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Ubeda Gutierrez AM, Remant Bahadur KC, Brandwein J, Uludağ H. Exploring the Potential of siRNA Delivery in Acute Myeloid Leukemia for Therapeutic Silencing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3167. [PMID: 38133064 PMCID: PMC10745893 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of using siRNA therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by developing macromolecular carriers that facilitated intracellular delivery of siRNA. The carriers were derived from low-molecular-weight (<2 kDa) polyethyleneimine (PEI) and modified with a range of aliphatic lipids. We identified linoleic acid and lauric acid-modified PEI as optimal carriers for siRNA delivery to AML cell lines KG1 and KG1a, as well as AML patient-derived mononuclear cells. As they have been proven to be potent targets in the treatment of AML, we examined the silencing of BCL2L12 and survivin and showed how it leads to the decrease in proliferation of KG1 and stem-cell-like KG1a cells. By optimizing the transfection schedule, we were able to enhance the effect of the siRNAs on proliferation over a period of 10 days. We additionally showed that with proper modifications of PEI, other genes, including MAP2K3, CDC20, and SOD-1, could be targeted to decrease the proliferation of AML cells. Our studies demonstrated the versatility of siRNA delivery with modified PEI to elicit an effect in leukemic cells that are difficult to transfect, offering an alternative to conventional drugs for more precise and targeted treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyeld M. Ubeda Gutierrez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - K. C. Remant Bahadur
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Joseph Brandwein
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
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2
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Hartl N, Gabold B, Adams F, Uhl P, Oerter S, Gätzner S, Metzger M, König AC, Hauck SM, Appelt-Menzel A, Mier W, Fricker G, Merkel OM. Overcoming the blood-brain barrier? - prediction of blood-brain permeability of hydrophobically modified polyethylenimine polyplexes for siRNA delivery into the brain with in vitro and in vivo models. J Control Release 2023; 360:613-629. [PMID: 37437848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective biological barrier that represents a major bottleneck in the treatment of all types of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) offers in principle a promising therapeutic approach, e.g., for brain tumors, by downregulating brain tumor-related genes and inhibiting tumor growth via RNA interference. In an effort to develop efficient siRNA nanocarriers for crossing the BBB, we utilized polyethyleneimine (PEI) polymers hydrophobically modified with either stearic-acid (SA) or dodecylacrylamide (DAA) subunits and evaluated their suitability for delivering siRNA across the BBB in in vitro and in vivo BBB models depending on their structure. Physicochemical characteristics of siRNA-polymer complexes (polyplexes (PXs)), e.g., particle size and surface charge, were measured by dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler anemometry, whereas siRNA condensation ability of polymers and polyplex stability was evaluated by spectrophotometric methods. The composition of the biomolecule corona that absorbs on polyplexes upon encountering physiological fluids was investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method. Cellular internalization abilities of PXs into brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) was confirmed, and a BBB permeation assay using a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived BBB model revealed similar abilities to cross the BBB for all formulations under physiological conditions. However, biodistribution studies of radiolabeled PXs in mice were inconsistent with in vitro results as the detected amount of radiolabeled siRNA in the brain delivered with PEI PXs was higher compared to PEI-SA PXs. Taken together, PEI PXs were shown to be a suitable nanocarrier to deliver small amounts of siRNA across the BBB into the brain but more sophisticated human BBB models that better represent physiological conditions and biodistribution are required to provide highly predictive in vitro data for human CNS drug development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Hartl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Gabold
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Friederike Adams
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Macromolecular Materials and Fiber Chemistry, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Uhl
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Oerter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany; University Hospital Würzburg, Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Gätzner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany; University Hospital Würzburg, Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine König
- Helmholtz Centrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Protein Science, Heidemannsstr. 1, 80939, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Helmholtz Centrum Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Protein Science, Heidemannsstr. 1, 80939, Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Appelt-Menzel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), 97070 Würzburg, Germany; University Hospital Würzburg, Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gert Fricker
