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Wang W, Wang S, Wang H, Zheng E, Wu Z, Li Z. Protein Dynamic Landscape during Mouse Mammary Gland Development from Virgin to Pregnant, Lactating, and Involuting Stages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7546-7557. [PMID: 38513219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The mammary gland undergoes significant physiological changes as it undergoes a transition from virgin to pregnancy, lactation, and involution. However, the dynamic role of proteins in regulating these processes during mouse mammary gland development has not been thoroughly explored. In this study, we collected mouse mammary gland tissues from mature virgins aged 8-10 weeks (V), day 16 of pregnancy (P16d), day 12 of lactation (L12d), day 1 of forced weaning (FW 1d), and day 3 of forced weaning (FW 3d) stages for analysis using DIA-based quantitative proteomics technology. A total of 3,312 proteins were identified, of which 843 were DAPs that were categorized into nine clusters based on their abundance changes across developmental stages. Notably, DAPs in cluster 2, which peaked at the L12d stage, were primarily associated with mammary gland development and lactation. The protein-protein interaction network revealed that the epidermal growth factor (EGF) was central to this cluster. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the mouse mammary gland development proteome and identifies some important proteins, such as EGF, Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) that may serve as potential targets for future research to provide guidelines for a deeper understanding of the developmental biology of mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and local joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shunbo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and local joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and local joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Enqin Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and local joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and local joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- State Key Laboratory Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National and local joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Kobayashi K. Culture Models to Investigate Mechanisms of Milk Production and Blood-Milk Barrier in Mammary Epithelial Cells: a Review and a Protocol. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:8. [PMID: 37126158 PMCID: PMC10151314 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) are the only cell type that produces milk during lactation. MECs also form less-permeable tight junctions (TJs) to prevent the leakage of milk and blood components through the paracellular pathway (blood-milk barrier). Multiple factors that include hormones, cytokines, nutrition, and temperature regulate milk production and TJ formation in MECs. Multiple intracellular signaling pathways that positively and negatively regulate milk production and TJ formation have been reported. However, their regulatory mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In addition, unidentified components that regulate milk production in MECs likely exist in foods, for example plants. Culture models of functional MECs that recapitulate milk production and TJs are useful tools for their study. Such models enable the elimination of indirect effects via cells other than MECs and allows for more detailed experimental conditions. However, culture models of MECs with inappropriate functionality may result in unphysiological reactions that never occur in lactating mammary glands in vivo. Here, I briefly review the physiological functions of alveolar MECs during lactation in vivo and culture models of MECs that feature milk production and less-permeable TJs, together with a protocol for establishment of MEC culture with functional TJ barrier and milk production capability using cell culture inserts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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Jeong SA, Song J, Ham J, An G, Song G, Lim W. Tetraconazole interrupts mitochondrial function and intracellular calcium levels leading to apoptosis of bovine mammary epithelial cells. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:105366. [PMID: 36963936 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetraconazole is a type of fungicide that eliminates pathogens in plants and fruit. To date, studies have focused on the direct exposure of plants and fruits to residual tetraconazole, but no studies have been conducted on the indirect effects of tetraconzaole. Given the importance of cows as milk-producing animals and their potential exposure to pesticides via plant consumption, we analyzed the mechanism by which tetraconazole influences milk production. Here, we confirmed that tetraconazole-induced apoptosis and inhibited cell viability and proliferation by regulating the cell cycle in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T). In addition, Ca2+ homeostasis in mitochondria was disrupted by tetraconazole, leading to the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Consistent with the proliferation-related findings, tetraconazole downregulated AKT, ERK1/2, P38, and JNK signaling pathways and proliferation-related proteins such as CCND1 and PCNA in MAC-T cells. Meanwhile, it upregulated cleaved caspase 3, BAX, and Cytochrome c under the same conditions in MAC-T cells. Furthermore, MAC-T exposed to tetraconazole causes a failure of proper autophagy functioning. In summary, the results of this study indicated that tetraconazole exposure may lead to a failure of milk production from bovine mammary epithelial cells by disrupting calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Ae Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ham
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Cohick WS. The role of the IGF system in mammary physiology of ruminants. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 79:106709. [PMID: 35078102 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The IGF system plays a central role in all stages of mammary development, lactation and involution. IGFs exert their effects on the mammary gland through both endocrine and paracrine/autocrine mechanisms and the importance of circulating versus local IGF action remains an open question, especially in ruminants. At the whole organ level, a critical role for IGFs in ductal morphogenesis and lobuloalveolar development has been established, while at the cellular level the ability of IGFs to stimulate cell proliferation and control cell survival contributes to the number of milk-secreting cells in the gland. Much of this work has been conducted in rodents which provide an affordable research model and allow for genetic manipulation of specific components of the IGF system. Research into the role of the IGF system in dairy cows has generally supported information obtained with rodents though large gaps in our knowledge remain and species differences are not well defined. Examples include whether exogenous somatotropin exerts its effects on the mammary gland through local IGF-1 synthesis which is accepted dogma in rodents, what the role of IGF-1 versus IGF-2 is in the mammary gland, and how the IGFBPs regulate IGF bioactivity. This last area is particularly under-investigated in ruminants both at the whole animal and the cellular and molecular levels. Given that the IGF system may underlie many management practices that could contribute to enhancing productive efficiency of lactation, more research into the basic biology of this important system is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendie S Cohick
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Animal Science, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Shoshani E, van Straten M. Effects of bovine casein hydrolysate as a dry cow therapy on prevention and cure of bovine intramammary infection, milk production, and somatic cell count in the subsequent lactation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4354-4369. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Capuco AV, Choudhary RK. Symposium review: Determinants of milk production: Understanding population dynamics in the bovine mammary epithelium. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2928-2940. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Wu X, Zhou X, Ding X, Chu M, Liang C, Pei J, Xiong L, Bao P, Guo X, Yan P. The Selection of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in the Ashidan Yak Mammary Gland During Lactation and Dry Period. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110943. [PMID: 31717620 PMCID: PMC6912359 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Ashidan yak is a new cultivated breed which has polled characteristics and a mild temperament. Improving milk yield is an important aspect of a breeding program for this breed. The mammary gland undergoes dramatic physiological and metabolic changes during the transition from lactation to dry periods, which involves the expression and regulation of a great number of genes. Quantification of gene expression levels by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is important to reveal the molecular mechanisms of mammary gland development and lactation. The accuracy of RT-qPCR is strongly influenced by the expression stability of reference genes, however, a systematic approach for selecting reference genes used for analyzing gene expression of the Ashidan yak has not been developed. In this study, we selected reference genes and analyzed their expression stability at different physiological stages (lactation and dry period). We found the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene (HMBS) and the tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta polypeptide gene (YWHAZ) were the most stable genes of the mammary gland of the Ashidan yak. These results help to improve the accuracy of gene expression analysis and provide a basis for future functional studies of target gene expression in the mammary gland of the Ashidan yak. Abstract Investigating the critical genes related to milk synthesis is essential for the improvement of the milk yield of the yak. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a reliable and widely used method to measure and evaluate gene expression levels. Selection of suitable reference genes is mandatory to acquire accurate normalization of gene expression results from RT-qPCR. To select the most stable reference genes for reliable normalization of mRNA expression by RT-qPCR in the mammary gland of the Ashidan yak, we selected 16 candidate reference genes and analyzed their expression stability at different physiological stages (lactation and dry period). The expression stability of the candidate reference genes was assessed using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta Ct, and RefFinder methods. The results showed that the hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene (HMBS) and the tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta polypeptide gene (YWHAZ) were the most stable genes across all treatment samples. The reliability of selected reference genes was validated by normalizing relative expression of the lactation-related 60S ribosomal protein L35 gene (RPL35). The relative expression of RPL35 varied considerably according to the different reference genes. This work provides valuable information to further promote research in the molecular mechanisms involved in lactation and mammary gland development and provides a foundation for the improvement of the milk yield and quality of the Ashidan yak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xian Guo
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (P.Y.); Tel.: +86-0931-2115257 (X.G.); +86-0931-2115288 (P.Y.)
