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Yang J, Luo Z, Ma J, Wang Y, Cheng N. A next-generation STING agonist MSA-2: From mechanism to application. J Control Release 2024; 371:273-287. [PMID: 38789087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) connects the innate and adaptive immune system and plays a significant role in antitumor immunity. Over the past decades, endogenous and CDN-derived STING agonists have been a hot topic in the research of cancer immunotherapies. However, these STING agonists are either in infancy with limited biological effects or have failed in clinical trials. In 2020, a non-nucleotide STING agonist MSA-2 was identified, which exhibited satisfactory antitumor effects in animal studies and is amenable to oral administration. Due to its distinctive binding mode and enhanced bioavailability, there have been accumulating interests and an array of studies on MSA-2 and its derivatives, spanning its structure-activity relationship, delivery systems, applications in combination therapies, etc. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of MSA-2 and interventional strategies based on this family of STING agonists to help more researchers extend the investigation on MSA-2 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhan Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jingyi Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ningtao Cheng
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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2
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Analogues of Anticancer Natural Products: Chiral Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065679. [PMID: 36982753 PMCID: PMC10058835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Life is chiral, as its constituents consist, to a large degree, of optically active molecules, be they macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids) or small biomolecules. Hence, these molecules interact disparately with different enantiomers of chiral compounds, creating a preference for a particular enantiomer. This chiral discrimination is of special importance in medicinal chemistry, since many pharmacologically active compounds are used as racemates—equimolar mixtures of two enantiomers. Each of these enantiomers may express different behaviour in terms of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. The application of only one enantiomer may improve the bioactivity of a drug, as well as reduce the incidence and intensity of adverse effects. This is of special significance regarding the structure of natural products since the great majority of these compounds contain one or several chiral centres. In the present survey, we discuss the impact of chirality on anticancer chemotherapy and highlight the recent developments in this area. Particular attention has been given to synthetic derivatives of drugs of natural origin, as naturally occurring compounds constitute a major pool of new pharmacological leads. Studies have been selected which report the differential activity of the enantiomers or the activities of a single enantiomer and the racemate.
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3
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Luo Z, Shi J, Jiang Q, Yu G, Li X, Yu Z, Wang J, Shi Y. Gallic acid enhances anti-lymphoma function of anti-CD19 CAR-T cells in vitro and in vivo. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:8. [PMID: 36871129 PMCID: PMC9985527 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell targeting CD19 antigen has achieved exhilarative clinical efficacy in B-cell malignancies. However, challenges still remain for the currently approved anti-CD19 CAR-T therapies, including high recurrence rates, side effects and resistance. Herein, we aim to explore combinatorial therapy by use of anti-CD19 CAR-T immunotherapy and gallic acid (GA, an immunomodulatory natural product) for improving treatment efficacy. We assessed the combinatorial effect of anti-CD19 CAR-T immunotherapy with GA in cell models and a tumor-bearing mice model. Then, the underlying mechanism of GA on CAR-T cells were investigated by integrating network pharmacology, RNA-seq analysis and experimental validation. Furthermore, the potential direct targets of GA on CAR-T cells were explored by integrating molecular docking analysis with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. The results showed that GA significantly enhanced the anti-tumor effects, cytokine production as well as the expansion of anti-CD19 CAR-T cells, which may be mainly through the activation of IL4/JAK3-STAT3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, GA may directly target and activate STAT3, which may, at least in part, contribute to STAT3 activation. Overall, the findings reported here suggested that the combination of anti-CD19 CAR-T immunotherapy with GA would be a promising approach to increase the anti-lymphoma efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.,State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jiaru Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Qiyao Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Guohua Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Xiaorui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Zhuoying Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518118, China. .,Shenzhen Cell Valley Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518118, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518118, China. .,Shenzhen Cell Valley Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518118, China.
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4
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Mantovani A, Allavena P, Marchesi F, Garlanda C. Macrophages as tools and targets in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:799-820. [PMID: 35974096 PMCID: PMC9380983 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 283.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages are an essential component of the tumour microenvironment and have a role in the orchestration of angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodelling, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and immunosuppression, as well as in resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Conversely, when appropriately activated, macrophages can mediate phagocytosis of cancer cells and cytotoxic tumour killing, and engage in effective bidirectional interactions with components of the innate and adaptive immune system. Therefore, they have emerged as therapeutic targets in cancer therapy. Macrophage-targeting strategies include inhibitors of cytokines and chemokines involved in the recruitment and polarization of tumour-promoting myeloid cells as well as activators of their antitumorigenic and immunostimulating functions. Early clinical trials suggest that targeting negative regulators (checkpoints) of myeloid cell function indeed has antitumor potential. Finally, given the continuous recruitment of myelomonocytic cells into tumour tissues, macrophages are candidates for cell therapy with the development of chimeric antigen receptor effector cells. Macrophage-centred therapeutic strategies have the potential to complement, and synergize with, currently available tools in the oncology armamentarium. Macrophages can promote tumorigenesis and enhance the antitumour response. This Review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying the reprogramming of macrophages in the tumour microenvironment and provides an overview of macrophage-targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy. .,IRCCS- Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy. .,The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Paola Allavena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS- Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- IRCCS- Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS- Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
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5
