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Musakhanian J, Osborne DW, Rodier JD. Skin Penetration and Permeation Properties of Transcutol ® in Complex Formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:201. [PMID: 39235493 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous delivery is explored as alternative pathway for addressing the drawbacks associated with the oral administration of otherwise efficacious drugs. Short of breaching the skin by physical means, the preference goes to formulation strategies that augment passive diffusion across the skin. One such strategy lies in the use of skin penetration and permeation enhancers notably of hydroxylated solvents like propylene glycol (PG), ethanol (EtOH), and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol®, TRC). In a previous publication, we focused on the role of Transcutol® as enhancer in neat or diluted systems. Herein, we explore its' role in complex formulation systems, including patches, emulsions, vesicles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and micro or nanoemulsions. This review discusses enhancement mechanisms associated with hydroalcoholic solvents in general and TRC in particular, as manifested in multi-component formulation settings alongside other solvents and enhancers. The principles that govern skin penetration and permeation, notably the importance of drug diffusion due to solubilization and thermodynamic activity in the vehicle (formulation), drug solubilization and partitioning in the stratum corneum (SC), and/or solvent drag across the skin into deeper tissue for systemic absorption are discussed. Emphasized also are the interplay between the drug properties, the skin barrier function and the formulation parameters that are key to successful (trans)dermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David W Osborne
- President of David W. Osborne, PhD Consulting Inc., Fort Collins, USA
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2
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Chaturvedi S, Garg A. Development and optimization of nanoemulsion containing exemestane using box-behnken design. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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3
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Improved Topical Drug Delivery: Role of Permeation Enhancers and Advanced Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122818. [PMID: 36559311 PMCID: PMC9785322 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of drugs via transdermal routes is an attractive approach due to ease of administration, bypassing of the first-pass metabolism, and the large skin surface area. However, a major drawback is an inability to surmount the skin's stratum corneum (SC) layer. Therefore, techniques reversibly modifying the stratum corneum have been a classical approach. Surmounting the significant barrier properties of the skin in a well-organised, momentary, and harmless approach is still challenging. Chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) with higher activity are associated with certain side effects restricting their advancement in transdermal drug delivery. Furthermore, complexity in the interaction of CPEs with the skin has led to difficulty in elucidating the mechanism of action. Nevertheless, CPEs-aided transdermal drug delivery will accomplish its full potential due to advancements in analytical techniques, synthetic chemistry, and combinatorial studies. This review focused on techniques such as drug-vehicle interaction, vesicles and their analogues, and novel CPEs such as lipid synthesis inhibitors (LSIs), cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), and ionic liquids (ILs). In addition, different types of microneedles, including 3D-printed microneedles, have been focused on in this review.
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4
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Tabboon P, Pongjanyakul T, Limpongsa E, Jaipakdee N. Mucosal Delivery of Cannabidiol: Influence of Vehicles and Enhancers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081687. [PMID: 36015313 PMCID: PMC9412444 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the mucosal permeation and deposition of cannabidiol (CBD) with neat and binary vehicles were investigated. Permeation experiments were performed using static diffusion cells coupled with fresh porcine esophageal mucosa. The CBD-vehicle solutions were applied at a fixed dose (~5 mg/cm2), and the corresponding permeation parameters were calculated. In neat vehicles, the permeation flux (Jss) ranged from 0.89 ± 0.15 to 179.81 ± 23.46 µg·cm-2·h-1, while the CBD deposition ranged from 11.5 ± 1.8 to 538.3 ± 105.3 μg·cm-2. Propylene glycol (PG) and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE) yielded the highest permeability (Ps) and CBD deposition, while medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) yielded the lowest Ps and deposition. This was due to the difference in apparent partition coefficient (K), which is related to the solubility of CBD in the vehicle. The PG:DEGEE binary vehicle boosted Jss (1.5-1.6 fold) and deposition (2.0-2.7 folds) significantly, compared to neat DEGEE. The combination of DEGEE with MCT dramatically enhanced Jss (11-44 fold) and deposition (1.6-4.7 fold). The addition of lipophilic enhancers, laurocapram, and oleic acid, to PG:DEGEE and DEGEE:MCT vehicles significantly reduced Jss (0.3-0.7 fold) and deposition (0.4-0.8 fold) while nerolidol had no effect. These permeation reductions were found to be related to modification of the K and/or diffusivity values. This study provides useful basic information for the development of CBD formulations intended for transmucosal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peera Tabboon
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thaned Pongjanyakul
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ekapol Limpongsa
- College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand
- Correspondence: (E.L.); (N.J.); Tel.: +66-80-5194956 (E.L.); +66-81-9749228 (N.J.)
| | - Napaphak Jaipakdee
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: (E.L.); (N.J.); Tel.: +66-80-5194956 (E.L.); +66-81-9749228 (N.J.)