| | - Ping Yan
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (P.Y.); Tel.: +86-0931-2115257 (X.G.); +86-0931-2115288 (P.Y.)
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Singh S, Kalra S, Bubber P, Datta TK, Mohanty AK, Kaushik JK. Functional analysis of recombinant buffalo lactoferrin and monoferric lobes and their cytotoxic effect on buffalo mammary epithelial cells. Biometals 2019; 32:771-783. [PMID: 31555927 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) has been involved in diverse type of cellular activities and its biochemical properties are species specific. Lf is a bilobal molecule in which each lobe binds with one Fe2+/Fe3+ ion. A lot of physiological effects of Lf are regulated by its iron binding and release properties; however these properties are species-specific. To understand the iron-binding, thermal stability and cytotoxic effect of buffalo Lf (buLf) and contribution of individual N- and C-terminal lobes therein, buLf and the truncated monoferric lobes were expressed in Kluyveromyces lactis or Pichia pastoris yeast expression systems. The iron-uptake/release behavior and thermal stability of recombinant buLf was observed similar to the Lf purified from buffalo milk. Supplementation of recombinant buLf to the buffalo mammary epithelial cells (BuMEC) culture decreased their proliferation and the cell viability in a dose dependent manner. The cell growth decreased by 37% at 1.0 mg/ml Lf. C-lobe decreased the viability of BuMEC by 15% at 1 mg/ml. The C-lobe showed greater cytotoxic effect against BuMEC in comparison to N-lobe. buLf caused a reduced expression of the casein in BuMEC. At 1.0 mg/ml of buLf, CSN2 transcript level was reduced by 74% and 78% in the normal and hormone free media, respectively. The expression of IL-1β gene in BuMEC increased by 4-5 fold in the presence of 1.0 mg/ml of Lf. The effect was similar to that observed in the involutory mammary gland, suggesting the role of elevated level of Lf in remodeling of buffalo mammary tissue during involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surender Singh
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, India
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shalini Kalra
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, India
| | - Parvesh Bubber
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali, Rajasthan, India
- School of Life Sciences, Biochemistry Discipline, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tirtha K Datta
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, India
| | - Ashok K Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, India
| | - Jai K Kaushik
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, India.
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Skarbye A, Krogh M, Sørensen J. The effect of individual quarter dry-off in management of subclinical mastitis on udder condition and milk production in organic dairy herds: A randomized field trial. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:11186-11198. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms modulated by dietary arginine supplementation to sows during lactation regarding antioxidant capacity and vascularization of mammary glands. At 109 days of gestation, animals were transferred to individual farrowing crates equipped with manual feeders and automatic drinker bowls. Environmental temperature and humidity inside the farrowing rooms were registered every 15 min. At farrowing, sows were assigned in a completely randomized design to a control diet (CON) or the CON diet supplemented with 1.0% L-arginine (ARG). A total of three gilts and two sows were fed the CON diet, whereas three gilts and three sows were fed ARG diets. Sows were fed a fixed amount of 6.0 kg/day, subdivided equally in four delivery times (0700, 1000, 1300 and 1600 h) for 21 days. At weaning, sows were slaughtered and mammary tissue samples and blood from the pudendal vein were collected. Data were analyzed considering each sow as an experimental unit. Differences were considered at P<0.05. L-arginine fed sows presented lower messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for prolactin receptor (P=0.002), angiopoietin1 (P=0.03) and receptor tyrosine kinase (P=0.01); higher mRNA expression for prostaglandin synthase 1 (P=0.01); a trend of decrease for glucocorticoid receptor (P=0.06) and IGF receptor 1 (P=0.07); and a trend (P=0.05) for an increased glutathione peroxidase mRNA expression. The angiopoietin2:angiopoietin1 mRNA ratio tended to increase (P=0.07) in ARG fed sows. L-arginine fed sows had greater (P=0.04) volumetric proportion of blood vessels and a trend of enhance (P=0.07) in the number of blood vessels per mm2. These findings show that 1.0% ARG supplementation to sows activates proliferative mechanisms, may improve mammary tissues' angiogenesis and tended to increase mRNA expression of genes that encode antioxidant enzymes in mammary gland of sows.
