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Lemaitre T, Cornu M, Schwalen F, Since M, Kieffer C, Voisin-Chiret AS. Molecular glue degraders: exciting opportunities for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:433-449. [PMID: 38240114 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2306845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Molecular Glue Degraders (MGDs) is a concept that refers to a class of compounds that facilitate the interaction between two proteins or molecules within a cell. These compounds act as bridge that enhances specific Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs). Over the past decade, this technology has gained attention as a potential strategy to target proteins that were traditionally considered undruggable using small molecules. AREAS COVERED This review presents the concept of cellular homeostasis and the balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation. The concept of protein degradation is concerned with molecular glues, which form part of the broader field of Targeted Protein Degradation (TPD). Next, pharmacochemical strategies for the rational design of MGDs are detailed and illustrated by examples of Ligand-Based (LBDD), Structure-Based (SBDD) and Fragment-Based Drug Design (FBDD). EXPERT OPINION Expanding the scope of what can be effectively targeted in the development of treatments for diseases that are incurable or resistant to conventional therapies offers new therapeutic options. The treatment of microbial infections and neurodegenerative diseases is a major societal challenge, and the discovery of MGDs appears to be a promising avenue. Combining different approaches to discover and exploit a variety of innovative therapeutic agents will create opportunities to treat diseases that are still incurable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Cornu
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CERMN, Caen, France
| | - Florian Schwalen
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CERMN, Caen, France
- Department of Pharmacy, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Marc Since
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, CERMN, Caen, France
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Yang X, Zhang D, Liu R, Wang L, Liu JY, Wang Z. Rapid Thalidomide Racemization Is Related to Proton Tunneling Reactions via Water Bridges. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10592-10598. [PMID: 37976462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT) can play an important role in light element-related chemical reactions; however, its influence on racemization is not fully understood. Herein, we demonstrate that the role of QMT is decisive for rapid racemization of the well-known thalidomide molecule in aqueous environments, increasing the reaction rate constants of the most likely racemization pathways by 87-149 times at approximately body temperature and achieving good agreement between theoretical calculations and experimental observations. In addition, the kinetic isotope effect values fit well with those of previous experiments. These results are attributed to enhanced tunneling probability due to the alteration of potential barriers for proton transfer reactions via water bridges. This work highlights the significance of the QMT effect in racemization and its potential impact on drug safety, providing a fundamental perspective for understanding chirality-related issues in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Depeng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Normal School, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, China
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jing-Yao Liu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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3
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Iberdomide plus dexamethasone in heavily pretreated late-line relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (CC-220-MM-001): a multicentre, multicohort, open-label, phase 1/2 trial. THE LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2022; 9:e822-e832. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(22)00290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Andrews PL, Williams RS, Sanger GJ. Anti-emetic effects of thalidomide: Evidence, mechanism of action, and future directions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100138. [PMID: 36568268 PMCID: PMC9780081 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The rationale for using thalidomide (THD) as a treatment for nausea and vomiting during pregnancy in the late 1950s appears to have been based on its sedative or hypnotic properties. In contrast to contemporaneous studies on the anti-emetic activity of phenothiazines, we were unable to identify publications reporting preclinical or clinical evaluation of THD as an anti-emetic. Our survey of the literature revealed a clinical study in 1965 showing THD reduced vomiting in cancer chemotherapy which was substantiated by similar studies from 2000, particularly showing efficacy in the delayed phase of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. To identify the mechanism(s) potentially involved in thalidomide's anti-emetic activity we reviewed its pharmacology in the light of nausea and vomiting mechanisms and their pharmacology with a particular emphasis on chemotherapy and pregnancy. The process identified the following potential mechanisms: reduced secretion of Growth Differentiation Factor 15, suppression of inflammation/prostaglandin production, downregulation of cytotoxic drug induced upregulation of iNOS, and modulation of BK (KCa1.1) channels and GABAA/glutamate transmission at critical points in the emetic pathways (nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema). We propose ways to investigate these hypothesized mechanisms and discuss the associated challenges (e.g., objective quantification of nausea) in addition to some of the more general aspects of developing novel drugs to treat nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L.R. Andrews
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin S.B. Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J. Sanger
- Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
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Wen J, Feng L, Zhao H, Zheng L, Stavropoulos P, Ai L, Zhang J. Chiral Recognition of Hydantoin Derivatives Enabled by Tetraaza Macrocyclic Chiral Solvating Agents Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7934-7944. [PMID: 35675642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomers of a series of hydantoin derivatives were prepared from d- and l-amino acids with p-tolyl isocyanate and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl isocyanate as guests for chiral recognition by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Meanwhile, several tetraaza macrocyclic compounds were synthesized as chiral solvating agents from d-phenylalanine and (1S,2S)-(+)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane. An uncommon enantiomeric discrimination has been successfully established for hydantoin derivatives, representatives of five-membered N,N-heterocycles, in the presence of tetraaza macrocyclic chiral solvating agents (TAMCSAs) 1a-1c by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy. Several unprecedented nonequivalent chemical shifts (up to 1.309 ppm) were observed in the split 1H NMR spectra. To evaluate practical applications in the determination of enantiomeric excess (ee), the ee values of samples with different optical purities (up to 95% ee) were accurately calculated by the integration of relevant proton peaks. To better understand the chiral discriminating behavior, Job plots of (±)-G1 with TAMCSA 1a were investigated. Furthermore, in order to further explore any underlying intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, theoretical calculations of the enantiomers of (S)-G1 and (R)-G1 with TAMCSA 1a were performed by means of the hybrid density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G*) of the Gaussian 16 program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Lei Feng
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Communications, School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, P. R. China
| | - Li Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Pericles Stavropoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Lin Ai
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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Ma Y, Xiao X, Ji Q. Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:1201-1219. [PMID: 36348938 PMCID: PMC9623132 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been widely used for various sensing applications, including chirality detection due to the high sensitivity to nanogram or picogram mass changes, fast response, real-time detection, easy operation, suitability in different media, and low experimental cost. The sensing performance of QCM is dependent on the surface design of the recognition layers. Various strategies have been employed for studying the relationship between the structural features and the specific detection of chiral isomers. This review provides an overview of the construction of chiral sensing layers by various nanostructures and materials in the QCM system, which include organic molecules, supermolecular assemblies, inorganic nanostructures, and metal surfaces. The sensing mechanisms based on these surface nanostructures and the related potentials for chiral detection by the QCM system are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Ma