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Goh CF, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Thermal analysis of mammalian stratum corneum using differential scanning calorimetry for advancing skin research and drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2022; 614:121447. [PMID: 34998922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
For effective topical and transdermal drug delivery, it is necessary for most actives to penetrate and permeate through the stratum corneum (SC). Extensive investigation of the thermal behaviour of mammalian SC has been performed to understand the barrier function of the skin. However, little attention has been paid to the related experimental variables in thermal analysis of the SC using differential scanning calorimetry that may influence the results obtained from such studies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the thermal transitions of the SC of both porcine and human skin. More importantly, the selection and impact of the experimental and instrumental parameters used in thermal analysis of the SC are critically evaluated. New opportunities for the use of thermal analysis of mammalian SC in advancing skin research, particularly for elucidation of the actions of excipients employed in topical and transdermal formulations on the skin are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation in Dermal Delivery: The Role of Excipients. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040542. [PMID: 33924434 PMCID: PMC8069833 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of topical and transdermal formulations is known to determine the rate and the extent of drug delivery to and through the skin. However, to date, the role of excipients in these formulations on skin delivery of actives has received little attention from scientists in the field. Monitoring skin absorption of both drug and vehicle may provide insights into the mechanism by which excipients promote permeation and may facilitate the design of effective and safer products. Previously, we have investigated the use of quantitative Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (CRS) to investigate the delivery of an active to the skin, and we also reported the first fully quantitative study that compared this method with the well-established in vitro permeation test (IVPT) model. To further explore the potential of quantitative CRS in assessing topical delivery, the present work investigated the effects of commonly used excipients on the percutaneous absorption of a model drug, ibuprofen (IBU). Permeation of IBU and selected solvents following finite dose applications to human skin was determined in vitro and in vivo by Franz diffusion studies and quantitative CRS, respectively. The solvents used were propylene glycol (PG), dipropylene glycol (DPG), tripropylene glycol (TPG), and polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300). Overall, the cumulative amounts of IBU that permeated at 24 h in vitro were similar for PG, DPG, and TPG (p > 0.05). These three vehicles outperformed PEG 300 (p < 0.05) in terms of drug delivery. Concerning the vehicles, the rank order for in vitro skin permeation was DPG ≥ PG > TPG, while PEG 300 did not permeate the skin. A linear relationship between maximum vehicle and IBU flux in vitro was found, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.95. When comparing in vitro with in vivo data, a positive in vitro–in vivo (IVIV) correlation between the cumulative permeation of IBU in vitro and the total amount of IBU that penetrated the stratum corneum (SC) in vivo was observed, with a Pearson correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.90. A strong IVIV correlation, R2 = 0.82, was found following the linear regression of the cumulative number of solvents permeated in vitro and the corresponding skin uptake in vivo measured with CRS. This is the first study to correlate in vivo permeation of solvents measured by CRS with data obtained by in vitro diffusion studies. The IVIV correlations suggest that CRS is a powerful tool for profiling drug and vehicle delivery from dermal formulations. Future studies will examine additional excipients with varying physicochemical properties. Ultimately, these findings are expected to lead to new approaches for the design, evaluation, and optimization of formulations that target actives to and through the skin.
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Yu YQ, Yang X, Wu XF, Fan YB. Enhancing Permeation of Drug Molecules Across the Skin via Delivery in Nanocarriers: Novel Strategies for Effective Transdermal Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:646554. [PMID: 33855015 PMCID: PMC8039394 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.646554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transdermal route of administration provides numerous advantages over conventional routes i.e., oral or injectable for the treatment of different diseases and cosmetics applications. The skin also works as a reservoir, thus deliver the penetrated drug for more extended periods in a sustained manner. It reduces toxicity and local irritation due to multiple sites for absorption and owes the option of avoiding systemic side effects. However, the transdermal route of delivery for many drugs is limited since very few drugs can be delivered at a viable rate using this route. The stratum corneum of skin works as an effective barrier, limiting most drugs' penetration posing difficulty to cross through the skin. Fortunately, some non-invasive methods can significantly enhance the penetration of drugs through this barrier. The use of nanocarriers for increasing the range of available drugs for the transdermal delivery has emerged as a valuable and exciting alternative. Both the lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs can be delivered via a range of nanocarriers through the stratum corneum with the possibility of having local or systemic effects to treat various diseases. In this review, the skin structure and major obstacle for transdermal drug delivery, different nanocarriers used for transdermal delivery, i.e., nanoparticles, ethosomes, dendrimers, liposomes, etc., have been discussed. Some recent examples of the combination of nanocarrier and physical methods, including iontophoresis, ultrasound, laser, and microneedles, have also been discussed for improving the therapeutic efficacy of transdermal drugs. Limitations and future perspectives of nanocarriers for transdermal drug delivery have been summarized at the end of this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Yu
- Scientific Research and Education Department, Chun’an First People’s Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Chun’an Branch), Hangzhou, China
- Nursing Department, Chun’an First People’s Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Chun’an Branch), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wu
- Nursing Department, Chun’an First People’s Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital Chun’an Branch), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Bin Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Hu X, He H. A review of cosmetic skin delivery. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:2020-2030. [PMID: 33655674 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cosmetic Skin Delivery has a very important impact on the action of cosmetics. More and more cosmetic manufacturers are focusing on cosmetic delivery. Meanwhile, it also brings safety issues and the customization of national laws and regulations. OBJECTIVES This paper reviews the theoretical knowledge about cosmetic skin delivery and evaluation methods. METHODS An extensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and other databases for articles on transdermal/skin delivery in cosmetics from 1985 to 2020. RESULTS The importance of skin delivery in cosmetics is outlined. The structure of the skin and the skin barrier, including delivery pathways available to cosmetic molecules in three modalities are introduced. The laws and regulations of various countries on nanomaterials for cosmetics are listed. The in vitro skin absorption test methods for cosmetics are briefly reviewed. Furthermore, the prospect of future skin penetration methods for cosmetics is presented. CONCLUSIONS Currently, various methods to enhance and evaluate cosmetic delivery through skin are available. However, there are no unified domestic and international laws and regulations about evaluation of transdermal delivery. This article provides a new perspective on the development of novel permeation enhancement technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaming He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cosmetic of China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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Zhang Y, Lane ME, Moore DJ. An Investigation of the Influence of PEG 400 and PEG-6-Caprylic/Capric Glycerides on Dermal Delivery of Niacinamide. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122907. [PMID: 33291576 PMCID: PMC7761779 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and PEG derivatives are used in a range of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. However, few studies have investigated the influence of PEGs and their related derivatives on skin permeation, especially when combined with other solvents. Previously, we reported niacinamide (NIA) skin permeation from a range of neat solvents including propylene glycol (PG), Transcutol® P (TC), dimethyl isosorbide (DMI), PEG 400 and PEG 600. In the present work, binary and ternary systems composed of PEGs or PEG derivatives combined with other solvents were investigated for skin delivery of NIA. In vitro finite dose studies were conducted (5 μL/cm2) in porcine skin over 24 h. Higher skin permeation of NIA was observed for all vehicles compared to PEG 400. However, overall permeation for the binary and ternary systems was comparatively low compared with results for PG, TC and DMI. Interestingly, values for percentage skin retention of NIA for PEG 400:DMI and PEG 400:TC were significantly higher than values for DMI, TC and PG (p < 0.05). The findings suggest that PEG 400 may be a useful component of formulations for the delivery of actives to the skin rather than through the skin. Future studies will expand the range of vehicles investigated and also look at skin absorption and residence time of PEG 400 compared to other solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Majella E. Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
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Shinde M, Bali N, Rathod S, Karemore M, Salve P. Effect of binary combinations of solvent systems on permeability profiling of pure agomelatine across rat skin: a comparative study with statistically optimized polymeric nanoparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:826-845. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1757697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Shinde
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Nikhil Bali
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Shahadev Rathod
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Megha Karemore
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Pramod Salve
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
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11
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Pan Q, Yu Y, Chen D, Jiao G, Liu X. Enhanced penetration strategies for transdermal delivery. Front Chem Sci Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-019-1913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Novel Nanocarriers for Targeted Topical Skin Delivery of the Antioxidant Resveratrol. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020108. [PMID: 32013204 PMCID: PMC7076350 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a potent lipophilic antioxidant with a low aqueous solubility. Novel nanoformulations have been successfully developed and evaluated to increase the potential of resveratrol as a skin targeting antioxidant. Nanoformulations were prepared using a spontaneous emulsification method, and characterized and evaluated for their capabilities to penetrate/permeate the skin. In nanoformulations, the thermodynamic activity of the RSV penetration into/permeation through the skin was correlated with the thermodynamic activity of the RSV in the formulations. When terpenes were incorporated into the nanoformulations, the permeation of RSV through the skin increased and correlated with an increasing lipophilicity of the terpene. The nanoemulsion containing eugenol showed the highest RSV penetration into the stratum corneum (SC) and the epidermis-dermis-follicle region, whereas the limonene containing nanoemulsion had the highest RSV permeation through the skin (the enhancement ratios, compared to a saturated solution of RSV, were (i) 9.55 and (ii) 12.61, respectively, based on the average RSV amount (i) in each skin region and (ii) permeation through skin).
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Iliopoulos F, Sil BC, Moore DJ, Lucas RA, Lane ME. 3-O-ethyl-l-ascorbic acid: Characterisation and investigation of single solvent systems for delivery to the skin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS-X 2019; 1:100025. [PMID: 31517290 PMCID: PMC6733298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2019.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
l-ascorbic acid (AA), commonly known as vitamin C, has been widely used in topical formulations for many years as an antioxidant and anti-aging ingredient. However, the physicochemical properties of AA are not optimal for skin uptake and the molecule is also unstable, readily undergoing oxidation on exposure to air. The compound 3-o-ethyl-l-ascorbic acid (EA) has been developed as a stable vitamin C derivative and has been used in topical products. The aims of this work were to conduct a comprehensive characterisation of physicochemical properties of EA as well as to investigate the influence of various neat solvents on EA skin delivery. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterise the molecule. The pKa of the compound and the partition coefficient logP(o/w) were experimentally determined. A new HPLC method for analysis of the molecule was also developed and validated. A number of solvents for topical preparations were selected based on their wide use as excipients in topical formulations, their potential to act as skin penetration enhancers and their favourable safety profiles. The solubility and stability of EA was examined. Skin permeation of the molecule in full thickness porcine skin in vitro was investigated using Franz-type diffusion cells. The melting point, log P(o/w) value and pKa value of EA were determined to be 114.39 ± 0.5 °C, −1.07 ± 0.03 and 7.72 ± 0.01 respectively. Skin penetration of EA was evident for the following vehicles 1,2 hexanediol (HEX), glycerol (GLY), propylene glycol (PG), 1,2 pentanediol (1-2P), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), propylene glycol monolaurate (PGML) and propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC). Skin uptake but no permeation through the skin was observed for Transcutol® (TC) and dipropylene glycol (DiPG), while no penetration was observed for the solvents 1,5 pentanediol (1-5P) and tripropylene glycol (TriPG). The findings of the permeation experiments confirm the potential of simple formulations to deliver EA to the skin. Studies are ongoing to identify complex vehicles for synergistic enhancement of EA skin penetration. To our knowledge this is the first study to conduct a comprehensive characterization of EA and examine its skin uptake and permeation properties in porcine skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotis Iliopoulos
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Bruno C. Sil
- London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - David J. Moore
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey KT13 0DE, UK
| | - Robert A. Lucas
- GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey KT13 0DE, UK
| | - Majella E. Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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14
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Osborne DW, Musakhanian J. Skin Penetration and Permeation Properties of Transcutol®-Neat or Diluted Mixtures. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3512-3533. [PMID: 30421383 PMCID: PMC6848246 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A heightened interest in (trans)dermal delivery is in part driven by the need to improve the existing skin therapies and also the demand for alternative routes of administration, notably for pharmaceutical actives with undesirable oral absorption characteristics. The premise of delivering difficult actives to the skin or via the skin however is weighed down by the barrier function properties of the stratum corneum. Short of disrupting the skin by physical means, scientists have resorted to formulation with excipients known to enhance the skin penetration and permeation of drugs. A vehicle that has emerged over the years as a safe solubilizer and enhancer for a broad range of drug actives is the highly purified NF/EP grade of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE) commercially known as Transcutol®. Whereas numerous studies affirm its enhancing effect on drug solubilization, percutaneous absorption rate, and/or drug retention in the skin, there are few publications that unite the body of the published literature in describing the precise role and mechanisms of action for Transcutol®. In view of the current mechanistic understanding of skin barrier properties, this paper takes on a retrospective review of the published works and critically evaluates the data for potential misses due to experimental variables such as formulation design, skin model, skin hydration levels, and drug properties. The goal of this review is to mitigate the incongruence of the published works and to construct a unified, comprehensive understanding of how Transcutol® influences skin penetration and permeation. Graphical Abstract Transcutol has affinity for the hydrophilic head groups of the stratum corneum structures.