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Boutinaud M, Isaka N, Gandemer E, Lamberton P, Wiart S, Taranilla AIDP, Sordillo L, Lollivier V. Inhibiting prolactin by cabergoline accelerates mammary gland remodeling during the early dry period in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9787-9798. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Singh K, Phyn C, Reinsch M, Dobson J, Oden K, Davis S, Stelwagen K, Henderson H, Molenaar A. Temporal and spatial heterogeneity in milk and immune-related gene expression during mammary gland involution in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7669-7685. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Phyn CVC, Stelwagen K, Davis SR, McMahon CD, Dobson JM, Singh K. Tight Junction Protein Abundance and Apoptosis During Involution of Rat Mammary Glands. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2075-2082. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire V. C. Phyn
- AgResearch Ltd.; Ruakura Research Centre; Hamilton New Zealand
- DairyNZ Ltd.; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Kerst Stelwagen
- AgResearch Ltd.; Ruakura Research Centre; Hamilton New Zealand
- SciLactis Ltd.; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Stephen R. Davis
- AgResearch Ltd.; Ruakura Research Centre; Hamilton New Zealand
- LIC; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Christopher D. McMahon
- AgResearch Ltd.; Ruakura Research Centre; Hamilton New Zealand
- ManukaMed Ltd.; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Joanne M. Dobson
- AgResearch Ltd.; Ruakura Research Centre; Hamilton New Zealand
- Carne Technologies Ltd.; Cambridge New Zealand
| | - Kuljeet Singh
- AgResearch Ltd.; Ruakura Research Centre; Hamilton New Zealand
- Science Consultancy; Hamilton New Zealand
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Singh K, Vetharaniam I, Dobson J, Prewitz M, Oden K, Murney R, Swanson K, McDonald R, Henderson H, Stelwagen K. Cell survival signaling in the bovine mammary gland during the transition from lactation to involution. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7523-7543. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jaafar SH, Ho JJ, Lee KS. Rooming-in for new mother and infant versus separate care for increasing the duration of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016:CD006641. [PMID: 27562563 PMCID: PMC9168801 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006641.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mother-infant proximity and interactions after birth and during the early postpartum period are important for breast-milk production and breastfeeding success. Rooming-in and separate care are both traditional practices. Rooming-in involves keeping the mother and the baby together in the same room after birth for the duration of hospitalisation, whereas separate care is keeping the baby in the hospital nursery and the baby is either brought to the mother for breastfeeding or she walks to the nursery. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of mother-infant rooming-in versus separation on the duration of breastfeeding (exclusive and total duration of breastfeeding). SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 May 2016) and reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of mother-infant rooming-in versus separate care after hospital birth or at home on the duration of breastfeeding, proportion of breastfeeding at six months and adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion and assessed trial quality. Two review authors extracted data. Data were checked for accuracy. We assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included one trial (involving 176 women) in this review. This trial included four groups with a factorial design. The factorial design took into account two factors, i.e. infant location in relation to the mother and the type of infant apparel. We combined three of the groups as the intervention (rooming-in) group and the fourth group acted as the control (separate care) and we analysed the results as a single pair-wise comparison. Primary outcomesThe primary outcome, duration of any breastfeeding, was reported by authors as median values because the distribution was found to be skewed. They reported the overall median duration of any breastfeeding to be four months, with no difference found between groups. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the proportion of infants being exclusively breastfed at six months of age was not reported in the trial. There was no difference found between the two groups in the proportion of infants receiving any breastfeeding at six months of age (risk ratio (RR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51 to 1.39; one trial; 137 women; low-quality evidence). Secondary outcomesThe mean frequency of breastfeeds per day on day four postpartum for the rooming-in group was 8.3 (standard deviation (SD) 2.2), slightly higher than the separate care group, i.e. seven times per day. However, between-group comparison of this outcome was not appropriate since every infant in the separate care group was breastfed at a fixed schedule of seven times per day (SD = 0) resulting in no estimable comparison. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding on day four postpartum before discharge from hospital was significantly higher in the rooming-in group 86% (99 of 115) compared with separate care group, 45% (17 of 38), (RR 1.92; 95% CI 1.34 to 2.76; one trial, 153 women; low-quality evidence). None of our other pre-specified secondary outcomes were reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found little evidence to support or refute the practice of rooming-in versus mother-infant separation. Further well-designed RCTs to investigate full mother-infant rooming-in versus partial rooming-in or separate care including all important outcomes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Halimah Jaafar
- Regency Specialist HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynaecologyNo 1 Jalan Suria,Bandar Seri AlamJohor BahruJohorMalaysia81750
| | - Jacqueline J Ho
- Penang Medical CollegeDepartment of Paediatrics4 Sepoy LinesPenangMalaysia10450
| | - Kim Seng Lee
- Fatimah HospitalDepartment of PediatricsOff Lebuh Chew Peng Loon, Ipoh GardenIpohPerakMalaysia31400
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Honvo-Houéto E, Henry C, Chat S, Layani S, Truchet S. The endoplasmic reticulum and casein-containing vesicles contribute to milk fat globule membrane. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2946-64. [PMID: 27535430 PMCID: PMC5042581 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-06-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum and the secretory vesicles contribute to the formation of the milk fat globule membrane. In addition, lipid raft microdomains may play a role in the transport and/or secretion of the milk fat globule, and SNARE proteins appear to coordinate membrane exchanges during milk product secretion. During lactation, mammary epithelial cells secrete huge amounts of milk from their apical side. The current view is that caseins are secreted by exocytosis, whereas milk fat globules are released by budding, enwrapped by the plasma membrane. Owing to the number and large size of milk fat globules, the membrane surface needed for their release might exceed that of the apical plasma membrane. A large-scale proteomics analysis of both cytoplasmic lipid droplets and secreted milk fat globule membranes was used to decipher the cellular origins of the milk fat globule membrane. Surprisingly, differential analysis of protein profiles of these two organelles strongly suggest that, in addition to the plasma membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum and the secretory vesicles contribute to the milk fat globule membrane. Analysis of membrane-associated and raft microdomain proteins reinforces this possibility and also points to a role for lipid rafts in milk product secretion. Our results provide evidence for a significant contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum to the milk fat globule membrane and a role for SNAREs in membrane dynamics during milk secretion. These novel aspects point to a more complex model for milk secretion than currently envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Honvo-Houéto
- INRA, UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - Céline Henry
- INRA, UMR1319, MICALIS, PAPPSO, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - Sophie Chat
- INRA, UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - Sarah Layani
- INRA, UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Truchet
- INRA, UR1196 Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
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Calamari L, Gobbi L, Russo F, Cappelli FP. Pattern of γ-glutamyl transferase activity in cow milk throughout lactation and relationships with metabolic conditions and milk composition. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:3891-900. [PMID: 26440169 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this experiment was to study the γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity in milk during lactation and its relationship with metabolic status of dairy cows, milk yield, milk composition, and cheesemaking properties. The study was performed in a tied stall barn and involved 20 lactations from 12 healthy multiparous Italian Friesian dairy cows. During lactation starting at d 10, milk samples were collected weekly and analyzed for composition, somatic cells count, titratable acidity, and milk coagulation properties. The GGT activity was measured in defatted samples. Blood samples were collected weekly to assess biochemical indicators related to energy, protein, and mineral metabolism, markers of inflammation and some enzyme activities. The lactations of each cow were retrospectively categorized into 2 groups according to their milk GGT activity value through lactation. A median value of GGT activity in the milk of all lactations was calculated (3,045 U/L), and 10 lactations with lower GGT activity were classified as low while 10 lactations with greater GGT activity were classified as high. The average value of milk GGT activity during lactation was 3,863 and 3,024 U/L for high and low, respectively. The GGT activity decreased in early lactation and reached minimum values in the second month (3,289 and 2,355 U/L for high and low, respectively). Thereafter GGT activity increased progressively, reaching values in late lactation of 4,511 and 3,540 U/L in high and low, respectively. On average, milk yield was 40.81 and 42.76 kg/d in high and low, respectively, and a negative partial correlation with milk GGT activity was observed. A greater milk protein concentration was observed in high (3.39%) compared with low (3.18%), and a positive partial correlation with milk GGT activity was observed. Greater titratable acidity in high than that in low (3.75 vs. 3.45 degrees Soxhlet-Henkel/50 mL, respectively) was also observed. Plasma glucose was greater in cows of high than in low group, while plasma urea was lower in the high than in the low group. No relationship between plasma GGT and milk GGT activity was observed. Our results show an important effect of lactation stage on milk GGT activity. The individual effect observed from consecutive lactations and the relationship between milk GGT activity and milk protein concentration in healthy cows could open prospects for GGT as a future tool in improving milk protein content.
