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Salem F, Nimavardi A, Mudunuru J, Tompson D, Bloomer J, Turner DB, Taskar KS. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for development and applications of a virtual celiac disease population using felodipine as a model drug. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:808-820. [PMID: 36855819 PMCID: PMC10272307 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In celiac disease (CeD), gastrointestinal CYP3A4 abundance and morphology is affected by the severity of disease. Therefore, exposure to CYP3A4 substrates and extent of drug interactions is altered. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) population for different severities of CeD was developed. Gastrointestinal physiology parameters, such as luminal pH, transit times, morphology, P-gp, and CYP3A4 expression were included in development of the CeD population. Data on physiological difference between healthy and CeD subjects were incorporated into the model as the ratio of celiac to healthy. A PBPK model was developed and verified for felodipine extended-release tablet in healthy volunteers (HVs) and then utilized to verify the CeD populations. Plasma concentration-time profile and PK parameters were predicted and compared against those observed in both groups. Sensitivity analysis was carried out on key system parameters in CeD to understand their impact on drug exposure. For felodipine, the predicted mean concentration-time profiles and 5th and 95th percentile intervals captured the observed profile and variability in the HV and CeD populations. Predicted and observed clearance was 56.9 versus 56.1 (L/h) in HVs. Predicted versus observed mean ± SD area under the curve for extended release felodipine in different severities of CeD were values of 14.5 ± 9.6 versus 14.4 ± 2.1, 14.6 ± 9.0 versus 17.2 ± 2.8, and 28.1 ± 13.5 versus 25.7 ± 5.0 (ng.h/mL), respectively. Accounting for physiology differences in a CeD population accurately predicted the PK of felodipine. The developed CeD population can be applied for determining the drug concentration of CYP3A substrates in the gut as well as for systemic levels, and for application in drug-drug interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Salem
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, R&DStevenageUK
| | | | - Jennypher Mudunuru
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, R&DCollegevillePAUSA
| | - Debra Tompson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, R&DStevenageUK
| | - Jackie Bloomer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, R&DStevenageUK
| | | | - Kunal S. Taskar
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, R&DStevenageUK
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Jeliński T, Kubsik M, Cysewski P. Application of the Solute-Solvent Intermolecular Interactions as Indicator of Caffeine Solubility in Aqueous Binary Aprotic and Proton Acceptor Solvents: Measurements and Quantum Chemistry Computations. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072472. [PMID: 35407805 PMCID: PMC8999965 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The solubility of caffeine in aqueous binary mixtures was measured in five aprotic proton acceptor solvents (APAS) including dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, 1,4-dioxane, acetonitrile, and acetone. The whole range of concentrations was studied in four temperatures between 25 °C and 40 °C. All systems exhibit a strong cosolvency effect resulting in non-monotonous solubility trends with changes of the mixture composition and showing the highest solubility at unimolar proportions of organic solvent and water. The observed solubility trends were interpreted based on the values of caffeine affinities toward homo- and hetero-molecular pairs formation, determined on an advanced quantum chemistry level including electron correlation and correction for vibrational zero-point energy. It was found that caffeine can act as a donor in pairs formation with all considered aprotic solvents using the hydrogen atom attached to the carbon in the imidazole ring. The computed values of Gibbs free energies of intermolecular pairs formation were further utilized for exploring the possibility of using them as potential solubility prognostics. A semi-quantitative relationship (R2 = 0.78) between caffeine affinities and the measured solubility values was found, which was used for screening for new greener solvents. Based on the values of the environmental index (EI), four morpholine analogs were considered and corresponding caffeine affinities were computed. It was found that the same solute–solvent structural motif stabilizes hetero-molecular pairs suggesting their potential applicability as greener replacers of traditional aprotic proton acceptor solvents. This hypothesis was confirmed by additional caffeine solubility measurements in 4-formylmorpholine. This solvent happened to be even more efficient compared to DMSO and the obtained solubility profile follows the cosolvency pattern observed for other aprotic proton acceptor solvents.
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Moritani T, Kaneko Y, Morinaga T, Ohtake H, Seto Y, Sato H, Onoue S. Tranilast-loaded amorphous solid dispersion prepared with fine droplet drying process for improvement of oral absorption and anti-inflammatory effects on chemically-induced colitis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jeliński T, Stasiak D, Kosmalski T, Cysewski P. Experimental and Theoretical Study on Theobromine Solubility Enhancement in Binary Aqueous Solutions and Ternary Designed Solvents. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081118. [PMID: 34452079 PMCID: PMC8401494 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The solubility of theobromine was studied both experimentally and theoretically. The solubility was determined spectrophotometrically at 25 °C in neat organic solvents, aqueous binary mixtures, Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) and ternary NADES mixtures with water. It was found that addition of water in unimolar proportions with some organic solvents increases theobromine solubility compared to neat solvents. Additionally, using NADES results in a solubility increase of the studied compound not only in relation to water but also DMSO. The addition of water (0.2 molar fraction) to NADES is responsible for an even larger increase of solubility. The measured solubilities were interpreted in terms of three theoretical frameworks. The first one-belonging to the set of data reduction techniques-proved to be very efficient in quantitative back-computations of excess solubility of theobromine in all studied systems. The default approach utilizing the well-recognized COSMO-RS (Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents) framework offered at most a qualitative solubility description. The extended search for possible contacts provided evidence for the existence of many intermolecular complexes that alter the electron density of the solute molecule, thus influencing solubility computations. Taking into account such intermolecular contacts by using the COSMO-RS-DARE (Conductor-like Screening Model for Realistic Solvation-Dimerization, Aggregation, and Reaction Extension) framework seriously increased the accuracy of solubility computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jeliński
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (D.S.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-525-853-614
| | - Dawid Stasiak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Tomasz Kosmalski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, A. Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Piotr Cysewski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (D.S.); (P.C.)
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Cysewski P, Jeliński T, Cymerman P, Przybyłek M. Solvent Screening for Solubility Enhancement of Theophylline in Neat, Binary and Ternary NADES Solvents: New Measurements and Ensemble Machine Learning. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147347. [PMID: 34298966 PMCID: PMC8304713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theophylline, a typical representative of active pharmaceutical ingredients, was selected to study the characteristics of experimental and theoretical solubility measured at 25 °C in a broad range of solvents, including neat, binary mixtures and ternary natural deep eutectics (NADES) prepared with choline chloride, polyols and water. There was a strong synergistic effect of organic solvents mixed with water, and among the experimentally studied binary systems, the one containing DMSO with water in unimolar proportions was found to be the most effective in theophylline dissolution. Likewise, for NADES, the addition of water (0.2 molar fraction) resulted in increased solubility compared to pure eutectics, with the highest solubilisation potential offered by the composition of choline chloride with glycerol. The ensemble of Statistica Automated Neural Networks (SANNs) developed using intermolecular interactions in pure systems has been found to be a very accurate model for solubility computations. This machine learning protocol was also applied as an extensive screening for potential solvents with higher solubility of theophylline. Such solvents were identified in all three subgroups, including neat solvents, binary mixtures and ternary NADES systems. Some methodological considerations of SANNs applications for future modelling were also provided. Although the developed protocol is focused exclusively on theophylline solubility, it also has general importance and can be used for the development of predictive models adequate for solvent screening of other compounds in a variety of systems. Formulation of such a model offers rational guidance for the selection of proper candidates as solubilisers in the designed solvents screening.
