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Hussain H, Xiao J, Ali A, Green IR, Westermann B. Unusually cyclized triterpenoids: occurrence, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:412-451. [PMID: 36458822 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00033d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2009 to 2021Biosynthetically, most of the syntheses of triterpenes follow the cascade cyclization and rearrangement of the acyclic precursors viz., squalene (S) and 2,3-oxidosqualene (OS), which lead to the very well known tetra- and pentacyclic triterpene skeletons. Aside from these, numerous other triterpenoid molecules are also reported from various natural sources and their structures are derived from "S" and "OS" via some unusual cyclization operations which are different from the usual tetra- and pentacyclic frameworks. Numerous compelling advances have been made and reported in the identification of these unusual cyclized mono-, di-, tri- and tetracyclic triterpenes between 2009 and 2021. Besides a dramatic increase in the newly isolated uncommon cyclized triterpenoids, substantial progress in the (bio)-synthesis of these triterpenes has been published along with significant progress in their biological effects. In this review, 180 new unusual cyclized triterpenoids together with their demonstrated biogenetic pathways, syntheses and biological effects will be categorized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany.
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, E-32004, Spain
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ivan R Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany.
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2
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Du X, Liu H, Wu Y, Tang Y. Bio-inspired formal total synthesis of (±)-bisabosqual A. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01697d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A new approach was developed to construct a hexahydrobenzofurobenzopyran ring system by an oxa-[3+3], Diels–Alder reaction and oxidative aromatization. As a synthetic application, the bio-inspired formal synthesis of bisabosqual A was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Du
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hainan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
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3
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Contrasting Volatilomes of Livestock Dung Drive Preference of the Dung Beetle Bubas bison (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134152. [PMID: 35807397 PMCID: PMC9268081 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile cues can play a significant role in the location and discrimination of food resources by insects. Dung beetles have been reported to discriminate among dung types produced by different species, thereby exhibiting behavioral preferences. However, the role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in dung localization and preference remains largely unexplored in dung beetles. Here we performed several studies: firstly, cage olfactometer bioassays were performed to evaluate the behavioral responses of Bubas bison (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to VOCs emanating from fresh horse, sheep, and cattle dung; secondly, concurrent volatilome analysis was performed to characterize volatilomes of these dung types. Bubas bison adults exhibited greater attraction to horse dung and less attraction to cattle dung, and they preferred dung from horses fed a pasture-based diet over dung from those fed lucerne hay. Volatilomes of the corresponding dung samples from each livestock species contained a diverse group of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, phenols, and sulfurous compounds, but the composition and abundance of annotated VOCs varied with dung type and livestock diet. The volatilome of horse dung was the most chemically diverse. Results from a third study evaluating electroantennogram response and supplementary olfactometry provided strong evidence that indole, butyric acid, butanone, p-cresol, skatole, and phenol, as well as toluene, are involved in the attraction of B. bison to dung, with a mixture of these components significantly more attractive than individual constituents.
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Ao Q, Zhang HJ, Zheng J, Chen X, Zhai H. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-Mannolide C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21267-21271. [PMID: 34312950 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
(+)-Mannolide C is a complex hexacyclic C20 cephalotane-type diterpenoid featuring a highly strained 7/6/6/5 tetracyclic core containing eight consecutive stereocenters and two bridging lactones. The first asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-mannolide C has been accomplished by lipase-mediated resolution, Ru-complex-catalyzed double ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reactions, NiII -catalyzed diastereoselective Michael addition, and MnIII -catalyzed allylic oxidation as the key transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Ao
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jinbin Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China
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5
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Ao Q, Zhang H, Zheng J, Chen X, Zhai H. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)‐Mannolide C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Ao
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Hai‐Jun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jinbin Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Hongbin Zhai