- Herbert Gleiter Institute for Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiangyun Xiao
- Herbert Gleiter Institute for Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Qingmin Ji
- Herbert Gleiter Institute for Nanoscience, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei, Nanjing, 210094, China
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Guo Y, Zhang L, Wang K, Yu A, Zhang S, Ouyang G. Decorated traditional cellulose with nanoscale chiral metal-organic frameworks for enhanced enantioselective capture. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10343-10346. [PMID: 34528980 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04465f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a rapid approach toward the size/morphology-controlled synthesis of [Cu(L-mal)(bipy)·2H2O] (CuLBH) was developed by adjusting the concentrations of 2-methylimidazole (2-MI) and copper ions. The chiral separation efficiency test indicated that the nano-diameter CuLBH exhibited better selective potential towards (±)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethanol (NE) by providing more fully exposed recognition sites. In order to further improve the selectivity for NE enantiomers and avoid the aggregation of MOF nanoparticles, the nanosized CuLBH-decorated carboxylated cellulose (CC) composite CC-CuLBH was designed by controlling the ratio of the solvent and Cu2+, which exhibited much higher enantioselectivity than those of pristine CC and even nano CuLBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Guo
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Kexuan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Ajuan Yu
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
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8
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Gao B, Zhao S, Shi H, Zhang Z, Li L, He Z, Wen Y, Covaci A, Wang M. Enantioselective disposition and metabolic products of isofenphos-methyl in rats and the hepatotoxic effects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105940. [PMID: 32663714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isofenphos-methyl (IFP), a chiral organophosphorus pesticide, is one of the main chemicals used to control underground insects and nematodes. Recently, the use of IFP on vegetables and fruits has been prohibited due to its high toxicity. In this study, we investigated the enantioselective distribution and metabolism of IFP and its metabolites, namely, isofenphos-methyl oxon (IFPO) and isocarbophos oxon (ICPO), in male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Forty eight hours (48 h) after exposure, ICPO was the main detectable compound in blood (up to 75%) and urine (up to 77%), and we found that (S)-ICPO was significantly more stable than (R)-ICPO (p < 0.05). Therefore, (S)-ICPO was proposed as a suitable candidate biomarker for the biomonitoring of IFP in human urine and blood. After 48 h exposure, 21.2-41.0%, 4.1-15.1%, and 8.6-18.7% of dosed IFP was detected in the liver of racemic, R and S enantiomer-exposed rats, respectively, and R-IFP and R-IFPO showed a faster degradation (p < 0.05). Our results showed that after one week of consecutive exposure to IFP, ICPO was accumulated in the liver of rats in both racemic and enantiopure groups (no difference between the groups, p > 0.05). We found that cytochrome P450 (CYP) (i.e. CYP2C11, CYP2D2 and CYP3A2 enzymes and carboxylesterases) is responsible for the enantioselective metabolism of IFP in liver. In addition, rats exposed to (S)-IFP exhibited hepatic lipid peroxidation, liver inflammation and hepatic fibrosis. This study provides useful information and a reference for the biomonitoring and risk assessment of IFP and organophosphorus pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Gao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Shuangshuang Zhao
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Haiyan Shi
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxian Zhang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Lianshan Li
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zongzhe He
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yong Wen
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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9
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Zhao YX, Li MY, Zhao P, Ehara M, Zhao X. New Insight into U@C80: Missing U@D3(31921)-C80 and Nuanced Enantiomers of U@C1(28324)-C80. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14159-14166. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Xiao Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Meng-Yang Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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10
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Jeong Y, Ku S, You HJ, Ji GE. A stereo-selective growth inhibition profile of ginsenoside Rh2 on human colon cancer cells. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2019.1607562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunju Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co., Ltd., Hongcheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
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11
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Stepankova M, Pastorkova B, Bachleda P, Dvorak Z. Itraconazole cis-diastereoisomers activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR and pregnane X receptor PXR and induce CYP1A1 in human cell lines and human hepatocytes. Toxicology 2017; 383:40-49. [PMID: 28390928 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Triazole antimycotic itraconazole contains in its structure three chiral centres; therefore, it forms eight stereoisomers. Commercial preparations of itraconazole are a mixture of four cis-diastereoisomers. There is much evidence that efficacy, adverse effects, and toxicity of chiral drugs may be stereospecific. Therefore, we have prepared 4 pure cis-diastereoisomers of itraconazole and investigated their effects on transcriptional activities of xenoreceptors aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR and pregnane X receptor PXR. Gene reporter assays showed that itraconazole dose-dependently activated both AhR and PXR, and the activation of AhR but not of PXR was enantiospecific. Itraconazole diastereoisomers transformed AhR and PXR into their DNA-binding forms, as demonstrated by electromobility shift assays. Cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 mRNA and protein were induced by itraconazole diastereoisomers in human hepatoma cells HepG2, human skin cells HaCaT, and in primary human hepatocytes. The expression of CYP3A4 in human intestinal LS180 cells was not influenced by itraconazole, but we observed downregulation of CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes. Collectively, we show that itraconazole is a dual activator of AhR and PXR, with differential effects on the target genes for xenoreceptors. The enantiospecific pattern was observed only in gene reporter assays for AhR. The data presented here might be of toxicological and clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Stepankova
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pastorkova
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bachleda
- 2nd Department of Surgery, University Hospital Olomouc, I.P. Pavlova 6, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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12
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Millrine D, Kishimoto T. A Brighter Side to Thalidomide: Its Potential Use in Immunological Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:348-361. [PMID: 28285807 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide and its derivatives are immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) known for their sedative, teratogenic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Commonly used in the treatment of cancers such as multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), IMiDs have also been used in the treatment of an inflammatory skin pathology associated with Hansen's disease/leprosy. They have also shown promise in the treatment of autoimmune disorders including systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent structural and experimental observations have revolutionized our understanding of these properties by revealing the fundamental molecular events underpinning IMiD activity. We review these findings, their relevance to IMiD therapy in immunological disorders, and discuss how further research might unlock the vast clinical potential of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Millrine
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, World Premier Immunology Frontier Research Centre (IFReC), Osaka University, 565-0871, Japan.