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Field CS, Baixauli F, Kyle RL, Puleston DJ, Cameron AM, Sanin DE, Hippen KL, Loschi M, Thangavelu G, Corrado M, Edwards-Hicks J, Grzes KM, Pearce EJ, Blazar BR, Pearce EL. Mitochondrial Integrity Regulated by Lipid Metabolism Is a Cell-Intrinsic Checkpoint for Treg Suppressive Function. Cell Metab 2020; 31:422-437.e5. [PMID: 31883840 PMCID: PMC7001036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) subdue immune responses. Central to Treg activation are changes in lipid metabolism that support their survival and function. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are a family of lipid chaperones required to facilitate uptake and intracellular lipid trafficking. One family member, FABP5, is expressed in T cells, but its function remains unclear. We show that in Tregs, genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of FABP5 function causes mitochondrial changes underscored by decreased OXPHOS, impaired lipid metabolism, and loss of cristae structure. FABP5 inhibition in Tregs triggers mtDNA release and consequent cGAS-STING-dependent type I IFN signaling, which induces heightened production of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and promotes Treg suppressive activity. We find evidence of this pathway, along with correlative mitochondrial changes in tumor infiltrating Tregs, which may underlie enhanced immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Together, our data reveal that FABP5 is a gatekeeper of mitochondrial integrity that modulates Treg function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S Field
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesc Baixauli
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ryan L Kyle
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Puleston
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Alanna M Cameron
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David E Sanin
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Keli L Hippen
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Loschi
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Govindarajan Thangavelu
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mauro Corrado
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joy Edwards-Hicks
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M Grzes
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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6
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Klein-Júnior LC, Campos A, Niero R, Corrêa R, Vander Heyden Y, Filho VC. Xanthones and Cancer: from Natural Sources to Mechanisms of Action. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e1900499. [PMID: 31794156 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthones are a class of heterocyclic natural products that have been widely studied for their pharmacological potential. In fact, they have been serving as scaffolds for the design of derivatives focusing on drug development. One of the main study targets of xanthones is their anticancer activity. Several compounds belonging to this class have already demonstrated cytotoxic and antitumor effects, making it a promising group for further exploration. This review therefore focuses on recently published studies, emphasizing their natural and synthetic sources and describing the main mechanisms of action responsible for the anticancer effect of promising xanthones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C Klein-Júnior
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Adriana Campos
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Rivaldo Niero
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Rogério Corrêa
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel - VUB, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valdir Cechinel Filho
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, 88302-901, Itajaí, Brazil
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7
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Fernandes C, Carraro ML, Ribeiro J, Araújo J, Tiritan ME, Pinto MMM. Synthetic Chiral Derivatives of Xanthones: Biological Activities and Enantioselectivity Studies. Molecules 2019; 24:E791. [PMID: 30813236 PMCID: PMC6412826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many naturally occurring xanthones are chiral and present a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. Some of them have been exhaustively studied and subsequently, obtained by synthesis. In order to obtain libraries of compounds for structure activity relationship (SAR) studies as well as to improve the biological activity, new bioactive analogues and derivatives inspired in natural prototypes were synthetized. Bioactive natural xanthones compromise a large structural multiplicity of compounds, including a diversity of chiral derivatives. Thus, recently an exponential interest in synthetic chiral derivatives of xanthones (CDXs) has been witnessed. The synthetic methodologies can afford structures that otherwise could not be reached within the natural products for biological activity and SAR studies. Another reason that justifies this trend is that both enantiomers can be obtained by using appropriate synthetic pathways, allowing the possibility to perform enantioselectivity studies. In this work, a literature review of synthetic CDXs is presented. The structures, the approaches used for their synthesis and the biological activities are described, emphasizing the enantioselectivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Maria Letícia Carraro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Araújo
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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8
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Ribeiro J, Veloso C, Fernandes C, Tiritan ME, Pinto MMM. Carboxyxanthones: Bioactive Agents and Molecular Scaffold for Synthesis of Analogues and Derivatives. Molecules 2019; 24:E180. [PMID: 30621303 PMCID: PMC6337274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthones represent a structurally diverse group of compounds with a broad range of biological and pharmacological activities, depending on the nature and position of various substituents in the dibenzo-γ-pyrone scaffold. Among the large number of natural and synthetic xanthone derivatives, carboxyxanthones are very interesting bioactive compounds as well as important chemical substrates for molecular modifications to obtain new derivatives. A remarkable example is 5,6-dimethylxanthone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), a simple carboxyxanthone derivative, originally developed as an anti-tumor agent and the first of its class to enter phase III clinical trials. From DMXAA new bioactive analogues and derivatives were also described. In this review, a literature survey covering the report on carboxyxanthone derivatives is presented, emphasizing their biological activities as well as their application as suitable building blocks to obtain new bioactive derivatives. The data assembled in this review intends to highlight the therapeutic potential of carboxyxanthone derivatives and guide the design for new bioactive xanthone derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia Veloso
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Politécnico e Universitário (CESPU), Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M M Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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9
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Papinska J, Bagavant H, Gmyrek GB, Sroka M, Tummala S, Fitzgerald KA, Deshmukh US. Activation of Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) and Sjögren Syndrome. J Dent Res 2018; 97:893-900. [PMID: 29505322 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518760855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren syndrome (SS), a chronic autoimmune disorder causing dry mouth, adversely affects the overall oral health in patients. Activation of innate immune responses and excessive production of type I interferons (IFNs) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Recognition of nucleic acids by cytosolic nucleic acid sensors is a major trigger for the induction of type I IFNs. Upon activation, cytosolic DNA sensors can interact with the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein, and activation of STING causes increased expression of type I IFNs. The role of STING activation in SS is not known. In this study, to investigate whether the cytosolic DNA sensing pathway influences SS development, female C57BL/6 mice were injected with a STING agonist, dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA). Salivary glands (SGs) were studied for gene expression and inflammatory cell infiltration. SG function was evaluated by measuring pilocarpine-induced salivation. Sera were analyzed for cytokines and autoantibodies. Primary SG cells were used to study the expression and activation of STING. Our data show that systemic DMXAA treatment rapidly induced the expression of Ifnb1, Il6, and Tnfa in the SGs, and these cytokines were also elevated in circulation. In contrast, increased Ifng gene expression was dominantly detected in the SGs. The type I innate lymphoid cells present within the SGs were the major source of IFN-γ, and their numbers increased significantly within 3 d of treatment. STING expression in SGs was mainly observed in ductal and interstitial cells. In primary SG cells, DMXAA activated STING and induced IFN-β production. The DMXAA-treated mice developed autoantibodies, sialoadenitis, and glandular hypofunction. Our study demonstrates that activation of the STING pathway holds the potential to initiate SS. Thus, apart from viral infections, conditions that cause cellular perturbations and accumulation of host DNA within the cytosol should also be considered as possible triggers for SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Papinska