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nano-Micro Materials Research School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine Shenzhen Polytechnic Shenzhen 518055 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300071 China
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6
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Sladecek FXJ, Dötterl S, Schäffler I, Segar ST, Konvicka M. Succession of Dung-Inhabiting Beetles and Flies Reflects the Succession of Dung-Emitted Volatile Compounds. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:433-443. [PMID: 33830431 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical cues, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are often essential for insects to locate food. Relative to the volume of studies on the role of VOCs in insect-plant relationships, the role of VOCs emitted by dung and carrion in mediating the behavior of insect decomposers is understudied. Such relationships may provide a mechanistic understanding of the temporal axis of community assembly processes in decomposing insect communities. We focused on the temporal succession of volatiles released by cow dung pats and the potential influence on dung-inhabiting insects. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry we identified and quantified VOCs released from dung 1-h, and 1, 2 3, 5, and 7 d-old. We then related changes in VOCs to successional patterns of dung-inhabiting beetles and flies. We detected 54 VOCs which could be assigned to two successional groups, with chemical turnover in dung changing around day 2. The early successional group consisted primarily of aliphatic alcohols and phenols, and the late one of aliphatic esters, nitrogen- and sulfur-bearing compounds. Flies were predominately associated with the early successional group, mainly with 1-butanol. Beetles were associated predominately with the late-successional group, mainly with dimethyl trisulfide. This association between insect and chemical successional patterns supports the idea that habitat filtering drives the community assembly of dung-inhabiting insects on an aging resource. Moreover, the affinity of both insect groups to specific VOC groups provides a mechanistic explanation for the predictability of successional patterns found in dung-inhabiting insect communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Xaver Jiri Sladecek
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. .,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Irmgard Schäffler
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Martin Konvicka
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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7
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Cacolides: Sesterterpene Butenolides from a Southern Australian Marine Sponge, Cacospongia sp. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16110456. [PMID: 30463335 PMCID: PMC6266489 DOI: 10.3390/md16110456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical analysis of a marine sponge, Cacospongia sp. (CMB-03404), obtained during deep sea commercial fishing activities off the southern coast of Australia, yielded an unprecedented family of sesterterpene α-methyl-γ-hydroxybutenolides, cacolides A–L (1–12), together with biosynthetically related norsesterterpene carboxylic acids, cacolic acids A–C (13–15). Structures were assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis with comparisons to known natural products and biosynthetic considerations. In addition to revealing new chemical diversity, this study provided a valuable platform for comparing and contrasting the capabilities of the traditional dereplication technologies of HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS and NMR, with those of the emerging HPLC-MS/MS approach known as global natural products social molecular networking (GNPS), as applied to marine sponge sesterterpene tetronic acids.
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8
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Ix-Balam MA, A Oliveira MG, Louzada J, McNeil JN, Lima E. The Rolling of Food by Dung Beetles Affects the Oviposition of Competing Flies. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9030092. [PMID: 30065163 PMCID: PMC6165008 DOI: 10.3390/insects9030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flies are the main competitors of dung beetles for oviposition sites and rolling dung beetles relocate their food to reduce interspecific competition. Furthermore, dung beetles deposit chemical substances on the food ball that may repel fly larvae and certain predators. In the present study, using Deltochilum furcatum, a dung beetle that does not exhibit parental care and the blow-fly, Lucilia cuprina, we tested the hypothesis that pygidial secretions deposited on the food ball could also make it less attractive as an oviposition site for flies. Food balls rolled by either D. furcatum males or females received significantly fewer eggs that balls that had not been rolled by beetles. Also, flies laid significantly fewer eggs on food balls treated with secretions collected from male pygidial glands. Reduced fly oviposition may be a direct effect of compounds the beetles deposited, acting as an allomone, and/or an indirect negative effect on the microbial community that stimulates fly oviposition. A model of the reproductive biology of this species is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Ix-Balam
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria G A Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Júlio Louzada
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil.