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Biet J, Poole C, Stelwagen K, Margerison J, Singh K. Primary cilia distribution and orientation during involution of the bovine mammary gland. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:3966-3978. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Weaver S, Hernandez L. Autocrine-paracrine regulation of the mammary gland. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:842-53. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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Herve L, Quesnel H, Lollivier V, Boutinaud M. Regulation of cell number in the mammary gland by controlling the exfoliation process in milk in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:854-63. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Field SL, Dasgupta T, Cummings M, Savage RS, Adebayo J, McSara H, Gunawardena J, Orsi NM. Bayesian modeling suggests that IL-12 (p40), IL-13 and MCP-1 drive murine cytokine networks in vivo. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:76. [PMID: 26553024 PMCID: PMC4640223 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Cytokine-hormone network deregulations underpin pathologies ranging from autoimmune disorders to cancer, but our understanding of these networks in physiological/pathophysiological states remains patchy. We employed Bayesian networks to analyze cytokine-hormone interactions in vivo using murine lactation as a dynamic, physiological model system. Results Circulatory levels of estrogen, progesterone, prolactin and twenty-three cytokines were profiled in post partum mice with/without pups. The resultant networks were very robust and assembled about structural hubs, with evidence that interleukin (IL)-12 (p40), IL-13 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 were the primary drivers of network behavior. Network structural conservation across physiological scenarios coupled with the successful empirical validation of our approach suggested that in silico network perturbations can predict in vivo qualitative responses. In silico perturbation of network components also captured biological features of cytokine interactions (antagonism, synergy, redundancy). Conclusion These findings highlight the potential of network-based approaches in identifying novel cytokine pharmacological targets and in predicting the effects of their exogenous manipulation in inflammatory/immune disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0226-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Field
- Women's Health Research Group, Section of Cancer & Pathology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Tathagata Dasgupta
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
| | - Michele Cummings
- Women's Health Research Group, Section of Cancer & Pathology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Richard S Savage
- Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Julius Adebayo
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA. .,IDeA Labs, Department of Computer Science, TMCB 1124, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Hema McSara
- Women's Health Research Group, Section of Cancer & Pathology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Jeremy Gunawardena
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.
| | - Nicolas M Orsi
- Women's Health Research Group, Section of Cancer & Pathology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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Singh K, Swanson K, Henderson H, Erdman R, Stelwagen K. The effect of milking reinitiation following extended nonmilking periods on lactation in primiparous dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7666-74. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Decrease in an Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Conductance in Mouse Mammary Secretory Cells after Forced Weaning. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141131. [PMID: 26484867 PMCID: PMC4618515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary glands are physiologically active in female mammals only during nursing. Immediately after weaning, most lactation-related genes are downregulated and milk production ceases. In our previous study, we have detected an inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir) 2.1-like current in mammary secretory (MS) cells freshly isolated from lactating mice. This current is highly sensitive to external Ba2+. The potassium permeability of the Kir channels may contribute to the secretion and/or preservation of ions in milk. We hypothesized that the functions of the Kir channels in MS cells are regulated after weaning. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of forced weaning on the Ba2+-sensitive Kir current and Kir2.1 expression in the mouse mammary glands. Twenty-four hours after weaning, the lumina of mammary acini were histologically enlarged by milk accumulation. The whole-cell patch-clamp analyses showed that the Ba2+-sensitive Kir current in the post-weaning MS cells was smaller than in the lactating MS cells. The inward conductances of the current in the lactating and post-weaning cells were 4.25 ± 0.77 and 0.93 ± 0.34 nS, respectively. Furthermore, real-time PCR and Western blot analyses showed that Kir2.1 mRNA and protein expression decreased in the post-weaning mammary gland (mRNA, 90% reduction; protein, 47% reduction). Moreover, the local milk accumulation caused by teat sealing decreased Kir conductance in MS cells (2.74 ± 0.45 and 0.36 ± 0.27 nS for control and sealed mammary glands, respectively). This was concomitant with the reduction in the Kir2.1 mRNA expression. Our results suggest that milk stasis after weaning immediately decreases the Kir conductance in MS cells. This decrease in the Kir conductance may be partly caused by the reduction in the Kir2.1 mRNA and protein expression. These alterations during the post-weaning period may be involved in the cessation of ion secretion and/or preservation in the milk.