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15
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Dahlizar S, Futaki M, Okada A, Yatomi C, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Combined Use of N-Palmitoyl-Glycine-Histidine Gel and Several Penetration Enhancers on the Skin Permeation and Concentration of Metronidazole. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040163. [PMID: 30241371 PMCID: PMC6321412 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Palmitoyl-Glycine-Histidine (Pal-GH) is a novel low molecular weight gelator. In our previous report, ivermectin, a lipophilic drug, was effectively delivered to skin tissue after topical application with Pal-GH as a spray gel formulation, and a much higher skin concentration was confirmed than with the administration of a conventional oral formulation. The objective of this study was to increase the skin permeation of metronidazole (MTZ), a hydrophilic drug, after the topical application of Pal-GH gel. An evaluation of the combined effect of chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs), such as isopropyl myristate (IPM), propylene glycol (PG), ethanol, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), on skin permeation was also conducted. We found that a 5% Pal-GH gel containing 1% MTZ (F5MTZ) exhibited a 2.7-fold higher MTZ permeation through excised hairless rat skin than its solution. Furthermore, F5PG-MTZ and F5IPM-MTZ further increased the skin permeation of MTZ when compared to F5MTZ. Interestingly, F5PG-MTZ enhanced the skin penetration of MTZ, although no enhancement effect was observed for an MTZ solution containing PG. Thus, a Pal-GH formulation containing PG and IPM may enhance the skin permeation of MTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Dahlizar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, Banten 15419, Indonesia.
| | - Mika Futaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
| | - Akie Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
| | - Chihiro Yatomi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama 350-0295, Japan.
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16
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Effect of the Dispersion States of Azone in Hydroalcoholic Gels on Its Transdermal Permeation Enhancement Efficacy. J Pharm Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Bonnel D, Legouffe R, Eriksson AH, Mortensen RW, Pamelard F, Stauber J, Nielsen KT. MALDI imaging facilitates new topical drug development process by determining quantitative skin distribution profiles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2815-2828. [PMID: 29546543 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Generation of skin distribution profiles and reliable determination of drug molecule concentration in the target region are crucial during the development process of topical products for treatment of skin diseases like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Imaging techniques like mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) offer sufficient spatial resolution to generate meaningful distribution profiles of a drug molecule across a skin section. In this study, we use matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to generate quantitative skin distribution profiles based on tissue extinction coefficient (TEC) determinations of four different molecules in cross sections of human skin explants after topical administration. The four drug molecules: roflumilast, tofacitinib, ruxolitinib, and LEO 29102 have different physicochemical properties. In addition, tofacitinib was administrated in two different formulations. The study reveals that with MALDI-MSI, we were able to observe differences in penetration profiles for both the four drug molecules and the two formulations and thereby demonstrate its applicability as a screening tool when developing a topical drug product. Furthermore, the study reveals that the sensitivity of the MALDI-MSI techniques appears to be inversely correlated to the drug molecules' ability to bind to the surrounding tissues, which can be estimated by their Log D values. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bonnel
- ImaBiotech SAS, Parc Eurasanté, 885 Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120, Loos, France
| | - Raphaël Legouffe
- ImaBiotech SAS, Parc Eurasanté, 885 Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120, Loos, France
| | | | | | - Fabien Pamelard
- ImaBiotech SAS, Parc Eurasanté, 885 Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120, Loos, France
| | - Jonathan Stauber
- ImaBiotech SAS, Parc Eurasanté, 885 Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120, Loos, France.,ImaBiotech Corp, 44 Manning Road Unit 3, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - Kim T Nielsen
- LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, 2750, Ballerup, Denmark.