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Shi X, Zhou X, Shen S, Chen Q, Song S, Gu C, Wang C. Improved in vitro and in vivo properties of telmisartan in the co-amorphous system with hydrochlorothiazide: A potential drug-drug interaction mechanism prediction. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105773. [PMID: 33640500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to improve in vitro and in vivo properties of an antihypertensive poorly soluble drug Telmisartan (TEL) by co-amorphization with a pharmacologically relevant drug Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), and to improve the stability of single amorphous drugs. Herein, TEL-HCT co-amorphous systems (CAMs) (1:1, 2:3, 1:2, 1:3) were prepared by solvent evaporation. The apparent solubility and the dissolution of TEL in the TEL-HCT CAM (1:3) were increased by 79 times and 10 times compared to crystalline TEL, which showed the optimal properties. Cmax and AUC0-48h value of TEL-HCT CAM (1:3) were 10-fold and 3-fold as the crystalline state. Moreover, TEL-HCT CAM (1:3) remained stable in 60 °C, 0 % RH (30 days), 40 °C, 75 % RH (90 days) and 25 °C, 0 % RH (180 days). Positive ΔTgs were observed in all CAMs, suggesting the existence of potential intermolecular force. Fourier Transform-Infrared and Raman spectra were used to further prove the drug-drug interaction and predict potential mechanisms. Therefore, in the strategy of combined medication, CAM provides a promising way to transfer drugs with poor properties into systems with enhanced dissolution, greater bioavailability, and stabilized amorphous state, which has been proven in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China.
| | - Xiyue Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
| | - Shuimei Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
| | - Qifeng Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
| | - Shengjie Song
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
| | - Chenru Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
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Using static method to measure tolmetin solubility at different pressures and temperatures in supercritical carbon dioxide. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19595. [PMID: 33177600 PMCID: PMC7659337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolmetin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug being used to decrease the level of hormones which are the reasons for pain, swelling, tiredness, and stiffness for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis cases. We evaluated its solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) with the aim of drug nanonization, considering temperature and pressure variations between 120 and 400 bar and 308-338 K, in the experiments. In this way, a PVT solubility cell based on static solubility approach coupled with a simple gravimetric procedure was utilized to evaluate the solubility of tolmetin. The solubility values between 5.00 × 10-5 and 2.59 × 10-3 mol fraction were obtained for tolmetin depending on the pressure and temperature of the cell. The measured data demonstrated a direct correlation between pressure and solubility of tolmetin, while the effect of temperature was a dual effect depending on the crossover pressure (160 bar). The calculated solubility data were modeled using several semi-empirical correlations, and the fitting parameters were calculated using the experimental data via appropriate optimization method. The correlated solubility data revealed that the KJ model was the most accurate one with an average absolute relative deviation percent (AARD%) of 6.9. Moreover, the carried out self-consistency analysis utilizing these correlations illustrated great potential of these models to extrapolate the solubility of tolmetin beyond the measured conditions.
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Cysewski P, Jeliński T. Optimization, thermodynamic characteristics and solubility predictions of natural deep eutectic solvents used for sulfonamide dissolution. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118682. [PMID: 31505216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The limited water solubility of sulfonamides provokes a search for new solvents offering not only increased solubility but also environmental and health safety. Therefore, six sulfonamides were studied in a series of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) comprising choline chloride with multi-hydroxyl compounds. Experimental screening aimed at finding the optimized NADES composition revealed that unimolar proportion of choline chloride and glycerol offers the highest solubility advantage, equal up to 43 times compared with water at 37 °C. Besides, quantum chemistry computations based on the COSMO-RS protocol were conducted in order to gain an insight into the thermodynamic characteristics of the systems and to explain the origin of the observed solubility increase. It was found that the factor responsible for the solubility gain in NADES are the interactions between choline chloride and sulfonamide drug molecules, having the highest affinities expressed in terms of Gibbs free energy of corresponding reactions. Finally, utilizing the obtained results together with artificial neural networks led to a perfect match between experimental and predicted solubility, documented by the mean absolute percentage error value below 2.5%. The developed protocol seems to be so general and accurate that screening of potential new API-NADES systems can be significantly simplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cysewski
- Chair and Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jeliński
- Chair and Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Agents for Improving Solubility, Stability and Delivery of Curcumin. Pharm Res 2019; 36:116. [PMID: 31161340 PMCID: PMC6546644 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Study on curcumin dissolved in natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) was aimed at exploiting their beneficial properties as drug carriers. Methods The concentration of dissolved curcumin in NADES was measured. Simulated gastrointestinal fluids were used to determine the concentration of curcumin and quantum chemistry computations were performed for clarifying the origin of curcumin solubility enhancement in NADES. Results NADES comprising choline chloride and glycerol had the highest potential for curcumin dissolution. This system was also successfully applied as an extraction medium for obtaining curcuminoids from natural sources, as well as an effective stabilizer preventing curcumin degradation from sunlight. The solubility of curcumin in simulated gastrointestinal fluids revealed that the significant increase of bioavailability takes place in the small intestinal fluid. Conclusions Suspension of curcumin in NADES offers beneficial properties of this new liquid drug formulation starting from excreting from natural sources, through safe storage and ending on the final administration route. Therefore, there is a possibility of using a one-step process with this medium. The performed quantum chemistry computations clearly indicated the origin of the enhanced solubility of curcumin in NADES in the presence of intestinal fluids. Direct intermolecular contacts leading to hetero-molecular pairs with choline chloride and glycerol are responsible for elevating the bulk concentration of curcumin. Choline chloride plays a dominant role in the system and the complexes formed with curcumin are the most stable among all possible homo- and hetero-molecular pairs that can be found in NADES-curcumin systems.
