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Babiszewska-Aksamit M, Żelaźniewicz A, Apanasewicz A, Piosek M, Winczowska P, Barbarska O, Ziomkiewicz A. Breast size in lactating women and the content of macronutrients in human milk. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e24055. [PMID: 38420902 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the primary function of a woman's breast is milk synthesis, only a few studies have evaluated the relationship between breast size and human milk composition, showing equivocal results. This study aims to test if breast size during fully established lactation is related to energy density and content of macronutrients in human milk. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mothers of healthy, born-on-term infants at stage III of lactogenesis (N = 137) provided breast milk samples. Milk composition was analyzed using midinfrared transmission spectroscopy. The breast size index was calculated by dividing the breast by the circumference below the breast. RESULTS Stepwise forward linear regression showed a negative association between breast size index and lactose concentration in breast milk (β = -.242, p = .003). The final model, which includes breast size index, feeding frequency, and maternal energy intake together explained around 13% of the variance in breast milk lactose content (R2 adj = .126, p < .001). No statistically significant relationship was found between breast size index and milk's energy density, protein, and fat content. CONCLUSION This is the first study that shows a negative relationship between breast size during fully established lactation and lactose concentration in milk in a large sample size. No relationship between other macronutrients and breast size indicates that large breast size is not necessary for adequate milk production; however, it may contribute to an altered lactose concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Babiszewska-Aksamit
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Apanasewicz
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Patrycja Winczowska
- Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Olga Barbarska
- School of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Ziomkiewicz
- Laboratory of Anthropology, Jagiellonian University, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Poland
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Karbasi S, Binabaj MM, Khorasanchi Z, Bideh M, Zarban A, Bahrami A. Association between adherence to a low carbohydrate dietary (LCD) pattern with breast milk characteristics and oxidative markers in infants' urine: a cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:40. [PMID: 37149671 PMCID: PMC10163718 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk (BM) is a dynamic fluid that varies over time and between women. The variations in BM components are most likely associated with maternal diet quality. This study aimed to assess adherence to a low carbohydrate dietary (LCD) pattern with oxidative stress markers of BM characteristics and infants' urine. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study 350 breastfeeding mothers and their infants were recruited. BM samples were collected from mothers, and urine specimens were obtained from each infant. To evaluate LCD scores, subjects were divided into 10 deciles according to the percent of energy obtained from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Determination of total antioxidant activity was conducted using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), and Ellman's assay. Biochemical assays of samples including calcium, total protein, and triglyceride level were also performed using commercial kits. RESULTS Participants with the greatest LCD pattern adherence were placed into the last quartile (Q4), and those with the minimum LCD were in the first quartile (Q1). Individuals in the highest LCD quartile had significantly higher levels of milk FRAP, thiol, and protein, as well as infant urinary FRAP and lower milk MDA levels than those in the lowest quartile. Multivariate linear regression analyses indicated that higher score of the LCD pattern was associated with a higher level of milk thiol, protein, and lower level of milk MDA (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings show that adherence to a LCD, as defined by a low level of carbohydrates in daily food intake, is linked with improved BM quality and markers of oxidative stress in infant urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Karbasi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Maryam Moradi Binabaj
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Zahra Khorasanchi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Milad Bideh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Asghar Zarban
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
| | - Afsane Bahrami
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Akbar Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Gowland RL, Caffell AC, Quade L, Levene A, Millard AR, Holst M, Yapp P, Delaney S, Brown C, Nowell G, McPherson C, Shaw HA, Stewart NA, Robinson S, Montgomery J, Alexander MM. The expendables: Bioarchaeological evidence for pauper apprentices in 19th century England and the health consequences of child labour. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284970. [PMID: 37195937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Child labour is the most common form of child abuse in the world today, with almost half of child workers employed in hazardous industries. The large-scale employment of children during the rapid industrialisation of the late 18th and early 19th centuries in England is well documented. During this period, the removal of pauper children from workhouses in cities to work as apprentices in rural mills in the North of England was commonplace. Whilst the experiences of some of these children have been recorded historically, this study provides the first direct evidence of their lives through bioarchaeological analysis. The excavation of a rural churchyard cemetery in the village of Fewston, North Yorkshire, yielded the skeletal remains of 154 individuals, including an unusually large proportion of children aged between 8 to 20 years. A multi-method approach was undertaken, including osteological and palaeopathological examination, stable isotope and amelogenin peptide analysis. The bioarchaeological results were integrated with historical data regarding a local textile mill in operation during the 18th-19th centuries. The results for the children were compared to those obtained from contemporaneous individuals of known identity (from coffin plates) of comparable date. Most of the children exhibited distinctive 'non-local' isotope signatures and a diet low in animal protein when compared to the named local individuals. These children also showed severe growth delays and pathological lesions indicative of early life adversity, as well as respiratory disease, which is a known occupational hazard of mill work. This study has provided unique insights into the harrowing lives of these children; born into poverty and forced to work long hours in dangerous conditions. This analysis provides a stark testimony of the impacts of industrial labour on the health, growth and mortality risk of children, with implications for the present as well as our understanding of the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Gowland
