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Ding X, Chen C, Zhao H, Dai B, Ye L, Song T, Huang S, Wang J, You T. Inhibiting SHP2 reduces glycolysis, promotes microglial M1 polarization, and alleviates secondary inflammation following spinal cord injury in a mouse model. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:858-872. [PMID: 38886958 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202503000-00030/figure1/v/2024-06-17T092413Z/r/image-tiff Reducing the secondary inflammatory response, which is partly mediated by microglia, is a key focus in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by PTPN11, is widely expressed in the human body and plays a role in inflammation through various mechanisms. Therefore, SHP2 is considered a potential target for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases. However, its role in secondary inflammation after spinal cord injury remains unclear. In this study, SHP2 was found to be abundantly expressed in microglia at the site of spinal cord injury. Inhibition of SHP2 expression using siRNA and SHP2 inhibitors attenuated the microglial inflammatory response in an in vitro lipopolysaccharide-induced model of inflammation. Notably, after treatment with SHP2 inhibitors, mice with spinal cord injury exhibited significantly improved hind limb locomotor function and reduced residual urine volume in the bladder. Subsequent in vitro experiments showed that, in microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, inhibiting SHP2 expression promoted M2 polarization and inhibited M1 polarization. Finally, a co-culture experiment was conducted to assess the effect of microglia treated with SHP2 inhibitors on neuronal cells. The results demonstrated that inflammatory factors produced by microglia promoted neuronal apoptosis, while inhibiting SHP2 expression mitigated these effects. Collectively, our findings suggest that SHP2 enhances secondary inflammation and neuronal damage subsequent to spinal cord injury by modulating microglial phenotype. Therefore, inhibiting SHP2 alleviates the inflammatory response in mice with spinal cord injury and promotes functional recovery postinjury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintian Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Bin Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tao You
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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Bouras M, Asehnoune K, Roquilly A. Immune modulation after traumatic brain injury. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:995044. [PMID: 36530909 PMCID: PMC9751027 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.995044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces instant activation of innate immunity in brain tissue, followed by a systematization of the inflammatory response. The subsequent response, evolved to limit an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response and to induce healing, involves the autonomic nervous system, hormonal systems, and the regulation of immune cells. This physiological response induces an immunosuppression and tolerance state that promotes to the occurrence of secondary infections. This review describes the immunological consequences of TBI and highlights potential novel therapeutic approaches using immune modulation to restore homeostasis between the nervous system and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Bouras
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes Université, Anesthesie Reanimation, CIC 1413, Nantes, France
| | - Karim Asehnoune
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes Université, Anesthesie Reanimation, CIC 1413, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, INSERM, Nantes Université, Anesthesie Reanimation, CIC 1413, Nantes, France
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Yang X, Zeng Q, Göktas E, Gopal K, Al-Aswad L, Blumberg DM, Cioffi GA, Liebmann JM, Tezel G. T-Lymphocyte Subset Distribution and Activity in Patients With Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:877-888. [PMID: 30821813 PMCID: PMC6397017 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Besides glia-driven neuroinflammation, growing evidence from analysis of human blood samples, isolated autoantibodies, and postmortem tissues also support systemic immune responses during neurodegeneration in glaucoma patients. To explore the T-cell–mediated component of systemic immunity, this study analyzed T lymphocytes in patients' blood. Methods Blood samples were collected from 32 patients with glaucoma and 21 nonglaucomatous controls, and mononuclear cells were isolated by Histopaque density gradient centrifugation. T-cell subset distribution was analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry after helper (Th) and cytotoxic fractions, and Th subpopulations, were stained with antibodies to CD4, CD8, or distinctive markers, such as IFN-γ (for Th1), IL-4 (for Th2), IL-17A (for Th17), and CD25/FoxP3 (for T regulatory cells [Tregs]). In addition, proliferative activity and cytokine secretion of T cells were analyzed after in vitro stimulation. Results Analysis of T-cell subset distribution detected a glaucoma-related shift. Despite similar frequencies of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, or Th1, Th2, or Th17 subsets in glaucoma and control groups, glaucomatous samples exhibited a trend toward decreased frequency of CD4+ (or CD8+)/CD25+/FoxP3+ Tregs within the entire CD4+ (or CD8+) population (P < 0.001). Furthermore, CD4+ T cells in glaucomatous samples presented a greater stimulation response (∼3-fold) as characterized by increased proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion (P < 0.05). Conclusions These findings suggest that the immunity activated in glaucoma may not be counterbalanced by an efficient immune suppression. More work is encouraged to determine whether shifted T-cell homeostasis may contribute to neurodegeneration in glaucoma, and/or whether T-cell subset imbalance may serve as a biomarker of autoimmune susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Qun Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Emre Göktas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Kalashree Gopal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lama Al-Aswad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Dana M Blumberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - George A Cioffi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Liebmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gülgün Tezel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States