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25
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Líška J, Brtko J, Dubovický M, Macejová D, Kissová V, Polák Š, Ujházy E. Relationship between histology, development and tumorigenesis of mammary gland in female rat. Exp Anim 2015; 65:1-9. [PMID: 26424555 PMCID: PMC4783645 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a dynamic organ that undergoes structural and functional changes
associated with growth, reproduction, and post-menopausal regression. The postnatal
transformations of the epithelium and stromal cells of the mammary gland may contribute to
its susceptibility to carcinogenesis. The increased cancer incidence in mammary glands of
humans and similarly of rodents in association with their development is believed to be
partly explained by proliferative activity together with lesser degree of differentiation,
but it is not completely understood how the virgin gland retains its higher susceptibility
to carcinogenesis. During its developmental cycle, the mammary gland displays many of the
properties associated with breast cancer. An early first full-term pregnancy may have a
protective effect. Rodent models are useful for investigating potential breast
carcinogens. The purpose of this review is to help recognizing histological appearance of
the epithelium and the stroma of the normal mammary gland in rats, and throughout its
development in relation to tumorigenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Líška
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty of Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava 811 08, Slovak Republic
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Zobel G, Weary DM, Leslie KE, von Keyserlingk MAG. Invited review: Cessation of lactation: Effects on animal welfare. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8263-77. [PMID: 26409963 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The forced cessation of milk production, or dry-off, is a routine management practice in dairy cattle, sheep, and goats. This practice initiates a dry period, during which the animal is not milked. Milking begins again after parturition. Most of the literature on the dry period has focused on how various drying-off strategies affect milk production and disease; little work to date has addressed how dry-off affects the overall welfare of the dairy animal. The first aim of this review was to present an overview of the importance of dry-off and how it is commonly achieved. Our review shows that much scientific progress has been made in improving health status between lactations. The second aim was to identify important gaps in the literature, of which 2 key research disparities have been identified. We find that much of the work to date has focused on cattle and very little research has examined dry-off in dairy sheep and goats. We also find a lack of research addressing how common dry-off methodologies affect animal welfare on more than just a biological level, regardless of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zobel
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - D M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - K E Leslie
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Stewart Building, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Domènech A, Parés S, Bach A, Arís A. Mammary serum amyloid A3 activates involution of the mammary gland in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7595-605. [PMID: 25306281 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The dry period is a nonlactating phase in which senescent mammary cells are regenerated, which is thought to optimize milk production in the subsequent lactation. In bovines, the dry period normally coexists with pregnancy and the lactogenic hormones delay mammary gland involution and impair the activation of immune system to fight the risk of intramammary infections. Conventionally, long dry periods of up to 60 d are required to allow sufficient mammary regeneration for full milk yield in the next lactation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of mammary serum amyloid A3 (M-SAA3) as an activator of the involution of the mammary gland. One milligram of recombinant M-SAA3 and the corresponding negative controls (saline solution and lipopolysaccharide) were infused into the mammary gland via the teat canal, and mammary secretion samples were taken during the first 3 d after drying off to analyze metalloproteinase activity, somatic cell count, protein, and fat contents. Primary mammary gland epithelial cell cultures and bovine dendritic cells, obtained from necropsy tissue and blood, respectively, were incubated with and without M-SAA3 and cytokine expression was quantified. Last, the protective role of the M-SAA3 against infections was evaluated after a Staphylococcus aureus challenge. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity, a key protein that directly participates in the onset of the involution process, was greater in quarters treated with the M-SAA3. Protein content was increased in mammary secretions compared with control quarters. M-SAA3 increased cytokines directly related to innate immunity in both epithelial and dendritic cells and reduced the infection by Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Domènech
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institute of Research in Agriculture and Technology. Torre Marimon, km 12,1 C-59, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Parés
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institute of Research in Agriculture and Technology. Torre Marimon, km 12,1 C-59, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institute of Research in Agriculture and Technology. Torre Marimon, km 12,1 C-59, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08007, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Institute of Research in Agriculture and Technology. Torre Marimon, km 12,1 C-59, Caldes de Montbui, 08140, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a very simple molecule that plays key roles in complex communication mechanisms within the animal body. In the mammary glands, serotonin biosynthesis and secretion are induced in response to dilation of the alveolar spaces. Since its discovery several years ago, mammary 5-HT has been demonstrated to perform two homeostatic functions. First, serotonin regulates lactation and initiates the transition into the earliest phases of involution. Second, serotonin is a local signal that induces parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), which allows the mammary gland to drive the mobilization of calcium from the skeleton. These processes use different receptor types, 5-HT7 and 5-HT2, respectively. In this review, we provide synthetic perspectives on the fundamental processes of lactation homeostasis and the adaptation of calcium homeostasis for lactation. We analyze the role of the intrinsic serotonin system in the physiological regulation of the mammary glands. We also consider the importance of the mammary serotonin system in pathologies and therapies associated with lactation and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson D Horseman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Systems Biology and Physiology Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45208;
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29
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Sussman D, Ellegood J, Henkelman M. A gestational ketogenic diet alters maternal metabolic status as well as offspring physiological growth and brain structure in the neonatal mouse. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013; 13:198. [PMID: 24168053 PMCID: PMC4231349 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-13-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of the ketogenic diet (KD) among women of child-bearing age has been increasing, leading to increased interest in identifying the diet's suitability during gestation. To date, no studies have thoroughly investigated the effect of a gestational KD on offspring growth. Since ketones have been reported to play a role in cerebral lipid and myelin synthesis, it is particularly important to investigate the diet's impact on brain anatomy of the offspring. METHODS To fill this knowledge gap we imaged CD-1 mouse neonates whose mothers were fed either a standard diet (SD) or a KD prior to and during gestation. Images were collected at postnatal (P) 11.5 and 21.5 using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Maternal metabolic status was also tracked during lactation, by following their body weight, blood glucose, ketone, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations. RESULTS The KD dams exhibit a significant reduction in maternal fertility and litter size, as well as a high risk of developing fatal ketoacidosis by mid-lactation. To increase survival of the KD dams and offspring, fostering of P2.5 pups (from both KD and SD litters) by SD-foster dams was carried out. This resulted in stabilization of blood ketones of the KD dams, and aversion of the fatal ketoacidosis. We also note a slower and smaller weight loss for the KD compared with the SD dams. The average fostered KD pup exhibits retarded growth by P21.5 compared with the average fostered SD pup. An anatomical comparison of their brains further revealed significant structural differences at P11.5, and particularly at P21.5. The KD brain shows a relative bilateral decrease in the cortex, fimbria, hippocampus, corpus callosum and lateral ventricle, but a relative volumetric enlargement of the hypothalamus and medulla. CONCLUSION A gestational ketogenic diet deleteriously affects maternal fertility and increases susceptibility to fatal ketoacidosis during lactation. Prenatal and early postnatal exposure to a ketogenic diet also results in significant alterations to neonatal brain structure, and results in retarded physiological growth. These alterations could be accompanied by functional and behavioural changes in later postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafna Sussman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jacob Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark Henkelman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre (MICe), The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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30
