1
|
Shim G, Youn YS. Precise subcellular targeting approaches for organelle-related disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 212:115411. [PMID: 39032657 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacological research has expanded to the nanoscale level with advanced imaging technologies, enabling the analysis of drug distribution at the cellular organelle level. These advances in research techniques have contributed to the targeting of cellular organelles to address the fundamental causes of diseases. Beyond navigating the hurdles of reaching lesion tissues upon administration and identifying target cells within these tissues, controlling drug accumulation at the organelle level is the most refined method of disease management. This approach opens new avenues for the development of more potent therapeutic strategies by delving into the intricate roles and interplay of cellular organelles. Thus, organelle-targeted approaches help overcome the limitations of conventional therapies by precisely regulating functionally compartmentalized spaces based on their environment. This review discusses the basic concepts of organelle targeting research and proposes strategies to target diseases arising from organelle dysfunction. We also address the current challenges faced by organelle targeting and explore future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayong Shim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science and Integrative Institute of Basic Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seok Youn
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Korotkova D, Borisyuk A, Guihur A, Bardyn M, Kuttler F, Reymond L, Schuhmacher M, Amen T. Fluorescent fatty acid conjugates for live cell imaging of peroxisomes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4314. [PMID: 38773129 PMCID: PMC11109271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles that are essential for multiple metabolic pathways, including fatty acid oxidation, degradation of amino acids, and biosynthesis of ether lipids. Consequently, peroxisome dysfunction leads to pediatric-onset neurodegenerative conditions, including Peroxisome Biogenesis Disorders (PBD). Due to the dynamic, tissue-specific, and context-dependent nature of their biogenesis and function, live cell imaging of peroxisomes is essential for studying peroxisome regulation, as well as for the diagnosis of PBD-linked abnormalities. However, the peroxisomal imaging toolkit is lacking in many respects, with no reporters for substrate import, nor cell-permeable probes that could stain dysfunctional peroxisomes. Here we report that the BODIPY-C12 fluorescent fatty acid probe stains functional and dysfunctional peroxisomes in live mammalian cells. We then go on to improve BODIPY-C12, generating peroxisome-specific reagents, PeroxiSPY650 and PeroxiSPY555. These probes combine high peroxisome specificity, bright fluorescence in the red and far-red spectrum, and fast non-cytotoxic staining, making them ideal tools for live cell, whole organism, or tissue imaging of peroxisomes. Finally, we demonstrate that PeroxiSPY enables diagnosis of peroxisome abnormalities in the PBD CRISPR/Cas9 cell models and patient-derived cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Korotkova
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anya Borisyuk
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Guihur
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manon Bardyn
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luc Reymond
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Milena Schuhmacher
- Institute of Bioengineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Triana Amen
- Global Health Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin J, Kurt E, LBassi T, Sa L, Xie D. Biotechnological production of omega-3 fatty acids: current status and future perspectives. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1280296. [PMID: 38029217 PMCID: PMC10662050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1280296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acids (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have shown major health benefits, but the human body's inability to synthesize them has led to the necessity of dietary intake of the products. The omega-3 fatty acid market has grown significantly, with a global market from an estimated USD 2.10 billion in 2020 to a predicted nearly USD 3.61 billion in 2028. However, obtaining a sufficient supply of high-quality and stable omega-3 fatty acids can be challenging. Currently, fish oil serves as the primary source of omega-3 fatty acids in the market, but it has several drawbacks, including high cost, inconsistent product quality, and major uncertainties in its sustainability and ecological impact. Other significant sources of omega-3 fatty acids include plants and microalgae fermentation, but they face similar challenges in reducing manufacturing costs and improving product quality and sustainability. With the advances in synthetic biology, biotechnological production