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Jeliński T, Przybyłek M, Cysewski P. Solubility advantage of sulfanilamide and sulfacetamide in natural deep eutectic systems: experimental and theoretical investigations. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1120-1129. [PMID: 30883240 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1597104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the possibility of using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as solvation media for enhancement of solubility of sulfonamides, as well as gaining some thermodynamic characteristics of the analyzed systems. Significance: Low solubility of many active pharmaceutical ingredients is a well-recognized difficulty in pharmaceutical industry, hence the need for different strategies addressing this problem. Among such strategies, those that are environmentally and economically beneficial are of particular interest. Methods: The solubility of sulfanilamide and sulfacetamide in 21 different NADES compositions comprising choline chloride with sugars or sugar alcohols was measured spectrophotometrically. Thermodynamic parameters describing the studied systems were determined using the COSMO-RS computational protocol. Results: All of the considered NADES compositions gave an increase in solubility of the studied sulfonamides, with the highest solubilities obtained for the system comprising choline chloride and glycerol in unimolar proportions, which gave a solubility advantage of 83.7 and 73.8 for sulfanilamide and sulfacetamide, respectively. Theoretical studies indicated that the dissolution of both considered sulfonamides has a low endothermic character, with the lowest enthalpy values obtained for the most optimal, i.e. unimolar, proportions. The non-monotonous trend of enthalpy of dissolution was also discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions. Conclusions: The obtained results show the feasibility of using NADES as solubility enhancers for sulfonamides and encourage for further exploration in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jeliński
- a Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń , Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Maciej Przybyłek
- a Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń , Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Piotr Cysewski
- a Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Collegium Medicum of Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń , Bydgoszcz , Poland
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Shi X, Xu T, Huang W, Fan B, Sheng X. Stability and Bioavailability Enhancement of Telmisartan Ternary Solid Dispersions: the Synergistic Effect of Polymers and Drug-Polymer(s) Interactions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:143. [PMID: 30887265 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of polymers and drug-polymer(s) interactions on the improved stability and bioavailability of telmisartan (TEL) ternary solid dispersions. As a water-insoluble drug, 40 and 160 mg doses of TEL tablets exhibited bioavailabilities of 42% and 58%, respectively. Through polymer screening, PVP K30 and/or Soluplus were selected and used at different concentrations to prepare TEL amorphous solid dispersions by solvent evaporation. Compared to pure TEL and TEL-PVP K30/Soluplus binary solid dispersions, TEL-PVP K30-Soluplus ternary solid dispersions demonstrated significant advantages, including higher dissolution (over 90% release at 60 min), better amorphous stability (physically stable in 90 days), and improved oral bioavailability (Cmax of 5535.819 ± 325.67 ng/mL and tmax of 1 h). These advantages were related to the complementarity of PVP K30 and Soluplus on TEL. PVP K30 had a better activity to solubilize TEL and achieved a high TEL initial concentration in dissolution media. Simultaneously, the ability of Soluplus to assist in the maintenance of supersaturation played an important role. PVP K30 and Soluplus together inhibited crystallization of the drug at different stages. The existence and intensity of drug-polymer interactions were also determined by DSC (Tg determination) and FT-IR. At the molecular level, a hypothesis was also proposed that the enhancements resulted from the contribution of the synergistic effect between PVP K30 and Soluplus. These results suggested that two polymers, in a combination and via a synergistic effect, could further enhance the bioavailability and amorphous stability of ternary solid dispersions.
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Keemink J, Sjögren E, Holm R, Bergström CAS. Does the Intake of Ethanol Affect Oral Absorption of Poorly Soluble Drugs? J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1765-1771. [PMID: 30562491 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The presence of ethanol in gastrointestinal (GI) fluids may increase the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. This suggests that intake of ethanol with such compounds could result in increased drug absorption in the stomach and duodenum because of the greater concentration gradient present. To test this hypothesis, in vitro dissolution of 2 poorly soluble compounds (indomethacin and felodipine) was studied in simulated GI rat fluids in the presence or absence of ethanol. Results were used to predict plasma exposure of the compounds using the software PK-Sim. Finally, in vivo plasma exposure in rats was investigated after oral dosing followed by immediate administration of water or ethanol. Despite increased solubility in GI fluids in the presence of ethanol, simulations predicted a negligible effect on absorption. This was confirmed in the rat study where oral intake of indomethacin or felodipine with ethanol did not increase in vivo plasma exposure. A possible explanation for the lack of an effect may be that dilution, absorption, and transfer of ethanol upon arrival in the stomach resulted in intragastric and intraduodenal ethanol concentrations that did not reach the levels required to affect local solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Keemink
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Erik Sjögren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Pharmeteus, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 52B, 752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen R&D, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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Li J, Yang M, Xu WR. Enhanced oral bioavailability of fluvastatin by using nanosuspensions containing cyclodextrin. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:3491-3499. [PMID: 30425452 PMCID: PMC6204859 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s177316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, fluvastatin (FVT) nanosuspensions containing cyclodextrin were developed to improve oral bioavailability. METHODS FVT nanosuspensions containing cyclodextrin were prepared by a high pressure homogenization technique. The nanosuspensions system was then characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD). In addition, in vitro drug release properties, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were also investigated in detail. RESULTS After lyophilization, the nanosuspensions could be redispersed gently and with a narrow particle size distribution, but the particle size has no obvious change. The powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry of FVT nanosuspensions showed that FVT existed in amorphous form in nanosuspensions. In vitro release, FVT nanosuspensions have sustained-release properties. Meanwhile, FVT nanosuspensions could significantly modify the pharmacokinetic profile and increase the bioavailability of FVT by more than 2.4-fold in comparison with the FVT capsules group. In vivo irritation test showed that there was almost no evidence of hemorrhagic mucosal erosion and intestinal villus destruction in rat gastric mucosa. CONCLUSION The combination of nanocrystallization and cyclodextrin complexation techniques is a new attempt to formulate poorly water-soluble FVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China,
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Chest Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wen-Rong Xu
- School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China,
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Kumar Sahoo S, Sankar Dash G, Biswal S, Kumar Biswal P, Chandra Senapati P. Fabrication and evaluation of self-nanoemulsifying oil formulations (SNEOFs) of Efavirenz. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1472008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar Sahoo
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Gyanada Sankar Dash
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Jayadev College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Satyajeet Biswal
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Prakash Chandra Senapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Jayadev College of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Zhou Z, Dunn C, Khadra I, Wilson CG, Halbert GW. Influence of Physiological Gastrointestinal Surfactant Ratio on the Equilibrium Solubility of BCS Class II Drugs Investigated Using a Four Component Mixture Design. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4132-4144. [PMID: 28749696 PMCID: PMC5717620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs is influenced by the luminal gastrointestinal fluid content and composition, which control solubility. Simulated intestinal fluids have been introduced into dissolution testing including endogenous amphiphiles and digested lipids at physiological levels; however, in vivo individual variation exists in the concentrations of these components, which will alter drug absorption through an effect on solubility. The use of a factorial design of experiment and varying media by introducing different levels of bile, lecithin, and digested lipids has been previously reported, but here we investigate the solubility variation of poorly soluble drugs through more complex biorelevant amphiphile interactions. A four-component mixture design was conducted to understand the solubilization capacity and interactions of bile salt, lecithin, oleate, and monoglyceride with a constant total concentration (11.7 mM) but varying molar ratios. The equilibrium solubility of seven low solubility acidic (zafirlukast), basic (aprepitant, carvedilol), and neutral (fenofibrate, felodipine, griseofulvin, and spironolactone) drugs was investigated. Solubility results are comparable with literature values and also our own previously published design of experiment studies. Results indicate that solubilization is not a sum accumulation of individual amphiphile concentrations, but a drug specific effect through interactions of mixed amphiphile compositions with the drug. This is probably due to a combined interaction of drug characteristics; for example, lipophilicity, molecular shape, and ionization with amphiphile components, which can generate specific drug-micelle affinities. The proportion of each component can have a remarkable influence on solubility with, in some cases, the highest and lowest points close to each other. A single-point solubility measurement in a fixed composition simulated media or human intestinal fluid sample will therefore provide a value without knowledge of the surrounding solubility topography meaning that variability may be overlooked. This study has demonstrated how the amphiphile ratios influence drug solubility and highlights the importance of the envelope of physiological variation when simulating in vivo drug behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dunn
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim Khadra
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Clive G. Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W. Halbert
- Strathclyde Institute of
Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University
of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
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Geroge JK, Verma PRP, Venkatesan J, Lee JY, Yoon DH, Kim SK, Singh SK. Studies on Core-Shell Nanocapsules of Felodipine: In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2871-2888. [PMID: 28424979 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed for in vitro-in vivo-in silico simulation studies of experimentally designed (32-factorial) Capmul PG-8-cored, Eudragit RSPO-Lutrol F 127 nanocapsules to ferry felodipine using GastroPlus™. The in silico parameter sensitivity analysis for pharmacokinetic parameters was initially assessed to justify the preparation of felodipine-loaded nanocapsules (FLNs) with enhanced solubility to overcome the bioavailability issues of felodipine. The overall integrated desirability ranged between 0.8187 and 0.9488 for three optimized FLNs when analyzed for mean particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro dissolution parameters. The morphological evaluation (SEM, TEM, and AFM) demonstrated spherical nanoparticles (200-300 nm). Validated LC-MS/MS analysis demonstrated enhanced relative bioavailability (13.37-fold) of optimized FLN as compared to suspension. The simulated regional absorption of the FLN presented significant absorption from the cecum (26.3%) and ascending colon (20.1%) with overall absorption of 67.4% from the GIT tract. Furthermore, in vitro-in vivo correlation demonstrated the Wagner-Nelson method as the preferred model as compared to mechanistic and numerical deconvolution on the basis of least mean absolute prediction error, least standard error of prediction, least mean absolute error, and maximum correlation coefficient (r 2 = 0.920). The study demonstrated enhanced oral absorption of felodipine-loaded nanocapsules, and GastroPlus™ was found to be an efficient simulation tool for in vitro-in vivo-in silico simulations.