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Anwen C Caffell
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie Quade
- Department of Anthropology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alysa Levene
- School of History, Philosophy and Culture, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Millard
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Malin Holst
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Poppy Yapp
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - S Delaney
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- BAAC, Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Chloe Brown
- BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Nowell
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Colin McPherson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi A Shaw
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas A Stewart
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Robinson
- Washburn Heritage Centre, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Montgomery
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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Fujita M, Wander K, Tran T, Brindle E. Characterizing the extent human milk folate is buffered against maternal malnutrition and infection in drought‐stricken northern Kenya. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 179:171-183. [PMCID: PMC9805107 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Folate is an essential nutrient fundamental to human growth and development. Human milk maintains high folate content across the maternal folate status range, suggesting buffering of milk folate with prioritized delivery to milk at the expense of maternal depletion. We investigated whether and how the extent of this buffering may diminish under prolonged nutritional and/or disease stress, while taking into consideration infants' varying vulnerability to malnutrition‐related morbidity/mortality. Methods A cross‐sectional study analyzed milk specimens from northern Kenyan mothers (n = 203), surveyed during a historic drought and ensuing food shortage. Multiple regression models for folate receptor‐α (FOLR1) in milk were constructed. Predictors included maternal underweight (BMI < 18.5), iron‐deficiency anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dl and dried‐blood‐spot transferrin receptor >5 mg/L), folate deficiency (hyperhomocysteinemia, homocysteine >12 or 14 μmol/L), inflammation (serum C‐reactive protein >5 mg/L), infant age and sex, and mother‐infant interactions. Results In adjusted models, milk FOLR1 was unassociated with maternal underweight, iron‐deficiency anemia and inflammation. FOLR1 was positively associated with maternal folate deficiency, and inversely associated with infant age. There was interaction between infant age and maternal underweight, and between infant sex and maternal folate deficiency, predicting complex changes in FOLR1. Conclusions Our results suggest that mothers buffer milk folate against their own nutritional stress even during a prolonged drought; however, the extent of this buffering may vary with infant age, and, among folate‐deficient mothers, with infant sex. Future research is needed to better understand this variability in maternal buffering of milk folate and how it relates to folate status in nursing infants. Human mothers might have the capacity to buffer milk nutrient content against undue fluctuations under nutritional or disease stress. In the case of the micronutrient folate, this buffering is most apparent for younger infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujita
- Department of AnthropologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Biomarker Laboratory for Anthropological ResearchMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Katherine Wander
- Department of AnthropologyBinghamton University (SUNY)BinghamtonNew YorkUSA
- Laboratory for Anthropometry and BiomarkersBinghamton UniversityBinghamtonNew YorkUSA
| | - Tin Tran
- Biomarker Laboratory for Anthropological ResearchMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- College of PharmacyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Eleanor Brindle
- Maternal, Newborn and Child Health & NutritionPATHSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Berger PK, Bansal R, Sawardekar S, Yonemitsu C, Furst A, Hampson HE, Schmidt KA, Alderete TL, Bode L, Goran MI, Peterson BS. Associations of Human Milk Oligosaccharides with Infant Brain Tissue Organization and Regional Blood Flow at 1 Month of Age. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183820. [PMID: 36145194 PMCID: PMC9501015 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important in early brain development, yet their roles have not been assessed in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations of HMOs with MRI indices of tissue microstructure and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in infants. Mother–infant pairs (N = 20) were recruited at 1 month postpartum. Milk was assayed for the concentrations of the HMOs 2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3FL), 3′-sialyllactose (3′SL), and 6′-sialyllactose (6′SL). Diffusion and arterial spin labeling measures were acquired using a 3.0-Tesla MRI scanner. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the voxel-wise associations of HMOs with fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), and rCBF values across the brain. After adjusting for pre-pregnancy BMI, sex, birthweight, and postmenstrual age at time of scan, a higher 2′FL concentration was associated with reduced FA, increased MD, and reduced rCBF in similar locations within the cortical mantle. Higher 3FL and 3′SL concentrations were associated with increased FA, reduced MD, and increased rCBF in similar regions within the developing white matter. The concentration of 6′SL was not associated with MRI indices. Our data reveal that fucosylated and sialylated HMOs differentially associate with indices of tissue microstructure and rCBF, suggesting specific roles for 2′FL, 3FL, and 3′SL in early brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige K. Berger
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ravi Bansal