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García E, Silva-García R, Flores-Romero A, Blancas-Espinoza L, Rodríguez-Barrera R, Ibarra A. The Severity of Spinal Cord Injury Determines the Inflammatory Gene Expression Pattern after Immunization with Neural-Derived Peptides. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:190-195. [PMID: 29796836 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that the intensity of spinal cord injury (SCI) plays a key role in the therapeutic effects induced by immunizing with neural-derived peptides (INDP), as severe injuries abolish the beneficial effects induced by INDP. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of some inflammation-related genes (IL6, IL12, IL-1β, IFNɣ, TNFα, IL-10, IL-4, and IGF-1) by quantitative PCR in rats subjected to SCI and INDP. We investigated the expression of these genes after a moderate or severe contusion. In addition, we evaluated the effect of INDP by utilizing two different peptides: A91 and Cop-1. After moderate injury, both A91 and Cop-1 elicited a pattern of genes characterized by a significant reduction of IL6, IL1β, and TNFα but an increase in IL10, IL4, and IGF-1 expression. There was no effect on IL-12 and INFɣ. In contrast, the opposite pattern was observed when rats were subjected to a severe spinal cord contusion. Immunization with either peptide caused a significant increase in the expression of IL-12, IL-1β, IFNɣ (pro-inflammatory genes), and IGF-1. There was no effect on IL-4 and IL-10 compared to controls. After a moderate SCI, INDP reduced pro-inflammatory gene expression and generated a microenvironment prone to neuroprotection. Nevertheless, severe injury elicits the expression of pro-inflammatory genes that could be aggravated by INDP. These findings correlate with our previous results demonstrating that severe injury inhibits the beneficial effects of protective autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa García
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, C.P. 52786, Huixquilucan Edo. de México, México.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., 14050, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Silva-García
- Departamento de Inmunología, CMN Siglo XXI, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrian Flores-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, C.P. 52786, Huixquilucan Edo. de México, México.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., 14050, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Roxana Rodríguez-Barrera
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, C.P. 52786, Huixquilucan Edo. de México, México.,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., 14050, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Ibarra
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Av. Universidad Anáhuac No. 46, Col. Lomas Anáhuac, C.P. 52786, Huixquilucan Edo. de México, México. .,Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., 14050, Mexico City, Mexico.
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del Barco DG, Berlanga J, Penton E, Hardiman O, Montero E. Boosting controlled autoimmunity: a new therapeutic target for CNS disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 8:819-25. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.5.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hu JG, Shen L, Wang R, Wang QY, Zhang C, Xi J, Ma SF, Zhou JS, Lü HZ. Effects of Olig2-overexpressing neural stem cells and myelin basic protein-activated T cells on recovery from spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9:422-45. [PMID: 22173726 PMCID: PMC3337015 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-011-0090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is a major focus of current research for treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, it is very important to promote the survival and differentiation of NSCs into myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs). In this study, myelin basic protein-activated T (MBP-T) cells were passively immunized to improve the SCI microenvironment. Olig2-overexpressing NSCs were infected with a lentivirus carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene to generate Olig2-GFP-NSCs that were transplanted into the injured site to differentiate into OLs. Transferred MBP-T cells infiltrated the injured spinal cord, produced neurotrophic factors, and induced the differentiation of resident microglia and/or infiltrating blood monocytes into an "alternatively activated" anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype by producing interleukin-13. As a result, the survival of transplanted NSCs increased fivefold in MBP-T cell-transferred rats compared with that of the vehicle-treated control. In addition, the differentiation of MBP-positive OLs increased 12-fold in Olig2-GFP-NSC-transplanted rats compared with that of GFP-NSC-transplanted controls. In the MBP-T cell and Olig2-GFP-NSC combined group, the number of OL-remyelinated axons significantly increased compared with those of all other groups. However, a significant decrease in spinal cord lesion volume and an increase in spared myelin and behavioral recovery were observed in Olig2-NSC- and NSC-transplanted MBP-T cell groups. Collectively, these results suggest that MBP-T cell adoptive immunotherapy combined with NSC transplantation has a synergistic effect on histological and behavioral improvement after traumatic SCI. Although Olig2 overexpression enhances OL differentiation and myelination, the effect on functional recovery may be surpassed by MBP-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Hu
- />Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004 People’s Republic of China
- />Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Shen
- />Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- />Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi-Yi Wang
- />Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- />Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Xi