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Puppolo MM, Hughey JR, Dillon T, Storey D, Jansen-Varnum S. Biomimetic Dissolution: A Tool to Predict Amorphous Solid Dispersion Performance. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2841-2853. [PMID: 28560506 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The presented study describes the development of a membrane permeation non-sink dissolution method that can provide analysis of complete drug speciation and emulate the in vivo performance of poorly water-soluble Biopharmaceutical Classification System class II compounds. The designed membrane permeation methodology permits evaluation of free/dissolved/unbound drug from amorphous solid dispersion formulations with the use of a two-cell apparatus, biorelevant dissolution media, and a biomimetic polymer membrane. It offers insight into oral drug dissolution, permeation, and absorption. Amorphous solid dispersions of felodipine were prepared by hot melt extrusion and spray drying techniques and evaluated for in vitro performance. Prior to ranking performance of extruded and spray-dried felodipine solid dispersions, optimization of the dissolution methodology was performed for parameters such as agitation rate, membrane type, and membrane pore size. The particle size and zeta potential were analyzed during dissolution experiments to understand drug/polymer speciation and supersaturation sustainment of felodipine solid dispersions. Bland-Altman analysis was performed to measure the agreement or equivalence between dissolution profiles acquired using polymer membranes and porcine intestines and to establish the biomimetic nature of the treated polymer membranes. The utility of the membrane permeation dissolution methodology is seen during the evaluation of felodipine solid dispersions produced by spray drying and hot melt extrusion. The membrane permeation dissolution methodology can suggest formulation performance and be employed as a screening tool for selection of candidates to move forward to pharmacokinetic studies. Furthermore, the presented model is a cost-effective technique.
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Yang W, Wang Y, Fu Q, Guo Z, Sun B, Liu W, Liu Y, Mu S, Guo M, Li J, Pu X, He Z. The role of particle size of glyburide crystals in improving its oral absorption. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 7:428-438. [PMID: 28364197 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Currently, nanosizing is becoming increasingly prevalent as an efficient way for the improvement of oral drug absorption. This study mainly focuses on two points, namely the crystal properties, and the in vitro and in vivo characterizations of drug crystals during the nanosizing process. We used glyburide, an oral type 2 diabetes (T2D) medication, as our model drug. We sought to reduce the crystalline size of this drug and evaluate its absorption properties by comparing it with the original coarse drug because of previous reports about its gastrointestinal absorption insufficiency. Glyburide crystals, ranging from 237.6 to 4473 nm were prepared successfully by jet milling and media milling. The particle sizes and the crystal morphology were analyzed by characterization of the solid states, equilibrium solubility, and dissolution behavior. Additionally, pharmacokinetic study was performed in SD rats. The solid state results indicated a loss in crystallinity, amide-imidic acid interconversion, and partial amorphization during nanosizing. Further, in in vitro tests, nanocrystal formulations remarkably increased the solubility and dissolution of the drug (compared to microcrystals). In the in vivo test, reducing the particle size from 601.3 to 312.5 nm showed no improvement on the C max and AUC (0-36 h) values, while a profound slowing of the drug elimination occurred with reduction of particle size. Further reduction from 312.5 to 237.6 nm lead to a significant increase (p < 0.001) of the AUC (0-36 h) from 6857.8 ± 369.3 ng mL-1 h to 12,928.3 ± 1591.4 ng mL-1 h, respectively, in rats. Our present study confirmed that nanosizing has a tremendous impact on promoting the oral absorption of glyburide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Yang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Guo
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjun Sun
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxuan Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Simeng Mu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengran Guo
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingru Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Pu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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19
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Amorphous solid dispersion of cyclosporine A prepared with fine droplet drying process: Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic characterization. Int J Pharm 2017; 519:213-219. [PMID: 28093327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of cyclosporine A (CsA) by a fine droplet drying (FDD) process for improvement in oral absorption of CsA. CsA and hydroxypropyl cellulose-SSL were dissolved in 1,4-dioxane, and the solution was powdered by the FDD process to obtain the ASD formulation of CsA (ASD/CsA). The ASD/CsA was characterized in terms of morphology, particle size distribution, crystallinity, dissolution behavior, physicochemical stability, and pharmacokinetic behavior in rats. The ASD/CsA was obtained in the form of uniform spherical particles, and the span factor was calculated to be ca. 0.4. CsA in the formulation existed in an amorphous state. The ASD/CsA exhibited a higher dissolution behavior of CsA than amorphous CsA, whereas storage of the ASD/CsA under accelerated conditions led to impairment in the dissolution behavior. The constant release of CsA from non-aged ASD/CsA was observed during dissolution testing. After oral administration of CsA samples (10mg-CsA/kg) in rats, the ASD/CsA showed a high and sustained plasma concentration of CsA as evidenced by a 18-fold increase in the oral bioavailability of CsA compared with amorphous CsA. From these findings, the FDD process might be an efficacious option for the ASD formulation of CsA with enhanced biopharmaceutics properties.