- 1 Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - H Bagavant
- 1 Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - G B Gmyrek
- 1 Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - M Sroka
- 1 Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - S Tummala
- 2 Comparative Medicine, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - K A Fitzgerald
- 3 Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - U S Deshmukh
- 1 Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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10
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Seth A, Lee H, Cho MY, Park C, Korm S, Lee JY, Choi I, Lim YT, Hong KS. Combining vasculature disrupting agent and Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5371-5381. [PMID: 28036266 PMCID: PMC5354915 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of combination of two different treatment regimens for solid tumor therapy: vasculature targeting agent and immune-stimulation. Poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles were synthesized for intracellular delivery of toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist—gardiquimod. Spherical and mono-disperse gardiquimod encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles (Gardi-PLGA), approximately 194 nm in size were formulated. Gardi-PLGA induced immune-stimulation, and vasculature disrupting agent (VDA)—5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) was used in combination to assessing the influence on bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and B16-F10 melanoma cells. The combination treatment significantly increased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, indicating their activation in BMDCs, while melanoma cells remained viable. Further, mice melanoma model was established, and DMXAA was administered intraperitoneally and Gardi-PLGA was administered via an intra-tumoral injection. The combination treatments strategy significantly inhibited tumor growth as shown by tumor volume analysis, and the survival rate of the mice was found to be 63.6% (n = 11), after 54 days of tumor inoculation. Immunohistochemical findings of tumor sections treated with DMXAA confirmed the in vivo vasculature disruption. Thus, the inhibition of tumor growth can be attributed to the synergistic effect of immune stimulation caused by DC activation and vasculature disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Seth
- Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.,Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyunseung Lee
- Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea.,Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Mi Young Cho
- Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea.,Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Cheongsoo Park
- Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Sovannarith Korm
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yong Lee
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Inpyo Choi
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yong Taik Lim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- Bioimaging Research Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.,Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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11
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Liu J, Zhou F, Zhang L, Wang H, Zhang J, Zhang C, Jiang Z, Li Y, Liu Z, Chen H. DMXAA-pyranoxanthone hybrids enhance inhibition activities against human cancer cells with multi-target functions. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1768-1778. [PMID: 29129511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Four 5,6-dimethylxanthone-4-acetic acid (D) and pyranoxanthone (P) hybrids (D-P-n) were design-synthesized based on multi-target-addressed strategy. D-P-4 was confirmed as the most active agent against HepG-2 cell line growth with an IC50 of 0.216 ± 0.031 μM. Apoptosis analysis indicated different contributions of early/late apoptosis/necrosis to cell death for both monomers, the combination (D + P in 1:1 mol ratio) and D-P-4. They all arrested more cells on S phase. Western Blot implied that D-P-4 regulated p53/MDM2 to a better healthy state. Moreover, it improved Bax/Bcl-2 signaling pathway to increase cancer cell apoptosis. In all cases studied, D-P-4 showed the best activity and synergistic effect. All the evidences support that D-P-4 is a better anti-cancer therapy with multi-target functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Huailing Wang
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Jianrun Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Cao Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zhenlei Jiang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Heru Chen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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12
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Raccagni I, Valtorta S, Moresco RM, Belloli S. Tumour hypoxia: lessons learnt from preclinical imaging. Clin Transl Imaging 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40336-017-0248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Liu J, Wang GH, Duan YH, Dai Y, Bao Y, Hu M, Zhou YQ, Li M, Jiang F, Zhou H, Yao XS, Zhang XK. Modulation of the Nur77-Bcl-2 apoptotic pathway by p38α MAPK. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69731-69745. [PMID: 29050237 PMCID: PMC5642512 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 promotes apoptosis by targeting mitochondria through interaction with Bcl-2, an event that converts Bcl-2 from a survival to killer. However, how the Nur77-Bcl-2 apoptotic pathway is regulated remains largely unknown. In this study, we examined the regulation of the Nur77-Bcl-2 pathway by CCE9, a xanthone compound. Our results demonstrated that the apoptotic effect of CCE9 depended on its induction of Nur77 expression, cytoplasmic localization, and mitochondrial targeting. The activation of the Nur77-Bcl-2 pathway by CCE9 was associated with its activation of p38α MAPK. Inhibition of p38α MAPK activation by knocking down or knocking out p38α MAPK impaired the effect of CCE9 on inducing apoptosis and the expression and cytoplasmic localization of Nur77. In addition, CCE9 activation of p38α MAPK resulted in Bcl-2 phosphorylation and Bcl-2 interaction with Nur77, whereas inhibition of p38α MAPK activation or expression suppressed the interaction. Moreover, mutating Ser87 and Thr56 in the loop of Bcl-2, which are known to be phosphorylated by p38α MAPK, impaired the ability Bcl-2 to interact with Nur77. Together, our results reveal a profound role of p38α MAPK in regulating the Nur77-Bcl-2 apoptotic pathway through its modulation of Nur77 expression, Bcl-2 phosphorylation, and their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guang-Hui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying-Hui Duan
- Institutes of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Institutes of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhou Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengjie Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yu-Qi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fuquan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institutes of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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14
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Song W, Tang Z, Zhang D, Li M, Gu J, Chen X. A cooperative polymeric platform for tumor-targeted drug delivery. Chem Sci 2015; 7:728-736. [PMID: 28791115 PMCID: PMC5530016 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A tumor-targeted drug delivery system with small-molecule vascular disrupting agents inducing coagulation environment inside tumor and coagulation-targeted nanoparticles accumulating there.