- University of Heidelberg, Institute for Pharmacy & Molekular Biotechnology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Le TMD, Yoon AR, Thambi T, Yun CO. Polymeric Systems for Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826876. [PMID: 35273607 PMCID: PMC8902250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy holds enormous promise to create a new outlook of cancer therapy by eliminating tumors via activation of the immune system. In immunotherapy, polymeric systems play a significant role in improving antitumor efficacy and safety profile. Polymeric systems possess many favorable properties, including magnificent biocompatibility and biodegradability, structural and component diversity, easy and controllable fabrication, and high loading capacity for immune-related substances. These properties allow polymeric systems to perform multiple functions in immunotherapy, such as immune stimulants, modifying and activating T cells, delivery system for immune cargos, or as an artificial antigen-presenting cell. Among diverse immunotherapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell, and oncolytic virus recently have been dramatically investigated for their remarkable success in clinical trials. In this report, we review the monotherapy status of immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell, and oncolytic virus, and their current combination strategies with diverse polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai Minh Duy Le
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanayang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanayang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanayang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Thavasyappan Thambi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanayang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanayang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanayang University, Seoul, South Korea.,Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.,GeneMedicine CO., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
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4
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Appelbe OK, Kim BK, Rymut N, Wang J, Kron SJ, Yeo Y. Radiation-enhanced delivery of plasmid DNA to tumors utilizing a novel PEI polyplex. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 25:196-206. [PMID: 29255216 PMCID: PMC6008165 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-017-0004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The excitement surrounding the potential of gene therapy has been tempered due to the challenges that have thus far limited its successful implementation in the clinic such as issues regarding stability, transfection efficiency, and toxicity. In this study, low molecular weight linear polyethyleneimine (2.5 kDa) was modified by conjugation to a lipid, lithocholic acid, and complexed with a natural polysaccharide, dermatan sulfate (DS), to mask extra cationic charges of the modified polymer. In vitro examination revealed that these modifications improved complex stability with plasmid DNA (pDNA) and transfection efficiency. This novel ternary polyplex (pDNA/3E/DS) was used to investigate if tumor-targeted radiotherapy led to enhanced accumulation and retention of gene therapy vectors in vivo in tumor-bearing mice. Imaging of biodistribution revealed that tumor irradiation led to increased accumulation and retention as well as decreased off-target tissue buildup of pDNA in not only pDNA/3E/DS, but also in associated PEI-based polyplexes and commercial DNA delivery vehicles. The DS-containing complexes developed in this study displayed the greatest increase in tumor-specific pDNA delivery. These findings demonstrate a step forward in nucleic acid vehicle design as well as a promising approach to overall cancer gene therapy through utilization of radiotherapy as a tool for enhanced delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver K Appelbe
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 5758 South Maryland Avenue, MC 9006, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, GCIS W519, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Bieong-Kil Kim
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Nick Rymut
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 5758 South Maryland Avenue, MC 9006, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, GCIS W519, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Stephen J Kron
- Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, 5758 South Maryland Avenue, MC 9006, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and Cellular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, GCIS W519, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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5
