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Lin Y, Tan L, Zhao L, Sun X, Sun C. RLS3, a protein with AAA+ domain localized in chloroplast, sustains leaf longevity in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:971-982. [PMID: 27357911 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence plays an important role in crop developmental processes that dramatically affect crop yield and grain quality. The genetic regulation of leaf senescence is complex, involving many metabolic and signaling pathways. Here, we identified a rapid leaf senescence 3 (rls3) mutant that displayed accelerated leaf senescence, shorter plant height and panicle length, and lower seed set rate than the wild type. Map-based cloning revealed that RLS3 encodes a protein with AAA+ domain, localizing it to chloroplasts. Sequence analysis found that the rls3 gene had a single-nucleotide substitution (G→A) at the splice site of the 10th intron/11th exon, resulting in the cleavage of the first nucleotide in 11th exon and premature termination of RLS3 protein translation. Using transmission electron microscope, the chloroplasts of the rls3 mutant were observed to degrade much faster than those of the wild type. The investigation of the leaf senescence process under dark incubation conditions further revealed that the rls3 mutant displayed rapid leaf senescence. Thus, the RLS3 gene plays key roles in sustaining the normal growth of rice, while loss of function in RLS3 leads to rapid leaf senescence. The identification of RLS3 will be helpful to elucidate the mechanisms involved in leaf senescence in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Center for Evaluation of Agricultural Wild Plants (Rice), MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lubin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Center for Evaluation of Agricultural Wild Plants (Rice), MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Center for Evaluation of Agricultural Wild Plants (Rice), MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianyou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Center for Evaluation of Agricultural Wild Plants (Rice), MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuanqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Center for Evaluation of Agricultural Wild Plants (Rice), MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Parkash J, Kashyap S, Kirti S, Singh AK, Dutt S. Cathepsin B cysteine protease gene is upregulated during leaf senescence and exhibits differential expression behavior in response to phytohormones in Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ansari MI, Hasan S, Jalil SU. Leaf Senescence and GABA Shunt. Bioinformation 2014; 10:734-6. [PMID: 25670875 PMCID: PMC4312365 DOI: 10.6026/97320630010734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaf senescence is highly regulated and complex developmental process that involves degradation of macromolecules as well as its recycling. Senescence process involves loss of chlorophyll, degradation of proteins, nucleic acid, lipid and mobilization of nutrients through its transport to the growing parts, developing fruits and seeds. Nitrogen is the most important nutrient to be recycled in senescence process. GABA-transaminase (γ-aminobutyric acid) is found to play very important role in nitrogen recycling process through GABA-shunt. Therefore, it is of interest to review the significance of GABA shunt in leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Israil Ansari
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow-226 028 India
| | - Saba Hasan
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow-226 028 India
| | - Syed Uzma Jalil
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow-226 028 India
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Parkash J, Vaidya T, Kirti S, Dutt S. Translation initiation factor 5A in Picrorhiza is up-regulated during leaf senescence and in response to abscisic acid. Gene 2014; 542:1-7. [PMID: 24656625 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Translation initiation, the first step of protein synthesis process is the principal regulatory step controlling translation and involves a pool of translation initiation factors. In plants, from recent studies it is becoming evident that these translation initiation factors impact various aspects of plant growth and development in addition to their role in protein synthesis. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF5A is one such factor which functions in start site selection for the eIF2-GTP-tRNAi ternary complex within the ribosomal-bound preinitiation complex and also stabilizes the binding of GDP to eIF2. In the present study we have cloned and analysed a gene (eIF5a) encoding eIF5A from Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth.) a medicinal plant of the western Himalayan region. The full length eIF5a cDNA consisted of 838 bp with an open reading frame of 480 bp, 88 bp 5' untranslated region and 270 bp 3' untranslated region. The deduced eIF5A protein contained 159 amino acids with a molecular weight of 17.359 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.59. Secondary structure analysis revealed eIF5A having 24.53% α-helices, 8.81% β-turns, 23.27% extended strands and 43.40% random coils. pk-eIF5a transcript was found to be expressing during the active growth phase as well as during leaf senescence stage, however, highest expression was observed during leaf senescence stage. Further, its expression was up-regulated in response to exogenous application of abscisic acid. Both high intensity as well as low intensity light decreased the expression of pk-eIF5a. The findings suggest eIF5a to be an important candidate to develop genetic engineering based strategies for delaying leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai Parkash
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research-IHBT (AcSIR-IHBT), India; Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
| | - Tanmay Vaidya
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
| | - Shruti Kirti
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
| | - Som Dutt
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research-IHBT (AcSIR-IHBT), India; Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India.
