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Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen G, Lu Y, Chen Q. Autocrine motility factor receptor promotes the malignancy of glioblastoma by regulating cell migration and invasion. Neurol Res 2024; 46:89-97. [PMID: 37703903 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2257463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the important causes of death in cancer patients is malignant metastasis, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells. Metastasis is also the most basic physiological characteristics and pathogenesis of various tumors. Previously published studies have suggested that autocrine motor factor receptor (AMFR) is the key regulator of tumor cell migration and invasion. Meanwhile, AMFR is highly expressed in esophageal tumors, gastrointestinal tumors, and bladder cancer, and it is also involved in its pathogenesis. However, the role of AMFR in glioblastoma has not been reported. METHODS In order to study the role of AMFR in the cell migration and invasion of glioblastoma, AMFR was silenced using siRNA and overexpressed using cDNA. Immunoblotting analysis and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were employed to assess the expression of AMFR. We conducted wound healing assay, cell migration assay, and tumorsphere formation assay to detect the invasion and metastatic ability of glioblastoma. RESULTS This study found that the level of AMFR expression was significantly correlated with the malignant degree of glioma tissue in clinic samples. AMFR silencing decreased cell migration and invasion of LN229. Overexpression of AMFR significantly increased cell migration and invasion of U251. CONCLUSION This study suggests that AMFR could be used as a therapeutic strategy for the clinical treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajing Lu
- Institute of geriatric medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Saeed MEM, Mahmoud N, Sugimoto Y, Efferth T, Abdel-Aziz H. Betulinic Acid Exerts Cytotoxic Activity Against Multidrug-Resistant Tumor Cells via Targeting Autocrine Motility Factor Receptor (AMFR). Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:481. [PMID: 29867487 PMCID: PMC5962668 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BetA) is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpene isolated from the outer bark of white-barked birch trees and many other medicinal plants. Here, we studied betulinic acid's cytotoxic activity against drug-resistant tumor cell lines. P-glycoprotein (MDR1/ABCB1) and BCRP (ABCG2) are known ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters that mediating MDR. ABCB5 is a close relative to ABCB1, which also mediates MDR. Constitutive activation of the EGF receptor is tightly linked to the development of chemotherapeutic resistance. BetA inhibited P-gp, BCRP, ABCB5 and mutation activated EGFR overexpressing cells with similar efficacy as their drug-sensitive parental counterparts. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of ABCB1, BCRP, ABCB5 and EGFR were not related to the 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50) for BetA in a panel of 60 cell lines of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA. In addition to well-established MDR mechanisms, we attempted to identify other molecular mechanisms that play a role in mediating BetA's cytotoxic activity. For this reason, we performed COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses of the transcriptome-wide microarray-based mRNA expression of the NCI cell lines panel. Various genes significantly correlating to BetA's activity were involved in different biological processes, e.g., cell cycle regulation, microtubule formation, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling, cell adhesion, tumor suppression, ubiquitination and proteasome degradation. Immunoblotting and in silico analyses revealed that the inhibition of AMFR activity might be one of the mechanisms for BetA to overcome MDR phenotypes. In conclusion, BetA may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of refractory tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E M Saeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nuha Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yoshikazu Sugimoto
- Division of Chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heba Abdel-Aziz
- Medical and Clinical Affairs Phytomedicines, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Bayer Consumer Health, Darmstadt, Germany
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3
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Joshi V, Upadhyay A, Chhangani D, Amanullah A, Sharan RN, Mishra A. Gp78 involvement in cellular proliferation: Can act as a promising modulator for cell cycle regulatory proteins? J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6352-6368. [PMID: 29741771 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In cells, protein synthesis and degradation are normal processes, which are tightly regulated by various cellular metabolic pathways. Cellular protein quality control (PQC) mechanisms always present a continuous and rigorous check over all intracellular proteins before they can participate in various cellular physiological processes with the help of PQC pathways like autophagy and ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). The UPS employs few selective E3 ubiquitin ligases for the intracellular degradation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27Kip1 ) that tightly controls cell cycle progression. But, the complex mechanistic interactions and the interplay between E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in the functional regulation as well as expression of p27 are not well known. Here, we demonstrate that cell surface glycoprotein Gp78, a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase, is involved in the stabilization of intracellular steady-state levels of p27. Transient overexpression of Gp78 increases the accumulation of p27 in cells in the form of massive inclusions like structures, which could be due to its cumulative increased stability in cells. We have also monitored how under stress condition, E3 ubiquitin ligase Gp78 regulates endogenous levels of p27 in cells. ER stress treatment generates a marginal increase in Gp78 endogenous levels, and this elevation effect was prominent for intracellular accumulation of p27 in cells. Taken together, our current findings suggest a valuable multifactorial regulatory mechanism and linkage of p27 with UPS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Chhangani