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Liang C, Li F, Wang L, Zhang ZK, Wang C, He B, Li J, Chen Z, Shaikh AB, Liu J, Wu X, Peng S, Dang L, Guo B, He X, Au DWT, Lu C, Zhu H, Zhang BT, Lu A, Zhang G. Tumor cell-targeted delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 by aptamer-functionalized lipopolymer for therapeutic genome editing of VEGFA in osteosarcoma. Biomaterials 2017; 147:68-85. [PMID: 28938163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly aggressive pediatric cancer, characterized by frequent lung metastasis and pathologic bone destruction. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), highly expressed in OS, not only contributes to angiogenesis within the tumor microenvironment via paracrine stimulation of vascular endothelial cells, but also acts as an autocrine survival factor for tumor cell themselves, thus making it a promising therapeutic target for OS. CRISPR/Cas9 is a versatile genome editing technology and holds tremendous promise for cancer treatment. However, a major bottleneck to achieve the therapeutic potential of the CRISPR/Cas9 is the lack of in vivo tumor-targeted delivery systems. Here, we screened an OS cell-specific aptamer (LC09) and developed a LC09-functionalized PEG-PEI-Cholesterol (PPC) lipopolymer encapsulating CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids encoding VEGFA gRNA and Cas9. Our results demonstrated that LC09 facilitated selective distribution of CRISPR/Cas9 in both orthotopic OS and lung metastasis, leading to effective VEGFA genome editing in tumor, decreased VEGFA expression and secretion, inhibited orthotopic OS malignancy and lung metastasis, as well as reduced angiogenesis and bone lesion with no detectable toxicity. The delivery system simultaneously restrained autocrine and paracrine VEGFA signaling in tumor cells and could facilitate translating CRISPR-Cas9 into clinical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Fangfei Li
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Luyao Wang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zong-Kang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Bing He
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Atik Badshah Shaikh
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohao Wu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Songlin Peng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Ji Nan University Second College of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Dang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baosheng Guo
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - D W T Au
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hailong Zhu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China; Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Shenzhen Lab of Combinatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
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Small hydrophobe substitution on polyethylenimine for plasmid DNA delivery: Optimal substitution is critical for effective delivery. Acta Biomater 2016; 33:213-24. [PMID: 26802444 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polymers have been turned into effective gene delivery agents by functionalizing with long-chain aliphatic lipids, but little information exists if small hydrophobic moieties can serve as effective substituents for this purpose. To explore this issue, we modified small molecular weight (1.2kDa) polyethylenimine (1.2PEI) by a small hydrophobe, propionic acid (PrA), through N-acylation and investigated the efficacy of resultant polymers to deliver plasmid DNA (pDNA) to breast cancer cells MDA-231 and MCF-7. A significant impact of PrA grafting was observed on physicochemical features of polymers and resultant pDNA complexes. pDNA binding capacity, as measured by BC50 (weight ratio for 50% binding), was decreased from 0.25 to 0.64 with PrA substitution. Hydrodynamic size of polymer/pDNA complexes was not altered, but the surface charge (ξ-potential) was increased with low PrA substitution and decreased at higher PrA substitutions. Similarly, in vitro pDNA transfection efficacy in MDA-231 and MCF-7 cells was significantly increased with PrA grafting and optimum efficacy was observed in polymers with modest substitution, 0.25-1.0 PrAs/PEI (mol/mol), but higher substitutions was detrimental to transfection. The transfection efficiency of PEI-PrAs was higher than aliphatic lipid (linoleic acid) substituted PEI and more stable than 25kDa branched PEI. However, unlike studies reported elsewhere, siRNA had no effect on transfection efficacy of pDNA/PEI-PrA complexes when used as an additive. We conclude that small hydrophobe substitution on low MW PEI converts it into effective pDNA delivery agent in breast cancer cells up to an optimal ratio, indicating that balancing hydrophobicity of polymer is critical for pDNA transfection. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This manuscript investigated the influence of small hydrophobe (propionic acid, PrA, 3 carbon) grafted onto small molecular weight polyethylenimine (1.2PEI) in pDNA delivery. We have explored this approach as an alternative of common strategies to graft long chain and/or bulky lipids [linoleic acid (18 carbon), cholesterol]. At optimal substitution, transfection efficiency of these polymers was significantly higher than long chain lipid substituted 1.2PEI, emphasizing a proper hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance for optimum gene delivery. The overall results establish the feasibility of using small hydrophobes to create functional carriers, as long as the polymers are engineered with optimal ratio of substituent. The reported studies should facilitate the efforts of biomaterials scientists and engineers to design new carriers for gene therapy.