In the pursuit of effective treatments for cancer, an emerging strategy is “active targeting”, where nanoparticles are decorated with targeting ligands able to recognize and bind specific receptors overexpressed by tumor cells or tumor vasculature so that a greater fraction of the administered drugs are selectively trafficked to tumor sites. However, the implementation of this strategy has faced a major obstacle. The interpatient, inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity in receptor expression can pose challenges for the design of clinical trials and result in the paucity of targetable receptors within a tumor, which limits the effectiveness of “active targeting” strategy in cancer treatment. Here we report a cooperative drug delivery platform that overcomes the heterogeneity barrier unique to solid tumors. The cooperative platform comprises a coagulation-inducing agent and coagulation-targeted polymeric nanoparticles. As a typical small-molecule vascular disrupting agent (VDA), DMXAA can create a unique artificial coagulation environment with additional binding sites in a solid tumor by locally activating a coagulation cascade. Coagulation-targeted cisplatin-loaded nanoparticles, which are surface-decorated with a substrate of activated blood coagulation factor XIII, can selectively accumulate in the solid tumor by homing to the VDA-induced artificial coagulation environment through transglutamination. In vivo studies show that the cooperative tumor-selective platform recruits up to 7.5-fold increases in therapeutic cargos to the tumors and decreases tumor burden with low systemic toxicity as compared with non-cooperative controls. These indicate that the use of coagulation-targeted nanoparticles, in conjunction with free small-molecule VDAs, may be a valuable strategy for improving standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantong Song
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130022 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130022 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130022 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Mingqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130022 , P. R. China . ;
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism , College of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun, 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130022 , P. R. China . ;
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15
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Pan ST, Zhou ZW, He ZX, Zhang X, Yang T, Yang YX, Wang D, Qiu JX, Zhou SF. Proteomic response to 5,6-dimethylxanthenone 4-acetic acid (DMXAA, vadimezan) in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells determined by the stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) approach. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:937-68. [PMID: 25733813 PMCID: PMC4338781 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s76021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
5,6-Dimethylxanthenone 4-acetic acid (DMXAA), also known as ASA404 and vadimezan, is a potent tumor blood vessel-disrupting agent and cytokine inducer used alone or in combination with other cytotoxic agents for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other cancers. However, the latest Phase III clinical trial has shown frustrating outcomes in the treatment of NSCLC, since the therapeutic targets and underlying mechanism for the anticancer effect of DMXAA are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to examine the proteomic response to DMXAA and unveil the global molecular targets and possible mechanisms for the anticancer effect of DMXAA in NSCLC A549 cells using a stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) approach. The proteomic data showed that treatment with DMXAA modulated the expression of 588 protein molecules in A549 cells, with 281 protein molecules being up regulated and 306 protein molecules being downregulated. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) identified 256 signaling pathways and 184 cellular functional proteins that were regulated by DMXAA in A549 cells. These targeted molecules and signaling pathways were mostly involved in cell proliferation and survival, redox homeostasis, sugar, amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism, cell migration, and invasion and programed cell death. Subsequently, the effects of DMXAA on cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, autophagy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were experimentally verified. Flow cytometric analysis showed that DMXAA significantly induced G1 phase arrest in A549 cells. Western blotting assays demonstrated that DMXAA induced apoptosis via a mitochondria-dependent pathway and promoted autophagy, as indicated by the increased level of cytosolic cytochrome c, activation of caspase 3, and enhanced expression of beclin 1 and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3-II) in A549 cells. Moreover, DMXAA significantly promoted intracellular ROS generation in A549 cells. Collectively, this SILAC study quantitatively evaluates the proteomic response to treatment with DMXAA that helps to globally identify the potential molecular targets and elucidate the underlying mechanism of DMXAA in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ting Pan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yin-Xue Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xuan Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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16
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Cervical Cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1976-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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18
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Abstract
Patients with advanced stage or recurrent cervical cancer represent a population with limited chemotherapeutic options. More specifically, patients with recurrent disease have a poor salvage rate, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. This year, the first prospective phase III clinical trial exploring the anti-angiogenic agent, bevacizumab, was published, meeting its primary endpoint, with a significant improvement in overall survival. As such, a review of anti-angiogenic therapy in the treatment of this disease is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramez N Eskander
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange CA, USA
| | - Krishnansu S Tewari
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Dr. South, Building 56 Room 264, 101 The City Dr., Orange, CA 92868, USA
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19
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Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) are an exciting new group of targeted therapies under active clinical research in many solid tumors, in particular, lung cancer. Small-molecule VDAs are the focus of current clinical research, and consist of the flavonoids and the tubulin-binding agents. Toxicities of single-agent VDAs are characterized by acute, transient, and generally noncumulative side effects including headaches, nausea and vomiting, tumor pain, hypertension, and tachycardia. Flavonoid agents can also cause infusion site pain, visual disturbances, electrocardiac abnormalities, and symptoms consistent with an acute release of serotonin. Tubulin-binding agents can result in cardiac ischemia, abdominal pain, neuromotor abnormalities and cerebellar ataxia, and acute hemodynamic changes. Clinical trials investigating VDAs in combination with traditional chemotherapy have also shown the potential for significant pharmacologic and adverse toxicity interactions. Further research will need to focus on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters to optimize dosing schedules, determine effective combinations with chemotherapy, and minimize toxicities associated with VDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Hasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital and The University of Toronto, 610 University Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9
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20
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Gao Y, Gao H, Chan E, Tang W, Xu A, Yang H, Huang M, Lan J, Li X, Duan W, Xu C, Zhou S. Antitumor Activity and Underlying Mechanisms of Ganopoly, The Refined Polysaccharides Extracted fromGanoderma Lucidum, in Mice. Immunol Invest 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/imm-55813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Chen G, Horsman MR, Pedersen M, Pang Q, Stødkilde-jørgensen H. The effect of combretastatin A4 disodium phosphate and 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid on water diffusion and blood perfusion in tumours. Acta Oncol 2008; 47:1071-6. [PMID: 18770061 DOI: 10.1080/02841860701769750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of the vascular disrupting drugs combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate (CA4DP) and 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) on the intra/extracellular volume fraction of water and blood perfusion in tumours using MRI. METHODS AND MATERIALS Mice with C3H mammary carcinomas underwent repeated MRI T2-weighted imaging, water-diffusion and perfusion measurements before and up to 6-hours following CA4DP and DMXAA treatment. RESULTS CA4DP treatment caused an increase in water diffusion in those tumour areas that presented the lowest blood perfusion, however this appeared only after five hours. The blood perfusion in highly perfused tumour regions decreased immediately after administration of CA4DP. DMXAA treatment caused an early decrease in water diffusion in the low-perfused tumour segments and followed by a subsequent decrease in the remaining part of the tumour. The blood perfusion decreased early in all parts of the tumour. CONCLUSION The effect of CA4DP and DMXAA on tumour blood flow was comparable. The reduction in regional blood flow caused by CA4DP in the whole tumour segment occurred early, however, changes in ADC after DMXAA appeared more extended and earlier than after CA4DP treatment, especially in tumour areas already suffering from a low blood perfusion.