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Siddhant Sawardekar
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Chloe Yonemitsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Annalee Furst
- Department of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hailey E. Hampson
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Kelsey A. Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Tanya L. Alderete
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael I. Goran
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Bradley S. Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics, The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-323-361-3654
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6
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Ruan H, Tang Q, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Xiang Y, Feng Y, Cai W. Comparing human milk macronutrients measured using analyzers based on mid-infrared spectroscopy and ultrasound and the application of machine learning in data fitting. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:562. [PMID: 35836199 PMCID: PMC9284806 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04891-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fat, carbohydrates (mainly lactose) and protein in breast milk all provide indispensable benefits for the growth of newborns. The only source of nutrition in early infancy is breast milk, so the energy of breast milk is also crucial to the growth of infants. Some macronutrients composition in human breast milk varies greatly, which could affect its nutritional fulfillment to preterm infant needs. Therefore, rapid analysis of macronutrients (including lactose, fat and protein) and milk energy in breast milk is of clinical importance. This study compared the macronutrients results of a mid-infrared (MIR) analyzer and an ultrasound-based breast milk analyzer and unified the results by machine learning. METHODS This cross-sectional study included breastfeeding mothers aged 22-40 enrolled between November 2019 and February 2021. Breast milk samples (n = 546) were collected from 244 mothers (from Day 1 to Day 1086 postpartum). A MIR milk analyzer (BETTERREN Co., HMIR-05, SH, CHINA) and an ultrasonic milk analyzer (Honɡyanɡ Co,. HMA 3000, Hebei, CHINA) were used to determine the human milk macronutrient composition. A total of 465 samples completed the tests in both analyzers. The results of the ultrasonic method were mathematically converted using machine learning, while the Bland-Altman method was used to determine the limits of agreement (LOA) between the adjusted results of the ultrasonic method and MIR results. RESULTS The MIR and ultrasonic milk analyzer results were significantly different. The protein, fat, and energy determined using the MIR method were higher than those determined by the ultrasonic method, while lactose determined by the MIR method were lower (all p < 0.05). The consistency between the measured MIR and the adjusted ultrasound values was evaluated using the Bland-Altman analysis and the scatter diagram was generated to calculate the 95% LOA. After adjustments, 93.96% protein points (436 out of 465), 94.41% fat points (439 out of 465), 95.91% lactose points (446 out of 465) and 94.62% energy points (440 out of 465) were within the LOA range. The 95% LOA of protein, fat, lactose and energy were - 0.6 to 0.6 g/dl, -0.92 to 0.92 g/dl, -0.88 to 0.88 g/dl and - 40.2 to 40.4 kj/dl, respectively and clinically acceptable. The adjusted ultrasonic results were consistent with the MIR results, and LOA results were high (close to 95%). CONCLUSIONS While the results of the breast milk rapid analyzers using the two methods varied significantly, they could still be considered comparable after data adjustments using linear regression algorithm in machine learning. Machine learning methods can play a role in data fitting using different analyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Ruan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingya Tang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Xiang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Furangseroj T, Suteerojntrakool O, Hongvisitagul P, Chatchatee P, Suratannon N, Sapwarobol S, Techasukthavorn V, Dahlan W, Chomtho S. Effects of Maternal Exclusion Diet for Infants Suspected Food Allergy on Fatty Acid Composition in Breast Milk. Breastfeed Med 2022; 17:611-617. [PMID: 35544150 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2021.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Levels of fatty acid (FA) in breast milk (BM) may vary depending on the maternal diet. This study aimed to explore FA composition in BM of lactating women following dietary restrictions due to infant allergic conditions. Materials and Methods: Thai lactating mothers of term infants who were on exclusion diets were recruited. Mature BM was collected before and after a period (at least 2 weeks) of dietary restriction. FA in BM was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: Fifty lactating women 33.7 ± 3.6 years of age were enrolled. Thirty-three percent of the lactating mothers restricted more than eight food items. Most common dietary restriction were cow's milk (88%) and eggs (74%). After the period of dietary exclusion, total polyunsaturated FA showed no significant change, while saturated FA (SFA) declined, and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) increased. A decrease in fat intake was associated with an increase in arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in BM (r = -0.37, r = -0.36; p < 0.05). However, a rise in ARA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and DHA intake was associated with an increase in linoleic acid and EPA in BM, respectively (r = 0.38, r = 0.55 and r = 0.41; p < 0.05). Infant weight-for-age z-score did not significantly change after the period of maternal dietary exclusion. Conclusion: Maternal exclusion diet resulted in lower SFA and higher MUFA composition in BM. Further study should explore the long-term outcomes of maternal dietary restriction on infant and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thipaporn Furangseroj
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orapa Suteerojntrakool
- King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pediatric Nutrition Research Unit, Division of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prawpan Hongvisitagul
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pantipa Chatchatee
- King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pediatric Allergy & Clinical Immunology Research Unit, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narissara Suratannon
- King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pediatric Allergy & Clinical Immunology Research Unit, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwimol Sapwarobol