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Meneksedag-Erol D, KC RB, Tang T, Uludağ H. A Delicate Balance When Substituting a Small Hydrophobe onto Low Molecular Weight Polyethylenimine to Improve Its Nucleic Acid Delivery Efficiency. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:24822-24832. [PMID: 26493098 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b07929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight (HMW) polyethylenimine (PEI) is one of the most versatile nonviral gene vectors that was extensively investigated over the past two decades. The cytotoxic profile of HMW PEI, however, encouraged a search for safer alternatives. Because of lack of cytotoxicity of low molecular weight (LMW) PEI, enhancing its performance via hydrophobic modifications has been pursued to this end. Since the performance of modified PEIs depends on the nature and extent of substituents, we systematically investigated the effect of hydrophobic modification of LMW (1.2 kDa) PEI with a short propionic acid (PrA). Moderate enhancements in PEI hydrophobicity resulted in enhanced cellular uptake of polyplexes and siRNA-induced silencing efficacy, whereas further increase in PrA substitution abolished the uptake as well as the silencing. We performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the mechanistic details behind these observations. A new assembly mechanism was observed by the presence of hydrophobic PrA moieties, where PrA migrated to core of the polyplex. This phenomenon caused higher surface hydrophobicity and surface charge density at low substitutions, and it caused deleterious effects on surface hydrophobicity and cationic charge at higher substitutions. It is evident that an optimal balance of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity is needed to achieve the desired polyplex properties for an efficient siRNA delivery, and our mechanistic findings should provide valuable insights for the design of improved substituents on nonviral carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Meneksedag-Erol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculties of Medicine & Dentistry and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and ∥Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta , Alberta, Canada
| | - Remant Bahadur KC
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculties of Medicine & Dentistry and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and ∥Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta , Alberta, Canada
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculties of Medicine & Dentistry and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and ∥Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta , Alberta, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculties of Medicine & Dentistry and Engineering, ‡Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and ∥Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta , Alberta, Canada
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8
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Polymeric oncolytic adenovirus for cancer gene therapy. J Control Release 2015; 219:181-191. [PMID: 26453806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenovirus (Ad) vectors present a promising modality to treat cancer. Many clinical trials have been done with either naked oncolytic Ad or combination with chemotherapies. However, the systemic injection of oncolytic Ad in clinical applications is restricted due to significant liver toxicity and immunogenicity. To overcome these issues, Ad has been engineered physically or chemically with numerous polymers for shielding the Ad surface, accomplishing extended blood circulation time and reduced immunogenicity as well as hepatotoxicity. In this review, we describe and classify the characteristics of polymer modified oncolytic Ad following each strategy for cancer treatment. Furthermore, this review concludes with the highlights of various polymer-coated Ads and their prospects, and directions for future research.