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ayeman Amanullah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajesh N Sharan
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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4
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Joshi V, Upadhyay A, Kumar A, Mishra A. Gp78 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase: Essential Functions and Contributions in Proteostasis. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:259. [PMID: 28890687 PMCID: PMC5575403 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As per the requirement of metabolism and fitness, normal cellular functions are controlled by several proteins, and their interactive molecular and signaling events at multiple levels. Protein quality control (PQC) mechanisms ensure the correct folding and proper utilization of these proteins to avoid their misfolding and aggregation. To maintain the optimum environment of complex proteome PQC system employs various E3 ubiquitin ligases for the selective degradation of aberrant proteins. Glycoprotein 78 (Gp78) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that prevents multifactorial deleterious accumulation of different misfolded proteins via endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). However, the precise role of Gp78 under stress conditions to avoid bulk misfolded aggregation is unclear, which can act as a crucial resource to establish the dynamic nature of the proteome. Present article systematically explains the detailed molecular characterization of Gp78 and also addresses its various cellular physiological functions, which could be crucial to achieving protein homeostasis. Here, we comprehensively represent the current findings of Gp78, which shows its PQC roles in different physiological functions and diseases; and thereby propose novel opportunities to better understand the unsolved questions for therapeutic interventions linked with different protein misfolding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology JodhpurJodhpur, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology JodhpurJodhpur, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Centre for Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology IndoreIndore, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology JodhpurJodhpur, India
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Li N, Zhou ZS, Shen Y, Xu J, Miao HH, Xiong Y, Xu F, Li BL, Luo J, Song BL. Inhibition of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma by repressing inflammation in mice. Hepatology 2017; 65:1936-1947. [PMID: 28027595 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obesity is a critical risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it remains unknown whether inhibition of de novo lipid biosynthesis can suppress HCC. In this study, we blocked the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway, one of the key determinants of lipid homeostasis, by ablating 78-kDa cell-surface glycoprotein or SREBP cleavage-activating protein in hepatocytes, as well as by administering a chemical compound called betulin. We found that either genetically or pharmacologically inhibiting the SREBP pathway dramatically reduced diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC progression by down-regulating tumor-promoting cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-1β. CONCLUSION Inhibition of de novo lipid biosynthesis by suppressing the SREBP pathway prevents HCC. This study identifies a previously underappreciated role of the SREBP pathway in HCC and suggests a novel metabolic strategy to control liver cancer. (Hepatology 2017;65:1936-1947).
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang-Sen Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Hua Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bo-Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Chiu CG, St-Pierre P, Nabi IR, Wiseman SM. Autocrine motility factor receptor: a clinical review. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 8:207-17. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Shih WL, Yu FL, Chang CD, Liao MH, Wu HY, Lin PY. Suppression of AMF/PGI-mediated tumorigenic activities by ursolic acid in cultured hepatoma cells and in a mouse model. Mol Carcinog 2013; 52:800-12. [PMID: 22549898 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that autocrine motility factor/phosphoglucose isomerase (AMF/PGI) possesses tumorigenic activities through the modulation of intracellular signaling. We then investigated the effects of ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA), tangeretin, and nobiletin against AMF/PGI-mediated oncogenesis in cultured stable Huh7 and Hep3B cells expressing wild-type or mutated AMF/PGI and in a mouse model in this study. The working concentrations of the tested compounds were lower than their IC10 , which was determined by Brdu incorporation and colony formation assay. Only UA efficiently suppressed the AMF/PGI-induced Huh7 cell migration and MMP-3 secretion. Additionally, UA inhibited the AMF/PGI-mediated protection against TGF-β-induced apoptosis in Hep3B cells, whereas OA, tangeretin, and nobiletin had no effect. In Huh7 cells and tumor tissues, UA disrupted the Src/RhoA/PI 3-kinase signaling and complex formation induced by AMF/PGI. In the Hep3B system, UA dramatically suppressed AMF/PGI-induced anti-apoptotic signaling transmission, including Akt, p85, Bad, and Stat3 phosphorylation. AMF/PGI enhances tumor growth, angiogenesis, and pulmonary metastasis in mice, which is correlated with its enzymatic activity, and critically, UA intraperitoneal injection reduces the tumorigenesis in vivo, enhances apoptosis in tumor tissues and also prolongs mouse survival. Combination of sub-optimal dose of UA and cisplatin, a synergistic tumor cell-killing effects was found. Thus, UA modulates intracellular signaling and might serve as a functional natural compound for preventing or alleviating hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Shih