of omega-3 fatty acids via engineered microbial cell factories still offers the best solution to provide a more stable, sustainable, and affordable source of omega-3 fatty acids by overcoming the major issues associated with conventional sources. This review summarizes the current status, key challenges, and future perspectives for the biotechnological production of major omega-3 fatty acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dongming Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Fluorescent tools have emerged as an important tool for studying the distinct chemical microenvironments of organelles, due to their high specificity and ability to be used in non-destructive, live cellular studies. These tools fall largely in two categories: exogenous fluorescent dyes, or endogenous labels such as genetically encoded fluorescent proteins. In both cases, the probe must be targeted to the organelle of interest. To date, many organelle-targeted fluorescent tools have been reported and used to uncover new information about processes that underpin health and disease. However, the majority of these tools only apply a handful of targeting groups, and less-studied organelles have few robust targeting strategies. While the development of new, robust strategies is difficult, it is essential to develop such strategies to allow for the development of new tools and broadening the effective study of organelles. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the major targeting strategies for both endogenous and exogenous fluorescent cargo, outlining the specific challenges for targeting each organelle type and as well as new developments in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarun Lin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kylie Yang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Choi NE, Lee JY, Park EC, Lee JH, Lee J. Recent Advances in Organelle-Targeted Fluorescent Probes. Molecules 2021; 26:E217. [PMID: 33406634 PMCID: PMC7795030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in fluorescence imaging techniques and super-resolution microscopy have extended the applications of fluorescent probes in studying various cellular processes at the molecular level. Specifically, organelle-targeted probes have been commonly used to detect cellular metabolites and transient chemical messengers with high precision and have become invaluable tools to study biochemical pathways. Moreover, several recent studies reported various labeling strategies and novel chemical scaffolds to enhance target specificity and responsiveness. In this review, we will survey the most recent reports of organelle-targeted fluorescent probes and assess their general strategies and structural features on the basis of their target organelles. We will discuss the advantages of the currently used probes and the potential challenges in their application as well as future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jiyoun Lee
- Department of Next-Generation Applied Science, and Global Medical Science, Sungshin University, Seoul 01133, Korea; (N.-E.C.); (J.-Y.L.); (E.-C.P.); (J.-H.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Protein-mimicking nanoparticles for the reproduction of transient protein-receptor interactions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:682-687. [PMID: 29054092 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the major concerns in target identification has been the need for new methods to detect target molecules in the native cellular environment. In conventional target identification, affinity-based pull down has been conducted using cell lysates. However, interactions in cell lysate do not reflect real endogenous interactions in living cells, and can produce false-positive or false-negative results. This study aimed to develop a new method of target protein identification in living cells. Targeting probes were conjugated onto magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). After nanoparticle cellular uptake, identification and recruitment of target proteins were conducted in living cells, and the target protein was finally recovered under the magnetic field. As a proof-of-concept study, we developed a functionalized MNP (PTS1-MNP) to mimic a peroxisomal protein containing a synthetic peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1). The PTS1-MNPs were imported into human hepatoma HepG2 cells to recruit PTS1-receptor protein Pex5p. Successful peroxisomal translocation of PTS-MNPs was achieved via transient interaction with Pex5p. Pull-down of Pex5p in lysed or living HepG2 cells confirmed the selective recruiting functionality of synthetic PTS1. The specific detection of Pex5p before complete PTS1-MNPs translocation in living HepG2 cells further demonstrated the transient interaction between Pex5p and PTS1-MNPs. This is the first report showing the peroxisomal translocation of nanostructured materials in living cells. This approach can be applied as a new concept to study transient interactions and target identification or recruiting in living cells.