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Choi JW, Nam JP, Nam K, Lee YS, Yun CO, Kim SW. Oncolytic Adenovirus Coated with Multidegradable Bioreducible Core-Cross-Linked Polyethylenimine for Cancer Gene Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:2132-43. [PMID: 26096567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, adenovirus (Ad) has been utilized as a viral vector for efficient gene delivery. However, substantial immunogenicity and toxicity have obstructed oncolytic Ad's transition into clinical studies. The goal of this study is to generate an adenoviral vector complexed with multidegradable bioreducible core-cross-linked polyethylenimine (rPEI) polymer that has low immunogenicity and toxicity while having higher transduction efficacy and stability. We have synthesized different molecular weight rPEIs and complexed with Ad at varying molar ratios to optimize delivery of the Ad/polymer complex. The size and surface charge of Ad/rPEIs were characterized. Of note, Ad/rPEIs showed significantly enhanced transduction efficiency compared to either naked Ad or Ad/25 kDa PEI in both coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) positive and negative cancer cells. The cellular uptake result demonstrated that the relatively small size of Ad/16 kDa rPEIs (below 200 nm) was more critical to the complex's internalization than its surface charge. Cancer cell killing effect and viral production were significantly increased when oncolytic Ad (RdB/shMet, or oAd) was complexed with 16 kDa rPEI in comparison to naked oAd-, oAd/25 kDa PEI-, or oAd/32 kDa rPEI-treated cells. This increased anticancer cytotoxicity was more readily apparent in CAR-negative MCF7 cells, implying that it can be used to treat a broad range of cancer cells. Furthermore, A549 and HT1080 cancer cells treated with oAd/16 kDa rPEI had significantly decreased Met and VEGF expression compared to either naked oAd or oAd/25 kDa PEI. Overall, these results demonstrate that shMet expressing oncolytic Ad complexed with multidegradable bioreducible core-cross-linked PEI could be used as efficient and safe cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Woo Choi
- †Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Joung-Pyo Nam
- †Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kihoon Nam
- †Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Young Sook Lee
- †Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- ‡Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wan Kim
- †Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery (CCCD), Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.,‡Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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10
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Abstract
Polyethylenimines (PEIs) have proven to be highly efficient and versatile agents for nucleic acid delivery in vitro and in vivo. Despite the low biodegradability of these polymers, they have been used in several clinical trials and the results suggest that the nucleic acid/PEI complexes have a good safety profile. The high transfection efficiency of PEIs probably relies on the fact that these polymers possess a stock of amines that can undergo protonation during the acidification of endosomes. This buffering capacity likely enhances endosomal escape of the polyplexes through the "proton sponge" effect. PEIs have also attracted great interest because the presence of many amino groups allow for easy chemical modifications or conjugation of targeting moieties and hydrophilic polymers. In the present chapter, we summarize and discuss the mechanism of PEI-mediated transfection, as well as the recent developments in PEI-mediated DNA, antisense oligonucleotide, and siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neuberg
- Laboratoire "Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques", UMR7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
| | - Antoine Kichler
- Laboratoire "Vecteurs: Synthèse et Applications Thérapeutiques", UMR7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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11
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12
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Oh MH, Kim JS, Lee JY, Park TG, Nam YS. Radio-opaque theranostic nanoemulsions with synergistic anti-cancer activity of paclitaxel and Bcl-2 siRNA. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40883c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Effective down-regulation of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) by siRNA delivery using lipid-substituted aliphatic polymers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Gusachenko (Simonova) O, Kravchuk Y, Konevets D, Silnikov V, Vlassov VV, Zenkova MA. Transfection Efficiency of 25-kDa PEI–Cholesterol Conjugates with Different Levels of Modification. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 20:1091-110. [DOI: 10.1163/156856209x444448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Youlia Kravchuk
- b Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS. 8, Lavrentiev av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Konevets
- c Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS. 8, Lavrentiev av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir Silnikov
- d Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS. 8, Lavrentiev av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Valentin V. Vlassov
- e Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS. 8, Lavrentiev av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Marina A. Zenkova
- f Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS. 8, Lavrentiev av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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15
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Neamnark A, Suwantong O, K. C. RB, Hsu CYM, Supaphol P, Uludağ H. Aliphatic Lipid Substitution on 2 kDa Polyethylenimine Improves Plasmid Delivery and Transgene Expression. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1798-815. [DOI: 10.1021/mp900074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artphop Neamnark
- Department of Chemical & Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College and The Center for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Orawan Suwantong
- Department of Chemical & Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College and The Center for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Remant Bahadur K. C.