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20
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Suzuki H, Hamao S, Seto Y, Sato H, Wong J, Prud’homme RK, Chan HK, Onoue S. New nano-matrix oral formulation of nanoprecipitated cyclosporine A prepared with multi-inlet vortex mixer. Int J Pharm 2017; 516:116-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Dahlgren D, Roos C, Johansson P, Lundqvist A, Tannergren C, Abrahamsson B, Sjögren E, Lennernäs H. Regional Intestinal Permeability in Dogs: Biopharmaceutical Aspects for Development of Oral Modified-Release Dosage Forms. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3022-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Dahlgren
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Carl Roos
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Erik Sjögren
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
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22
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Rodriguez-Aller M, Guillarme D, Veuthey JL, Gurny R. Strategies for formulating and delivering poorly water-soluble drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Liu D, Pan H, He F, Wang X, Li J, Yang X, Pan W. Effect of particle size on oral absorption of carvedilol nanosuspensions: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6425-34. [PMID: 26508852 PMCID: PMC4610768 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s87143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to explore the particle size reduction effect of carvedilol on dissolution and absorption. Three suspensions containing different sized particles were prepared by antisolvent precipitation method or in combination with an ultrasonication process. The suspensions were characterized for particle size, surface morphology, and crystalline state. The crystalline form of carvedilol was changed into amorphous form after antisolvent precipitation. The dissolution rate of carvedilol was significantly accelerated by a reduction in particle size. The intestinal absorption of carvedilol nanosuspensions was greatly improved in comparison with microsuspensions and solution in the in situ single-pass perfusion experiment. The in vivo evaluation demonstrated that carvedilol nanosuspensions and microsuspensions exhibited markedly increased Cmax (2.09- and 1.48-fold) and AUC0−t (2.11- and 1.51-fold), and decreased Tmax (0.34- and 0.48-fold) in contrast with carvedilol coarse suspensions. Moreover, carvedilol nanosuspensions showed good biocompatibility with the rat gastric mucosa in in vivo gastrointestinal irritation test. The entire results implicated that the dissolution rate and the oral absorption of carvedilol were significantly affected by the particle size. Particle size reduction to form nanosized particles was found to be an efficient method for improving the oral bioavailability of carvedilol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Fengwei He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinggang Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisan Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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24
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Yang M, He S, Fan Y, Wang Y, Ge Z, Shan L, Gong W, Huang X, Tong Y, Gao C. Microenvironmental pH-modified solid dispersions to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble weakly basic GT0918, a developing anti-prostate cancer drug: Preparation, characterization and evaluation in vivo. Int J Pharm 2014; 475:97-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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25
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Impellizzeri D, Bruschetta G, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Siracusa R, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Micronized/ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide displays superior oral efficacy compared to nonmicronized palmitoylethanolamide in a rat model of inflammatory pain. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:136. [PMID: 25164769 PMCID: PMC4171547 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fatty acid amide palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been studied extensively for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions. The lipidic nature and large particle size of PEA in the native state may limit its solubility and bioavailability when given orally, however. Micronized formulations of a drug enhance its rate of dissolution and reduce variability of absorption when orally administered. The present study was thus designed to evaluate the oral anti-inflammatory efficacy of micronized/ultramicronized versus nonmicronized PEA formulations. METHODS Micronized/ultramicronized PEA was produced by the air-jet milling technique, and the various PEA preparations were subjected to physicochemical characterization to determine particle size distribution and purity. Each PEA formulation was then assessed for its anti-inflammatory effects when given orally in the carrageenan-induced rat paw model of inflammation, a well-established paradigm of edema formation and thermal hyperalgesia. RESULTS Intraplantar injection of carrageenan into the right hind paw led to a marked accumulation of infiltrating inflammatory cells and increased myeloperoxidase activity. Both parameters were significantly decreased by orally given micronized PEA (PEA-m; 10 mg/kg) or ultramicronized PEA (PEA-um; 10 mg/kg), but not nonmicronized PeaPure (10 mg/kg). Further, carrageenan-induced paw edema and thermal hyperalgesia were markedly and significantly reduced by oral treatment with micronized PEA-m and ultramicronized PEA-um at each time point compared to nonmicronized PeaPure. However, when given by the intraperitoneal route, all PEA formulations proved effective. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate the superior anti-inflammatory action exerted by orally administered, micronized PEA-m and ultramicronized PEA-um, versus that of nonmicronized PeaPure, in the rat paw carrageenan model of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres, no 31, Messina 98166, Italy.
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26
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Bergström CA, Holm R, Jørgensen SA, Andersson SB, Artursson P, Beato S, Borde A, Box K, Brewster M, Dressman J, Feng KI, Halbert G, Kostewicz E, McAllister M, Muenster U, Thinnes J, Taylor R, Mullertz A. Early pharmaceutical profiling to predict oral drug absorption: Current status and unmet needs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:173-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Kostewicz ES, Abrahamsson B, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Butler J, Carlert S, Dickinson PA, Dressman J, Holm R, Klein S, Mann J, McAllister M, Minekus M, Muenster U, Müllertz A, Verwei M, Vertzoni M, Weitschies W, Augustijns P. In vitro models for the prediction of in vivo performance of oral dosage forms. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:342-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kawabata Y, Wada K, Nakatani M, Yamada S, Onoue S. Formulation design for poorly water-soluble drugs based on biopharmaceutics classification system: Basic approaches and practical applications. Int J Pharm 2011; 420:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 760] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Palanisamy M, Khanam J. Solid dispersion of prednisolone: solid state characterization and improvement of dissolution profile. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 37:373-86. [PMID: 20839923 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2010.513984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dissolution testing is an important test for judging the effectiveness of a pharmaceutical dosage form. Many drugs create adverse effect because of insufficient solubility at the physiological pH. This study is aimed to improve the dissolution properties of prednisolone (PRD) that falls under the category of class II biopharmaceutics system. METHODS In this study, preparation of solid dispersions with various water-soluble carriers was studied to improve the dissolution of PRD. To obtain the optimized formulation, solid dispersions were prepared employing different methods using different carriers with various drug:carrier ratios. Their dissolution behaviors were also compared. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis were studied to characterize the prepared solid dispersion. RESULTS PRD formed stable complexes with carriers as indicated by the stability constants (K(a)) of 9.5-597.2 M(-1). The results indicated that in vitro dissolution rate of PRD was remarkably improved in the solid dispersion of the drug compared with physical mixture and drug alone. This can be attributed to improved wettability, dispersibility, decrease in crystallinity, and increase in amorphous fraction of the drug. The results obtained from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction showed good evidence of drug-carrier interaction while using carriers such as hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-βCD) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Crystallinity of the drug was reduced in the solid dispersions prepared with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, polyvinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate 64, and PEG as revealed from the differential scanning calorimetry thermograms. CONCLUSION The results suggested that the solid dispersion with selected excipients is a powerful tool to accelerate the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Palanisamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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30