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22
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Kovacic P, Pozos RS. Bioelectronome. Integrated Approach to Receptor Chemistry, Radicals, Electrochemistry, Cell Signaling, and Physiological Effects Based on Electron Transfer. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2008; 27:261-94. [PMID: 17885922 DOI: 10.1080/10799890701509133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioelectronome refers to the host of electron transfer (ET) reactions that occur in living systems. This review presents an integrated approach to receptor chemistry based on electron transfer, radicals, electrochemistry, cell signaling, and end result. First, receptor activity is addressed from the unifying standpoint of redox transformations in which various receptors are discussed. After a listing of receptor-binding modes, receptor chemistry is treated with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation by ROS, and subsequent cell signaling involving ROS. A general electrostatic mechanism is proposed for receptor-ligand action with supporting evidence. Cell-signaling processes appear to entail electron transfer, ROS, redox chains, and relays. The widespread involvement of phosphate from phosphorylation may be rationalized electrostatically by analogy with DNA phosphate. Extensive evidence supports important participation of ET functionalities in the mechanism of drugs and toxins. The integrated approach is applied to the main ET classes, namely, quinones, metal complexes, iminium species, and aromatic nitro compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
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23
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Cooney MM, van Heeckeren W, Bhakta S, Ortiz J, Remick SC. Drug insight: vascular disrupting agents and angiogenesis--novel approaches for drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:682-92. [PMID: 17139319 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs), or endothelial disrupting agents, attempt to exploit the vascular endothelium that supplies rapidly dividing neoplasms. Unlike antiangiogenesis agents (e.g. the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab; and tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib) that disrupt endothelial cell survival mechanisms and the development of a new tumor blood supply, VDAs are designed to disrupt the already established abnormal vasculature that supports tumors, by targeting their dysmorphic endothelial cells. Tumor vascular endothelium is characterized by its increased permeability, abnormal morphology, disorganized vascular networks, and variable density. VDAs induce rapid shutdown of tumor blood supply, causing subsequent tumor death from hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. The safety profile of this class of compounds is more indicative of agents that are indeed 'vascularly' active. For example, VDAs can cause: acute coronary and other thrombophlebitic syndromes; alterations in blood pressure, heart rate, and ventricular conduction; transient flush and hot flashes; neuropathy; and tumor pain. Despite these cardiovascular concerns some patients have benefited from VDAs in early clinical trials. Further drug development of VDAs must include the combination of these agents with other novel biological agents, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Close monitoring of patients receiving VDAs for any cardiovascular toxicity is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Cooney
- University Hospitals of Cleveland, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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24
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Zündorf I, Dingermann T. [True to the motto: cut off the supply! Angiogenesis inhibitors in the future]. PHARMAZIE IN UNSERER ZEIT 2007; 36:452-461. [PMID: 17957691 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.200700243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Die Idee, solide Tumore einfach "auszuhungern", indem man sie von der Versorgung mit Blutgefässen abhängt, ist genial, und insofern war es nicht verwunderlich, dass früher oder später ein entsprechender Wirkstoff auf den Markt kam. Aber nicht nur Krebserkrankungen können damit behandelt werden: Bei der feuchten Macula-Degeneration verursachen in die Netzhaut einwachsende Blutgefässe die Krankheit - auch hier können Angiogenese-Inhibitoren helfend eingreifen. Kein Wunder also, dass sich hier noch einige Wirkstoffe in der Pipeline befinden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Zündorf
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt.