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Millier MJ, Singh K, Poole CA. Characterization of Primary Cilia Distribution and Morphology During Lactation, Stasis, and Involution in the Bovine Mammary Gland. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1943-53. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Millier
- Department of Medicine; Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Kuljeet Singh
- AgResearch Ltd.; Ruakura Research Centre; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - C. Anthony Poole
- Department of Medicine; Dunedin School of Medicine; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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31
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Witwer KW, Buzás EI, Bemis LT, Bora A, Lässer C, Lötvall J, Nolte-'t Hoen EN, Piper MG, Sivaraman S, Skog J, Théry C, Wauben MH, Hochberg F. Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:20360. [PMID: 24009894 PMCID: PMC3760646 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.20360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1636] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of publications on extracellular RNA (exRNA) and extracellular vesicles (EV) has highlighted the potential of these molecules and vehicles as biomarkers of disease and therapeutic targets. These findings have created a paradigm shift, most prominently in the field of oncology, prompting expanded interest in the field and dedication of funds for EV research. At the same time, understanding of EV subtypes, biogenesis, cargo and mechanisms of shuttling remains incomplete. The techniques that can be harnessed to address the many gaps in our current knowledge were the subject of a special workshop of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) in New York City in October 2012. As part of the “ISEV Research Seminar: Analysis and Function of RNA in Extracellular Vesicles (evRNA)”, 6 round-table discussions were held to provide an evidence-based framework for isolation and analysis of EV, purification and analysis of associated RNA molecules, and molecular engineering of EV for therapeutic intervention. This article arises from the discussion of EV isolation and analysis at that meeting. The conclusions of the round table are supplemented with a review of published materials and our experience. Controversies and outstanding questions are identified that may inform future research and funding priorities. While we emphasize the need for standardization of specimen handling, appropriate normative controls, and isolation and analysis techniques to facilitate comparison of results, we also recognize that continual development and evaluation of techniques will be necessary as new knowledge is amassed. On many points, consensus has not yet been achieved and must be built through the reporting of well-controlled experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, USA
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Wanyonyi SS, Lefevre C, Sharp JA, Nicholas KR. The extracellular matrix locally regulates asynchronous concurrent lactation in tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Matrix Biol 2013; 32:342-51. [PMID: 23665481 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Asynchronous concurrent lactation (ACL) is an extreme lactation strategy in macropod marsupials including the tammar wallaby, that may hold the key to understanding local control of mammary epithelial cell function. Marsupials have a short gestation and a long lactation consisting of three phases; P2A, P2B and P3, representing early, mid and late lactation respectively and characterised by profound changes in milk composition. A lactating tammar is able to concurrently produce phase 2A and 3 milk from adjacent glands in order to feed a young newborn and an older sibling at heel. Physiological effectors of ACL remain unknown and in this study the extracellular matrix (ECM) is investigated for its role in switching mammary phenotypes between phases of tammar wallaby lactation. Using the level of expression of the genes for the phase specific markers tELP, tWAP, and tLLP-B representing phases 2A, 2B and 3 respectively we show for the first time that tammar wallaby mammary epithelial cells (WallMECs) extracted from P2B acquire P3 phenotype when cultured on P3 ECM. Similarly P2A cells acquire P2B phenotype when cultured on P2B ECM. We further demonstrate that changes in phase phenotype correlate with phase-specific changes in ECM composition. This study shows that progressive changes in ECM composition in individual mammary glands provide a local regulatory mechanism for milk protein gene expression thereby enabling the mammary glands to lactate independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Wanyonyi
- Centre for Biotechnology, Chemistry and Systems Biology, BioDeakin, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd., 3217 VIC, Australia.
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33
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Marquezini GHL, Mercadante VRG, Bischoff KM, Black TE, DiLorenzo N, Bird SL, Funnell BJ, Klein SI, Dahlen CR, Larson JE, Lamb GC. Effects of temporary calf removal before fixed-time artificial insemination on pregnancy rates and subsequent calf performance in suckled beef cows1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2414-25. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. H. L. Marquezini
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna 32446
| | - V. R. G. Mercadante
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna 32446
| | - K. M. Bischoff
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna 32446
| | - T. E. Black
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna 32446
| | - N. DiLorenzo
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna 32446
| | - S. L. Bird
- North Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Grand Rapids 55744
| | - B. J. Funnell
- North Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Grand Rapids 55744
| | - S. I. Klein
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - C. R. Dahlen
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58108
| | - J. E. Larson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762
| | - G. C. Lamb
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Marianna 32446
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Eisert R, Oftedal OT, Barrell GK. Milk Composition in the Weddell SealLeptonychotes weddellii: Evidence for a Functional Role of Milk Carbohydrates in Pinnipeds. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:159-75. [DOI: 10.1086/669036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kuruppath S, Bisana S, Sharp JA, Lefevre C, Kumar S, Nicholas KR. Monotremes and marsupials: comparative models to better understand the function of milk. J Biosci 2013; 37:581-8. [PMID: 22922184 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-012-9247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Kuruppath
- Centre for Biotechnology, Chemistry and Systems Biology, Deakin University, Geelong 3217 VIC, Australia.
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Abstract
Mammary glands are crucial to the reproductive strategy of mammals, and the milk of domesticated ruminants serves as an important source of nutrients for the human population. The majority of mammary gland development occurs postnatally, and the mammary gland undergoes cyclical periods of growth, differentiation, lactation, and regression that are coordinated to provide nutrients for offspring or are driven by strategies to manage reproduction and milk production of domesticated species. Growth and maintenance of the mammary epithelium depends on the function of mammary stem cells and progenitor cells. In this review, we provide an overview of postnatal mammary gland development, cyclical phases of mammary gland regression (regression during lactation and between successive lactations), and mammary stem cells and progenitor cells. Where possible, these processes are related to animal production and compared across species, particularly bovine, porcine, murine, and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony V Capuco
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705;
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The decrease in milk yield during once daily milking is due to regulation of synthetic activity rather than apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells in goats. Animal 2013; 7:124-33. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731112001176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Jaafar SH, Lee KS, Ho JJ. Separate care for new mother and infant versus rooming-in for increasing the duration of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012:CD006641. [PMID: 22972095 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006641.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Separate care for a new mother and infant may affect the duration of breastfeeding, breastfeeding behaviour and may have an adverse effect on neonatal and maternal outcomes. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of mother-infant separation versus rooming-in on the duration of breastfeeding (exclusive and total duration of breastfeeding). SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (30 June 2012). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of separate mother-infant care versus rooming-in after hospital birth or at home on the duration of breastfeeding, proportion of breastfeeding at six months and adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion and assessed trial quality. Two review authors extracted data. Data were checked for accuracy. MAIN RESULTS There were 23 reports from 19 potential trials identified. After assessment, one trial (involving 176 women) met our inclusion criteria.One trial reported an overall median duration of any breastfeeding of four months. Exclusive breastfeeding before discharge from hospital (at day four postpartum) was significantly lower in the separate care group compared with the rooming-in group (risk ratio (RR) 0.58; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.81; one trial, 141 women). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found little evidence to support or refute the practice of mother-infant separation versus rooming-in. Therefore, we see no reason to practise it. We recommend a well designed RCT to investigate full mother-infant rooming-in versus partial rooming-in or separate care on all of the primary and secondary outcomes suggested.