- Department of Chemical & Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College and The Center for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Charlie Y. M. Hsu
- Department of Chemical & Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College and The Center for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pitt Supaphol
- Department of Chemical & Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College and The Center for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Chemical & Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College and The Center for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, and Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the occurrence of DNA in human prostasomes. METHODS Prostasomes were purified from seminal fluid (seminal prostasomes) and from PC-3-cells (PC-3 cell prostasomes). DNA extracted from both sources of prostasomes was visualized on agarose gels. Further, the DNA was cloned and sequenced (13 clones from seminal prostasomal DNA and 16 clones from PC-3 cell prostasomal DNA) and identified by alignment in the BLAST-nucleotide search database. In order to decide if the DNA was internally or externally located in/on prostasomes, prostasomes were treated with nuclease (DNase) and A(260) was measured before and after treatment. Additionally, flow cytometric studies were performed with membrane permeable and membrane impermeable DNA stains. RESULTS We identified human chromosomal DNA in purified prostasomes from both sources and treatment with DNase demonstrated that the prostasome-shielded DNA was protected from enzyme attack. Membrane-permeable DNA stain raised the fluorescence contrary to membrane-impermeable stain. Clearly discernible nucleic acid of prostasomes was separated on 1% agarose gel yielding DNA fragments of about 13 kbp and below with a marked band at about 1 kbp. Cloning and sequencing of 13 fragments from seminal prostasomes and 16 from PC-3 cell prostasomes revealed a chromosomal origin of the DNA. In purified seminal prostasomes, 4 out of 13 DNA clones featured gene sequences (31%). The corresponding figure for PC3-derived prostasomes was 4 out of 16 clones featuring gene sequences (25%). CONCLUSION Human prostasomes contain chromosomal DNA. Both nuclease treatment and differential DNA stainings indicated an inside location of the prostasomal DNA. Our findings suggest a DNA-delivery function of prostasomes to sperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Göran Ronquist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYETHYLENIMINE- g-POLY( ε-CAPROLACTONE)COPOLYMER FOR GENE DELIVERY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. ACTA POLYM SIN 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2009.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Jurak M, Chibowski E. Wettability and topography of phospholipid DPPC multilayers deposited by spin-coating on glass, silicon, and mica slides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:10156-63. [PMID: 17722938 DOI: 10.1021/la701220t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The surface free energy of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) layers deposited on glass, silicon, or mica by the spin-coating method was estimated. For this purpose, the advancing and receding contact angles of water, formamide, and diiodomethane were measured, and then two concepts of the interfacial interactions were applied. In the contact angle hysteresis approach, the apparent total surface free energy is calculated from the advancing and receding contact angles of the probe liquids, and in the Lifshitz-van der Waals/acid-base approach, the total surface free energy is calculated from previously determined components of the energy, that is, the apolar Lifshitz-van der Waals and the polar electron-donor and electron-acceptor, which are calculated from the advancing contact angles of the probe liquids alone. Comparison of the results obtained using these two approaches provided more information about changes in the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of the DPPC layers and, simultaneously, a verification of the approaches. Moreover, the roughness and topography of the investigated layers were also examined by atomic force microscopy measurements. The hydrophilic character of the DPPC layers decreased if up to 0.5 mg of DPPC/mL was used to deposit on the substrates by the spin-coating method. Then it increased and leveled off if up to 2-2.5 mg of DPPC/mL was used. The changes in the energy were correlated with the changes in topography of the surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Jurak
- Department of Physical Chemistry-Interfacial Phenomena, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-031, Lublin, Poland
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19
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Fewell JG, Matar M, Slobodkin G, Han SO, Rice J, Hovanes B, Lewis DH, Anwer K. Synthesis and application of a non-viral gene delivery system for immunogene therapy of cancer. J Control Release 2005; 109:288-98. [PMID: 16269201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and gene delivery application of a novel lipopolymer, PEG-PEI-CHOL (PPC), is described. PPC is composed of a low molecular weight branched polyethylenimine (PEI) covalently linked with functional groups methoxypolyethyleneglycol (PEG) and cholesterol (CHOL). The potential utility of PPC as a gene delivery polymer was evaluated by showing its ability to form stable nanocomplexes with DNA, protect DNA from degradation by DNase and mediate gene transfer in vitro and in vivo in solid tumors. The ratio of PEG/PEI/CHOL and nitrogen to phosphate (Polymer/DNA) was optimized for physico-chemical properties and gene delivery efficiency of PPC/DNA complexes. The gene therapy application of the polymer was shown following administration of a murine IL-12 plasmid (pmIL-12) formulated with PPC into tumors in mice which resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth. The inhibitory effects of pmIL-12/PPC were enhanced when combined with specific chemotherapeutic agents, demonstrating the potential usefulness of pIL-12/PPC as an adjuvant therapy for cancer treatment.
