in the buffering and transport of chemical energy to ensure that supply meets the dynamic demands of the heart. Multiple components of the CK system, including intracellular creatine levels, are reduced in heart failure, while ischaemia and hypoxia represent acute crises of energy provision. Elevation of myocardial creatine levels has therefore been suggested as potentially beneficial, however, achieving this goal is not trivial. This mini-review outlines the evidence in support of creatine elevation and critically examines the pharmacological approaches that are currently available. In particular, dietary creatine-supplementation does not sufficiently elevate creatine levels in the heart due to subsequent down-regulation of the plasma membrane creatine transporter (CrT). Attempts to increase passive diffusion and bypass the CrT, e.g. via creatine esters, have yet to be tested in the heart. However, studies in mice with genetic overexpression of the CrT demonstrate proof-of-principle that elevated creatine protects the heart from ischaemia-reperfusion injury. This suggests activation of the CrT as a major unmet pharmacological target. However, translation of this finding to the clinic will require a greater understanding of CrT regulation in health and disease and the development of small molecule activators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Craig A Lygate
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Headington OX3 7BN, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Riesberg LA, Weed SA, McDonald TL, Eckerson JM, Drescher KM. Beyond muscles: The untapped potential of creatine. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 37:31-42. [PMID: 26778152 PMCID: PMC4915971 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is widely used by both elite and recreational athletes as an ergogenic aid to enhance anaerobic exercise performance. Older individuals also use creatine to prevent sarcopenia and, accordingly, may have therapeutic benefits for muscle wasting diseases. Although the effect of creatine on the musculoskeletal system has been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to its potential effects on other physiological systems. Because there is a significant pool of creatine in the brain, the utility of creatine supplementation has been examined in vitro as well as in vivo in both animal models of neurological disorders and in humans. While the data are preliminary, there is evidence to suggest that individuals with certain neurological conditions may benefit from exogenous creatine supplementation if treatment protocols can be optimized. A small number of studies that have examined the impact of creatine on the immune system have shown an alteration in soluble mediator production and the expression of molecules involved in recognizing infections, specifically toll-like receptors. Future investigations evaluating the total impact of creatine supplementation are required to better understand the benefits and risks of creatine use, particularly since there is increasing evidence that creatine may have a regulatory impact on the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Riesberg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Stephanie A Weed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Thomas L McDonald
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6495, USA
| | - Joan M Eckerson
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tomcik KA, Smiles WJ, Camera DM, Hügel HM, Hawley JA, Watts R. Fenugreek increases insulin-stimulated creatine content in L6C11 muscle myotubes. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:973-979. [PMID: 26732502 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Creatine uptake by muscle cells is increased in the presence of insulin. Accordingly, compounds with insulin-like actions may also augment creatine uptake. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), an insulin mimetic, increases total intracellular creatine levels in vitro. METHODS Total cellular creatine content was measured fluorometrically in L6C11 muscle myotubes treated for 1, 4, and 24 h with 0.5 mM creatine (CR), CR and 20 μg/mL fenugreek seed extract (CR + FEN), CR and 100 nM insulin (CR + INS), and CR + INS + FEN (n = 6 per treatment group). Alterations in the expression of the sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter, SLC6A8, and key signaling proteins in the PI3-K/Akt pathway were determined. RESULTS Compared to control (CON), CR + INS + FEN increased total creatine content after 4 h (P < 0.05), whereas all conditions increased SLC6A8 protein expression above CON at this time (P < 0.05). Changes in insulin signaling were demonstrated via increases in AktThr308 phosphorylation, with CR + INS > CON and CR at 1 h (P < 0.05) and with CR + INS + FEN > CON, CR, and CR + INS at 4 h (P < 0.05). In contrast, no changes in PKCζ/λ or GLUT4 phosphorylation were detected. CONCLUSION Fenugreek, when combined with insulin, modulates creatine content via a mechanism which is independent of the activity of SLC6A8, suggesting that an alternative mechanism is responsible for the regulation and facilitation of insulin-mediated creatine uptake in skeletal muscle cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristyen A Tomcik
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - William J Smiles
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| | - Helmut M Hügel
- School of Applied Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia. .,Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Rani Watts