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39
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Shrestha S, Cao S, Lin VCL. The local microenvironment instigates the regulation of mammary tetratricopeptide repeat domain 9A during lactation and involution through local regulation of the activity of estrogen receptor α. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:65-70. [PMID: 22917536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 9A (TTC9A) belongs to a family of TTC9 proteins. Its induction by progesterone in breast cancer cells was associated with marked growth inhibition and induction of focal adhesion. TTC9A interacts specifically with actin-binding protein tropomyosin Tm5NM-1 which stabilizes actin filament and focal adhesion. However, the function of TTC9A is still obscure. This study exploited mice model to characterize the regulation of TTC9A gene expression during mammary development and explored possible mechanisms of TTC9A gene regulation. It was demonstrated that mammary TTC9A expression is distinctively down-regulated in gland undergoing functional differentiation (lactation) and up-regulated during involution. Furthermore, TTC9A expression during lactation and involution is regulated by the factors in the local microenvironment. This is illustrated with teat sealing model in which the teat sealed glands (undergoing involution) expressed significantly higher levels of TTC9A protein and mRNA than the contralateral non-sealed lactating glands. Importantly, this local induction of TTC9A expression upon involution coincided with the re-activation of estrogen receptor α (ERα). Together with the observation that TTC9A is a direct ERα target gene, we propose that the fall and rise of TTC9A levels during lactation and involution is caused by the changes of ERα activity that is in turn regulated by the factors in the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smeeta Shrestha
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Republic of Singapore
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40
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Anand V, Dogra N, Singh S, Kumar SN, Jena MK, Malakar D, Dang AK, Mishra BP, Mukhopadhyay TK, Kaushik JK, Mohanty AK. Establishment and characterization of a buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) mammary epithelial cell line. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40469. [PMID: 22792341 PMCID: PMC3392245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to establish the buffalo mammary epithelial cell line (BuMEC) and characterize its mammary specific functions. METHODOLOGY Buffalo mammary tissue collected from the slaughter house was processed enzymatically to obtain a heterogenous population of cells containing both epithelial and fibroblasts cells. Epithelial cells were purified by selective trypsinization and were grown in a plastic substratum. The purified mammary epithelial cells (MECs) after several passages were characterized for mammary specific functions by immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR and western blot. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The established buffalo mammary epithelial cell line (BuMEC) exhibited epithelial cell characteristics by immunostaining positively with cytokeratin 18 and negatively with vimentin. The BuMEC maintained the characteristics of its functional differentiation by expression of β-casein, κ-casein, butyrophilin and lactoferrin. BuMEC had normal growth properties and maintained diploid chromosome number (2n = 50) before and after cryopreservation. A spontaneously immortalized buffalo mammary epithelial cell line was established after 20 passages and was continuously subcultured for more than 60 passages without senescence. CONCLUSIONS We have established a buffalo mammary epithelial cell line that can be used as a model system for studying mammary gland functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Anand
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | - Nilambra Dogra
- National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research (NCHGSR), Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | - Manoj K. Jena
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | | | - Ajay K. Dang
- National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, India
| | | | - Tapas K. Mukhopadhyay
- National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research (NCHGSR), Punjab University, Chandigarh, India
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41
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Growth and development of the mammary glands of livestock: A veritable barnyard of opportunities. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:557-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Hosono H, Yamaguchi N, Oshima K, Matsuda T, Nadano D. The murine Gcap14 gene encodes a novel microtubule binding and bundling protein. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1426-30. [PMID: 22673506 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules form flexible fibers, which are utilized in cell proliferation and differentiation. Although the flexibility of microtubules was shown to be regulated by various microtubule-associated proteins, this regulation is still far from complete understanding. Here, we report a new potential regulator of microtubules in mammals. Gcap14 colocalizes with microtubules in mammalian cells transfected with Gcap14 expression vector. Association of Gcap14 with microtubules was confirmed by biochemical subcellular fractionation. Recombinant Gcap14 protein cosedimented with pure microtubules, indicating a direct binding between the two. Furthermore, recombinant Gcap14 was shown to have the ability of inducing microtubule bundling in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Hosono
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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43
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Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health. Animal 2012; 6:403-14. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111002461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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44
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Weymouth N, Shi Z, Rockey DC. Smooth muscle α actin is specifically required for the maintenance of lactation. Dev Biol 2011; 363:1-14. [PMID: 22123032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle α-actin (Acta2) is one of six highly conserved mammalian actin isoforms that appear to exhibit functional redundancy. Nonetheless, we have postulated a specific functional role for the smooth muscle specific isoform. Here, we show that Acta2 deficient mice have a remarkable mammary phenotype such that dams lacking Acta2 are unable to nurse their offspring effectively. The phenotype was rescued in cross fostering experiments with wild type mice, excluding a developmental defect in Acta2 null pups. The mechanism for the underlying phenotype is due to myoepithelial dysfunction postpartum resulting in precocious involution. Further, we demonstrate a specific defect in myoepithelial cell contractility in Acta2 null mammary glands, despite normal expression of cytoplasmic actins. We conclude that Acta2 specifically mediates myoepithelial cell contraction during lactation and that this actin isoform therefore exhibits functional specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate Weymouth
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8887, USA
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45