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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8
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Shang Y, Zhu Z. gp78 is specifically expressed in human prostate cancer rather than normal prostate tissue. J Mol Histol 2013; 44:653-9. [PMID: 23666464 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-013-9512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Elevated expression of gp78 has been observed in many types of cancers including lung, stomach, colon, liver and skin cancer. But there is no report about its expression in prostate cancers. In this study, using immunohistochemical staining we found gp78 is highly expressed in prostate cancers especially early stage tumors, but not in normal prostate tissues. gp78 protein expression is heterogeneous. In some tumors it was expressed in basal cells, while others in stromal cells. For gp78 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase, we then investigated the expression pattern of its cognate E2 (ubiquitin conjugating enzyme)-Ube2g2 in prostate cancers. We found it was expressed in both cancerous and normal tissues of prostate without significant differences in expression level. And unlike gp78, it exhibited a homogeneous expression pattern in different cell types in prostate tissues. In conclusion, our results indicate that gp78 is expressed specifically in human prostate cancer rather than normal prostate tissues, it could be a putative biomarker for prostate cancer diagnosis.
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9
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Overexpression of Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) induces cell transformation in NIH3T3 cells. Cell Biol Int 2011; 34:1099-104. [PMID: 20597862 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BI-1 (Bax inhibitor-1), an apoptosis-inhibiting gene belonging to the Bcl-2 protein family, plays an important role in mitochondrial apoptosis pathway to suppress Bax-induced apoptosis. To investigate the potential role of BI-1 in promoting cell growth and tumorigenesis, in the present study we overexpressed the BI-1 gene in NIH3T3 cells using the lentivirus-mediated gene expression system. Our in vitro studies showed that NIH3T3 cells overexpressing BI-1 displayed a significantly higher growth rate and formed more and larger colonies than the control cells. In addition, our in vivo studies indicated that the lenti-BI-1-infected cells formed obvious tumours, while no tumours were formed by the control cells after subcutaneously injected into nude mice. These results strongly suggested that the BI-1 gene might play a crucial role in neoplastic genesis and development.
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10
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Tsai YC, Weissman AM. The Unfolded Protein Response, Degradation from Endoplasmic Reticulum and Cancer. Genes Cancer 2010; 1:764-778. [PMID: 21331300 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910383011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential organelle involved in many cellular functions including protein folding and secretion, lipid biosynthesis and calcium homeostasis. Proteins destined for the cell surface or for secretion are made in the ER, where they are folded and assembled into multi-subunit complexes. The ER plays a vital role in cellular protein quality control by extracting and degrading proteins that are not correctly folded or assembled into native complexes. This process, known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD), ensures that only properly folded and assembled proteins are transported to their final destinations. Besides its role in protein folding and transport in the secretory pathway, the ER regulates the biosynthesis of cholesterol and other membrane lipids. ERAD is an important means to ensure that levels of the responsible enzymes are appropriately maintained. The ER is also a major organelle for oxygen and nutrient sensing as cells adapt to their microenvironment. Stresses that disrupt ER function leads to accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER, a condition known as ER stress. Cells adapt to ER stress by activating an integrated signal transduction pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR) (1). The UPR represents a survival response by the cells to restore ER homeostasis. If ER stress persists, cells activate mechanisms that result in cell death. Chronic ER stress is increasingly being recognized as a factor in many human diseases such as diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In this review we discuss the roles of the UPR and ERAD in cancer and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yien Che Tsai
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute - Frederick Frederick, Maryland
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11