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20
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Lungwitz U, Breunig M, Blunk T, Göpferich A. Polyethylenimine-based non-viral gene delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 60:247-66. [PMID: 15939236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 727] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has become a promising strategy for the treatment of many inheritable or acquired diseases that are currently considered incurable. Non-viral vectors have attracted great interest, as they are simple to prepare, rather stable, easy to modify and relatively safe, compared to viral vectors. Unfortunately, they also suffer from a lower transfection efficiency, requiring additional effort for their optimization. The cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) has been widely used for non-viral transfection in vitro and in vivo and has an advantage over other polycations in that it combines strong DNA compaction capacity with an intrinsic endosomolytic activity. Here, we give some insight into strategies developed for PEI-based non-viral vectors to overcome intracellular obstacles, including the improvement of methods for polyplex preparation and the incorporation of endosomolytic agents or nuclear localization signals. In recent years, PEI-based non-viral vectors have been locally or systemically delivered, mostly to target gene delivery to tumor tissue, the lung or liver. This requires strategies to efficiently shield transfection polyplexes against non-specific interaction with blood components, extracellular matrix and untargeted cells and the attachment of targeting moieties, which allow for the directed gene delivery to the desired cell or tissue. In this context, materials, facilitating the design of novel PEI-based non-viral vectors are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lungwitz
- Department of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Technology Unit, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Furgeson DY, Yockman JW, Janat MM, Kim SW. Tumor efficacy and biodistribution of linear polyethylenimine-cholesterol/DNA complexes. Mol Ther 2005; 9:837-45. [PMID: 15194050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-viral polymer/pDNA complexes were formed using linear polyethylenimine (LPEI) Mw 25 k conjugated to cholesterol in a T-shaped geometry (LPC-T) and pDNA encoding murine interleukin-12 (pmIL-12e). These complexes were subsequently injected weekly into BALB/c mice intravenously and locally for the treatment of murine renal cell adenocarcinoma (Renca) induced pulmonary metastases and subcutaneous (SC) Renca tumors, respectively. At the cessation of the pulmonary metastases study, the number of pulmonary metastases was significantly less (p < 0.001) with systemic injections of LPC-T/pmIL-12e formulations than with pmIL-12e alone or pmIL-12e complexed with LPEI, branched polyethylenimine (BPEI) Mw 25 k, or an LPEI/pEGFP control. In addition, biodistribution studies showed increased pulmonary levels of both the LPC-T carrier and pmIL-12e vector up to 3 hr after systemic injection of the LPC-T/pmIL-12e complexes into mice carrying pulmonary metastases. Furthermore, mice systemically treated with LPC-T/pmIL-12e showed a near linear profile in weight gain in the course of the pulmonary metastases study that suggests increased biocompatibility. Finally, due to favorable characteristics in vitro, LPC-T was also used for local (peritumoral) injection of SC Renca tumors. Tumor stasis and slight tumor regression were seen only with the LPC-T/pmIL-12e treated mice compared to BPEI/pmIL-12e, LPEI/pmIL-12e, and naked pmIL-12e controls. Thus, it was concluded that LPC-T is an effective carrier for passive targeting of the pulmonary tissue, treatment of Renca-induced pulmonary metastases, and local administration of Renca cell SC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin Y Furgeson
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5820, USA
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22
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Conwell CC, Huang L. Recent Advances in Non‐viral Gene Delivery. NON-VIRAL VECTORS FOR GENE THERAPY, SECOND EDITION: PART 1 2005; 53PA:1-18. [PMID: 16243058 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(05)53001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has been deemed the medicine of the future due to its potential to treat many types of diseases. However, many obstacles remain before gene delivery is optimized to specific target cells. Over the last several decades, many approaches to gene delivery have been closely examined. By understanding the factors that determine the efficiency of gene uptake and expression as well as those that influence the toxicity of the vector, we are better able to develop new vector systems. This chapter will provide a brief overview of recent advances in gene delivery, specifically on the development of novel non-viral vectors. The following chapters will provide additional details regarding the evolution of non-viral gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Conwell