- />Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan-Feng Ma
- />Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Sheng Zhou
- />Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004 People’s Republic of China
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- />Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004 People’s Republic of China
- />Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, 233004 People’s Republic of China
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Fasano M, Alberio T, Lopiano L. Peripheral biomarkers of Parkinson's disease as early reporters of central neurodegeneration. Biomark Med 2010; 2:465-78. [PMID: 20477424 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.2.5.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common age-related movement disorder, with a prevalence of approximately 2% among people over 65 years of age. The diagnosis of PD is currently based on the clinical manifestations of the disease; therefore, the availability of peripheral biomarkers would have a great impact. In this review, we discuss and compare several attempts made to find peripheral biomarkers of PD to achieve early diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapy assessment and classification of disease subtypes. Several investigators focused on proteins that are involved in PD pathogenesis. However, the best choice for a sensible biomarker-discovery procedure makes use of global approaches such as metabolomics and proteomics. In addition, the tissue or compartment where biomarkers are located, plays a basic role. In this context, lymphocytes are of particular interest because they are circulating dopaminergic cells, and display several functional modifications in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Fasano
- Department of Structural & Functional Biology, Via Alberto da Giussano 12, 21052 Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy.
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Lee KD, Chow WN, Sato-Bigbee C, Graf MR, Graham RS, Colello RJ, Young HF, Mathern BE. FTY720 reduces inflammation and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 26:2335-44. [PMID: 19624262 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust and complex inflammatory cascade is known to be a prominent component of secondary injury following spinal cord injury (SCI). Specifically, the concept of trauma-induced autoimmunity has linked the lymphocyte population with neural tissue injury and neurologic deficit. FTY720, a sphingosine receptor modulator that sequesters lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of a variety of experimental autoimmune disorders. Accordingly, by reducing lymphocyte infiltration into the spinal cord following SCI, this novel immunomodulator may enhance tissue preservation and functional recovery. In the present study, a moderate to severe contusion SCI was simulated in adult Long-Evans hooded rats. Using flow cytometry we showed that daily FTY720 treatment dramatically reduced T-cell infiltration into the SCI lesion site at 4 and 7 days post-injury, while other inflammatory cell populations were relatively unaltered. To assess functional recovery, three groups of injured animals (treated, vehicle, and injury only) were evaluated weekly for hindlimb recovery. Animals in the treated group consistently exhibited higher functional scores than animals in the control groups after 2 weeks post-injury. This finding was associated with a greater degree of white matter sparing at the lesion epicenter when cords were later sectioned and stained. Furthermore, treated animals were found to exhibit improved bladder function and a reduced incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis compared to control counterparts. Collectively these results demonstrate the neuroprotective potential of FTY720 treatment after experimental SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmin D Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Luria S, Waitayawinyu T, Conniff J, Morton HJ, Nemechek NM, Sonnen JA, Katolik LI, Trumble TE. Glatiramer acetate immune system augmentation for peripheral nerve regeneration in rat crushed sciatic nerve model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92:396-403. [PMID: 20124067 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.i.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protective antiself response to nervous system injury has been reported to be mediated by a T-cell subpopulation that can recognize self-antigens. Immune cells have been shown to play a role in the regulation of motor neuron survival after a peripheral nerve injury. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of immune system augmentation with use of the antigen glatiramer acetate, which is known to affect T-cell immunity, on peripheral nerve regeneration. METHODS Wild-type and nude-type (T-cell-deficient) rats underwent crush injury of the sciatic nerve. Three and six weeks after the injury, the sciatic nerve was examined, both functionally (on the basis of footprint analysis and the tibialis anterior muscle response and weight) and histologically (on the basis of axon count). RESULTS Significantly greater muscle responses were measured after three weeks in the group of wild-type rats that were treated with glatiramer acetate (control limb:injured limb ratio, 0.05 for the glatiramer acetate group [n = 9], compared with 0.51 for the saline solution group [n = 8]; p < 0.05). Higher axon counts were also found in this group (control limb:injured limb ratio, -0.07 for the glatiramer acetate group [n = 10], compared with 0.29 for the saline solution group [n = 8]; p < 0.05). The nude-type rats showed no response to the intervention after three weeks but showed a delayed response after six weeks. A second dose of glatiramer acetate, delivered forty-eight hours after the injury, did not result in an improved response as compared with the control groups. CONCLUSIONS We found that a single treatment with glatiramer acetate resulted in accelerated functional and histological recovery after sciatic nerve crush injury. The role of T-cell immunity in the mechanism of glatiramer acetate was suggested by the partial and late response found in the T-cell-deficient rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Luria
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-6500, USA.