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25
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Monk KA, Siles R, Hadimani MB, Mugabe BE, Ackley JF, Studerus SW, Edvardsen K, Trawick ML, Garner CM, Rhodes MR, Pettit GR, Pinney KG. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of combretastatin nitrogen-containing derivatives as inhibitors of tubulin assembly and vascular disrupting agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3231-44. [PMID: 16442292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of analogs with nitro or serinamide substituents at the C-2'-, C-5'-, or C-6'-position of the combretastatin A-4 (CA4) B-ring was synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxic effects against heart endothelioma cells, blood flow reduction to tumors in SCID mice, and as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. The synthesis of these analogs typically featured a Wittig reaction between a suitably functionalized arylaldehyde and an arylphosphonium salt followed by separation of the resultant E- and Z-isomers. Several of these nitrogen-modified CA4 derivatives (both amino and nitro) demonstrate significant inhibition of tubulin assembly as well as cytotoxicity and in vivo blood flow reduction. 2'-Aminostilbenoid 7 and 2'-amino-3'-hydroxystilbenoid 29 proved to be the most active in this series. Both compounds, 7 and 29, have the potential for further pro-drug modification and development as vascular disrupting agents for treatment of solid tumor cancers and certain ophthalmological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Monk
- Baylor University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and The Center for Drug Discovery, One Bear Place # 97348, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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Hadjipavlou C, Kostakis IK, Pouli N, Marakos P, Mikros E. 1-Ethyl-1H-3-nitrobenzopyrano[4,3,2-cd]isoindole: a novel heterocyclic ring system bearing an unusually labile deuterium-exchangeable aromatic proton. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.03.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Cooney MM, Ortiz J, Bukowski RM, Remick SC. Novel vascular targeting/disrupting agents: combretastatin A4 phosphate and related compounds. Curr Oncol Rep 2006; 7:90-5. [PMID: 15717941 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-005-0033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel anticancer compounds are being developed that attempt to exploit the unique properties of the vascular endothelium, which supplies rapidly dividing neoplasms. The goal of these vascular targeting agents (VTAs) or endothelial disrupting agents is to cause rapid shutdown of tumor blood supply with subsequent tumor death from hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. VTAs are classified into two broad categories: biologic therapies or small molecule compounds. A variety of VTAs are in early clinical development. These agents have demonstrated clinical activity in phase I trials and are being evaluated with cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Cooney
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 11100 Euclid Avenue, BHC-6, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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28
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Puhlmann U, Schäfer D, Ziemann C. Update on COX-2 inhibitor patents with a focus on optimised formulation and therapeutic scope of drug combinations making use of COX-2 inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.4.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Yang X, Hu Z, Chan SY, Ho PC, Chan E, Duan W, Goh BC, Zhou S. Determination of thalidomide by high performance liquid chromatography: Plasma pharmacokinetic studies in the rat. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 39:299-304. [PMID: 16085147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and simple high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of thalidomide in rat plasma. Chromatography was accomplished with a reversed-phase Hypersil C18 column. Mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-10 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.50) (28:72, v/v), at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. Thalidomide was monitored by ultraviolet detector at 220 nm and it gave a linear response as a function of concentration over 0.02-50 microM. The limit of quantitation in rat plasma was 0.50 ng (0.02 microM plasma concentration) with an aliquot of 20 microl. Results from a 3-day validation study indicated that this method allows for simple and rapid quantitation of thalidomide with excellent accuracy and reliability. Using this validated assay, the effect of coadministered irinotecan (CPT-11) on the plasma pharmacokinetics of thalidomide in rats was determined. Coadministration of CPT-11 (intravenously, 60 mg/kg) increased the maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-10h)) of thalidomide by 32.29 and 11.66%, respectively, as compared to the control, but none of the effect of CPT-11 was of statistical significance (P > 0.05). Concomitant CPT-11 also caused a 10.04% decrease in plasma clearance (CL) and 14.51% decrease in volume of distribution (V(d)) (P > 0.05). These results suggest that coadministered CPT-11 did not significantly alter the plasma pharmacokinetics of thalidomide in rats. Further studies are warranted to explore the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between CPT-11 and thalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore
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Paxton JW, Kestell P, Chiang D, Zhou S, Lewis DFV. INHIBITION OF HUMAN CYP1A2 OXIDATION OF 5,6-DIMETHYL-XANTHENONE-4-ACETIC ACID BY ACRIDINES: A MOLECULAR MODELLING STUDY. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2005; 32:633-9. [PMID: 16120190 DOI: 10.1111/j.0305-1870.2005.04243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural requirements for the inhibition of 6-methyl-hydroxylation of the antitumour agent 5,6-dimethyl-xanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) by acridine analogues and use a CYP1A2 homology model to provide some insight into this interaction. 2. Concentrations causing 50% inhibition (IC50) of the 6-methylhydroxylation of DMXAA were determined in human liver microsomes in the presence of various acridines. Some of the acridines were also tested for their ability to inhibit the CYP1A2-mediated 7-ethoxyresorufin O-de-ethylation. The molecular modelling studies of human CYP1A2 used the crystal structure of rabbit CYP2C5 as a template based on protein sequence homology and an interactive docking procedure using a dynamic hydrogen bond feature. 3. The in vitro IC50 studies for the inhibition of 6-methylhydroxylation of DMXAA indicated: (i) the importance of the position of the carboxamide side-chain on the acridine nucleus (and, to a lesser extent, its composition); (ii) the addition of hydroxyl groups to the 5-, 6- and 7-position of the acridine nucleus diminished the inhibitory potency; and (iii) amsacrine (acridine nucleus with methansulphonanilide side-chain at the 9-position) had no significant inhibitory effect. Similar structural trends were observed for the inhibition of O-de-ethylation of 7-ethoxyresorufin by acridines, supporting the involvement of CYP1A2 in DMXAA 6-methyl hydroxylation. 4. The molecular modelling studies indicated: (i) both DMXAA and N-[2-(dimethylamino)-ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide (DACA) form two hydrogen bonds plus putative pi-pi stacking interactions with the CYP1A2-binding domain, typical of CYP1A2 substrates and inhibitors; (ii) the DMXAA 6-methyl group is 4.0 A from the central iron atom of the heme moiety and ideal for oxidation; (iii) the known oxidation sites for DACA are orientated away from the heme iron, supporting the non-involvement of CYP1A2; and (iv) amsacrine did not fit the putative CYP1A2 site owing to the steric hindrance of the bulky methanesulphonanilide side-chain. 5. These results suggest that docking studies with this homology model may be useful in the design of further acridine anticancer agents, in particular to identify agents that do not interact either as substrates or inhibitors with the CYP1A2-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Paxton