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, School of Pharmacy University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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23
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Brownlie A, Uchegbu IF, Schätzlein AG. PEI-based vesicle-polymer hybrid gene delivery system with improved biocompatibility. Int J Pharm 2004; 274:41-52. [PMID: 15072781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Wider use of the transfection agent polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) in vivo has been hampered by its toxicity. In order to examine whether material combining properties of polymers and lipid type of carriers would have improved characteristics, four PEI derivatives were synthesised: The methylation of the branched PEI (25 kDa) created a permanently charged quaternary ammonium derivative. Acylation of these backbones using pendant palmitic acid chains created amphiphilic PEI variants which formed nanoparticles or vesicles. Finally hydrophilic groups were added to the polymer backbone by PEGylation. The materials were characterised and their in vitro and in vivo properties were tested. The modifications improved the materials biocompatibility markedly when compared to the starting material but also reduced transfection efficiency. The material bearing ammonium and palmitoyl groups was 10x less toxic while retaining about 30% of the transfection efficiency in vitro. After intravenous administration in a mouse model the materials also gave rise to GFP transgene expression in the liver. The synthetic strategy altered complex physicochemistry and improved biocompatibility while maintaining in vitro gene expression for most formulations. The strategy of combination of complementary properties of cationic lipids and polymers into a hybrid material may also be applicable to other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brownlie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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24
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Spangenberg T, de Mello NF, Creczynski-Pasa TB, Pasa AA, Niehus H. AFM in-situ characterization of supported phospholipid layers formed by solution spreading. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pssa.200304368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Oliva M, Díez-Pérez I, Gorostiza P, Lastra CF, Oliva I, Caramella C, Mariño EL. Self-assembly of drug-polymer complexes: a spontaneous nanoencapsulation process monitored by atomic force microscopy. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:77-83. [PMID: 12486684 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since hydrophilic matrices were proposed for controlled drug delivery, many polymeric excipients have been studied to make drug release fit the desired profiles. It has been pointed out that lambda-carrageenan, a sulfated polymer from algae, can suitably control the release rate of basic drugs from hydrophilic matrices. Furthermore, the relevance of hydrophobic interactions in drug-polymer aqueous systems has already been demonstrated, although no references to morphological features as well as to the kinetics of the interaction complexes formation have been published to date. In this work, we propose a method to monitor the topographical evolution of the interaction between lambda-carrageenan and dexchlorpheniramine maleate, in order to determine how the release profiles can be so easily controlled. For this purpose, solutions of both polymer and drug were prepared at very low concentration. Solutions were mixed and small volumes were taken every hour for over a period of 24 h and subsequently analyzed. The characterization technique used, atomic force microscopy, provides a high resolution, allowing plotting of three-dimensional images of the sample morphology within the nanometric scale. The results demonstrate that lambda-carrageenan is able to nanoencapsulate spontaneously dexchlorpheniramine maleate molecules, which offers the possibility of controlling the release rate of the drug with no need of complex technological processes. Moreover, this work demonstrates the suitability of atomic force microscopy for the specific case of the on-time monitoring of interaction processes that occur in pharmaceutical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Oliva
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy Unit, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Avda, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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