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Popovich PG, Longbrake EE. Can the immune system be harnessed to repair the CNS? Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9:481-93. [PMID: 18490917 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical data have demonstrated that activating the immune system in the CNS can be destructive. However, other studies have shown that enhancing an immune response can be therapeutic, and several clinical trials have been initiated with the aim of boosting immune responses in the CNS of individuals with spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Here, we evaluate the controversies in the field and discuss the remaining scientific challenges that are associated with enhancing immune function in the CNS to treat neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip G Popovich
- Ohio State University, 786 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Belokopytov M, Ben-Shlomo G, Rosner M, Belkin M, Dubinski G, Epstein Y, Ofri R. Functional efficacy of glatiramer acetate treatment for laser-induced retinal damage in rats. Lasers Surg Med 2008; 40:196-201. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.20610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Donnelly DJ, Popovich PG. Inflammation and its role in neuroprotection, axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2007; 209:378-88. [PMID: 17662717 PMCID: PMC2692462 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Trauma to the central nervous system (CNS) triggers intraparenchymal inflammation and activation of systemic immunity with the capacity to exacerbate neuropathology and stimulate mechanisms of tissue repair. Despite our incomplete understanding of the mechanisms that control these divergent functions, immune-based therapies are becoming a therapeutic focus. This review will address the complexities and controversies of post-traumatic neuroinflammation, particularly in spinal cord. In addition, current therapies designed to target neuroinflammatory cascades will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Donnelly
- The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology & Medical Genetics, The Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Ofri R, Narfström K. Light at the end of the tunnel? Advances in the understanding and treatment of glaucoma and inherited retinal degeneration. Vet J 2007; 174:10-22. [PMID: 17307370 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma and inherited retinal degeneration/dystrophy are leading causes of blindness in veterinary patients. Currently, there is no treatment for the loss of vision that characterizes both groups of diseases. However, this reality may soon change as recent advances in understanding of the disease processes allow researchers to develop new therapies aimed at preventing blindness and restoring vision to blind patients. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of retinal ganglion cell death in glaucoma patients has led to the development of neuroprotective drugs which protect retinal cells and their function from the disastrous effects of elevated pressure. Identification of the genetic mutation responsible for inherited degenerations and dystrophies of the outer retina has enabled researchers using gene therapy to restore vision to blind dogs. Other patients may benefit from retinal transplantation, stem cell therapy, neuroprotective drugs, nutritional supplementation and even retinal prostheses. It is possible that soon it will be possible to restore sight to some blind patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Ofri
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
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Schmitt KRL, Kern C, Berger F, Ullrich O, Hendrix S, Abdul-Khaliq H. Methylprednisolone attenuates hypothermia- and rewarming-induced cytotoxicity and IL-6 release in isolated primary astrocytes, neurons and BV-2 microglia cells. Neurosci Lett 2006; 404:309-14. [PMID: 16860472 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain protection is crucial during neonatal and pediatric cardiac surgery. The major methods for brain protection are the administration of steroids and deep hypothermia. Therefore, we have investigated the impact of methylprednisolone (MP) administration and deep hypothermia on neonatal mouse astrocytes, neurons and BV-2 microglia cells. Brain cells were pretreated with MP (100 mM) and incubated according to a deep hypothermia protocol mimicking temperature changes during cardiac surgery in children: deep hypothermia (2 h at 17 degrees C, phase 1), slow rewarming (2 h up to 37 degrees C, phase 2), and normothermia (20 h at 37 degrees C, phase 3). In all brain-related cell types cytotoxicity was investigated as well as the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), which plays a major role in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Deep hypothermia induces substantial cytotoxicity and the secretion of IL-6 by astrocytes, BV-2 microglia cells and neurons. MP administration has no influence on the cell survival and IL-6 release of normothermic astrocytes, BV-2 microglia cells and neurons, while hypothermia-induced cytotoxicity and IL-6 secretion are significantly suppressed by MP. These data suggest that MP increases cell survival after deep hypothermia but also suppresses important neuroprotective and regenerative processes induced by IL-6. Hence, more specific immune modulation than that provided by MP may be needed to protect the brain during neonatal and pediatric cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R L Schmitt