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Gao Y, Tang W, Dai X, Gao H, Chen G, Ye J, Chan E, Koh HL, Li X, Zhou S. Effects of Water-SolubleGanoderma lucidumPolysaccharides on the Immune Functions of Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer. J Med Food 2005; 8:159-68. [PMID: 16117607 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2005.8.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have established that the polysaccharide fractions of Ganoderma lucidum have potential antitumor activity. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that G. lucidum polysaccharides enhance host immune functions [e.g., enhanced natural killer (NK) cell activity] in patients with advanced solid tumors, although an objective response was not observed. This open-label study aimed to evaluate the effects of water-soluble G. lucidum polysaccharides (Ganopoly, Encore International Corp., Auckland, New Zealand) on immune functions in patients with advanced lung cancer. Thirty-six patients were enrolled and treated with 5.4 g/day Ganopoly for 12 weeks. In the 30 cancer patients who completed the trial, treatment with Ganopoly did not significantly alter the mean mitogenic reactivity to phytohemagglutinin, mean counts of CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD56, mean plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-gamma, or NK activity in the patients, but the results were significantly variable. However, some cancer patients demonstrated markedly modulated immune functions. The changes in IL-1 were correlated with those for IL-6, IFN-gamma, CD3, CD8, and NK activity (P < .05), and IL-2 changes were correlated with those for IL-6, CD8, and NK activity. The results suggest that subgroups of cancer patients might be responsive to Ganopoly in combination with chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Further studies are needed to explore the efficacy and safety of Ganopoly used alone or in combination with chemotherapy/radiotherapy in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuai Gao
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, New Zealand
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Losso JN, Bawadi HA. Hypoxia inducible factor pathways as targets for functional foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:3751-68. [PMID: 15884793 DOI: 10.1021/jf0479719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of most chronic angiogenic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetes complications, and cancer includes the presence of pockets of hypoxic cells growing behind aerobic cells and away from blood vessels. Hypoxic cells are the result of uncontrolled growth and insufficient vascularization and have undergone a shift from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Cells respond to hypoxia by stimulating the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), which is critical for survival under hypoxic conditions and in embryogenesis. HIF is a heterodimer consisting of the O2-regulated subunit, HIF-1alpha, and the constitutively expressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator, HIF-1beta. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1alpha is stable, accumulates, and migrates to the nucleus where it binds to HIF-1beta to form the complex (HIF-1alpha + HIF-1beta). Transcription is initiated by the binding of the complex (HIF-1alpha + HIF-1beta) to hypoxia responsive elements (HREs). The complex [(HIF-1alpha + HIF-1beta) + HREs] stimulates the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, anaerobic metabolism, vascular permeability, and inflammation. Experimental and clinical evidence show that these hypoxic cells are the most aggressive and difficult angiogenic disease cells to treat and are a major reason for antiangiogenic and conventional treatment failure. Hypoxia occurs in early stages of disease development (before metastasis), activates angiogenesis, and stimulates vascular remodeling. HIF-1alpha has also been identified under aerobic conditions in certain types of cancer. This review summarizes the role of hypoxia in some chronic degenerative angiogenic diseases and discusses potential functional foods to target the HIF-1alpha pathways under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. It is reported that dietary quinones, semiquinones, phenolics, vitamins, amino acids, isoprenoids, and vasoactive compounds can down-regulate the HIF-1 pathways and therefore the expression of several proangiogenic factors. Considering the lack of efficiency or the side effects of synthetic antiangiogenic drugs at clinical trials, down-regulation of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis by use of naturally occurring functional foods may provide an effective means of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack N Losso
- Food Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 111 Food Science Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
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Abstract
Vascular targeting agents (VTAs) for the treatment of cancer are designed to cause a rapid and selective shutdown of the blood vessels of tumors. Unlike antiangiogenic drugs that inhibit the formation of new vessels, VTAs occlude the pre-existing blood vessels of tumors to cause tumor cell death from ischemia and extensive hemorrhagic necrosis. Tumor selectivity is conferred by differences in the pathophysiology of tumor versus normal tissue vessels (e.g., increased proliferation and fragility, and up-regulated proteins). VTAs can kill indirectly the tumor cells that are resistant to conventional antiproliferative cancer therapies, i.e., cells in areas distant from blood vessels where drug penetration is poor, and hypoxia can lead to radiation and drug resistance. VTAs are expected to show the greatest therapeutic benefit as part of combined modality regimens. Preclinical studies have shown VTA-induced enhancement of the effects of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, radiation, hyperthermia, radioimmunotherapy, and antiangiogenic agents. There are broadly two types of VTAs, small molecules and ligand-based, which are grouped together, because they both cause acute vascular shutdown in tumors leading to massive necrosis. The small molecules include the microtubulin destabilizing drugs, combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate, ZD6126, AVE8062, and Oxi 4503, and the flavonoid, DMXAA. Ligand-based VTAs use antibodies, peptides, or growth factors that bind selectively to tumor versus normal vessels to target tumors with agents that occlude blood vessels. The ligand-based VTAs include fusion proteins (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor linked to the plant toxin gelonin), immunotoxins (e.g., monoclonal antibodies to endoglin conjugated to ricin A), antibodies linked to cytokines, liposomally encapsulated drugs, and gene therapy approaches. Combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate, ZD6126, AVE8062, and DMXAA are undergoing clinical evaluation. Phase I monotherapy studies have shown that the agents are tolerated with some demonstration of single agent efficacy. Because efficacy is expected when the agents are used with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs or radiation, the results of Phase II combination studies are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Thorpe
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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Zhou S, Feng X, Kestell P, Baguley BC, Paxton JW. Determination of the investigational anti-cancer drug 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid and its acyl glucuronide in Caco-2 monolayers by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: application to transport studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 809:87-97. [PMID: 15282097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) is a potent cytokine inducer, with a bioavailability of >70% in the mouse. The aim of this study was to develop and validate HPLC methods for the determination of DMXAA and DMXAA acyl glucuronide (DMXAA-G) in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 monolayers. The developed HPLC methods were sensitive and reliable, with acceptable accuracy (85-115% of true values) and precision (intra- and inter-assay CV < 15%). The total running time was within 6.8 min, with acceptable separation of the compounds of interest. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) values for DMXAA and DMXAA-G were 14.2 and 24 ng/ml, respectively. The validated HPLC methods were applied to examine the epithelial transport of DMXAA and DMXAA-G by Caco-2 monolayers. The permeability coefficient (Papp) values (overall mean +/- S.D., n = 3-9) of DMXAA over 10-500 microM were independent of concentration for both apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) (4.0 +/- 0.4 x 10(-5)cm/s) and BL-AP (4.3 +/- 0.5 x 10(-5)cm/s) transport, and of similar magnitude in either direction, with net efflux ratio (Rnet) values of 1-1.3. However, the Papp values for the BL to AP transport of DMXAA-G were significantly greater than those for the AP to BL transport, with Rnet values of 17.6, 6.7 and 4.5 at 50, 100 and 200 microM, respectively. Further studies showed that the transport of DMXAA-G was Na+- and energy-dependent, and inhibited by MK-571 [a multidrug resistance associated protein (MRP) 1/2 inhibitor], but not by verapamil and probenecid. These data indicate that the HPLC methods for the determination of DMXAA and DMXAA-G in the transport buffer were simple and reliable, and the methods have been applied to the transport study of both compounds by Caco-2 monolayers. DMXAA across Caco-2 monolayers was through a passive transcellular process, whereas the transport of DMXAA-G was mediated by MRP1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Xue YZ, Zhang GL, Bu XY, Wang X, Li D. Effect of inducible nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor on CYP1A2 protein expression in BCG-immune liver damage in mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1849-1852. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i8.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of nitric oxide production on CYP1A2 protein expression in immune liver damage induced by Mycobacterium Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in mice.