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Singh S, Giri MK, Singh PK, Siddiqui A, Nandi AK. Down-regulation of OsSAG12-1 results in enhanced senescence and pathogen-induced cell death in transgenic rice plants. J Biosci 2013; 38:583-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-013-9334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang L, Hou R, Su H, Hu X, Wang S, Bao Z. Network analysis of oyster transcriptome revealed a cascade of cellular responses during recovery after heat shock. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35484. [PMID: 22530030 PMCID: PMC3329459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oysters, as a major group of marine bivalves, can tolerate a wide range of natural and anthropogenic stressors including heat stress. Recent studies have shown that oysters pretreated with heat shock can result in induced heat tolerance. A systematic study of cellular recovery from heat shock may provide insights into the mechanism of acquired thermal tolerance. In this study, we performed the first network analysis of oyster transcriptome by reanalyzing microarray data from a previous study. Network analysis revealed a cascade of cellular responses during oyster recovery after heat shock and identified responsive gene modules and key genes. Our study demonstrates the power of network analysis in a non-model organism with poor gene annotations, which can lead to new discoveries that go beyond the focus on individual genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hailin Su
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (ZB)
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (ZB)
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Chen GH, Liu CP, Chen SCG, Wang LC. Role of ARABIDOPSIS A-FIFTEEN in regulating leaf senescence involves response to reactive oxygen species and is dependent on ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:275-92. [PMID: 21940719 PMCID: PMC3245469 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a highly regulated developmental process that is coordinated by several factors. Many senescence-associated genes (SAGs) have been identified, but their roles during senescence remain unclear. A sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) SAG, named SPA15, whose function was unknown, was identified previously. To understand the role of SPA15 in leaf senescence further, the orthologue of SPA15 in Arabidopsis thaliana was identified and characterized, and it was named ARABIDOPSIS A-FIFTEEN (AAF). AAF was expressed in early senescent leaves and in tissues with highly proliferative activities. AAF was localized to the chloroplasts by transient expression in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. Overexpression of AAF (AAF-OX) in Arabidopsis promoted, but the T-DNA insertion mutant (aaf-KO), delayed age-dependent leaf senescence. Furthermore, stress-induced leaf senescence caused by continuous darkness was enhanced in AAF-OX but suppressed in aaf-KO. Transcriptome analysis of expression profiles revealed up-regulated genes related to pathogen defence, senescence, and oxidative stress in 3-week-old AAF-OX plants. Indeed, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced sensitivity to oxidative and dark stress were apparent in AAF-OX but reduced in aaf-KO. ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) was required for the dark- and ROS-induced senescence phenotypes in AAF-OX and the induction of AAF expression by treatment with the immediate precursor of ethylene, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. The results indicate the functional role of AAF is an involvement in redox homeostasis to regulate leaf senescence mediated by age and stress factors during Arabidopsis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hong Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 11221 Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ping Liu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Grace Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Long-Chi Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
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Li D, Deng Z, Chen C, Xia Z, Wu M, He P, Chen S. Identification and characterization of genes associated with tapping panel dryness from Hevea brasiliensis latex using suppression subtractive hybridization. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:140. [PMID: 20618931 PMCID: PMC3095288 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tapping panel dryness (TPD) is one of the most serious threats to natural rubber production. Although a great deal of effort has been made to study TPD in rubber tree, the molecular mechanisms underlying TPD remain poorly understood. Identification and systematical analyses of the genes associated with TPD are the prerequisites for elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in TPD. The present study is undertaken to generate information about the genes related to TPD in rubber tree. RESULTS To identify the genes related to TPD in rubber tree, forward and reverse cDNA libraries from the latex of healthy and TPD trees were constructed using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method. Among the 1106 clones obtained from the two cDNA libraries, 822 clones showed differential expression in two libraries by reverse Northern blot analyses. Sequence analyses indicated that the 822 clones represented 237 unique genes; and most of them have not been reported to be associated with TPD in rubber tree. The expression patterns of 20 differentially expressed genes were further investigated to validate the SSH data by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR analysis. According to the Gene Ontology convention, 237 unique genes were classified into 10 functional groups, such as stress/defense response, protein metabolism, transcription and post-transcription, rubber biosynthesis, etc. Among the genes with known function, the genes preferentially expressed were associated with stress/defense response in the reverse library, whereas metabolism and energy in the forward one. CONCLUSIONS The genes associated with TPD were identified by SSH method in this research. Systematic analyses of the genes related to TPD suggest that the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ubiquitin proteasome pathway, programmed cell death and rubber biosynthesis might play important roles in TPD. Therefore, our results not only enrich information about the genes related to TPD, but also provide new insights into understanding the TPD process in rubber tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, China