| | - Jeremy N McNeil
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Eraldo Lima
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
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9
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Attraction of dung beetles to herbivore dung and synthetic compounds in a comparative field study. CHEMOECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-017-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Cortez V, Verdú JR, Ortiz AJ, Halffter G. Identification and evaluation of semiochemicals for the biological control of the beetle Omorgus suberosus (F.) (Coleoptera: Trogidae), a facultative predator of eggs of the sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172015. [PMID: 28192472 PMCID: PMC5305104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The beetle Omorgus suberosus (F.) is a facultative predator of eggs of the olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz). Laboratory and field investigations were conducted in order to characterize volatile attractants of O. suberosus and to explore the potential for application of these volatiles in a selective mass trapping method. Headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) coupled to thermo-desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) analysis of the volatile constituents from beetles or turtle nests revealed 24 potential compounds. However, electroantennographic (EAG) measurements revealed antennal sensitivity only to indole, linoleic acid, trimethylamine, dimethyl sulphide, dimethyl disulphide and ammonia. Behavioural tests showed that these compounds are highly attractive to O. suberosus. Field trapping experiments revealed that indole and ammonia were more attractive than the other volatile compounds and showed similar attractiveness to that produced by conventional baits (chicken feathers). The use of a combined bait of indole and NH3 would therefore be the most effective trap design. The data presented are the first to demonstrate effective massive capture of O. suberosus using an attractant-based trapping method. These findings have potential for the development of an efficient mass trapping method for control of this beetle as part of efforts towards conservation of L. olivacea at La Escobilla in Oaxaca, Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vieyle Cortez
- I.U.I. CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - José R. Verdú
- I.U.I. CIBIO, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio J. Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Química Orgánica, EPS Linares, Universidad de Jaén, Linares, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Halffter
- Instituto de Ecología, A C, Red de Ecoetología, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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11
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Le Chapelain C. Strategy towards the enantioselective synthesis of schiglautone A. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6242-6256. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00766c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of a functionalized intermediate comprising 6 of the 7 stereocenters of schiglautone A is reported and features a lithiation–borylation enzymatic resolution sequence.
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12
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Cortez V, Verdú JR, Ortiz AJ, Trigos ÁR, Favila ME. Chemical diversity and potential biological functions of the pygidial gland secretions in two species of Neotropical dung roller beetles. CHEMOECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-015-0189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Semiochemistry of the Scarabaeoidea. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:190-210. [PMID: 24474404 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The superfamily Scarabaeoidea comprises a large and diverse monophyletic group. Members share ancestral characteristics, but often exhibit considerable differences in their ecology, physiology, or mating strategies. A large number of species are regarded as pests of crop or amenity plants, while others are beneficial to humans and even may be extremely rare as a result of anthropogenic activities. A significant number of chemical ecology-based studies have been conducted with the Scarabaeoidea in order to characterize semiochemicals influencing their behavior, such as pheromones and plant-derived allelochemicals. These may be used either to control or preserve populations of the beetles, depending upon pest or beneficial status. This paper is a review of the role and identity of the semiochemicals of the Scarabaeoidea, with comments on possible future research and applied opportunities in the field of chemical ecology.
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15
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Schmidt AKC, Stark CBW. Tetrapropylammonium Perruthenate Catalyzed Glycol Cleavage to Carboxylic (Di)Acids. Org Lett 2011; 13:5788-91. [PMID: 21999523 DOI: 10.1021/ol202354g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea-Katharina C. Schmidt
- Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, and Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian B. W. Stark
- Fakultät für Chemie und Mineralogie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, and Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Secondary metabolites released by the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides: chemical analyses and possible ecological functions. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:724-35. [PMID: 21667150 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-9978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Burying beetles of the genus Nicrophorus localize small vertebrate carcasses by emitted volatiles. The carcass that serves as reproduction and breeding site is buried in the soil by the beetles. Biparental care for offspring includes both preservation of the carrion and its preparation as diet and nursery. Buried carcasses show no signs of microbial decay, and those experimentally treated with Nicrophorus secretions are known to grow fewer bacteria and fungi. In order to investigate the chemical composition of these secretions, we used GC-MS for analysis of methanolic extracts of anal and oral secretions released by adult N. vespilloides. Furthermore, we analyzed the headspace of adult N. vespilloides by SPME-GC-MS and searched for compounds with known antimicrobial activity. We identified 34 compounds in the headspace, and anal and oral secretions, 26 of which occurred consistently. We discuss the ecological relevance of these compounds with respect to both their antimicrobial activity and ecological relevance.