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Wang L, Hou G, Xue L, Li J, Wei P, Xu P. Autocrine Motility Factor Receptor Signaling Pathway Promotes Cell Invasion via Activation of ROCK-2 in Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer Cells. Cancer Invest 2010; 28:993-1003. [DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2010.483503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Fairbank M, St-Pierre P, Nabi IR. The complex biology of autocrine motility factor/phosphoglucose isomerase (AMF/PGI) and its receptor, the gp78/AMFR E3 ubiquitin ligase. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:793-801. [PMID: 19603112 DOI: 10.1039/b820820b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) is a glycolytic enzyme that exhibits a dual function as an extracellular cytokine, under the name autocrine motility factor (AMF). Its cell surface receptor, gp78/AMFR, is also localized to the endoplasmic reticulum where it functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Expression of both AMF/PGI and gp78/AMFR is associated with cancer and, in this review, we will discuss various aspects of the biology of this ligand-receptor complex and its role in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fairbank
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6P 5V8, Canada
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13
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Miao H, Chen L, Riordan SM, Li W, Juarez S, Crabb AM, Lukas TJ, Du P, Lin SM, Wise A, Agapova OA, Yang P, Gu CC, Hernandez MR. Gene expression and functional studies of the optic nerve head astrocyte transcriptome from normal African Americans and Caucasian Americans donors. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2847. [PMID: 18716680 PMCID: PMC2518525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether optic nerve head (ONH) astrocytes, a key cellular component of glaucomatous neuropathy, exhibit differential gene expression in primary cultures of astrocytes from normal African American (AA) donors compared to astrocytes from normal Caucasian American (CA) donors. METHODS We used oligonucleotide Affymetrix microarray (HG U133A & HG U133A 2.0 chips) to compare gene expression levels in cultured ONH astrocytes from twelve CA and twelve AA normal age matched donor eyes. Chips were normalized with Robust Microarray Analysis (RMA) in R using Bioconductor. Significant differential gene expression levels were detected using mixed effects modeling and Statistical Analysis of Microarray (SAM). Functional analysis and Gene Ontology were used to classify differentially expressed genes. Differential gene expression was validated by quantitative real time RT-PCR. Protein levels were detected by Western blots and ELISA. Cell adhesion and migration assays tested physiological responses. Glutathione (GSH) assay detected levels of intracellular GSH. RESULTS Multiple analyses selected 87 genes differentially expressed between normal AA and CA (P<0.01). The most relevant genes expressed in AA were categorized by function, including: signal transduction, response to stress, ECM genes, migration and cell adhesion. CONCLUSIONS These data show that normal astrocytes from AA and CA normal donors display distinct expression profiles that impact astrocyte functions in the ONH. Our data suggests that differences in gene expression in ONH astrocytes may be specific to the development and/or progression of glaucoma in AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixi Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Riordan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Santiago Juarez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Crabb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Lukas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Pan Du
- Robert H, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Lin
- Robert H, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alexandria Wise
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Olga A. Agapova
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - M. Rosario Hernandez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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14
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Naffar-Abu-Amara S, Shay T, Galun M, Cohen N, Isakoff SJ, Kam Z, Geiger B. Identification of novel pro-migratory, cancer-associated genes using quantitative, microscopy-based screening. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1457. [PMID: 18213366 PMCID: PMC2195451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cell migration is a highly complex process, regulated by multiple genes, signaling pathways and external stimuli. To discover genes or pharmacological agents that can modulate the migratory activity of cells, screening strategies that enable the monitoring of diverse migratory parameters in a large number of samples are necessary. Methodology In the present study, we describe the development of a quantitative, high-throughput cell migration assay, based on a modified phagokinetic tracks (PKT) procedure, and apply it for identifying novel pro-migratory genes in a cancer-related gene library. In brief, cells are seeded on fibronectin-coated 96-well plates, covered with a monolayer of carboxylated latex beads. Motile cells clear the beads, located along their migratory paths, forming tracks that are visualized using an automated, transmitted-light screening microscope. The tracks are then segmented and characterized by multi-parametric, morphometric analysis, resolving a variety of morphological and kinetic features. Conclusions In this screen we identified 4 novel genes derived from breast carcinoma related cDNA library, whose over-expression induces major alteration in the migration of the stationary MCF7 cells. This approach can serve for high throughput screening for novel ways to modulate cellular migration in pathological states such as tumor metastasis and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha Naffar-Abu-Amara
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tal Shay
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meirav Galun
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Naomi Cohen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steven J. Isakoff
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zvi Kam