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13
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Wang Z, Liu YF, Yan H, Tong H, Mei Z. Theoretical Investigations of the Chiral Transition of α-Amino Acid Confined in Various Sized Armchair Boron-Nitride Nanotubes. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1833-1840. [PMID: 28139928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We computationally study the chiral transition process of the α-Ala molecule under confined different sizes of armchair SWBNNTs to explore the confinement effect. We find that the influence of a confinement environment (in armchair SWBNNTs) on the α-Ala molecule would lead to different reaction pathways. Meanwhile, the preferred reaction pathway is also different in various sizes of armchair SWBNNTs, and their energy barriers for the rate-limiting step decrease rapidly with the decreasing of the diameters of the nanotubes. It is obvious that significant decrease of the chiral transition energy barrier occurs compared with the isolated α-Ala molecule chirality conversion mechanism, by ∼15.6 kcal mol-1, highlighting the improvement in the activity the enantiomers of α-Ala molecule. We concluded that the confinement environment has a significant impact at the nanoscale on the enantiomer transformation process of the chiral molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuocheng Wang
- The Department of Physics, Baicheng Normal University , Baicheng 137000, P.R. China.,The Institute of Theoretical and Computational Research, Baicheng Normal University , Baicheng 137000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Fang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao, Shandong 266101, P.R. China.,The Qingdao Key Lab of Solar Energy Utilization and Energy Storage Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Honyan Yan
- The Institute of Theoretical and Computational Research, Baicheng Normal University , Baicheng 137000, P.R. China.,Department of Computer Science, Baicheng Normal University , Baicheng 137000, P.R. China
| | - Hua Tong
- The Department of Physics, Baicheng Normal University , Baicheng 137000, P.R. China.,The Institute of Theoretical and Computational Research, Baicheng Normal University , Baicheng 137000, P.R. China
| | - Zemin Mei
- The Institute of Theoretical and Computational Research, Baicheng Normal University , Baicheng 137000, P.R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Baicheng Normal University , Baicheng 137000, P.R. China
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14
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Stereoselective interactions and liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of thalidomide on cyclodextrin-bonded stationary phases. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-016-0622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Shen Z, Lv C, Zeng S. Significance and challenges of stereoselectivity assessing methods in drug metabolism. J Pharm Anal 2016; 6:1-10. [PMID: 29403956 PMCID: PMC5762452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereoselectivity in drug metabolism can not only influence the pharmacological activities, tolerability, safety, and bioavailability of drugs directly, but also cause different kinds of drug-drug interactions. Thus, assessing stereoselectivity in drug metabolism is of great significance for pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) and rational use in clinic. Although there are various methods available for assessing stereoselectivity in drug metabolism, many of them have shortcomings. The indirect method of chromatographic methods can only be applicable to specific samples with functional groups to be derivatized or form complex with a chiral selector, while the direct method achieved by chiral stationary phases (CSPs) is expensive. As a detector of chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry (MS) is highly sensitive and specific, whereas the matrix interference is still a challenge to overcome. In addition, the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and immunoassay in chiral analysis are worth noting. This review presents several typical examples of drug stereoselective metabolism and provides a literature-based evaluation on current chiral analytical techniques to show the significance and challenges of stereoselectivity assessing methods in drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowei Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chuang Lv
- Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Szabó ZI, Szőcs L, Muntean DL, NoszáL B, Tóth G. Chiral Separation of Uncharged Pomalidomide Enantiomers Using Carboxymethyl-β-Cyclodextrin: A Validated Capillary Electrophoretic Method. Chirality 2015; 28:199-203. [PMID: 26708721 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The racemic mixture of pomalidomide (POM), a second-generation immunomodulatory uncharged drug, was separated into enantiomers by capillary zone electrophoresis for the first time. Seven different chargeable cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives were screened as complexing agents and chiral selectors, investigating the stability of the POM-CD inclusion complexes and their enantiodiscriminating capacities. Based on preliminary experiments, carboxymethyl-β-CD (CM-β-CD) was found to be the most effective chiral selector. Factors influencing enantioseparation were systematically optimized, using an orthogonal experimental design. Optimal parameters (background electrolyte [BGE]: 50 mM Tris-acetate buffer, pH 6.5, containing 15 mM CM-β-CD; capillary temperature: 20°C; voltage applied +15 kV) allowed baseline separation of POM enantiomers with a resolution as high as 4.87. The developed method was validated, in terms of sensitivity (limit of detection and limit of quantification), linearity, accuracy, repeatability, and intermediate precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán-István Szabó
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureş, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Levente Szőcs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Daniela-Lucia Muntean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureş, Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Béla NoszáL
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Huang YT, Cheng CC, Chiu TH, Lai PC. Therapeutic potential of thalidomide for gemcitabine-resistant bladder cancer. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1711-24. [PMID: 26398114 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversial effects of thalidomide for solid malignancies have been reported. In the present study, we evaluate the effects of thalidomide for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), the most common type of bladder cancer. Thalidomide precipitates were observed when its DMSO solution was added to the culture medium. No precipitation was found when thalidomide was dissolved in 45% γ-cyclodextrin, and this concentration of γ-cyclodextrin elicited slight cytotoxicity on TCC BFTC905 and primary human urothelial cells. Thalidomide-γ-cyclodextrin complex exerted a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in TCC cells, but was relatively less cytotoxic (with IC50 of 200 µM) in BFTC905 cells than the other 3 TCC cell lines, possibly due to upregulation of Bcl-xL and HIF-1α mediated carbonic anhydrase IX, and promotion of quiescence. Gemcitabine-resistant BFTC905 cells were chosen for additional experiments. Thalidomide induced apoptosis through downregulation of survivin and securin. The secretion of VEGF and TNF-α was ameliorated by thalidomide, but they did not affect cell proliferation. Immune-modulating lenalidomide and pomalidomide did not elicit cytotoxicity. In addition, cereblon did not play a role in the thalidomide effect. Oxidative DNA damage was triggered by thalidomide, and anti-oxidants reversed the effect. Thalidomide also inhibited TNF-α induced invasion through inhibition of NF-κB, and downregulation of effectors, ICAM-1 and MMP-9. Thalidomide inhibited the growth of BFTC905 xenograft tumors in SCID mice via induction of DNA damage and suppression of angiogenesis. Higher average body weight, indicating less chachexia, was observed in thalidomide treated group. Sedative effect was observed within one-week of treatment. These pre-clinical results suggest therapeutic potential of thalidomide for gemcitabine-resistant bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ta Huang
- Department of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chuan Chu Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ted H Chiu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei Chun Lai
- Department of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, R.O.C
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18
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Xie G, Tian W, Wen L, Xiao K, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Hou G, Li P, Tian Y, Jiang L. Chiral recognition of l-tryptophan with beta-cyclodextrin-modified biomimetic single nanochannel. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3135-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09577d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We realized the chiral recognition of an essential amino acid with a biomimetic nanochannel system for the first time.