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17
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Flachsbarth B, Fritzsche M, Weldon PJ, Schulz S. Composition of the cloacal gland secretion of tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus. Chem Biodivers 2009; 6:1-37. [PMID: 19180453 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200800265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The lipophilic content of the cloacal gland secretion of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) was investigated. GC/EI-MS Analysis of CH2Cl2 extracts of the secretions revealed triacylglycerols as major glandular constituents. Twelve major medium-chain fatty acids were found to be conjugated to glycerol in different combinations, resulting in complex mixtures. These acids were identified by transesterification and subsequent derivatization of natural samples, and their structures were verified by synthesis. The natural glycerides contain predominantly three of the following acids: octanoic (A), (E)- and (Z)-oct-4-enoic (B and C, resp.), (4E,6Z)-octa-4,6-dienoic (tuataric acid; D), (R)-2,6-dimethylheptanoic (E), (R)-2,6-dimethylhept-5-enoic (F), (Z)-dec-4-enoic (G), (4Z,7Z)-deca-4,7-dienoic (H), (R)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-enoic (I), (R)-4,8-dimethylnon-7-enoic (J), (2R,6S)-2,6,10-trimethylundec-9-enoic (K), and (2R,5E)-2,6,10-trimethylundeca-5,9-dienoic acids (L). Several additional acids, occurring in trace amounts only, were tentatively identified by MS. The elucidation of the absolute configuration of the acids was performed by GC on chiral phases. Individual tuatara show specific mixtures of glycerides with up to 100 components. The individual mixtures may permit individual recognition because the bouquets seem to be stable over years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Flachsbarth
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig
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GOUBAULT MARLÈNE, BATCHELOR TIMP, ROMANI ROBERTO, LINFORTH ROBERTST, FRITZSCHE MATTHIAS, FRANCKE WITTKO, HARDY IANCW. Volatile chemical release by bethylid wasps: identity, phylogeny, anatomy and behaviour. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Burger BV, Petersen WGB, Ewig BT, Neuhaus J, Tribe GD, Spies HSC, Burger WJG. Semiochemicals of the Scarabaeinae VIII. Identification of active constituents of the abdominal sex-attracting secretion of the male dung beetle, Kheper bonellii, using gas chromatography with flame ionization and electroantennographic detection in parallel. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1186:245-53. [PMID: 17920608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and electroantennographic detection in parallel (GC-FID/EAD), the active constituents of the sex attractant of male dung beetles of Kheper bonellii were located in the gas chromatogram of an extract of the secretion. These constituents were identified as propanoic acid, butanoic acid, indole, 3-methylindole (skatole) and methyl cis-cascarillate (methyl cis-2-2'-hexylcyclopropylacetate) by, inter alia, GC-MS, (1)H and (13)C NMR analysis, and synthesis. These compounds elicited EAD responses in male as well as female antennae. Racemic methyl cis-cascarillate was synthesized for comparison with the natural methyl ester. Enantioselective GC-FID/EAD using a capillary column coated with OV-1701-OH containing 10% heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-cyclodextrin showed that the natural compound co-eluted with the first-eluting enantiomer of the racemic methyl cis-cascarillate, which was the only enantiomer that elicited EAD responses in the antennae of male and female K. bonellii. The absolute configuration of this enantiomer was established by a stereoselective synthesis, which gave methyl (R,R)-cascarillate [methyl (1'R,2'R)-2-2'-hexylcyclopropylacetate] in an enantiomeric excess of 69%.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Burger
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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Jürgens A, Dötterl S, Meve U. The chemical nature of fetid floral odours in stapeliads (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae-Ceropegieae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 172:452-68. [PMID: 17083676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
By emitting strong fetid scents, sapromyiophilous flowers mimic brood and food sites of flies to attract them as pollinators. To date, intensive comparative scent analyses have been restricted to sapromyiophilous Araceae. Here, we analysed flower volatiles of fetid stapeliads to improve our understanding of the floral biology of fly pollinated species, and to learn whether mimicry types comparable to those found in Araceae exist. Floral volatiles of 15 species out of 11 genera within the Asclepiadoideae-Ceropegieae-Stapeliinae were collected via headspace adsorption and thermal desorption and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectometry (GC-MS). Data were analysed using CNESS-NMDS statistics. Sapromyiophilous stapeliads are highly diverse in their scent composition, in which sulphur compounds, benzenoids, fatty acid derivatives or nitrogen-containing compounds dominate. Four groups are evident: species with high p-cresol content but low amounts of polysulphides (herbivore faeces mimicry); species with mainly polysulphides and low amounts of p-cresol (carnivore/omnivore faeces or carcass mimicry); species with high amounts of heptanal and octanal (carnivore/omnivore faeces or carcass mimicry); and species with hexanoic acid (urine mimicry). Considering the findings in the unrelated Araceae, our results support the universality of different mimicry types that are obviously subsumed under the sapromyiophilous syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jürgens
- HortResearch, Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, Lincoln 8152, New Zealand.
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