- The Medical Food Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varanya Techasukthavorn
- The Medical Food Research Group, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Winai Dahlan
- The Halal Science Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirinuch Chomtho
- King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pediatric Nutrition Research Unit, Division of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Picó C, Reis F, Egas C, Mathias P, Matafome P. Lactation as a programming window for metabolic syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13482. [PMID: 33350459 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concept of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) was initially supported by the low birth weight and higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease in adult life, caused by nutrition restriction during foetal development. However, other programming windows have been recognized in the last years, namely lactation, infancy, adolescence and even preconception. Although the concept has been developed in order to study the impact of foetal calorie restriction in adult life, it is now recognized that maternal overweight during programming windows is also harmful to the offspring. This article explores and summarizes the current knowledge about the impact of maternal obesity and obesogenic diets during lactation in the metabolic programming towards the development of metabolic syndrome in the adult life. The impact of maternal obesity and obesogenic diets in milk quality is discussed, including the alterations in specific micro and macronutrients, as well as the impact of such alterations in the development of metabolic syndrome-associated features in the newborn, such as insulin resistance and adiposity. Moreover, the impact of milk quality and formula feeding in infants' gut microbiota, immune system maturation and in the nutrient-sensing mechanisms, namely those related to gut hormones and leptin, are also discussed under the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics and Obesity), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma (Mallorca), Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma (Mallorca), Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Palma (Mallorca), Spain
| | - Flávio Reis
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Conceição Egas
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Matafome
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Complementary Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Coimbra, Portugal
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9
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Variability of Lipids in Human Milk. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020104. [PMID: 33670205 PMCID: PMC7916976 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids in breastmilk play a critical role in infant growth and development. However, few studies have investigated sources of variability of both high- and low-abundant milk lipids. The objective of our study was to investigate individual and morning-evening differences in the human milk lipidome. In this study, a modified two-phase method (MTBE: Methanol 7:2) was validated for the extraction of lipids from human breastmilk. This method was then applied to samples from a group of 20 healthy women to measure inter- and intra-individual (morning versus evening) variability of the breastmilk lipidome. We report here the levels of 237 lipid species from 13 sub-classes using reversed-phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RP-LCMS) and direct-infusion mass spectrometry (DI-MS). About 85% of lipid species showed stable inter-individual differences across time points. Half of lipid species showed higher concentrations in the evening compared with the morning, with phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) exhibiting the largest changes. In morning and evening samples, the biological variation was greater for diacylglycerols (DAGs) and TAGs compared with phospholipids and sphingolipids, and the variation in DAGs and TAGs was greater in evening samples compared with morning samples. These results demonstrate that variation in the milk lipidome is strongly influenced by individual differences and time of day.
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10
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Schafrank LA, Washabaugh JR, Hoke MK. An examination of breastmilk composition among high altitude Peruvian women. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23412. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Schafrank
- Department of Anthropology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | | | - Morgan K. Hoke
- Department of Anthropology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Population Studies Center University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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Freitas RF, Macedo MDS, Lessa ADC, Ferraz VP, Soares NO, Martins BEV, Pinto NAVD, Teixeira RA. Composition in fatty acids of mature milk of nursing mothers. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE MATERNO INFANTIL 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-93042019000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Objectives: to determine the fatty acid composition of mature milk of nursing mothers and its distribution according to some maternal variables. Methods: this is a cross-sectional observational epidemiological study based on the eva-luation of the fatty acid profile of mature human milk. Samples of mature breast milk were taken from 106 nursing mothers, by manual milking and who were after the 5th postpartum week. The milk fat extraction was carried out by using the Bligh and Dyer method and methy-lated with 0.25 mol/L sodium methoxide in methanol diethyl ether. The fatty acid of the milk profile was determined by a Gas Chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Results: among the saturated fatty acids, the highest values were observed for palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), myristic (C14:0) and lauric (C12:0) fatty acids, respectively. Among the monounsaturated fatty acids, there was a higher contribution of oleic (C18:1) and palmi-toleic (C16:1) fatty acids, respectively. The total essential fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic) was 14.94%. Conclusions: a low content of essential fatty acids in the breast milk of the nursing mothers was observed in the present study, which are important for infant growth and deve-lopment. We suggest the need to implement nutrition education strategies aimed for pregnant women and nursing mothers who should be advised to eat healthier foods.