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19
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Chowdhury G, Shibata N, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP. Human cytochrome P450 oxidation of 5-hydroxythalidomide and pomalidomide, an amino analogue of thalidomide. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 27:147-56. [PMID: 24350712 DOI: 10.1021/tx4004215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sedative and antiemetic drug thalidomide [α-(N-phthalimido)glutarimide] was withdrawn in the early 1960s because of its potent teratogenic effects but was approved for the treatment of lesions associated with leprosy in 1998 and multiple myeloma in 2006. The mechanism of teratogenicity of thalidomide still remains unclear, but it is well-established that metabolism of thalidomide is important for both teratogenicity and cancer treatment outcome. Thalidomide is oxidized by various cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, the major one being P450 2C19, to 5-hydroxy-, 5'-hydroxy-, and dihydroxythalidomide. We previously reported that P450 3A4 oxidizes thalidomide to the 5-hydroxy and dihydroxy metabolites, with the second oxidation step involving a reactive intermediate, possibly an arene oxide, that can be trapped by glutathione (GSH) to GSH adducts. We now show that the dihydroxythalidomide metabolite can be further oxidized to a quinone intermediate. Human P450s 2J2, 2C18, and 4A11 were also found to oxidize 5-hydroxythalidomide to dihydroxy products. Unlike P450s 2C19 and 3A4, neither P450 2J2, 2C18, nor 4A11 oxidized thalidomide itself. A recently approved amino analogue of thalidomide, pomalidomide (CC-4047, Actimid), was also oxidized by human liver microsomes and P450s 2C19, 3A4, and 2J2 to the corresponding phthalimide ring-hydroxylated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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20
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Investigations on the Enantiomerization Mechanism of an Organophosphorus Cages - DFT Study. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Tian C, Xiu P, Meng Y, Zhao W, Wang Z, Zhou R. Enantiomerization mechanism of thalidomide and the role of water and hydroxide ions. Chemistry 2012; 18:14305-13. [PMID: 23065668 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The significance of the molecular chirality of drugs has been widely recognized due to the thalidomide tragedy. Most of the new drugs reaching the market today are single enantiomers, rather than racemic mixtures. However, many optically pure drugs, including thalidomide, undergo enantiomerization in vivo, thus negating the single enantiomers' benefits or inducing unexpected effects. A detailed atomic level understanding of chiral conversion, which is still largely lacking, is thus critical for drug development. Herein, we use first-principle density function theory (DFT) to explore the mechanism of enantiomerization of thalidomide. We have identified the two most plausible interconversion pathways for isolated thalidomide: 1) proton transfer from the chiral carbon center to an adjacent carbonyl oxygen atom, followed by isomerization and rotation of the glutarimide ring (before the proton hops back to the chiral carbon atom); and 2) a pathway that is the same as "1", but with the isomerization of the glutarimide ring occurring ahead of the initial proton transfer reaction. There are two remarkable energy barriers, 73.29 and 23.59 kcal mol(-1), corresponding to the proton transfer and the rotation of the glutarimide ring, respectively. Furthermore, we found that water effectively catalyzes the interconversion by facilitating the proton transfer with the highest energy barrier falling to approximately 30 kcal mol(-1), which, to our knowledge, is the first time that this important role of water in chiral conversion has been demonstrated. Finally, we show that the hydroxide ion can further lower the enantiomerization energy barrier to approximately 24 kcal mol(-1) by facilitating proton abstraction, which agrees well with recent experimental data under basic conditions. Our current findings highlight the importance of water and hydroxide ions in the enantiomerization of thalidomide and also provide new insights into the mechanism of enantiomerization at an atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjin Tian
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
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22
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Ren J, Wang J, Wang J, Luedtke NW, Wang E. Enantioselective and label-free detection of oligopeptide via fluorescent indicator displacement. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 35:401-406. [PMID: 22483357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a simple and label-free fluorescent method via fluorescent indicator displacement (FID) was proposed for enantioselectively determining d-enantiomer of arginine vasopressin (DV) using DV-specific DNA aptamer (V-apt) and one guanidiniophthalocyanine dye (Zn-DIGP). Zn-DIGP that preferentially binds to single-stranded DNA with fluorescence enhancement rather than duplexes occupies the long internal loop of V-apt and generates intensive fluorescence. Then DV is introduced into the solution containing Zn-DIGP and V-apt, and displaces the Zn-DIGP from the binding site of internal loop, leading to fluorescence decrease. But l-enantiomer cannot induce any fluorescence change due to the selectivity of V-apt. This established FID technique can detect DV with a detection limit of 100 nM and exhibits a broad linear range, and is able to discriminate enantiomers of arginine vasopressin unambiguously. Moreover chiral separation by chromatography, complicated experimental procedures and covalent modification of tags (such as organic dyes, redox-active metal complexes) are avoided in our strategy. This simple and label-free method is promising for fabricating diverse aptasensors to determine other biomolecules and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jiahai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China; Department of Chemistry, Physics and Applied Mathematics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Nathan W Luedtke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland, United Kingdom
| | - Erkang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.