- Centre for Exercise and Nutrition, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ellery SJ, LaRosa DA, Kett MM, Della Gatta PA, Snow RJ, Walker DW, Dickinson H. Dietary creatine supplementation during pregnancy: a study on the effects of creatine supplementation on creatine homeostasis and renal excretory function in spiny mice. Amino Acids 2015; 48:1819-30. [PMID: 26695944 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence obtained from a rodent model of birth asphyxia shows that supplementation of the maternal diet with creatine during pregnancy protects the neonate from multi-organ damage. However, the effect of increasing creatine intake on creatine homeostasis and biosynthesis in females, particularly during pregnancy, is unknown. This study assessed the impact of creatine supplementation on creatine homeostasis, body composition, capacity for de novo creatine synthesis and renal excretory function in non-pregnant and pregnant spiny mice. Mid-gestation pregnant and virgin spiny mice were fed normal chow or chow supplemented with 5 % w/w creatine for 18 days. Weight gain, urinary creatine and electrolyte excretion were assessed during supplementation. At post mortem, body composition was assessed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, or tissues were collected to assess creatine content and mRNA expression of the creatine synthesising enzymes arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) and the creatine transporter (CrT1). Protein expression of AGAT and GAMT was also assessed by Western blot. Key findings of this study include no changes in body weight or composition with creatine supplementation; increased urinary creatine excretion in supplemented spiny mice, with increased sodium (P < 0.001) and chloride (P < 0.05) excretion in pregnant dams after 3 days of supplementation; lowered renal AGAT mRNA (P < 0.001) and protein (P < 0.001) expressions, and lowered CrT1 mRNA expression in the kidney (P < 0.01) and brain (P < 0.001). Creatine supplementation had minimal impact on creatine homeostasis in either non-pregnant or pregnant spiny mice. Increasing maternal dietary creatine consumption could be a useful treatment for birth asphyxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey J Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, Melbourne, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Domenic A LaRosa
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, Melbourne, 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle M Kett
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul A Della Gatta
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rod J Snow
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David W Walker
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, Melbourne, 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hayley Dickinson
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton, Melbourne, 3168, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Diminution of Oxidative Damage to Human Erythrocytes and Lymphocytes by Creatine: Possible Role of Creatine in Blood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141975. [PMID: 26555819 PMCID: PMC4640867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is naturally produced in the body and stored in muscles where it is involved in energy generation. It is widely used, especially by athletes, as a staple supplement for improving physical performance. Recent reports have shown that Cr displays antioxidant activity which could explain its beneficial cellular effects. We have evaluated the ability of Cr to protect human erythrocytes and lymphocytes against oxidative damage. Erythrocytes were challenged with model oxidants, 2, 2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence and absence of Cr. Incubation of erythrocytes with oxidant alone increased hemolysis, methemoglobin levels, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content. This was accompanied by decrease in glutathione levels. Antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant power of the cell were compromised while the activity of membrane bound enzyme was lowered. This suggests induction of oxidative stress in erythrocytes by AAPH and H2O2. However, Cr protected the erythrocytes by ameliorating the AAPH and H2O2 induced changes in these parameters. This protective effect was confirmed by electron microscopic analysis which showed that oxidant-induced cell damage was attenuated by Cr. No cellular alterations were induced by Cr alone even at 20 mM, the highest concentration used. Creatinine, a by-product of Cr metabolism, was also shown to exert protective effects, although it was slightly less effective than Cr. Human lymphocytes were similarly treated with H2O2 in absence and presence of different concentrations of Cr. Lymphocytes incubated with oxidant alone had alterations in various biochemical and antioxidant parameters including decrease in cell viability and induction of DNA damage. The presence of Cr attenuated all these H2O2-induced changes in lymphocytes. Thus, Cr can function as a blood antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage, genotoxicity and can potentially increase their lifespan.
Collapse
|
50
|
Whole body creatine and protein kinetics in healthy men and women: effects of creatine and amino acid supplementation. Amino Acids 2015; 48:677-687. [PMID: 26480831 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Creatine kinetics were measured in young healthy subjects, eight males and seven females, age 20-30 years, after an overnight fast on creatine-free diet. Whole body turnover of glycine and its appearance in creatine was quantified using [1-(13)C] glycine and the rate of protein turnover was quantified using L-ring [(2)H5] phenylalanine. The creatine pool size was estimated by the dilution of a bolus [C(2)H3] creatine. Studies were repeated following a five days supplement creatine 21 g.day(-1) and following supplement amino acids 14.3 g day(-1). Creatine caused a ten-fold increase in the plasma concentration of creatine and a 50 % decrease in the concentration of guanidinoacetic acid. Plasma amino acids profile showed a significant decrease in glycine, glutamine, and taurine and a significant increase in citrulline, valine, lysine, and cysteine. There was a significant decrease in the rate of appearance of glycine, suggesting a decrease in de-novo synthesis (p = 0.006). The fractional and absolute rate of synthesis of creatine was significantly decreased by supplemental creatine. Amino acid supplement had no impact on any of the parameters. This is the first detailed analysis of creatine kinetics and the effects of creatine supplement in healthy young men and women. These methods can be applied for the analysis of creatine kinetics in different physiological states.
Collapse
|