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18
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Rambharose S, Kalhapure RS, Jadhav M, Govender T. Novel mono, di and tri-fatty acid esters bearing secondary amino acid ester head groups as transdermal permeation enhancers. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04025c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mono-oleate derivative (MOAPE) enhancing in vitro transdermal permeation of tenofovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rambharose
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - R. S. Kalhapure
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - M. Jadhav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | - T. Govender
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
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19
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Haque T, Rahman KM, Thurston DE, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Topical delivery of anthramycin I. Influence of neat solvents. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 104:188-195. [PMID: 28373034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthramycin (ANT) was the first pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) molecule to be isolated, and is a potent cytotoxic agent. Although the PBD family has been investigated for use in systemic chemotherapy, their application in the management of actinic keratoses (AK) or skin cancer has not been investigated to date. In the present work, anthramycin (ANT) was selected as a model PBD compound, and the skin penetration of the molecule was investigated using conventional Franz diffusion cells. Finite dose permeation studies of ANT were performed using propylene glycol (PG), 1,3-butanediol (BD), dipropylene glycol (DiPG), Transcutol P® (TC), propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC), propylene glycol monolaurate (PGML) and isopropyl myristate (IPM). The skin penetration of BD, DiPG, PG and TC was also measured. Penetration of ANT through human skin was evident for TC, PG and PGML with the active appearing to "track" the permeation of the vehicle in the case of TC and PG. Deposition of ANT in skin could be correlated with skin retention of the vehicle in the case of IPM, PGMC and PGML. These preliminary findings confirm the ability of ANT to penetrate human skin and, given the potency of the molecule, suggest that further investigation is justified. Additionally, the findings emphasise the critical importance of understanding the fate of the excipient for the rational design of topical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnuva Haque
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Khondaker M Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - David E Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Majella E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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20
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Exploring unsaturated fatty acid cholesteryl esters as transdermal permeation enhancers. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 7:333-345. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Ramezanli T, Kilfoyle BE, Zhang Z, Michniak-Kohn BB. Polymeric nanospheres for topical delivery of vitamin D3. Int J Pharm 2016; 516:196-203. [PMID: 27810351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the potential application of polymeric nanospheres (known as TyroSpheres) as a formulation carrier for topical delivery of cholecalciferol (i.e., Vitamin D3, VD3) with the goal to improve the skin delivery and stability of VD3. High drug loading and binding efficiencies were obtained for VD3 when loaded in TyroSpheres. VD3 was released from TyroSpheres in a sustained manner and was delivered across the stratum corneum, which occurred independent of the initial drug loading. An ex vivo skin distribution study showed that TyroSphere formulations delivered 3-10μg of active into the epidermis which was significantly higher than that delivered from Transcutol® (the control vehicle). In addition, an in vitro cytotoxicity assay using keratinocytes confirmed that VD3 encapsulation in the nanoparticles did not alter the drug activity. Photodegradation of VD3 followed zero-order kinetics. TyroSpheres were able to protect the active against hydrolysis and photodegradation, significantly enhancing the stability of VD3 in the topical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Ramezanli
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Brian E Kilfoyle
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; The New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- The New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Mosaic Biosciences, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Bozena B Michniak-Kohn
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 145 Bevier Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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22
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The effects of polar excipients transcutol and dexpanthenol on molecular mobility, permeability, and electrical impedance of the skin barrier. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 479:207-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Advanced topical formulations (ATF). Int J Pharm 2016; 514:52-57. [PMID: 27260130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Topical formulations aim to target the skin for a variety of cosmetic, protective or therapeutic needs. Despite the use of creams and ointments over the millennia, the bioavailability of actives from topical preparations remains quite low, often not exceeding 1-2% of the applied dose. In this review we examine the reasons underlying the poor performance of topical preparations. We also outline a rational approach, based on Fick's laws of diffusion, to develop advanced topical formulations. Methodologies which are currently used in research and development are critically examined and the importance of understanding the fate of the vehicle as well as the active is emphasised. Advanced topical formulation development will also be facilitated by emerging and sophisticated analytical techniques that are able to probe real time delivery of actives to the skin. A good understanding of the underlying physical chemistry of both the formulation and the skin is crucial in the development of optimised topical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Hadgraft
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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24
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Topical delivery of hexamidine. Int J Pharm 2016; 506:332-9. [PMID: 27130367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hexamidine diisethionate (HEX D) has been used for its biocidal actions in topical preparations since the 1950s. Recent data also suggest that it plays a beneficial role in skin homeostasis. To date, the extent to which this compound penetrates the epidermis has not been reported nor how its topical delivery may be modulated. In the present work we set out to characterise the interaction of HEX D with the skin and to develop a range of simple formulations for topical targeting of the active. A further objective was to compare the skin penetration of HEX D with its corresponding dihydrochloride salt (HEX H) as the latter has more favourable physicochemical properties for skin uptake. Candidate vehicles were evaluated by in vitro Franz cell permeation studies using porcine skin. Initially, neat solvents were investigated and subsequently binary systems were examined. The solvents and chemical penetration enhancers investigated included glycerol, dimethyl isosorbide (DMI), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), 1,2-pentanol (1,2-PENT), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, propylene glycol (PG), propylene glycol monolaurate (PGML) and Transcutol(®)P (TC). Of a total of 30 binary solvent systems evaluated only 10 delivered higher amounts of active into the skin compared with the neat solvents. In terms of topical efficacy, formulations containing PGML far surpassed all other solvents or binary combinations. More than 70% of HEX H was extracted from the skin following application in PG:PGML (50:50). Interestingly, the same vehicle effectively promoted skin penetration of HEX D but demonstrated significantly lower uptake into and through the skin (30%). The findings confirm the unpredictable nature of excipients on delivery of actives with reference to skin even where there are minor differences in molecular structures. We also believe that they underline the ongoing necessity for fundamental studies on the interaction of topical excipients with the skin.
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25
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Song J, Fan X, Shen Q. Daidzein-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers-PLGA nanofibers for transdermal delivery. Int J Pharm 2016; 501:245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Shah PP, Desai PR, Boakye CHA, Patlolla R, Kikwai LC, Babu RJ, Singh M. Percutaneous delivery of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone for the treatment of imiquimod-induced psoriasis. J Drug Target 2015; 24:537-47. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1103743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Punit P. Shah
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,
| | - Pinaki R. Desai
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,
| | - Cedar H. A. Boakye
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,
| | - Ram Patlolla
- Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Integrated Product Development, Bachupallyi, Hyderabad, India, and
| | - Loice C. Kikwai
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,
| | - R. Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA,
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27
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Pund S, Pawar S, Gangurde S, Divate D. Transcutaneous delivery of leflunomide nanoemulgel: Mechanistic investigation into physicomechanical characteristics, in vitro anti-psoriatic and anti-melanoma activity. Int J Pharm 2015; 487:148-56. [PMID: 25869452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study is a mechanistic validation of 'proof of concept' of effective topical delivery of leflunomide (LFD) nanoemulgel for localized efficient treatment of psoriatic lesions as well as melanoma affected skin regions. Hyperproliferation of keratinocytes in psoriasis and symbiotic relationship between keratinocytes and melanocytes, justifies the need of dual acting treatment. LFD is recently introduced significantly effective disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug and has been considered valuable for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis as well as melanoma. Current available treatments for psoriasis and melanoma are inefficient due to systemic side effects, poor transcutaneous permeation and thus present a challenge for development of novel colloidal carriers. We newly reformulated LFD as a nanoemulgel based on self nanoemulsifying technique using Capryol 90, Cremophor EL, Transcutol HP as nanoemulsifying components and Pluronic F127 as a gelling agent. This thermodynamically stable nanoemuslsifying preconcentrate after gelation showed mean globule size, 123.7 nm and viscosity 9620 ± 93 cp. Complete mechanical characterization was carried out using Texture Analyzer and hardness, adhesiveness and springiness index were found to be 523 gms, 431 gms and 1.02, respectively. Ex vivo permeation through rat abdominal skin revealed significant improvement in flux, apparent permeability coefficient, steady state diffusion coefficient and drug deposition in skin due to nanoemulsification of LFD. The in vitro cytoxicity of LFD nanoemulgel in human HaCaT, melanoma A375 and SK-MEL-2 cell lines showed significantly enhanced therapeutic response. In gist, LFD nanoemulgel for trancutaneous delivery will reduce the overall dose and drug consumption, by effectively localizing at the applied target site and will ultimately minimize systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Pund
- Department of Pharmaceutics, STES's Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe, Pune 411041, India.