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23
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Kraft S, Johnson CE, Tyler RP. Stability of an extemporaneously prepared thalidomide suspension. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2012; 69:56-8. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp110105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shawna Kraft
- University of Michigan (UM) Health System, Ann Arbor
| | - Cary E. Johnson
- Department of Clinical, Social, and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy, UM, and Clinical Pharmacist—Pediatrics, UM Hospitals and Health Centers, Ann Arbor
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24
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Rehman W, Arfons LM, Lazarus HM. The rise, fall and subsequent triumph of thalidomide: lessons learned in drug development. Ther Adv Hematol 2011; 2:291-308. [PMID: 23556097 PMCID: PMC3573415 DOI: 10.1177/2040620711413165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perhaps no other drug in modern medicine rivals the dramatic revitalization of thalidomide. Originally marketed as a sedative, thalidomide gained immense popularity worldwide among pregnant women because of its effective anti-emetic properties in morning sickness. Mounting evidence of human teratogenicity marked a dramatic fall from grace and led to widespread social, legal and economic ramifications. Despite its tragic past thalidomide emerged several decades later as a novel and highly effective agent in the treatment of various inflammatory and malignant diseases. In 2006 thalidomide completed its remarkable renaissance becoming the first new agent in over a decade to gain approval for the treatment of plasma cell myeloma. The catastrophic collapse yet subsequent revival of thalidomide provides important lessons in drug development. Never entirely abandoned by the medical community, thalidomide resurfaced as an important drug once the mechanisms of action were further studied and better understood. Ongoing research and development of related drugs such as lenalidomide now represent a class of irreplaceable drugs in hematological malignancies. Further, the tragedies associated with this agent stimulated the legislation which revamped the FDA regulatory process, expanded patient informed consent procedures and mandated more transparency from drug manufacturers. Finally, we review recent clinical trials summarizing selected medical indications for thalidomide with an emphasis on hematologic malignancies. Herein, we provide a historic perspective regarding the up-and-down development of thalidomide. Using PubMed databases we conducted searches using thalidomide and associated keywords highlighting pharmacology, mechanisms of action, and clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Rehman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lisa M. Arfons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hillard M. Lazarus
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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25
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Concise asymmetric synthesis of configurationally stable 4-trifluoromethyl thalidomide. Future Med Chem 2011; 1:897-908. [PMID: 21426088 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thalidomide is one of the promising multidimensional drugs that possess high activity against serious diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, leprosy, AIDS and various cancers. However, its medicinal applications are plagued by its configurational instability, as it easily undergoes racemization under the physiological conditions (t(1/2) = 8 h at pH 7.1, 37°C in water). Consequently, the design and synthesis of configurationally stable analogs of thalidomide continue to be an important area of research in bioorganic and medicinal chemistry. DISCUSSION 4-trifuoromethyl thalidomide-3c was identified as an important synthetic target, which was expected to be a configurationally stable analog of thalidomide. Synthetic challenges in preparation of compound 3c were truly multipronged, considering the unique steric, electronic as well as electrostatic characteristics of trifluoromethyl group, significantly affecting properties of parent amino acids. After numerous experiments and unsuccessful attempts, both (3S,4R) and (3R, 4S) enantiomers of 4-trifluoromethyl-substituted thalidomide were effectively synthesized in six steps starting from enantio- and diastereomerically pure 3-(trifluoromethyl)pyroglutamates, prepared by highly diastereoselective Michael addition reactions between achiral glycine equivalents and chiral 3-(trifluoromethyl)acrylate. CONCLUSION We have developed a reliable asymmetric approach for preparation of hitherto unknown 4-trifluoromethyl-substituted thalidomide in (3S,4R) and (3R,4S) enantiomerically pure forms. These thalidomide derivatives were shown to be configurationally stable and therefore may serve as useful lead compounds for the development of a new generation of thalidomide-based pharmaceuticals.
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26
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Lee CJJ, Shibata N, Wiley MJ, Wells PG. Fluorothalidomide: a characterization of maternal and developmental toxicity in rabbits and mice. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:157-69. [PMID: 21505091 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding therapeutic uses of thalidomide (TD) are limited by its teratogenic side effects. Although the therapeutic and teratogenic effects may be stereoselectively separable, rapid in vivo racemization of the TD isomers confounds the corroboration of this distinction. Herein we evaluated the potential of fluorothalidomide (FTD), the closest structural analog of TD with stable, nonracemizing isomers, as a model compound for studying stereoselectivity in TD teratogenesis. In contrast to TD, FTD was a potent maternal and fetal toxicant in both rabbits and mice in vivo. Furthermore, FTD rapidly degraded in vivo, presumably via hydrolysis, which in vitro was up to 22-fold faster for FTD than TD. Most critically, in an established rabbit embryo culture model for TD teratogenesis, FTD did not initiate the limb bud embryopathies observed with TD. The chemical instability and strikingly different maternal and developmental toxicological profiles of FTD and TD make FTD an unsuitable compound for studying stereoselective mechanisms of TD teratogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal J J Lee
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Raynes P, Cowling SJ, Goodby JW. Investigations of optical activity of natural products and chiral pharmaceuticals using liquid crystal technologies. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2009; 1:88-92. [PMID: 32938146 DOI: 10.1039/b9ay00126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this article we demonstrate the use of liquid crystal technologies in the determination of enantiomeric excess and in the sensing of molecular chirality, particularly at values near to zero. We use this technique to investigate the optical purities of the commercially available chiral natural product, menthol, and in the investigation of the optical activity of racemic ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Raynes
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UKOX1 3PJ.
| | | | - John W Goodby
- Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York, UKYO10 5DD.