Collapse
|
7
|
Telmer CA, Verma R, Teng H, Andreko S, Law L, Bruchez MP. Rapid, specific, no-wash, far-red fluorogen activation in subcellular compartments by targeted fluorogen activating proteins. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1239-46. [PMID: 25650487 PMCID: PMC4867890 DOI: 10.1021/cb500957k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Live cell imaging
requires bright photostable dyes that can target
intracellular organelles and proteins with high specificity in a no-wash
protocol. Organic dyes possess the desired photochemical properties
and can be covalently linked to various protein tags. The currently
available fluorogenic dyes are in the green/yellow range where there
is high cellular autofluorescence and the near-infrared (NIR) dyes
need to be washed out. Protein-mediated activation of far-red fluorogenic
dyes has the potential to address these challenges because the cell-permeant
dye is small and nonfluorescent until bound to its activating protein,
and this binding is rapid. In this study, three single chain variable
fragment (scFv)-derived fluorogen activating proteins (FAPs), which
activate far-red emitting fluorogens, were evaluated for targeting,
brightness, and photostability in the cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria,
peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum with a cell-permeant malachite
green analog in cultured mammalian cells. Efficient labeling was achieved
within 20–30 min for each protein upon the addition of nM concentrations
of dye, producing a signal that colocalized significantly with a linked
mCerulean3 (mCer3) fluorescent protein and organelle specific dyes
but showed divergent photostability and brightness properties dependent
on the FAP. These FAPs and the ester of malachite green dye (MGe)
can be used as specific, rapid, and wash-free labels for intracellular
sites in live cells with far-red excitation and emission properties,
useful in a variety of multicolor experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A. Telmer
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging
Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Richa Verma
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging
Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Haibing Teng
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging
Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Susan Andreko
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging
Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Leann Law
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging
Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Marcel P. Bruchez
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging
Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, 4400 Fifth
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Scheinpflug K, Nikolenko H, Komarov IV, Rautenbach M, Dathe M. What Goes around Comes around-A Comparative Study of the Influence of Chemical Modifications on the Antimicrobial Properties of Small Cyclic Peptides. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1130-44. [PMID: 24276422 PMCID: PMC3818835 DOI: 10.3390/ph6091130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan and arginine-rich cyclic hexapeptides of the type cyclo-RRRWFW combine high antibacterial activity with rapid cell killing kinetics, but show low toxicity in human cell lines. The peptides fulfil the structural requirements for membrane interaction such as high amphipathicity and cationic charge, but membrane permeabilisation, which is the most common mode of action of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), could not be observed. Our current studies focus on elucidating a putative membrane translocation mechanism whereupon the peptides might interfere with intracellular processes. These investigations require particular analytical tools: fluorescent analogues and peptides bearing appropriate reactive groups were synthesized and characterized in order to be used in confocal laser scanning microscopy and HPLC analysis. We found that minimal changes in both the cationic and hydrophobic domain of the peptides in most cases led to significant reduction of antimicrobial activity and/or changes in the mode of action. However, we were able to identify two modified peptides which exhibited properties similar to those of the cyclic parent hexapeptide and are suitable for subsequent studies on membrane translocation and uptake into bacterial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathi Scheinpflug
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; E-Mails: (K.S.); (H.N.)
| | - Heike Nikolenko
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; E-Mails: (K.S.); (H.N.)
| | - Igor V. Komarov
- Institute of High Technologies, Kiev National Taras Shevchenko University, 64 Vladimirskaya st., Kiev 01033, Ukraine; E-Mail:
| | - Marina Rautenbach
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; E-Mail:
| | - Margitta Dathe
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; E-Mails: (K.S.); (H.N.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-30-9479-3274; Fax: +49-30-9479-3269