| | - Satish Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, STES's Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe, Pune 411041, India
| | - Shashikant Gangurde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, STES's Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe, Pune 411041, India
| | - Deepali Divate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, STES's Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Narhe, Pune 411041, India
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28
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Rambharose S, Kalhapure RS, Akamanchi KG, Govender T. Novel dendritic derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids as promising transdermal permeation enhancers for tenofovir. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6662-6675. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00957j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel dendritic ester derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids as potential transdermal permeation enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Rambharose
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences
| | - Rahul S. Kalhapure
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
| | | | - Thirumala Govender
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of KwaZulu-Natal
- Durban 4000
- South Africa
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29
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Guo C, Khengar RH, Sun M, Wang Z, Fan A, Zhao Y. Acid-responsive polymeric nanocarriers for topical adapalene delivery. Pharm Res 2014; 31:3051-9. [PMID: 24805280 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The acne skin is characteristic of a relatively lower pH microenvironment compared to the healthy skin. The aim of this work was to utilize such pH discrepancy as a site-specific trigger for on-demand topical adapalene delivery. METHODS The anti-acne agent, adapalene, was encapsulated in acid-responsive polymer (Eudragit® EPO) nanocarriers via nanoprecipitation. The nanocarriers were characterized in terms of particle size, surface morphology, drug-carrier interaction, drug release and permeation. RESULTS Adapalene experienced a rapid release at pH 4.0 in contrast to that at pH 5.0 and 6.0. The permeation study using silicone membrane revealed a significant higher drug flux from the nanocarrier (6.5 ± 0.6 μg.cm(-2).h(-1)) in comparison to that (3.9 ± 0.4 μg.cm(-2).h(-1)) in the control vehicle (Transcutol®). The in vitro pig skin tape stripping study showed that at 24 h post dose-application the nanocarrier delivered the same amount of drug to the stratum corneum as the positive control vehicle did. CONCLUSIONS The acid-responsive nanocarriers hold promise for efficient adapalene delivery and thus improved acne therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High Efficiency School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
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30
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Suh DC, Kim Y, Kim H, Ro J, Cho SW, Yun G, Choi SU, Lee J. Enhanced In Vitro Skin Deposition Properties of Retinyl Palmitate through Its Stabilization by Pectin. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:73-7. [PMID: 24596625 PMCID: PMC3936429 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of stabilization of retinyl palmitate (RP) on its skin permeation and distribution profiles. Skin permeation and distribution study were performed using Franz diffusion cells along with rat dorsal skin, and the effect of drug concentration and the addition of pectin on skin deposition profiles of RP was observed. The skin distribution of RP increased in a concentration dependent manner and the formulations containing 0.5 and 1 mg of pectin demonstrated significantly increased RP distributions in the epidermis. Furthermore, it was found that skin distribution of RP could be further improved by combined use of pectin and ascorbyl palmitate (AP), due largely to their anti-oxidative effect. These results clearly demonstrate that the skin deposition properties of RP can be improved by stabilizing RP with pectin. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that pectin could be used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations as an efficient stabilizing agent and as skin penetration modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Churl Suh
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756
| | - Yeongseok Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756
| | - Hyeongmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756
| | - Jieun Ro
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756
| | - Seong-Wan Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biotechnology, Medical Engineering College, Konyang University, Nonsan 320-711
| | - Gyiae Yun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756
| | - Sung-Up Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongnam Health College, Suwon 440-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756
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31
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Hirata K, Helal F, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Formulation of carbenoxolone for delivery to the skin. Int J Pharm 2013; 448:360-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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The effects of esterified solvents on the diffusion of a model compound across human skin: An ATR-FTIR spectroscopic study. Int J Pharm 2013; 447:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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33
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Lane ME. Skin penetration enhancers. Int J Pharm 2013; 447:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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34
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Moss G. The Contributions of the Celtic Masters and Their Associates. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:343-55. [DOI: 10.1159/000352012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the work of 4 researchers in the field of percutaneous absorption - Keith Brain, Mark Cronin, Dermot McCafferty and John Pugh. It summarizes their main achievements in this field and reviews their major contributions to the broader subject area.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas G. Hougeir
- General and Cosmetic Dermatology, Mohs Micrographic Surgery; Atlanta; Georgia
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36
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Chen F, Li S, Li D, Ding JS. Transdermal behaviors comparisons among Evodia rutaecarpa extracts with different purity of evodiamine and rutaecarpine and the effect of topical formulation in vivo. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:954-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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37