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Vertzoni M, Diakidou A, Chatzilias M, Söderlind E, Abrahamsson B, Dressman JB, Reppas C. Biorelevant Media to Simulate Fluids in the Ascending Colon of Humans and Their Usefulness in Predicting Intracolonic Drug Solubility. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2187-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Xia D, Cui F, Piao H, Cun D, Piao H, Jiang Y, Ouyang M, Quan P. Effect of crystal size on the in vitro dissolution and oral absorption of nitrendipine in rats. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1965-76. [PMID: 20585842 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of crystal size on the dissolution and oral absorption of nitrendipine, a poorly soluble drug, in rats. METHODS Five types of nitrendipine crystal suspensions with different particle sizes (200 nm, 620 nm, 2.7 microm, 4.1 microm, 20.2 microm) were prepared either by the precipitation-ultrasonication or the anti-solvent precipitation method. The simulated intestinal fluid in the fasted state (FaSSIF) was selected as the dissolution medium, and the dissolution behaviors of different nitrendipine crystals were simulated based on a Noyes-Whitney type equation. The in vivo absorption and the absolute bioavailability of the different nitrendipine crystals were evaluated in Wistar rats. RESULTS The dissolution rate of nitrendipine was significantly increased by a reduction in particle size. The dissolution test in FaSSIF could discriminate between the differences in the dissolution rates of the different particle sizes, and the simulated results were in agreement with the observed dissolution curves. From the simulated T(50%) values (50% dissolution time), the dissolution rates of crystals with particle sizes of 200 nm, 620 nm, 2.7 microm, 4.1 microm and 20.2 microm were calculated to be 5.1 x 10(4), 1.0 x 10(4), 237, 64 and 11-fold greater than that of the raw crystals and resulted in absolute bioavailability of 61.4% 51.5%, 29.4%, 26.7%, 24.7%, respectively. The reduction in the drug particle size correlated well with incremental improvements in oral absorption. A good linear relationship was observed between the Log (T(50%)) and the absolute bioavailability of nitrendipine. CONCLUSIONS The dissolution rate and the oral bioavailability of nitrendipine were significantly affected by the crystal size, and the oral bioavailability could be improved significantly by preparing it as nanocrystals. FaSSIF can be used to predict differences in oral absorption of crystals with different particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengning Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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32
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Dai WG. In vitro methods to assess drug precipitation. Int J Pharm 2010; 393:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Bile micelles play an important role in oral absorption of low-solubility compounds. Bile micelles can affect solubility, dissolution rate, and permeability. For the pH-solubility profile in bile micelles, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation should be modified to take bile-micelle partition into account. For the dissolution rate, in the Nernst-Brunner equation, the effective diffusion coefficient in bile-micelle media should be used instead of the monomer diffusion coefficient. The diffusion coefficient of bile micelles is 8- to 18-fold smaller than that of monomer molecules. For permeability, the effective diffusion coefficient in the unstirred water layer adjacent to the epithelial membrane, and the free fraction at the epithelial membrane surface should be taken into account. The importance of these aspects is demonstrated here using several in vivo and clinical oral-absorption data of low-solubility model compounds. Using the theoretical equations, the food effect on oral absorption is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiko Sugano
- Global Research & Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Research Formulation, Pfizer Inc., CT13 9NJ, Sandwich, Kent, UK.
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Diakidou A, Vertzoni M, Abrahamsson B, Dressman J, Reppas C. Simulation of gastric lipolysis and prediction of felodipine release from a matrix tablet in the fed stomach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Sheng JJ, Sirois PJ, Dressman JB, Amidon GL. Particle diffusional layer thickness in a USP dissolution apparatus II: A combined function of particle size and paddle speed. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:4815-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Abstract
Knowledge of the disintegration of solid foods in human stomach is essential to assess the bioavailability of nutrients in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A comprehensive review of food gastric digestion, focusing on disintegration of solid foods, is presented. Most of the research reviewed in this paper is contained in the medical, pharmaceutical, food, and nutritional literature. Stomach physiology is briefly introduced, including composition and rheological properties of gastric contents, stomach wall motility in fed/fasted states, and hydrodynamic and mechanical forces that act on the ingested food. In vivo and in vitro methods used for studying food and drug digestion in GI are summarized. Stomach emptying rate, which controls the rate of absorption of nutrients, is highly related to the disintegration of foods. This topic is highlighted with focus on the important mechanisms and the influence of chemical and physical properties of foods. Future research in this area is identified to increase our fundamental understanding of the food digestion process in the stomach as related to the food composition, material properties such as texture and microstructure, and chemical characteristics. This information is necessary to develop new guidelines for seeking innovative processing methods to manufacture foods specifically targeted for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kong
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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38
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Sugano K, Okazaki A, Sugimoto S, Tavornvipas S, Omura A, Mano T. Solubility and dissolution profile assessment in drug discovery. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 22:225-54. [PMID: 17827779 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.22.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of the review are to: a) Provide a comprehensible introduction of the-state-of-the-art sciences of solubility and dissolution, b) introduce typical technologies to assess solubility and dissolution, and c) propose the best practice strategy. The theories of solubility and dissolution required in drug discovery were reviewed especially from the view point of oral absorption. The physiological conditions in the gastrointestinal fluid in humans and animals were then briefly summarized. Technologies to assess solubility and dissolution in drug discovery were then introduced. Recently, these technologies have been improved by the laboratory automation and computational technologies. Finally, the strategies to apply these technologies for a drug discovery project were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiko Sugano
- Global Research & Development, Nagoya Laboratories, Pharmaceutical R&D, Pfizer Inc., Aichi, Japan.
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39
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Stegemann S, Leveiller F, Franchi D, de Jong H, Lindén H. When poor solubility becomes an issue: from early stage to proof of concept. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 31:249-61. [PMID: 17616376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug absorption, sufficient and reproducible bioavailability and/or pharmacokinetic profile in humans are recognized today as one of the major challenges in oral delivery of new drug substances. The issue arose especially when drug discovery and medicinal chemistry moved from wet chemistry to combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening in the mid-1990s. Taking into account the drug product development times of 8-12 years, the apparent R&D productivity gap as determined by the number of products in late stage clinical development today, is the result of the drug discovery and formulation development in the late 1990s, which were the early and enthusiastic times of the combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening. In parallel to implementation of these new technologies, tremendous knowledge has been accumulated on biological factors like transporters, metabolizing enzymes and efflux systems as well as on the physicochemical characteristics of the drug substances like crystal structures and salt formation impacting oral bioavailability. Research tools and technologies have been, are and will be developed to assess the impact of these factors on drug absorption for the new chemical entities. The conference focused specifically on the impact of compounds with poor solubility on analytical evaluation, prediction of oral absorption, substance selection, material and formulation strategies and development. The existing tools and technologies, their potential utilization throughout the drug development process and the directions for further research to overcome existing gaps and influence these drug characteristics were discussed in detail.