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin S, Morris MT, Ackroyd PC, Morris JC, Christensen KA. Peptide-targeted delivery of a pH sensor for quantitative measurements of intraglycosomal pH in live Trypanosoma brucei. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3629-37. [PMID: 23651061 DOI: 10.1021/bi400029m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of dynamic changes in organelles of protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei have been limited, in part because of the difficulty of targeting analytical probes to specific subcellular compartments. Here we demonstrate application of a ratiometric probe for pH quantification in T. brucei glycosomes. The probe consists of a peptide encoding the peroxisomal targeting sequence (F-PTS1, acetyl-CKGGAKL) coupled to fluorescein, which responds to pH. When incubated with living parasites, the probe is internalized within vesicular structures that colocalize with a glycosomal marker. Inhibition of uptake of F-PTS1 at 4 °C and pulse-chase colocalization with fluorescent dextran suggested that the probe is initially taken up by non-receptor-mediated endocytosis but is subsequently transported separately from dextran and localized within glycosomes, prior to the final fusion of labeled glycosomes and lysosomes as part of glycosomal turnover. Intraorganellar measurements and pH calibration with F-PTS1 in T. brucei glycosomes indicate that the resting glycosomal pH under physiological conditions is 7.4 ± 0.2. However, incubation in glucose-depleted buffer triggered mild acidification of the glycosome over a period of 20 min, with a final observed pH of 6.8 ± 0.3. This glycosomal acidification was reversed by reintroduction of glucose. Coupling of ratiometric fluorescent sensors and reporters to PTS peptides offers an invaluable tool for monitoring in situ glycosomal response(s) to changing environmental conditions and could be applied to additional kinetoplastid parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The biogenesis of peroxisomal matrix and membrane proteins is substantially different from the biogenesis of proteins of other subcellular compartments, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, that are of endosymbiotic origin. Proteins are targeted to the peroxisome matrix through interactions between specific targeting sequences and receptor proteins, followed by protein translocation across the peroxisomal membrane. Recent advances have shed light on the nature of the peroxisomal translocon in matrix protein import and the molecular mechanisms of receptor recycling. Furthermore, the endoplasmic reticulum has been shown to play an important role in peroxisomal membrane protein biogenesis. Defining the molecular events in peroxisome assembly may enhance our understanding of the etiology of human peroxisome biogenesis disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changle Ma
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Landrum M, Smertenko A, Edwards R, Hussey PJ, Steel PG. BODIPY probes to study peroxisome dynamics in vivo. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:529-38. [PMID: 20113442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
There is a continuing need for bioprobes that are target-specific and combine speed of delivery with maintenance of normal cell behaviour. Towards this end, we are developing small pro-fluorescent molecules that provide such specificity through chemical activation by biomolecules. We have generated a set of BODIPY (boron dipyrromethane) fluorophores, including one that is intrinsically non-fluorescent but on incubation with cells becomes fluorescent at its target site. Addition of these BODIPY probes to plant cells identifies peroxisomes, as verified by co-localization with an SKL-FP construct. Interestingly, in mammalian cells, co-localization with the mammalian peroxisomal marker SelectFX(TM) was not observed. These data suggest fundamental differences in peroxisome composition, development or function between plant and animal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Landrum
- Centre for Bioactive Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Peroxisomes play an important role in lipid metabolic pathways and are implicated in many human disorders. Their biogenesis has been studied over the last two decades using many uni and multi-cellular model systems and many aspects of the mechanisms and proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis are conserved from yeast to humans. In this manuscript we review the recent progress made in our understanding of the mechanisms by which matrix and membrane proteins are sorted to and assembled into peroxisomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changle Ma
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0322, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cooper CA, Walsh LA, Damjanovski S. Peroxisome biogenesis occurs in late dorsal-anterior structures in the development of Xenopus laevis. Dev Dyn 2008; 236:3554-61. [PMID: 17973332 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism and development are two important processes not often examined in the same context. The focus of the present study is the expression of specific peroxisomal genes, the subsequent biogenesis of peroxisomes, and their potential role in the metabolism associated with the development of Xenopus laevis embryos. The temporal and expression patterns of six peroxisomal genes (PEX5, ACO, PEX19, PMP70, PEX16, and catalase) were elucidated using RT-PCR. Functionally related peroxisomal genes exhibited similar expression patterns with their RNA levels elevated relatively late during embryogenesis. Using immunohistochemistry PMP70 and catalase protein was localized largely to dorsal-anterior structures. Peroxisomal function was assayed with peroxisomal targeted-GFP, which when microinjected, revealed peroxisomes in dorsal-anterior structures at stage 45. A requirement for peroxisomal function appears to be present only late in development as organogenesis is finishing, yolk stores are depleted, and ingestion commences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Cooper