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Mura S, Manconi M, Fadda AM, Sala MC, Perricci J, Pini E, Sinico C. Penetration enhancer-containing vesicles (PEVs) as carriers for cutaneous delivery of minoxidil: in vitro evaluation of drug permeation by infrared spectroscopy. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:1339-45. [PMID: 22563642 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.685661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we carried out a research on new liposomal systems prepared by using in their composition a few penetration enhancers which differ for chemical structure and physicochemical properties. The penetration enhancer-containing vesicles (PEVs) were prepared by using soy lecithin and different amounts of three penetration enhancers, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol (Transcutol(®)), capryl-caproyl macrogol 8-glyceride (Labrasol(®)), and cineole.To study the influence of the PEVs on (trans)dermal delivery of minoxidil, in vitro diffusion experiments were performed through new born pig skin and the results were compared with that obtained applying the vesicular system without enhancer (control) after pretreatment of the skin with the various enhancers. In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), attenuated total reflectance FTIR (ATR-FTIR) and FTIR imaging were used to evaluate the effective penetration of minoxidil in the skin layers and to discover the influence of the enhancer on the drug topical delivery. These analytical studies allowed us to characterize the drug formulations and to evaluate the vesicle distribution into the skin. Recorded spectra confirmed that the vesicle formulations with penetration enhancers promoted drug deposition into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mura
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Choi J, Choi MK, Chong S, Chung SJ, Shim CK, Kim DD. Effect of fatty acids on the transdermal delivery of donepezil: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2011; 422:83-90. [PMID: 22037444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of fatty acids on the skin permeation of donepezil base (DPB) and its hydrochloride salt (DPH) were studied in vitro using hairless mouse and human cadaver skin. DPB and DPH were solubilized in propylene glycol (PG) containing 1% (w/v) fatty acid, after which the in vitro permeation through hairless mouse skin and human cadaver skin were evaluated using Keshary-Chien diffusion cells. The optimized formulation obtained from the in vitro study was then tested in rats for an in vivo pharmacokinetic study. The relative in vitro skin permeation rate of donepezil (DP) through the hairless mouse skin showed a parabolic relationship with increased carbon length of the fatty acid enhancers. Among the fatty acids tested, oleic acid for DPB and palmitoleic acid for DPH showed the highest enhancing effect, respectively. Both the permeation rates of DPB and DPH evaluated in human cadaver skin were in good correlation with those in hairless mouse skin, regardless of the presence of fatty acids. This suggests that the mouse skin model serves as a useful in vitro system that satisfactorily represents the characteristics of the human skin. Moreover, based on the in vitro results, the optimal formulation that could maintain the human plasma concentration of 50 ng/mL was determined to be 10mg DP with 1% (w/v) enhancer. When the DP transdermal formulations were applied to the abdominal skin of rats (2.14 cm(2)), the C(ss) was maintained for 48 h, among which the highest value of 52.21 ± 2.09 ng/mL was achieved with the DPB formulation using oleic acid. These results showed that fatty acids could enhance the transdermal delivery of DP and suggested the feasibility of developing a novel transdermal delivery system for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonho Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Salerno C, Carlucci AM, Bregni C. Study of in vitro drug release and percutaneous absorption of fluconazole from topical dosage forms. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:986-93. [PMID: 20521179 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9457-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate different dosage forms, emulsions, emulgels, lipogels, and thickened microemulsion-based hydrogel, as fluconazole topical delivery systems with the purpose of determining a formulation with the capacity to deliver the whole active compound and maintain it within the skin so as to be considered a useful formulation either for topical mycosis treatment or as adjuvant in a combined therapy for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Propylene glycol and diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether were used for each dosage form as solvent for the drug and also as penetration enhancers. In vitro drug release after application of a clinically relevant dose of each formulation was evaluated and then microemulsions and lipogels were selected for the in vitro penetration and permeation study. Membranes of mixed cellulose esters and full-thickness pig ear skin were used for the in vitro studies. Candida albicans was used to test antifungal activity. A microemulsion containing diethyleneglycol monoethyl ether was found to be the optimum formulation as it was able to deliver the whole contained dose and enhance its skin penetration. Also this microemulsion showed the best performance in the antifungal activity test compared with the one containing propylene glycol. These results are according to previous reports of the advantages of microemulsions for topical administration and they are very promising for further clinical evaluation.
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Transdermal patches for site-specific delivery of anastrozole: In vitro and local tissue disposition evaluation. Int J Pharm 2010; 391:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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El-Setouhy DA, Ahmed El-Ashmony SM. Ketorolac trometamol topical formulations: release behaviour, physical characterization, skin permeation, efficacy and gastric safety. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:25-34. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.01.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The objective of this study was to improve systemic delivery of the highly analgesic ketorolac trometamol (ketorolac tromethamine) via the transdermal route, through cost-effective topical formulations, to avoid most of the problems associated with ketorolac trometamol therapy.
Methods
In-vitro release behaviour of the drug from different microemulsion and emulgel formulations was evaluated. E2 emulgel (based on isopropyl myristate as penetration enhancer) and E7 emulgel (based on Brij 92 as penetration enhancer) were evaluated for their physical properties, rat skin permeation, in-vivo analgesic effect (hot-plate test and the paw pressure test), acute and chronic anti-inflammatory activity and gastric safety.
Key findings
Isopropyl myristate and the synergistic effect of the two known penetration enhancers (propylene glycol and Brij 92) significantly modulated drug permeation and may be a promising approach for the transdermal delivery of ketorolac trometamol and other drugs. Selected in-vivo tested formulae (E2 and E7) caused significantly less ulcer score and less gastric erosion compared with oral ketorolac trometamol. E7 showed significantly higher analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity compared with E2 with no significant difference compared with oral ketorolac trometamol.
Conclusions
The developed ketorolac trometamol E7 emulgel appeared promising for dermal and transdermal delivery of ketorolac trometamol, which would circumvent most of the problems associated with drug therapy.