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28
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Abstract
Chiral substances possess a unique architecture such that, despite sharing identical molecular formulas, atom-to-atom linkages, and bonding distances, they cannot be superimposed. Thus, in the environment of living systems, where specific structure-activity relationships may be required for effect (e.g., enzymes, receptors, transporters, and DNA), the physiochemical and biochemical properties of racemic mixtures and individual stereoisomers can differ significantly. In drug development, enantiomeric selection to maximize clinical effects or mitigate drug toxicity has yielded both success and failure. Further complicating genetic polymorphisms in drug disposition, stereoselective metabolism of chiral compounds can additionally influence pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. Optically pure pharmaceuticals may undergo racemization in vivo, negating single enantiomer benefits or inducing unexpected effects. Appropriate chiral antidotes must be selected for therapeutic benefit and to minimize adverse events. Enantiomers may possess different carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. Environmental toxicology provides several examples in which compound bioaccumulation, persistence, and toxicity show chiral dependence. In forensic toxicology, chiral analysis has been applied to illicit drug preparations and biological specimens, with the potential to assist in determination of cause of death and aid in the correct interpretation of substance abuse and "doping" screens. Adrenergic agonists and antagonist, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, SSRIs, opioids, warfarin, valproate, thalidomide, retinoic acid, N-acetylcysteine, carnitine, penicillamine, leucovorin, glucarpidase, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenylethylamines, and additional compounds will be discussed to illustrate important concepts in "chiral toxicology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas W Smith
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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29
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Yamamoto T, Shibata N, Takashima M, Nakamura S, Toru T, Matsunaga N, Hara H. Enzymatic resolution and evaluation of enantiomers of cis-5′-hydroxythalidomide. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:1540-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b802459f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Yamada T, Okada T, Sakaguchi K, Ohfune Y, Ueki H, Soloshonok VA. Efficient asymmetric synthesis of novel 4-substituted and configurationally stable analogues of thalidomide. Org Lett 2007; 8:5625-8. [PMID: 17107088 DOI: 10.1021/ol0623668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of new thalidomide derivatives 4-methyl-(3S,4R)-3a and 4-phenyl-(3S,4S)-3b starting from pyroglutamic acids (2R,3R)-7a and (2R,3S)-7b, possessing an inappropriate stereochemistry, was successfully realized due to stereochemically complete epimerization at the alpha-stereogenic center upon formation of the corresponding N-phthaloyl anhydrides 9a,b. The demonstrated conformational stability of these new thalidomide derivatives provides solid experimental evidence for practical feasibility of the approach described here to overcome the inherent problem of configurational instability of thalidomide by introducing an alkyl or aryl group in the C4 position. [reaction: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Japan
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31
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Abstract
The rapid quantification of the enantiomers of small chiral molecules is very important, notably in pharmacology. Here, we show that the enantiomers of drug molecules can be distinguished by stochastic sensing, a single-molecule detection technique. The sensing element is an engineered alpha-hemolysin protein pore, fitted with a beta-cyclodextrin adapter. By using the approach, the enantiomeric composition of samples of ibuprofen and thalidomide can be determined in less than 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Kang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, The Texas A and M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, USA
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32
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable bone marrow cancer, the treatment of which is notoriously difficult. Only modest advances have been achieved using complex polychemotherapeutic regimens, transplant strategies and supportive therapy. In 1999, when new drugs for myeloma were urgently needed, thalidomide was introduced and opened up a completely new line of therapy for the disease. Although the mechanism of action is not yet completely understood, thalidomide has demonstrated efficacy in patients with refractory, relapsed myeloma, even in late-stage cases. This article reviews the current knowledge of thalidomide in myeloma treatment, focusing especially on the possible mechanisms of action, clinical results and adverse events of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón García-Sanz
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, Salamanca, 37007, Spain.
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Zhou S, Li Y, Kestell P, Schafer P, Chan E, Paxton JW. Transport of thalidomide by the human intestinal caco-2 monolayers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2005; 30:49-61. [PMID: 16010862 DOI: 10.1007/bf03226408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Studies in patients have indicated that the oral absorption of thalidomide is considerably variable at high doses (>200 mg/day). The aim of this study was to investigate the transport of racemic thalidomide using human colon cancer cell line (Caco-2) monolayers, which have been widely used to investigate drug permeability. A typical 21-day protocol was used to prepare Caco-2 monolayers. Thalidomide was determined by a validated high performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection. The integrity of Caco-2 monolayer was confirmed when the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) exceeded 300 Ohmz . cm2, and the leakage of 14C-manitol was <1% per hour. Uptake of thalidomide by Caco-2 cells was very limited (up to 2.1%). The transport of thalidomide appeared to be linear up to 1 hr. Our study indicated that the permeability coefficients (Papp) of thalidomide at 2.5-300 microM from the apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) and from BL to AP side was 2-6 x 10(-5) cm/sec, with a marked decrease in Papp values from AP to BL at increased thalidomide concentration. The transport of thalidomide was sodium-, temperature- and pH-dependent, as replacement of extracellular sodium chloride or reducing temperature and apical pH can result in significant decreases in the Papp values. Additional data indicated that transport of thalidomide is energy-dependent, as it was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by the ATP inhibitors, sodium azide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. In addition, DL-glutamic acid, cytidine, diprodomole, papaverine, quinidine, and cyclophosphamide significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the transport of thalidomide, while the P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil and other nucleosides and nucleotides such as thymidine and guanine had no effect. These results indicated that thalidomide was rapidly transported by Caco-2 monolayers, and this might involve a saturable energy-dependent transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Abstract