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Role and regulation of autophagy in the development of acinar structures formed by bovine BME-UV1 mammary epithelial cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:854-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Scribner KC, Wellberg EA, Metz RP, Porter WW. Singleminded-2s (Sim2s) promotes delayed involution of the mouse mammary gland through suppression of Stat3 and NFκB. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:635-44. [PMID: 21292822 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Postlactational involution of the mammary gland provides a unique model to study breast cancer susceptibility and metastasis. We have shown that the short isoform of Singleminded-2s (Sim2s), a basic helix loop helix/PAS transcription factor, plays a role in promoting lactogenic differentiation, as well as maintaining mammary epithelial differentiation and malignancy. Sim2s is dynamically expressed during mammary gland development, with expression peaking during lactation, and decreasing in early involution. To determine the role of SIM2S in involution, we used transgenic mice expressing SIM2S under the mouse mammary tumor virus-Sim2s promoter. Overexpression of Sim2s in the mouse mammary gland resulted in delayed involution, indicated by a lower proportion of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells and slower reestablishment of the mammary fat pad. Immunohistochemical and quantitative RNA analysis showed a decrease in apoptotic markers and inflammatory response genes, and an increase in antiapoptotic genes, which were accompanied by inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activity. Microarray analysis confirmed that genes in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway were repressed by SIM2S expression, along with nuclear factor-κB and other key pathways involved in mammary gland development. Multiparous mouse mammary tumor virus-Sim2s females displayed a more differentiated phenotype compared with wild-type controls, characterized by enhanced β-casein expression and alveolar structures. Together, these results suggest a role for SIM2S in the normal involuting gland and identify potential downstream pathways regulated by SIM2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Scribner
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
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Moriya H, Uchida K, Okajima T, Matsuda T, Nadano D. Secretion of three enzymes for fatty acid synthesis into mouse milk in association with fat globules, and rapid decrease of the secreted enzymes by treatment with rapamycin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 508:87-92. [PMID: 21281598 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mammary epithelium produces numerous lipid droplets during lactation and secretes them in plasma membrane-enclosed vesicles known as milk fat globules. The biogenesis of such fat globules is considered to provide a model for clarifying the mechanisms of lipogenesis in mammals. In the present study, we identified acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, ATP citrate lyase, and fatty acid synthase in mouse milk. Fractionation of milk showed that these three enzymes were located predominantly in milk fat globules. The three enzymes were resistant to trypsin digestion without Triton X-100, indicating that they were not located on the outer surface of the globules and thus associated with the precursors of the globules before secretion. When a low dose of rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), was injected into lactating mice, the levels of the three enzymes in milk were decreased within 3h after injection. Since the protein levels of the three enzymes in tissues were not obviously altered by this short-term treatment, known transcriptional control by mTOR signaling was unlikely to account for this decrease in their levels in milk. Our findings suggest a new, putatively mTOR-dependent localization of the three enzymes for de novo lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Moriya
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Leitner G, Jacoby S, Silanikove N. An evaluation of casein hydrolyzate in combination with antibiotic for bacterial cure and subsequent increase in milk yield in dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7:3. [PMID: 21214910 PMCID: PMC3025865 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A 3-yr study examined whether prepartum treatment with casein hydrolyzate in combination with antibiotic, as routinely used in Israel for dry cow therapy, improved bacterial cure and increased milk yield in subsequent lactations in comparison with treatment with antibiotic alone. The vast majority of bacterial isolates in samples collected prior to drying-off comprised coagulase-negative staphylococci, mostly as Staph. chromogenes. Results Bacterial cure associated with the combined treatment was 73.8% in cows, significantly higher than the 51.7% cure recorded when cows were treated only with antibiotic. During the study, the annual milk yield of non-casein hydrolyzate treated and treated control cows increased at ~2% per year, which is consistent with the national annual increase attributed to genetic selection. In cows treated with casein hydrolyzate the increase was 9% (above the 2% expected) in the first lactation after the treatment, and 6.3% (above the 4% expected for 2 years) in the second lactation after treatment. These increases were significantly higher than those in the controls and those expected through genetic improvement. Conclusions Treatment with casein hydrolyzate at dry-off was shown to be a viable mean to eliminate existing environmental bacterial infection, and to improve milk yield in the next lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Leitner
- Biology of Lactation Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Rinaldi M, Li RW, Capuco AV. Mastitis associated transcriptomic disruptions in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:267-79. [PMID: 21040982 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is ranked as the top disease for dairy cattle based on traditional cost analysis. Greater than 100 organisms from a broad phylogenetic spectrum are able to cause bovine mastitis. Transcriptomic characterization facilitates our understanding of host-pathogen relations and provides mechanistic insight into host resistance to mastitis. In this review, we discuss effector mechanisms and transcriptomic changes within the mammary gland in response to experimental infections. We compare temporal, spatial and pathogen-specific local transcriptomic disruptions in the mammary gland as well as pathogen-induced systemic responses and transcriptional changes in distant organs. We attempt to explain why studies on transcriptomic changes during critical physiological periods and in response to non-mastitic pathogens may have important implications for mastitis studies. Future perspectives on revealing bidirectional molecular cross-talk between mastitis pathogens and host cells using cutting-edge genomic technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rinaldi
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.
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50
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Piantoni P, Wang P, Drackley JK, Hurley WL, Loor JJ. Expression of metabolic, tissue remodeling, oxidative stress, and inflammatory pathways in mammary tissue during involution in lactating dairy cows. Bioinform Biol Insights 2010; 4:85-97. [PMID: 20981268 PMCID: PMC2964046 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s5850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological and functional changes associated with involution in the mammary gland are partly regulated by changes in gene expression. At 42 d postpartum, Holstein cows underwent a period of 5 d during which they were milked 1X daily until complete cessation of milking. Percutaneous mammary biopsies (n = 5/time point) were obtained on d 1, 5, 14, and 21 relative to the start of 1X milking for transcript profiling via qPCR of 57 genes associated with metabolism, apoptosis/proliferation, immune response/inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue remodeling. Not surprisingly, there was clear downregulation of genes associated with milk fat synthesis (FASN, ACACA, CD36, FABP3, SCD) and lipid-related transcription regulation (SREBF1, SREBF2). Similar to milk fat synthesis-related genes, those encoding proteins required for glucose uptake (SLC2A1), casein synthesis (CSN2, CSN3), and lactose synthesis (LALBA) decreased during involution. Unlike metabolic genes, those associated with immune response and inflammation (C3, LTF, SAA3), oxidative stress (GPX1, SOD2), and pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling (SPP1, TNF) increased to peak levels by d 14 from the start of 1X milking. These adaptations appeared to be related with tissue remodeling as indicated by upregulation of proteins encoding matrix proteinases (MMP2), IGFBP3, and transcriptional regulation of apoptosis/cell proliferation (MYC). In contrast, the concerted upregulation of STAT3, TGFB1, and TGFB1R during the first 14 d was suggestive of an activation of these signaling pathways probably as an acute response to regulate differentiation and/or mammary cell survival upon the onset of a marked pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress response induced by the gradual reduction in milk removal. Results suggest a central role of STAT3, MYC, PPARG, SREBF1, and SREBF2 in regulating concerted alterations in metabolic and cell survival mechanisms, which were induced partly via oxidative stressed-triggered inflammation and the decline in metabolic activity.
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