| | - Zhi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, China
| | - Chunliu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, China
| | - Zhihui Xia
- Institute of Biological Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Min Wu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, China
| | - Peng He
- Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, China
| | - Shoucai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber Biology, Ministry of Agriculture, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Cultivation and Physiology, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, 571737, China
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Sperotto RA, Ricachenevsky FK, Fett JP. Iron deficiency in rice shoots: identification of novel induced genes using RDA and possible relation to leaf senescence. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2007; 26:1399-411. [PMID: 17347829 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rice plants are highly susceptible to Fe-deficiency. Under nutrient deprivation, plant cells undergo extensive metabolic changes for their continued survival. To provide further insight into the pathways induced during Fe-deficiency, rice seedlings were grown for 3, 6 and 9 days in the presence or absence of Fe. Using RDA (Representational Difference Analysis), sequences of 32 induced genes in rice shoots under Fe-deficiency were identified. About 30% of the sequences found have been previously reported as responsive to other abiotic and even biotic stresses. However, this is the first report that indicates their relation to Fe deprivation. Differential expression of selected genes was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis. The identification of classical senescence-related sequences, such as lipase EC 3.1.1.-, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme EC 6.3.2.19, beta-Glucosidase EC 3.2.1.21 and cysteine synthase EC 2.5.1.47, besides the higher accumulation of total soluble sugars prior to the decrease of total chlorophyll content in Fe-deficient leaves, indicate that sugar accumulation may be one of the factors leading to premature leaf senescence induced by Fe-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Antonio Sperotto
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Han LY, Zheng CJ, Lin HH, Cui J, Li H, Zhang HL, Tang ZQ, Chen YZ. Prediction of functional class of novel plant proteins by a statistical learning method. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 168:109-21. [PMID: 16159326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plant genomes, the function of a substantial percentage of the putative protein-coding open reading frames (ORFs) is unknown. These ORFs have no significant sequence similarity to known proteins, which complicates the task of functional study of these proteins. Efforts are being made to explore methods that are complementary to, or may be used in combination with, sequence alignment and clustering methods. A web-based protein functional class prediction software, SVMProt, has shown some capability for predicting functional class of distantly related proteins. Here the usefulness of SVMProt for functional study of novel plant proteins is evaluated. To test SVMProt, 49 plant proteins (without a sequence homolog in the Swiss-Prot protein database, not in the SVMProt training set, and with functional indications provided in the literature) were selected from a comprehensive search of MEDLINE abstracts and Swiss-Prot databases in 1999-2004. These represent unique proteins the function of which, at present, cannot be confidently predicted by sequence alignment and clustering methods. The predicted functional class of 31 proteins was consistent, and that of four other proteins was weakly consistent, with published functions. Overall, the functional class of 71.4% of these proteins was consistent, or weakly consistent, with functional indications described in the literature. SVMProt shows a certain level of ability to provide useful hints about the functions of novel plant proteins with no similarity to known proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Y Han
- Department of Computational Science, National University of Singapore, Blk SOC1, Level 7, 3 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117543
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Lee RH, Lin MC, Chen SCG. A novel alkaline alpha-galactosidase gene is involved in rice leaf senescence. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 55:281-95. [PMID: 15604681 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-0641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously isolated and identified numerous senescence-associated genes (SAGs) in rice leaves. Here we characterized the structure and function of an SAG- Osh69 encoding alkaline alpha-galactosidase that belongs to a novel family of glycosyl hydrolases. Osh69 is a single-copy gene composed of 13 exons located on rice chromosome 8. The expression level of Osh69 is not only up-regulated during natural leaf senescence but also induced rapidly by darkness, hormones (methyl jasmonic acid, salicylic acid), and stresses (H2O2 and wounding). The recombinant Osh69 protein over-expressed in Escherichia coli has displayed optimal alpha-galactosidase activity at pH 8.0. The enzyme showed good hydrolytic activities towards alpha-1,6-galactosyl oligosaccharides and galactolipid digalactosyl diacylglycerol. Immunoelectron microscopic analysis demonstrates that Osh69 is specifically localized in the chloroplasts of senescing leaves. These findings strongly suggest an important role for Osh69 in the degradation of chloroplast galactolipids during leaf senescence.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Chloroplasts/enzymology
- Chloroplasts/ultrastructure
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oryza/enzymology
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/physiology
- Phylogeny
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plant Leaves/physiology
- Plant Leaves/ultrastructure
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Stress, Mechanical
- Substrate Specificity
- alpha-Galactosidase/genetics
- alpha-Galactosidase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruey-Hua Lee
- Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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