METHODS: Immune liver damage was induced by intravenous injection of BCG (125 mg/kg) for 2 weeks in vivo. The hepatic tissues injury was estimated by histopathological H-E staining. The protein expression of CYP2E1 and iNOS in hepatic tissues was determined by the method of immunohistochemistry. The correlation between iNOS inducing and liver injury degree was observered by the method of demi-quantification image analysis.
RESULTS: Two weeks after of BCG injection, granuloma was easily observed, and over-expression of iNOS protein was detected in the granulomas. The decrease of CYP1A2 protein expression was observed in mice hepatic tissues. Aminoguanidine, a selective iNOS inhibitor, significantly inhibited iNOS protein expression, and reversed down-regulation of CYP1A2 protein induced by BCG-immune liver damage in mice.
CONCLUSION: Under the BCG-stimulated condition, nitric oxide production participates in the down-regulation of CYP1A2 protein expression induced by immune hepatic injury in mice.
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Williams JA, Hyland R, Jones BC, Smith DA, Hurst S, Goosen TC, Peterkin V, Koup JR, Ball SE. DRUG-DRUG INTERACTIONS FOR UDP-GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE SUBSTRATES: A PHARMACOKINETIC EXPLANATION FOR TYPICALLY OBSERVED LOW EXPOSURE (AUCI/AUC) RATIOS. Drug Metab Dispos 2004; 32:1201-8. [PMID: 15304429 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.104.000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 637] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation is a listed clearance mechanism for 1 in 10 of the top 200 prescribed drugs. The objective of this article is to encourage those studying ligand interactions with UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) to adequately consider the potential consequences of in vitro UGT inhibition in humans. Spurred on by interest in developing potent and selective inhibitors for improved confidence around UGT reaction phenotyping, and the increased availability of recombinant forms of human UGTs, several recent studies have reported in vitro inhibition of UGT enzymes. In some cases, the observed potency of UGT inhibitors in vitro has been interpreted as having potential relevance in humans via pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Although there are reported examples of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions for UGT substrates, exposure increases of the aglycone are rarely greater than 100% in the presence of an inhibitor relative to its absence (i.e., AUCi/AUC < or = 2). This small magnitude in change is in contrast to drugs primarily cleared by cytochrome P450 enzymes, where exposures have been reported to increase as much as 35-fold on coadministration with an inhibitor (e.g., ketoconazole inhibition of CYP3A4-catalyzed terfenadine metabolism). In this article the evidence for purported clinical relevance of potent in vitro inhibition of UGT enzymes will be assessed, taking the following into account: in vitro data on the enzymology of glucuronide formation from aglycone, pharmacokinetic principles based on empirical data for inhibition of metabolism, and clinical data on the pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions of drugs primarily cleared by glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Williams
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Gao Y, Zhou S, Jiang W, Huang M, Dai X. Effects of ganopoly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) on the immune functions in advanced-stage cancer patients. Immunol Invest 2003; 32:201-15. [PMID: 12916709 DOI: 10.1081/imm-120022979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have established that the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLPS) fractions have potent anti-tumor activity, which has been associated with the immuno-stimulating effects of GLPS. However, it is unclear whether GLPS has immuno-modulating effects in humans in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Ganopoly, the polysaccharides fractions extracted from G. lucidum, on the immune function of advanced-stage cancer patients. Thirty-four advance-stage cancer patients were entered onto this study, and treated with 1800 mg Ganopoly, three times daily orally before meals for 12 weeks. Immune parameters (cytokines, T cell subsets, mitotic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and natural killer activity) were compared between baseline and after 12-week treatment. Thirty patients are assessable for their immune functions. Treatment of Ganopoly for 12 weeks resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the mean plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL-2), IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-gamma, whereas the levels of IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. A marked variability among patients with advanced-stage cancer was observed in the numbers of each lymphocyte subset at baseline. The mean absolute number of CD56+ cells was significantly (P < 0.05) increased after 12-week treatment of Ganopoly, whereas the numbers of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ were just marginally increased compared to baseline levels, with the CD4:CD8 T cell ratios unchanged. PHA responses after 12-week treatment with Ganopoly were enhanced in most patients, when compared to pretreatment baselines (P < 0.05). In addition, Ganopoly treatment resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the mean NK activity compared to baselines (34.5 +/- 11.8% vs 26.6 +/- 8.3%). The present study indicates that Ganopoly enhanced the immune responses in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Clinical evaluations of response and toxicity are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuai Gao
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, New Zealand
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Gao Y, Zhou S. Cancer Prevention and Treatment byGanoderma, a Mushroom with Medicinal Properties. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/fri-120023480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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