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Fujita M, Wander K, Paredes Ruvalcaba N, Brindle E. Human milk sIgA antibody in relation to maternal nutrition and infant vulnerability in northern Kenya. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 2019:201-211. [PMID: 32405414 PMCID: PMC7216193 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The maternal buffering hypothesis posits that human lactation biology can buffer milk against the mild-to-moderate malnutrition that occurred routinely in evolutionary history through the mobilization of maternal body reserves. This perspective may provide insights for understanding human milk immune content variation, such as milk sIgA, which protects infants’ intestines from microbial colonization and prevents diarrheal disease. Objective To investigate how maternal delivery of sIgA to milk may vary in a way that can buffer milk against maternal malnutrition, while taking into consideration infants’ varying needs for immune protection across age or by sex. Methodology A cross-sectional study analyzed archived milk specimens from breastfeeding mothers in Ariaal communities of northern Kenya surveyed during the 2006 Horn-of-Africa drought. Multiple regression models for ln-transformed sIgA were constructed using maternal nutrition, infant age/sex and their interactions as predictors. Maternal nutrition variables included iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Infant vulnerability was considered high in young age and/or male sex. Results and implications Milk sIgA did not significantly differ by maternal IDA. Milk sIgA increased with infant age and maternal MUAC (n = 202). Significant interactions were observed between infant age and maternal VAD and between infant sex and maternal MUAC, such that milk sIgA content was low for younger infants particularly among VAD mothers, while among mothers with low MUAC, sIgA was lower for male infants. Results imply that mothers’ ability to deliver/buffer milk sIgA may be lowered when nutritional stress is combined with high infant vulnerability to infection. Lay Summary Human milk sIgA antibody content was low for younger infants among vitamin A deficient mothers. Among mothers with small arm-circumference, milk sIgA was lower for sons. Double burden of raising young or male infants with high needs for immune protection and being malnourished, might lower maternal sIgA delivery to milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujita
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Biomarker Laboratory for Anthropological Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Katherine Wander
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, USA.,Laboratory for Anthropometry and Biomarkers, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Nerli Paredes Ruvalcaba
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.,Biomarker Laboratory for Anthropological Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Eleanor Brindle
- Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Żelaźniewicz A, Pawłowski B. Maternal breast volume in pregnancy and lactation capacity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 168:180-189. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Bzikowska-Jura A, Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna A, Olędzka G, Szostak-Węgierek D, Weker H, Wesołowska A. Maternal Nutrition and Body Composition During Breastfeeding: Association with Human Milk Composition. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1379. [PMID: 30262786 PMCID: PMC6213543 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of human milk is dynamic and can vary according to many maternal factors, such as diet and nutritional status. This study investigated the association of maternal nutrition and body composition with human milk composition. All measurements and analyses were done at three time points: during the first (n = 40), third (n = 22), and sixth (n = 15) month of lactation. Human milk was analyzed using the Miris human milk analyzer (HMA), body composition was measured with bioelectrical bioimpedance (BIA) using a Maltron BioScan 920-II, and the assessment of women's nutrition was based on a three-day dietary record. The correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) did not show a significant statistical relationship between human milk composition and nutrients in women's diet at three time points. For women in the third month postpartum, we observed moderate to strong significant correlations (r ranged from 0.47 to 0.64) between total protein content in milk and the majority of body composition measures as follows: positive correlations: % fat mass (r = 0.60; p = 0.003), fat-free mass expressed in kg (r = 0.63; p = 0.001), and muscle mass (r = 0.47; p = 0.027); and negative correlation: % total body water (r = -0.60; p = 0.003). The variance in milk fat content was related to the body mass index (BMI), with a significant positive correlation in the first month postpartum (r = 0.33; p = 0.048). These findings suggest that it is not diet, but rather the maternal body composition that may be associated with the nutritional value of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciolka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aneta Czerwonogrodzka-Senczyna
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciolka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Gabriela Olędzka
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka Str. 73, 02-018 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Szostak-Węgierek
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciolka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Halina Weker
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciolka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Wesołowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Neonatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury Str. 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
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15