Thalidomide has several targets and mechanisms of action: a hypnosedative effect, several immunomodulatory properties with an effect on the production of TNF-alpha and the balance between the different lymphocyte subsets and an antiangiogenic action. Thalidomide has been used in several cutaneous inflammatory disorders (e.g., erythema nodosum leprosum in lepromatous leprosy, cutaneous lupus erythematosus and severe aphtosis), cancers (e.g., relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma and systemic signs in cancer) and inflammatory conditions (e.g., Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis). Several side effects are associated with thalidomide. Some are major, such as teratogenicity, peripheral neuropathy and deep vein thrombosis. Somnolence and rash are frequently reported when thalidomide is used at higher doses as an anticarcinogenic agent and can lead to dose reduction or treatment discontinuation depending on severity. Minor side effects include abdominal pain and endocrine disturbances. To prevent the teratogenicity, use of thalidomide is strictly controlled in western countries with close adherence to a birth control programme. Close monitoring for early development of peripheral neuropathy is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Laffitte
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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35
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Lepper ER, Ng SSW, Gütschow M, Weiss M, Hauschildt S, Hecker TK, Luzzio FA, Eger K, Figg WD. Comparative molecular field analysis and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis of thalidomide analogues as angiogenesis inhibitors. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2219-27. [PMID: 15084120 DOI: 10.1021/jm0304820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide, 2-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from existing vasculature. As a result, there is renewed interest in this drug as a potential therapy for solid tumors. Thalidomide forms a number of metabolites and has been shown to require metabolic activation for antiangiogenic activity. A series of 39 compounds, based upon the structure of some of these metabolites, was synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit microvessel growth in the rat aortic ring assay. The results of this testing have been used as the basis for a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) study, utilizing comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) procedures. The best resulting CoMFA and CoMSIA models have conventional r(2) values of 0.924 and 0.996, respectively. The cross-validated q(2) values are 0.666 and 0.635, respectively. These models offer insight into the structural requirements for activity of thalidomide analogues as angiogenesis inhibitors, since there is only speculative knowledge of the target. Additionally, it appears as though there is more than one active site or mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Lepper
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Cancer Therapeutics Branch and Clinical Pharmacology Research Core, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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36
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37
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Teo SK, Colburn WA, Tracewell WG, Kook KA, Stirling DI, Jaworsky MS, Scheffler MA, Thomas SD, Laskin OL. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Thalidomide. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004; 43:311-27. [PMID: 15080764 DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200443050-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide is a racemic glutamic acid derivative approved in the US for erythema nodosum leprosum, a complication of leprosy. In addition, its use in various inflammatory and oncologic conditions is being investigated. Thalidomide interconverts between the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers in plasma, with protein binding of 55% and 65%, respectively. More than 90% of the absorbed drug is excreted in the urine and faeces within 48 hours. Thalidomide is minimally metabolised by the liver, but is spontaneously hydrolysed into numerous renally excreted products. After a single oral dose of thalidomide 200 mg (as the US-approved capsule formulation) in healthy volunteers, absorption is slow and extensive, resulting in a peak concentration (C(max)) of 1-2 mg/L at 3-4 hours after administration, absorption lag time of 30 minutes, total exposure (AUC( infinity )) of 18 mg. h/L, apparent elimination half-life of 6 hours and apparent systemic clearance of 10 L/h. Thalidomide pharmacokinetics are best described by a one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. Because of the low solubility of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract, thalidomide exhibits absorption rate-limited pharmacokinetics (the 'flip-flop' phenomenon), with its elimination rate being faster than its absorption rate. The apparent elimination half-life of 6 hours therefore represents absorption, not elimination. The 'true' apparent volume of distribution was estimated to be 16L by use of the faster elimination-rate half-life. Multiple doses of thalidomide 200 mg/day over 21 days cause no change in the pharmacokinetics, with a steady-state C(max) (C(ss)(max)) of 1.2 mg/L. Simulation of 400 and 800 mg/day also shows no accumulation, with C(ss)(max) of 3.5 and 6.0 mg/L, respectively. Multiple-dose studies in cancer patients show pharmacokinetics comparable with those in healthy populations at similar dosages. Thalidomide exhibits a dose-proportional increase in AUC at doses from 50 to 400 mg. Because of the low solubility of thalidomide, C(max) is less than proportional to dose, and t(max) is prolonged with increasing dose. Age, sex and smoking have no effect on the pharmacokinetics of thalidomide, and the effect of food is minimal. Thalidomide does not alter the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives, and is also unlikely to interact with warfarin and grapefruit juice. Since thalidomide is mainly hydrolysed and passively excreted, its pharmacokinetics are not expected to change in patients with impaired liver or kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve K Teo
- Celgene Corporation, Warren, New Jersey 07059, USA.
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38
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Macpherson GR, Franks M, Tomoaia-Cotisel A, Ando Y, Price DK, Figg WD. Current status of thalidomide and its role in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2003; 46 Suppl:S49-57. [PMID: 12850527 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(03)00064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of its anti-angiogenic properties and despite its tragic history, thalidomide has re-surfaced in the field of oncology. Concurrent with its evaluation in various clinical trials for cancer, thalidomide's mechanism of action is sought and new analogues with improved efficacy and pharmacological profile are emerging. This review is a critical evaluation of thalidomide metabolism, molecular targets, anti-angiogenic activity and clinical efficacy with an emphasis on metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon R Macpherson
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Division of Clinical Sciences, Cancer Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 5A01, 9000 Rockville Pike, 20892, Bethesda, MD, USA
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39
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Abstract
Forty years on from its worldwide withdrawal, thalidomide is currently undergoing a remarkable renaissance as a novel and powerful immunomodulatory agent. Over the last decade it has been found to be active in a wide variety of inflammatory and malignant disorders where conventional therapies have failed. Recently, considerable progress has been made in elucidating its complex mechanisms of action, which include both anticytokine and antiangiogenic properties. However, in addition to its well known teratogenic potential, it has a significant side effect profile that leads to cessation of treatment in up to 30% of subjects. In response to this, two new classes of potentially safer and non-teratogenic derivatives have recently been developed. This review summarises the biological effects, therapeutic applications, safety profile, and future potential of thalidomide and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Gordon
- Division of Infection, Inflammation, and Repair, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton.