- Department for Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Institute Berlin, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Couvreur P, Vauthier C. Nanotechnology: intelligent design to treat complex disease. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1417-50. [PMID: 16779701 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this expert review is to discuss the impact of nanotechnology in the treatment of the major health threats including cancer, infections, metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and inflammations. Indeed, during the past 30 years, the explosive growth of nanotechnology has burst into challenging innovations in pharmacology, the main input being the ability to perform temporal and spatial site-specific delivery. This has led to some marketed compounds through the last decade. Although the introduction of nanotechnology obviously permitted to step over numerous milestones toward the development of the "magic bullet" proposed a century ago by the immunologist Paul Ehrlich, there are, however, unresolved delivery problems to be still addressed. These scientific and technological locks are discussed along this review together with an analysis of the current situation concerning the industrial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Couvreur
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Université de Paris Sud, 5 Rue J.B. Clément, 92 296, Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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Ling C, Sandor M, Suresh M, Fabry Z. Traumatic injury and the presence of antigen differentially contribute to T-cell recruitment in the CNS. J Neurosci 2006; 26:731-41. [PMID: 16421293 PMCID: PMC6675378 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3502-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell recruitment into the brain is critical in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases of the CNS. We use intracerebral antigen microinjection and tetramer technology to track antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells in the CNS and to clarify the contribution of antigen deposition or traumatic injury to the accumulation of T-cells in the brain. We demonstrate that, after intracerebral microinjection of ovalbumin, ovalbumin-specific CD8+ T-cells expand systemically and then migrate into the brain where they complete additional proliferation cycles. T-cells in the brain are activated and respond to in vitro secondary antigen challenge. CD8+ T-cells accumulate and persist in sites of antigen in the brain without replenishment from the periphery. Persistent survival of CD8+ T-cells at sites of cognate antigen is significantly reduced by blocking CD154 molecules. A small traumatic injury itself does not lead to recruitment of CD8+ T-cells into the brain but attracts activated antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells from cognate antigen injection sites. This process is presumably antigen independent and cannot be inhibited by blocking CD154 molecules. These data show that activated antigen-specific CD8+ T-cells accumulate in the CNS at both cognate antigen-containing and traumatic injury sites after intracerebral antigen delivery. The accumulation of activated antigen-specific T-cells at traumatic injury sites, in addition to antigen-containing areas, could amplify local inflammatory processes in the CNS. Combination therapies in neuroinflammatory diseases to block both of these processes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Ling
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Meisel C, Schwab JM, Prass K, Meisel A, Dirnagl U. Central nervous system injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6:775-86. [PMID: 16163382 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute CNS injury. It has recently become clear that CNS injury significantly increases susceptibility to infection by brain-specific mechanisms: CNS injury induces a disturbance of the normally well balanced interplay between the immune system and the CNS. As a result, CNS injury leads to secondary immunodeficiency - CNS injury-induced immunodepression (CIDS) - and infection. CIDS might serve as a model for the study of the mechanisms and mediators of brain control over immunity. More importantly, understanding CIDS will allow us to work on developing effective therapeutic strategies, with which the outcome after CNS damage by a host of diseases could be improved by eliminating a major determinant of poor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Meisel
- Department of Medical Immunology, Charité, Humboldt University, 10098 Berlin, Germany
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