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40
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Vertzoni M, Pastelli E, Psachoulias D, Kalantzi L, Reppas C. Estimation of Intragastric Solubility of Drugs: In What Medium? Pharm Res 2007; 24:909-17. [PMID: 17372688 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure the solubility of four drugs in human gastric aspirates, canine gastric aspirates (CGF) and simulated gastric fluids in order to propose a medium for estimating intragastric drug solubility relevant to a bioavailability study in the fasted state. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intragastric environment after administration of water to healthy fasted adults and to healthy fasted dogs (this study) was initially characterized. Solubilities were then measured with the shake-flask method in gastric fluid aspirated after the administration of water to healthy fasted adults and to healthy fasted dogs, in various simulated gastric fluids, i.e. SGF(SLS), SGF(Triton), FaSSGF, FaSSGF(NaCl), and in various HCl solutions with pH values ranging from 1.2 to 2.9. RESULTS In all cases, FaSSGF performed better than canine aspirates, SGF(SLS), SGF(Triton), or FaSSGF(NaCl) in predicting solubility in HGF. However, its superiority over HCl pH 1.6 was not clear. For ketoconazole, dipyridamole, miconazole, and felodipine deviations of solubility data in FaSSGF from solubility data in HGF were non-significant, 34, -39 and 252%, respectively, whereas the corresponding deviations of data in HCl pH 1.6 from data in HGF were non-significant, 24, 70, and 130%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Combining data in FaSSGF and HCl pH 1.6 is comparatively the most efficient way to get an estimate of drug solubility in the fasting gastric contents during a bioavailability study. However, accurate estimation of intragastric solubility is limited by the changing environment during intragastric residence of solid particles and the degree of simulation of intragastric composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vertzoni
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 71, Zografou, Greece
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41
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Neuhoff S, Artursson P, Ungell AL. Advantages and disadvantages of using bovine serum albumin and/or Cremophor EL as extracellular additives during transport studies of lipophilic compounds across Caco-2 monolayers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(07)50093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Persson EM, Gustafsson AS, Carlsson AS, Nilsson RG, Knutson L, Forsell P, Hanisch G, Lennernäs H, Abrahamsson B. The effects of food on the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs in human and in model small intestinal fluids. Pharm Res 2005; 22:2141-51. [PMID: 16247711 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-8192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to determine the effect of food on drug solubility and dissolution rate in simulated and real human intestinal fluids (HIF). METHODS Dissolution rate obtained via the rotating disk method and saturation solubility studies were carried out in fed and fasted state HIF, fed dog (DIF), and simulated (FeSSIF) intestinal fluid for six aprotic low solubility drugs. The intestinal fluids were characterized with respect to physical-chemical characteristics and contents. RESULTS Fed HIF provided a 3.5- to 30-times higher solubility compared to fasted HIF and FeSSIF, whereas fed DIF corresponded well (difference of less than 30%) to fed HIF. The increased solubility of food could mainly be attributed to dietary lipids and bile acids. The dissolution rate was also 2 to 7 times higher in fed HIF than fasted HIF. This was well predicted by both DIF and FeSSIF (difference of less than 30%). CONCLUSIONS Intestinal solubility is higher in fed state compared to fasted state. However, the dissolution rate does not increase to the same extent. Dog seems to be a good model for man with respect to dissolution in the small intestine after intake of a meal, whereas FeSSIF is a poorer means of determining intestinal saturation solubility in the fed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Persson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, S-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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43
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Glomme A, März J, Dressman JB. Comparison of a miniaturized shake-flask solubility method with automated potentiometric acid/base titrations and calculated solubilities. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94:1-16. [PMID: 15761925 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Solubility is one of the most important parameters for lead selection and optimization during drug discovery. Its determination should therefore take place as early as possible in the process. Because of the large numbers of compounds involved and the very low amounts of each compound available in the early development stage, it is highly desirable to measure the solubility with as little compound as possible and to be able to improve the throughput of the methods used. In this work, a miniaturized shake-flask method was developed and the solubility results were compared with those measured by semiautomated potentiometric acid/base titrations and computational methods for 21 poorly soluble compounds with solubilities mostly in the range 0.03-30 microg/mL. The potentiometric method is very economical (approximately 100 microg of a poorly soluble compound is needed) and is able to create a pH/solubility profile with one single determination, but is limited to ionizable compounds. The miniaturized shake-flask method can be used for all compounds and a wide variety of media. Its precision and throughput proved superior to the potentiometric method for very poorly soluble compounds. Up to 20 compounds a week can be studied with one set-up. Calculated solubility data seem to be sufficient for a first estimate of the solubility, but they cannot currently be used as a substitute for experimental measurements at key decision points in the development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Glomme
- Merck KGaA, Medicinal Chemistry, Darmstadt, Germany
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44
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Sunesen VH, Vedelsdal R, Kristensen HG, Christrup L, Müllertz A. Effect of liquid volume and food intake on the absolute bioavailability of danazol, a poorly soluble drug. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 24:297-303. [PMID: 15734296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Revised: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The influence of liquid intake and a lipid-rich meal on the bioavailability of a lipophilic drug was investigated. Danazol was used as the model substance. In a randomized four-way crossover study eight healthy male volunteers received four different treatments with danazol at 2-week intervals following an overnight fast (one I.V. infusion and three oral treatments). The I.V. formulation contained 50mg danazol solubilized in 40% hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. The oral treatments were a Standard treatment, a Standard + 800 ml water treatment and a Standard + lipid-rich meal treatment. The Standard oral treatment consisted of 200 ml water and one capsule containing 100mg danazol, three 500 mg paracetamol tablets and two 500 mg sulfasalazine tablets. Paracetamol and sulfasalazine were used as markers for gastric emptying and small intestinal transit times. Intake of danazol with a lipid-rich meal or extra 800 ml water increased the bioavailability by 400 and 55%, respectively. Gastric emptying times increased in the following order: Standard<Standard + 800 ml water<Standard + lipid-rich meal. The effects of food and liquid on danazol bioavailability can at least partly be explained by a delay in the gastric emptying time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Hougaard Sunesen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
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45
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Agrawal S, Panchagnula R. Dissolution test as a surrogate for quality evaluation of rifampicin containing fixed dose combination formulations. Int J Pharm 2004; 287:97-112. [PMID: 15541917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2004] [Revised: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 09/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was aimed at developing a dissolution methodology to predict in vivo performance of rifampicin containing fixed dose combination (FDC) products. Six FDC formulations were used in this study, of which four had passed bioequivalence while two failed. Dissolution studies were conducted at agitation intensity of 30-100 rpm as a measure of hydrodynamic stress and at pH media corresponding to gastric and intestinal conditions. Formulations showed variable dissolution at different conditions and dissolution at 50 rpm was most sensitive and differentiated the release profiles of rifampicin under various pH conditions. It was possible to predict in vivo performance of rifampicin from FDCs when in vitro rate and extent of release at various pH was correlated with site, pH and concentration dependent absorption of rifampicin along with gastric emptying time. It was also seen that dissolution conditions recommended in USP for different types of FDCs were insensitive for the formulation changes. Based on this comprehensive evaluation, a decision tree is proposed which will act as a guideline for quality evaluation of FDC products and also will provide a fundamental knowledge for optimization of formulations failing in dissolution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrutidevi Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, Phase-X, Mohali 160062, Punjab, India
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46
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Abstract