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Zhou S, Kestell P, Tingle MD, Paxton JW. Thalidomide in cancer treatment: a potential role in the elderly? Drugs Aging 2002; 19:85-100. [PMID: 11950376 DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200219020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increased interest in the treatment of cancer with thalidomide because of its antiangiogenic, immunomodulating and sedative effects. In animal models, the antitumour activity of thalidomide is dependent on the species, route of administration and coadministration of other drugs. For example, thalidomide has shown antitumour effects as a single agent in rabbits, but not in mice. In addition, the antitumour effects of the conventional cytotoxic drug cyclophosphamide and the tumour necrosis factor inducer 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) were found to be potentiated by thalidomide in mice bearing colon 38 adenocarcinoma tumours. Further studies have revealed that thalidomide upregulates intratumoral production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha 10-fold over that induced by DMXAA alone. Coadministration of thalidomide also significantly reduced the plasma clearance of DMXAA and cyclophosphamide. All these effects of thalidomide may contribute to the enhanced antitumour activity. Recent clinical trials of thalidomide have indicated that it has minimal anticancer activity for most patients with solid tumours when used as a single agent, although it was well tolerated. However, improved responses have been reported in patients with multiple myeloma. Palliative effects of thalidomide on cancer-related symptoms have also been observed, especially for geriatric patients with prostate cancer. Thalidomide also eliminates the dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxic effects of irinotecan. There is preliminary evidence indicating that the clearance of thalidomide may be reduced in the elderly. The exact role of thalidomide in the treatment of cancer and cancer cachexia in the elderly remains to be elucidated. However, it may have some value as part of a multimodality anticancer therapy, rather than as a single agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Zhou
- Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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41
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Davis MP, Dickerson ED. Thalidomide: dual benefits in palliative medicine and oncology. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2001; 18:347-51. [PMID: 11565189 DOI: 10.1177/104990910101800511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide is an immunomodulator, anti-angiogenic agent, anti-cytokine, and anti-integrin. Alone or in combination with other drugs, thalidomide has also demonstrated anti-cachexin and anti-neoplastic properties. Anorexia and cachexia are common symptoms of advanced cancer. Since certain cytokines also promote tumor growth, we may have a class of agents with palliative and anti-tumor benefits in combination with anti-neoplastics and anti-cytokines, such as thalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Davis
- Harry R. Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine (a World Health Organization Demonstration Project), Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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42
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43
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Enantioselective separation of thalidomide on an immobilized α1-acid glycoprotein chiral stationary phaseglycoprotein chiral stationary phase. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02535719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Eriksson T, Björkman S, Roth B, Höglund P. Intravenous formulations of the enantiomers of thalidomide: pharmacokinetic and initial pharmacodynamic characterization in man. J Pharm Pharmacol 2000; 52:807-17. [PMID: 10933131 DOI: 10.1211/0022357001774660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Thalidomide, a racemate, is coming into clinical use as an immunomodulating and antiinflammatory drug. These effects may chiefly be exerted by S-thalidomide, but the enantiomers are interconverted in-vivo. Thalidomide is given orally, although parenteral administration would be desirable in some clinical situations. The aim of this study was to prepare solutions of the enantiomers of thalidomide for intravenous administration and to investigate their pharmacokinetics and sedative effects following infusion in man. Solubility and stability of the enantiomers in 5% glucose solution was investigated. After a dose-determination experiment in one subject, six healthy male volunteers received R- and S-thalidomide separately by 1-h infusions in a randomized double-blind cross-over study. Blood was sampled over 22h and sedative effects were recorded. Blood concentrations of the enantiomers were determined by stereospecific HPLC. A four-compartment model consisting of a two-compartment model for each enantiomer, with elimination from both compartments, connected by rate constants for chiral inversion was fitted to the concentration data, while the sedative effects were correlated with the blood concentrations of R- and S-thalidomide by means of logistic regression. The enantiomers of thalidomide were chemically stable in solution for at least a week at room temperature. The infusions were well tolerated. Sedation, which was the only observed effect, was related to the blood concentration of R-thalidomide. Inter-individual variation in the disposition of the enantiomers was modest (e.g. terminal half-lives ranged between 3.9 and 5.3h). Pharmacokinetic modelling predicted that varying the infusion time of a fixed dose of S-thalidomide between 10 min and 6h would have little influence on the maximal blood concentration of formed R-thalidomide. To our knowledge this is the first time that thalidomide has been administered intravenously.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Eriksson
- Hospital Pharmacy, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden
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Eriksson T, Björkman S, Roth B, Björk H, Höglund P. Hydroxylated metabolites of thalidomide: formation in-vitro and in-vivo in man. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998; 50:1409-16. [PMID: 10052858 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb03368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is renewed interest in the clinical use of thalidomide, because of its unique immunomodulating action. Because data on the metabolism of thalidomide in man are very sparse, the aim of this study was to develop HPLC assays for the 5-hydroxy, 5,6-dihydroxy, 4,5-dihydroxy and 5'-hydroxy metabolites of thalidomide and to investigate their possible formation in man-in-vitro in liver homogenates and in-vivo in healthy volunteers. Reversed-phase HPLC assays with UV detection were developed for quantification of the metabolites in the low ng mL(-1) range in plasma and incubate samples. The stability of the metabolites was investigated and degradation was avoided by rapid chilling and acidification of the samples. After incubation of thalidomide with fraction S9 from human liver, formation of the 5-hydroxy and 5'-hydroxy metabolites could be demonstrated. The 5'-hydroxy metabolite was found, in low concentrations, in plasma samples from eight healthy male volunteers who had received thalidomide orally. The other three metabolites could not be found by HPLC with detection limits of 1-2 ng mL(-1). Thus the formation of two hydroxylated metabolites of thalidomide in the liver in man was demonstrated, but only one of these could be detected in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Eriksson
- Hospital Pharmacy, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden
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