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Ladner
- Dyax Corp., 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 0213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang Y, Hacker A, Murray-Stewart T, Frydman B, Valasinas A, Fraser AV, Woster PM, Casero RA. Properties of recombinant human N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase (hPAO): potential role in determining drug sensitivity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2005; 56:83-90. [PMID: 15791459 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The recent cloning of the mammalian gene coding for N(1)-acetylpolyamine oxidase (PAO) provides the opportunity to directly examine the role of human PAO (hPAO) in polyamine homeostasis as well as its potential role in determining cellular response to antitumor polyamine analogues. To facilitate the study of this enzyme, the production, purification, and characterization of the recombinant hPAO is reported. hPAO oxidizes N(1)-acetylspermidine (K(m)=2.1 microM, K(cat)=15.0 s(-1)) and has very high affinity for N(1)-acetylspermine (K(m)=0.85 microM, K(cat)=31.7 s(-1)). The recombinant hPAO does not efficiently oxidize spermine, thereby demonstrating a significant difference in substrate specificity from the previously described human spermine oxidase PAOh1/SMO. Importantly, hPAO demonstrates the ability to oxidize a subset of antitumor polyamine analogues, suggesting that this oxidase activity could have a significant effect on determining tumor sensitivity to these or similar agents. Transfection of A549 human lung cancer cells with an hPAO-expressing plasmid leads to a profound decrease in sensitivity to those analogues which act as substrates, confirming its potential to alter drug response. One similarity that hPAO shares with human PAOh1/SMO, is that certain oligoamine analogues are potent inhibitors of its oxidase activity. The results of these studies demonstrate how changes in polyamine catabolism may affect drug response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Wang
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Behanna HA, Stupp SI. Synthesis of stilbene carboxylic acids as scaffolds for calcium sensors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:4845-7. [PMID: 16193134 DOI: 10.1039/b506423f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This communication describes the synthesis and characterization of calcium binding stilbene carboxylic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Behanna
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Igamberdiev AU, Lea PJ. The role of peroxisomes in the integration of metabolism and evolutionary diversity of photosynthetic organisms. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2002; 60:651-674. [PMID: 12127583 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The peroxisome is a metabolic compartment serving for the rapid oxidation of substrates, a process that is not coupled to energy conservation. In plants and algae, peroxisomes connect biosynthetic and oxidative metabolic routes and compartmentalize potentially lethal steps of metabolism such as the formation of reactive oxygen species and glyoxylate, thus preventing poisoning of the cell and futile recycling. Peroxisomes exhibit properties resembling inside-out vesicles and possess special systems for the import of specific proteins, which form multi-enzyme complexes (metabolons) linking numerous reactions to flavin-dependent oxidation, coupled to the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide originating in peroxisomes are important mediators in signal transduction pathways, particularly those involving salicylic acid. By contributing to the synthesis of oxalate, formate and other organic acids, peroxisomes regulate major fluxes of primary and secondary metabolism. The evolutionary diversity of algae has led to the presence of a wide range of enzymes in the peroxisomes that are only similar to higher plants in their direct predecessors, the Charophyceae. The appearance of seed plants was connected to the acquirement by storage tissues, of a peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation function linked to the glyoxylate cycle, which is induced during seed germination and maturation. Rearrangement of the peroxisomal photorespiratory function between different tissues of higher plants led to the appearance of different types of photosynthetic metabolism. The peroxisome may therefore have played a key role in the evolutionary formation of metabolic networks, via establishing interconnections between different metabolic compartments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abir U Igamberdiev
- Plant Research Department, Risø National Laboratory, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
van der Lende TR, Breeuwer P, Abee T, Konings WN, Driessen AJM. Assessment of the microbody luminal pH in the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1589:104-11. [PMID: 12007786 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway in Penicillium chrysogenum are located in different subcellular compartments. Consequently, penicillin pathway precursors and the biologically active penicillins have to cross one or more membranes. The final enzymatic step that is mediated by acyltransferase takes place in a microbody. The pH of the microbody lumen in penicillin producing cells has been determined with fluorescent probes and mutants of the green fluorescent protein and found to be slightly alkaline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ted R van der Lende
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|