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Prentice P, Ong KK, Schoemaker MH, Tol EAF, Vervoort J, Hughes IA, Acerini CL, Dunger DB. Breast milk nutrient content and infancy growth. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:641-7. [PMID: 26865238 PMCID: PMC4949511 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim Benefits of human breast milk (HM) in avoiding rapid infancy weight gain and later obesity could relate to its nutrient content. We tested the hypothesis that differential HM total calorie content (TCC) or macronutrient contents may be associated with infancy growth. Methods HM hindmilk samples were collected at ages 4–8 weeks from 614 mothers participating in a representative birth cohort, with repeated infancy anthropometry. HM triglyceride (fat), lipid analytes and lactose (carbohydrate) were measured by 1H‐NMR, and protein content by the Dumas method. TCC and %macronutrients were determined. Results In 614 HM samples, fat content was as follows: [median(IQR)]: 2.6 (1.7–3.6) g/100 mL, carbohydrate: 8.6 (8.2–8.8) g/100 mL, protein: 1.2 (1.1–1.2) g/100 mL; TCC: 61.8 (53.7–71.3) kcal/100 mL. HM of mothers exclusively breast feeding vs. mixed feeding was more calorific with higher %fat, lower %carbohydrate and lower %protein. Higher HM TCC was associated with lower 12‐months body mass index (BMI)/adiposity, and lower 3–12 months gains in weight/BMI. HM %fat was inversely related to 3–12 months gains in weight, BMI and adiposity, whereas %carbohydrate was positively related to these measures. HM %protein was positively related to 12‐months BMI. Conclusion HM analysis showed wide variation in %macronutrients. Although data on milk intakes were unavailable, our findings suggest functional relevance of HM milk composition to infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Prentice
- Department of Paediatrics MRL Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic Science NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Ken K. Ong
- Department of Paediatrics MRL Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic Science NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | - Eric A. F. Tol
- Mead Johnson Pediatric Nutrition Institute Nijmegen Netherlands
| | | | - Ieuan A. Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics MRL Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic Science NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Carlo L. Acerini
- Department of Paediatrics MRL Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic Science NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - David B. Dunger
- Department of Paediatrics MRL Wellcome Trust‐MRC Institute of Metabolic Science NIHR Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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16
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Quinn EA, Childs G. Ecological pressures and milk metabolic hormones of ethnic Tibetans living at different altitudes. Ann Hum Biol 2016; 44:34-45. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2016.1153144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Quinn
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Geoff Childs
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Quinn EA, Diki Bista K, Childs G. Milk at altitude: Human milk macronutrient composition in a high-altitude adapted population of tibetans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:233-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Quinn
- Department of Anthropology; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri 63130
| | | | - Geoff Childs
- Department of Anthropology; Washington University in St. Louis; St. Louis Missouri 63130
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18
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Miller EM, Aiello MO, Fujita M, Hinde K, Milligan L, Quinn EA. Field and laboratory methods in human milk research. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 25:1-11. [PMID: 23109280 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is a complex and variable fluid of increasing interest to human biologists who study nutrition and health. The collection and analysis of human milk poses many practical and ethical challenges to field workers, who must balance both appropriate methodology with the needs of participating mothers and infants and logistical challenges to collection and analysis. In this review, we address various collection methods, volume measurements, and ethical considerations and make recommendations for field researchers. We also review frequently used methods for the analysis of fat, protein, sugars/lactose, and specific biomarkers in human milk. Finally, we address new technologies in human milk research, the MIRIS Human Milk Analyzer and dried milk spots, which will improve the ability of human biologists and anthropologists to study human milk in field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Miller
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA.
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Quinn EA, Largado F, Power M, Kuzawa CW. Predictors of breast milk macronutrient composition in filipino mothers. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24:533-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kuzawa CW, Quinn EA. Developmental Origins of Adult Function and Health: Evolutionary Hypotheses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anthro-091908-164350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth A. Quinn
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208;
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Hasin A, Griinari JM, Williams JE, Shahin AM, McGuire MA, McGuire MK. Consumption of c9,t11-18:2 or t10,c12-18:2 enriched dietary supplements does not influence milk macronutrients in healthy, lactating women. Lipids 2007; 42:835-43. [PMID: 17694344 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substantial research suggests that the t10,c12-18:2, but not the c9,t11-18:2, isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating bovine and rodent species. Because fat is the major energy-yielding component in human milk, we were interested in whether this is true for women as well. Thus, the effects of c9,t11-18:2 and t10,c12-18:2 on milk fat were examined in breast-feeding women (n = 12) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with latin-square design. The study was divided into six periods: baseline (3 days), three intervention periods (5 days each), and two washout periods (9 days each). During each intervention period, women consumed 750 mg/day of a supplement containing predominantly c9,t11-18:2, t10,c12-18:2, or 18:1 (olive oil placebo). Milk was collected by complete breast expression on the final day of each period. Infant milk consumption was estimated by 24 h weighing on the penultimate day of each intervention and washout period, and maternal adiposity (% body fat) was determined at baseline using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Milk c9,t11-18:2 and t10,c12-18:2 concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) during the corresponding CLA treatment periods as compared to the placebo period, providing strong evidence of subject compliance. Both CLA isomers were transferred into milk fat at relatively high efficiency; average transfer efficiency was estimated to be 23.3%. Compared to the placebo treatment, milk fat content was not reduced during either CLA treatment. Data indicate that body fatness did not modify any putative effect of isomeric CLA consumption on milk fat concentration. The evidence from this study suggests that the sensitivity of lactating women's mammary tissue to an anti-lipogenic effect of the t10,c12-18:2 isoform of CLA may be less than previously hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroza Hasin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6376, USA