Drug powders containing micron-size drug particles are used in several pharmaceutical dosage forms. Many drugs, especially newly developed substances, are poorly water soluble, which limits their oral bioavailability. The dissolution rate can be enhanced by using micronized drugs. Small drug particles are also required in administration forms, which require the drug in micron-size size due to geometric reasons in the organ to be targeted (e.g., drugs for pulmonary use). The common technique for the preparation of micron-size drugs is the mechanical comminution (e.g., by crushing, grinding, and milling) of previously formed larger particles. In spite of the widespread use of this technique, the milling process does not represent the ideal way for the production of small particles because drug substance properties and surface properties are altered in a mainly uncontrolled manner. Thus, techniques that prepare the drug directly in the required particle size are of interest. Because physicochemical drug powder properties are decisive for the manufacturing of a dosage form and for therapeutic success, the characterization of the particle surface and powder properties plays an important role. This article summarizes common and novel techniques for the production of a drug in small particle size. The properties of the resulting products that are obtained by different techniques are characterized and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Rasenack
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Christian Albrecht University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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47
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Agrawal S, Ashokraj Y, Bharatam PV, Pillai O, Panchagnula R. Solid-state characterization of rifampicin samples and its biopharmaceutic relevance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2004; 22:127-44. [PMID: 15158898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2003] [Revised: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 02/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism of rifampicin has been postulated to be responsible for its variable bioavailability from solid oral dosage forms. In this regard, it was believed that form II is the preferred form and the content of amorphous needs to be critically monitored. However, there was no study in literature that determines solubility advantage associated with rifampicin polymorphs and further the desired raw material characteristics for the consistent bioavailability. Hence, this investigation was undertaken with an objective to determine biopharmaceutic relevance of rifampicin physical forms and to propose critical raw material specifications for rifampicin bulk material. For this purpose, solid-state properties of standard form I, form II, amorphous and commercial samples acquired from rifampicin manufacturers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), hot stage microscopy (HSM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and molecular modelling. In addition, intrinsic dissolution of standard samples, powder dissolution as well as particle size distribution of all the samples and powder dissolution of various sieve fraction of commercial samples were done in order to study the influence of polymorphism and other factors on rate and extent of dissolution. It was found that rifampicin in commercial bulk samples exist as various combinations of form I, form II and amorphous. As physical forms show comparable intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) at all the pH values, solubility advantage associated with rifampicin polymorphs is negligible. Nevertheless, powder dissolution of commercial samples was influenced by particle size. In powder dissolution of different sieve fractions of commercial samples, fine particles below 100 microm have shown high rate and extent of dissolution irrespective of polymorphic content, whereas particles above 100 microm exhibited reduced dissolution. In intrinsic dissolution, thermodynamically unstable form II exhibited lower IDR than stable form I. Further, this difference is evident only at pH 2.0 and at all other pH values there was no difference in IDR of these two forms. For this unexpected finding, two hypotheses based on differences in H-bonding of the polymorph have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrutidevi Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, Phase-X, Mohali-160062, Punjab, India
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48
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Scholz A, Kostewicz E, Abrahamsson B, Dressman JB. Can the USP paddle method be used to represent in-vivo hydrodynamics? J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:443-51. [PMID: 12803765 DOI: 10.1211/002235702946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Experiments in-vitro and in dogs were conducted to find in-vitro hydrodynamic conditions that can be used to represent gastrointestinal motility patterns. Specifically, the dissolution performance of micronised and coarse-grade felodipine (a poorly soluble, neutral, lipophilic drug) was studied in a biorelevant medium in the USP paddle apparatus at various paddle speeds. Ratios of percentage dissolved (slower:faster rev min(-1)) were calculated pairwise. These ratios were then compared with AUC ratios obtained in a corresponding pharmacokinetic study in Labradors, in which the absorption of both the micronised and coarse-grade felodipine had been compared under two gastrointestinal hydrodynamic conditions. Using a paddle speed combination of 75 and 125 rev min(-1) to represent the motility patterns in response to administration of normal saline and 5% glucose, respectively, the in-vitro ratios (75:125 rev min(-1) dissolution ratio was 91% for the micronised and 46% for the coarse-grade powder) showed good agreement with the pharmacokinetic data (saline-to-glucose absorption ratio was 98% for the micronised and 46% for the coarse-grade powder). It was concluded that, provided an appropriate composition is chosen for the dissolution test, the USP paddle apparatus can be used to reflect variations in hydrodynamic conditions in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Scholz
- Quality Operations Drug Products, Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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49
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Waterman KC, Sutton SC. A computational model for particle size influence on drug absorption during controlled-release colonic delivery. J Control Release 2003; 86:293-304. [PMID: 12526825 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of particle size on the percent drug absorbed is computationally modeled for controlled-release dosage forms that deliver drug particles to the colon. The relative benefit of reducing particle size is mapped on a diagram of the drug's absorption rate constant (estimated from rat intestinal perfusion, CACO-2 or human intubation permeation rates) versus the drug's solubility. Some drugs fall into a limit of high percentage absorption even with large particles such that particle size reduction has little impact. Another group of drugs is solubility limited such that even with small particles, absorption is negligible. Between the two regions, only drugs with sufficiently high absorption rates are influenced by the drug dissolution rate and thereby the particle size. The size of this region is a function of dosing rate. Comparisons between calculated particle size effects on colon absorption as a function of colon volume suggest caution when using animal models to predict bioavailability from colonic drug delivery. This volume dependence also suggests that the particle size influence will vary as a function of the digestive cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Waterman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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50
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McCarthy LG, Kosiol C, Healy AM, Bradley G, Sexton JC, Corrigan OI. Simulating the hydrodynamic conditions in the United States Pharmacopeia paddle dissolution apparatus. AAPS PharmSciTech 2003; 4:E22. [PMID: 12916904 PMCID: PMC2750600 DOI: 10.1208/pt040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2003] [Accepted: 03/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to examine the feasibility of developing a high-performance computing software system to simulate the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) dissolution apparatus 2 (paddle apparatus) and thus aid in characterizing the fluid hydrodynamics in the method. The USP apparatus was modeled using the hydrodynamic package Fluent. The Gambit program was used to create a "wireframe" of the apparatus and generate the 3-dimensional grids for the computational fluid dynamics solver. The Fluent solver was run on an IBM RS/6000 SP distributed memory parallel processor system, using 8 processors. Configurations with and without a tablet present were developed and examined. Simulations for a liquid-filled vessel at a paddle speed of 50 rpm were generated. Large variations in fluid velocity magnitudes with position in the vessel were evident. Fluid velocity predictions were in good agreement with those previously published, using laser Doppler velocity measurements. A low-velocity domain was evident directly below the center of the rotating paddle. The model was extended to simulate the impact of the presence of a cylindrical tablet in the base of the dissolution vessel. The presence of the tablet complicated the local fluid flow, and large fluid shear rates were evident at the base of the compact. Fluid shear rates varied depending on the tablet surface and the location on the surface and were consistent with the reported asymmetrical dissolution of model tablets. The approach has the potential to explain the variable dissolution results reported and to aid in the design/prediction of optimal dissolution conditions for in vitro--in vivo correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard G. McCarthy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carolin Kosiol
- Department of Mathematics and Trinity Centre for High Performance Computing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Geoff Bradley
- Department of Mathematics and Trinity Centre for High Performance Computing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - James C. Sexton
- Department of Mathematics and Trinity Centre for High Performance Computing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Owen I. Corrigan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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