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Behrendt M, Sandros MG, McKinney RA, McDonald K, Przybytkowski E, Tabrizian M, Maysinger D. Imaging and organelle distribution of fluorescent InGaP/ZnS nanoparticles in glial cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:747-61. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the effects of oleic acid treatment on subcellular distribution of indium gallium phosphide–zinc sulfide (InGaP/ZnS) nanoparticles in microglia and astrocytes. Materials & methods: The extent of colocalization between the nanoparticles and organelles was assessed by confocal microscopy, spectrofluorometry and cell sorting. Results: Cell treatment with a common fatty acid (oleic acid) within the range of physiological concentrations markedly enhanced the InGaP/ZnS uptake by microglia and afforded their colocalization within lipid droplets/lysosomes but not with mitochondria. Conclusion: These results suggest that the availability of mono-unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, in different cells could significantly alter nanoparticle uptake and localization, which can in turn affect the functions of cells and tissues coexposed to nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Behrendt
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marinella G Sandros
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - R Anne McKinney
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ken McDonald
- McGill Flow Cytometry Facility, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Ewa Przybytkowski
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Wen Z, Fang L, He Z. Effect of chemical enhancers on percutaneous absorption of daphnetin in isopropyl myristate vehicle across rat skin in vitro. Drug Deliv 2009; 16:214-23. [DOI: 10.1080/10717540902836715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Otto A, du Plessis J, Wiechers JW. Formulation effects of topical emulsions on transdermal and dermal delivery. Int J Cosmet Sci 2009; 31:1-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Escobar-Chávez JJ, Quintanar-Guerrero D, Ganem-Quintanar A. In Vivo Skin Permeation of Sodium Naproxen Formulated in Pluronic F-127 Gels: Effect of Azone® and Transcutol®. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 31:447-54. [PMID: 16093210 DOI: 10.1080/03639040500214662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the penetration of sodium naproxen, formulated in Pluronic F-127 (PF-127) gels containing Azone and Transcutol as penetration enhancers, through human skin in vivo. It was found that the combination of Azone and Transcutol in PF-127 gels enhanced sodium naproxen penetration, with enhancement ratios of up to two fold compared with the formulation containing only Transcutol. These results were confirmed by TEWL and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, suggesting a synergic action for Azone and Transcutol. Because of the thermo-reversible behavior of Pluronic gels, the influence of the components added to the gel formulations on viscosity, as a function of temperature, was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Juan Escobar-Chávez
- División de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, Mexico
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Kim MJ, Doh HJ, Choi MK, Chung SJ, Shim CK, Kim DD, Kim JS, Yong CS, Choi HG. Skin permeation enhancement of diclofenac by fatty acids. Drug Deliv 2008; 15:373-9. [PMID: 18686081 DOI: 10.1080/10717540802006898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the enhancing effect of fatty acids on the skin permeation of diclofenac. The fatty acids were evaluated in terms of their carbon-chain length, the degree of unsaturation, and their functional groups. The rat-skin permeation rates of diclofenac, saturated in propylene glycol (PG) containing 1% (w/v) fatty acid, were determined using the Keshary-Chien diffusion cells at 37 degrees C. The effect of fatty acids on the saturated solubility of diclofenac in PG was also determined at 37 degrees C using high-performance liquid chromatography. Among the saturated fatty acids tested, palmitic acid (C16:0) showed the most potent skin permeation-enhancing effect. A parabolic correlation was observed between the enhancement effect and the fatty acid carbon-chain length among these saturated fatty acids of C12-C20 units. For the monounsaturated fatty acid series, an increase in permeation was observed as the carbon-chain length increased, and oleic acid (C18:1) showed the highest permeation-enhancing effect. Increasing the number of double bonds in the octadecanoic acids resulted in a parabolic effect in the permeation of diclofenac, revealing oleic acid as the most effective enhancer used in this study. When the carboxylic acid moiety of oleic acid was changed to an amide (oleamide) or hydroxyl (oleyl alcohol) group, a decrease in permeation activity was observed. These results, therefore, suggest that the cis-monounsaturated configuration and the carboxylic acid moiety of an 18-carbon unit fatty acid in PG are the optimum requirements for the effective skin permeation of diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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Wiedersberg S, Naik A, Leopold CS, Guy RH. Pharmacodynamics and dermatopharmacokinetics of betamethasone 17-valerate: assessment of topical bioavailability. Br J Dermatol 2008; 160:676-86. [PMID: 18782322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bioavailability of most topically delivered drugs is difficult to quantify, but is generally believed to be very low. With the exception of the vasoconstrictor assay for corticosteroids, no methodology to quantify the rate and extent of drug delivery to the skin has been validated. Recent research has examined the dermatopharmacokinetic (DPK) technique, which is based on stratum corneum (SC) tape-stripping. OBJECTIVE To compare the in vivo bioavailability of different topical formulations of betamethasone 17-valerate (BMV) using the vasoconstrictor assay and the DPK method. METHODS BMV was formulated in different vehicles and the drug concentration was adjusted to either (i) equal thermodynamic activity, or (ii) a range of values up to that corresponding to 80% of maximum thermodynamic activity. Vasoconstriction, an accepted and widely used method to determine bioavailability and bioequivalence of topical steroids, was quantified with a chromameter over 24 h post-removal of the formulation. Drug uptake into the SC was assessed by tape-stripping. RESULTS BMV at the same thermodynamic activity in different vehicles provoked similar skin blanching responses, while DPK profiles distinguished between the formulations. Further, skin blanching responses and drug uptake into the SC clearly depended upon the absolute BMV concentration applied. However, while the saturable nature of the pharmacodynamic response was clear, the tape-stripping method distinguished unequivocally between the different formulations and different concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The DPK approach offers a reliable metric with which to quantify transfer of drug from the vehicle to the SC, and may be useful for topical bioavailability and bioequivalence determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wiedersberg
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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