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22
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Lubetzky R, Mimouni FB, Dollberg S, Salomon M, Mandel D. Consistent circadian variations in creamatocrit over the first 7 weeks of lactation: a longitudinal study. Breastfeed Med 2007; 2:15-8. [PMID: 17661615 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2006.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that fat content of expressed human milk from mothers of preterm infants is higher in samples expressed in the evening than in the morning during the first 7 weeks of lactation. METHODS The authors collected samples of expressed human milk obtained from 22 mothers of growing preterm infants, born at 26 to 31 weeks gestation, who routinely expressed all their milk every 3 hours using breast pump from the beginning of the second week to the seventh week after delivery. One aliquot was obtained from the first morning expression and the second from the evening expression. The entire aliquot was collected and mixed, and creamatocrit (CMT) was measured in a capillary. Results are expressed as mean +/- standard deviation (SD), and analyses were by repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Mean CMT was significantly higher in evening than morning samples during the whole lactation period, week after week (p < 0.0001). Neither CMT values nor the morning-evening difference in CMT values correlated with gestational age, birth weight, or week of lactation. Morning CMT correlated significantly with evening CMT (R(2) = 0.28, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Circadian variations in CMT are consistent during the first 7 weeks of lactation. The authors speculate that if higher caloric content expressed human milk is needed in a specific preterm infant, evening samples should be used preferentially, if available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Lubetzky
- Department of Neonatology, Lis Maternity Hospital , Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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23
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Tinoco SMB, Sichieri R, Moura AS, Santos FDS, Carmo MDGTD. Importância dos ácidos graxos essenciais e os efeitos dos ácidos graxos trans do leite materno para o desenvolvimento fetal e neonatal. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2007; 23:525-34. [PMID: 17334567 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2007000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A prática da amamentação tem grande impacto do ponto de vista da saúde pública, pois o leite materno é o melhor alimento a ser oferecido até o sexto mês de vida da criança. A fração lipídica do leite representa a maior fonte de energia para crianças e fornece nutrientes essenciais, tais como vitaminas lipossolúveis e ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI). Os ácidos graxos essenciais (AGE) linoléico (LA, 18:2n-6) e alfa-linolênico (ALA, 18:3n-3) são precursores dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados de cadeia longa (AGPI-CL), incluindo os ácidos docosahexaenóico (DHA) e araquidônico (ARA). A qualidade dos lipídios no leite secretado está diretamente relacionada com a ingestão materna. Os AGPI-CL são importantes na proteção contra alergia e infecções, no processo visual e no desenvolvimento cognitivo na infância. O processamento industrial de alimentos introduziu os ácidos graxos trans (AGT) entre os nutrientes disponíveis à população. Os AGT podem interferir no metabolismo dos AGE, diminuindo a síntese de DHA e ARA. Portanto, nos parece relevante esclarecer a população sobre a importância de um aporte adequado de AGPI e reduzido de AGT durante o período de desenvolvimento pré e pós-natal.
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Yu Z, Palkovicova L, Drobna B, Petrik J, Kocan A, Trnovec T, Hertz-Picciotto I. Comparison of organochlorine compound concentrations in colostrum and mature milk. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 66:1012-8. [PMID: 17007906 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 07/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Human breast milk represents the best choice for the nutrition of infants. It is often used for monitoring human exposures to environmental chemicals. Uniquely suited to meet human biological needs, breast milk composition, especially fat content, changes significantly with time from delivery. With the aim to compare the concentration of organochlorine compounds (OCs) in colostrum versus mature milk, we obtained samples of fourth-fifth day postpartum milk (colostrum) and day-14 postpartum milk (mature milk) from 12 women enrolled in the project "Early Childhood Development and PCB Exposure in Slovakia". The concentrations of selected organochlorine pesticides and congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured using gas chromatography with electron capture detection and reported on lipid adjusted basis. No significant differences were found between organochlorine levels in colostrum and those in mature milk samples. A very close correlation was found between the concentrations of organochlorine compounds in colostrum and mature milk (Spearman correlation coefficient r=0.94-0.98 for PCBs, and r=0.85-0.99 for organochlorine pesticides, p<0.001 for all compounds). The present study concludes that the use of colostrum samples provides a close estimate of the child's exposure to OCs in the early neonatal period and demonstrates that, despite the lower fat content, colostrum specimens are adequate to conduct OC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Yu
- University of California, Davis, Department of Public Health Sciences, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Wilson W, Milner J, Bulkan J, Ehlers P. Weaning practices of the Makushi of Guyana and their relationship to infant and child mortality: A preliminary assessment of international recommendations. Am J Hum Biol 2006; 18:312-24. [PMID: 16634015 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first 6 months of life, primarily because of potential immunological benefits which are deemed to outweigh nutritive costs for infants. This recommendation is controversial, as studies of the relationship between the term of EBF and infant and child health have produced conflicting results. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between the term of EBF and infant and child mortality among a group of swidden-horticulturalists in lowland South America. Consistent with the WHO, we hypothesized that EBF <6 months will compromise the survival of the infant or child. This relationship was assessed via recall data generated in 2001 in structured interviews with 60 Makushi Amerindian women in Guyana's North Rupununi region. The data were analyzed with t-tests, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression. The results do not support our hypothesis; the term of EBF is not found to be related to infant or child mortality. This is surprising given the potential for contamination in nonbreast-milk foods in this environment. Notably, this is occurring among mothers who are not energetically stressed. We propose that the apparent lack of benefit of EBF >or=6 months is due to insufficient energy supply from breast milk alone, which may predispose the child to morbidity when subsequently stressed. This study concurs with others which revealed no significant benefits to the infant of EBF >6 months, and the recognition that universal recommendations must be situated within local ecological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Wilson
- Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Michalski MC, Briard V, Michel F, Tasson F, Poulain P. Size Distribution of Fat Globules in Human Colostrum, Breast Milk, and Infant Formula. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:1927-40. [PMID: 15905422 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72868-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Only a few results are available on the size of human milk fat globules (MFG), despite its significance regarding fat digestion in the infant, and no data are available at <24 h postpartum (PP). We measured the MFG size distribution in colostrum and transitional human milk in comparison with fat globules of mature milk and infant formula. Colostrum and transitional milk samples from 18 mothers were collected regularly during 4 d PP and compared with mature milk samples of 17 different mothers and 4 infant formulas. The size distribution was measured by laser light scattering. For further characterization, the zeta-potential of some mature MFG was measured by laser Doppler electrophoresis. The MFG diameter decreased sigmoidally in the first days. At <12 h PP, the mode diameter was 8.9 +/- 1.0 microm vs 2.8 +/-0.3 microm at 96 h PP. Thus, the surface area of MFG increased from 1.1 +/-0.3 to 5.4 +/-0.7 m2/g between colostrum and transitional milk. In mature milk, the MFG diameter was 4 microm on average and increased with advancing lactation, whereas the droplets in infant formula measured 0.4 microm. The zeta potential of mature MFG was -7.8 +/- 0.1 mV. The fat globules are larger in early colostrum than in transitional and mature human milk and in contrast with the small-sized fat droplets in infant formula. Human MFG also have a low negative surface charge compared with bovine globules. These structural differences can be of nutritional significance for the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Michalski
- INRA-UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf Agrocampus 65, rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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Anderson NK, Beerman KA, McGuire MA, Dasgupta N, Griinari JM, Williams J, McGuire MK. Dietary fat type influences total milk fat content in lean women. J Nutr 2005; 135:416-21. [PMID: 15735072 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.3.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans fatty acids (TFA) are found naturally in some foods (e.g., dairy products) as well as many processed foods made with partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO). Data from a growing literature suggest that some TFA decrease milk fat in lactating animals. Because the physiologic effects of TFA in lactating women are unknown, this study was designed to investigate the effects of TFA consumption on human milk fat. A randomized, crossover design (n = 12) was used to study the effect of 3 dietary treatments: high PHVO (regular margarine), low PHVO (low TFA margarine), or low PHVO but high in naturally occurring TFA (butter) on milk fat. Treatments were administered for 5 d, with 7-d washout periods. Maternal adiposity was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Milk and blood were collected on d 5 of each intervention period. In general, milk and serum fatty acid concentrations mirrored those of the dietary treatments. There were significant interactions between treatment and maternal adiposity on milk fat and infant milk consumption, as well as on serum glucose and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. Consumption of regular margarine, compared with low TFA margarine, resulted in lower milk fat in leaner, but not in more obese women. Consumption of either regular or low TFA margarine, compared with butter, elevated serum NEFA concentrations in the more obese women. In summary, consumption of regular margarine, compared with low TFA margarine, decreased milk fat in lean women. Further studies are required to determine whether infant milk consumption might compensate for this potentially important change in milk composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Anderson
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6376, USA
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Pfau W, Martin FL, Cole KJ, Weaver G, Marquardt H, Phillips DH, Grover PL. Morphological transformation of C3H/M2 mouse fibroblasts by, and genotoxicity of, extracts of human milk. Mutat Res 2001; 498:207-17. [PMID: 11673085 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer may be initiated by environmental/dietary agents and human milk may act as an ex vivo indicator of in vivo exposure of mammary epithelial cells to genotoxins. Extracts of human milk from UK-resident women (n=7) were tested for their abilities to morphologically transform C3H/M2 mouse fibroblasts. Genotoxicities were assessed in the Salmonella typhimurium reverse-mutation assay in the presence of S9 using strains TA1538 and YG1019, and in metabolically-competent human MCL-5 cells with the micronucleus and with the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assays. Two of the seven extracts were inactive in the transformation assay both in the presence or absence of S9, two appeared to be equally transforming either in the presence or absence of S9, and two other extracts induced increased transformation frequencies in the presence of S9. A seventh extract, tested only in the absence of S9, was inactive. Extracts were either active or inactive in at least three of the four tests applied. Four extracts were active or inactive in all four tests. The results suggest that human milk could be used as a resource for investigations of the as-yet-unidentified transforming agents previously detected in mammary lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pfau
- Department of Toxicology, University of Hamburg Medical School, Vogt-Kölln-Strasse 30, D-22527 Hamburg, Germany
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