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Kostova Z, Tsai YC, Weissman AM. Ubiquitin ligases, critical mediators of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18:770-9. [PMID: 17950636 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) represents the primary means of quality control within the secretory pathway. Critical to this process are ubiquitin protein ligases (E3s) which, together with ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2s), mediate the ubiquitylation of proteins targeted for degradation from the ER. In this chapter we review our knowledge of both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian ERAD ubiquitin ligases. We focus on recent insights into these E3s, their associated proteins and potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatka Kostova
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Building 560 Room 22-103, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, MD 21702, United States
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16
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Shen Y, Ballar P, Fang S. Ubiquitin ligase gp78 increases solubility and facilitates degradation of the Z variant of α-1-antitrypsin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:1285-93. [PMID: 16979136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of circulating alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is the most widely recognized abnormality of a proteinase inhibitor that causes lung disease. AAT-deficiency is caused by mutations of the AAT gene that lead to AAT protein retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Moreover, the mutant AAT accumulated in the ER predisposes the homozygote to severe liver injuries, such as neonatal hepatitis, juvenile cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the fact that mutant AAT protein is subject to ER-associated degradation (ERAD), yeast genetic studies have determined that the ubiquitination machinery, Hrd1/Der3p-cue1p-Ubc7/6p, which plays a prominent role in ERAD, is not involved in degradation of mutant AAT. Here we report that gp78, a ubiquitin ligase (E3) pairing with mammalian Ubc7 for ERAD, ubiquitinates and facilitates degradation of ATZ, the classic deficiency variant of AAT having a Z mutation (Glu 342 Lys). Unexpectedly, gp78 over-expression also significantly increases ATZ solubility. p97/VCP, an AAA ATPase essential for retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins from the ER during ERAD, is involved in gp78-mediated degradation of ATZ. Surprisingly, unlike other ERAD substrates that cause ER stress leading to apoptosis when accumulated in the ER, ATZ, in fact, increases cell proliferation when over-expressed in cells. This effect can be partially inhibited by gp78 over-expression. These data indicate that gp78 assumes multiple unique quality control roles over ATZ, including the facilitation of degradation and inhibition of aggregation of ATZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian Shen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, PR China
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17
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Sjöblom T, Jones S, Wood LD, Parsons DW, Lin J, Barber TD, Mandelker D, Leary RJ, Ptak J, Silliman N, Szabo S, Buckhaults P, Farrell C, Meeh P, Markowitz SD, Willis J, Dawson D, Willson JKV, Gazdar AF, Hartigan J, Wu L, Liu C, Parmigiani G, Park BH, Bachman KE, Papadopoulos N, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE. The consensus coding sequences of human breast and colorectal cancers. Science 2006; 314:268-74. [PMID: 16959974 DOI: 10.1126/science.1133427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2487] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the human genome sequence has made it possible to identify genetic alterations in cancers in unprecedented detail. To begin a systematic analysis of such alterations, we determined the sequence of well-annotated human protein-coding genes in two common tumor types. Analysis of 13,023 genes in 11 breast and 11 colorectal cancers revealed that individual tumors accumulate an average of approximately 90 mutant genes but that only a subset of these contribute to the neoplastic process. Using stringent criteria to delineate this subset, we identified 189 genes (average of 11 per tumor) that were mutated at significant frequency. The vast majority of these genes were not known to be genetically altered in tumors and are predicted to affect a wide range of cellular functions, including transcription, adhesion, and invasion. These data define the genetic landscape of two human cancer types, provide new targets for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention, and open fertile avenues for basic research in tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sjöblom
- Ludwig Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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18
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Kikkert M, Hassink G, Wiertz E. The role of the ubiquitination machinery in dislocation and degradation of endoplasmic reticulum proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 300:57-93. [PMID: 16573237 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-28007-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is essential for the dislocation and degradation of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). How exactly this is regulated is unknown at present. This review provides an overview of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin ligases (E3s) with a role in the degradation of ER proteins. Their structure and functions are described, as well as their mutual interactions. Substrate specificity and functional redundancy of E3 ligases are discussed, and other components of the ER degradation machinery that may associate with the ubiquitination system are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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19
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Guenther R, Krenn V, Morawietz L, Dankof A, Melcher I, Schaser KD, Kasper HU, Kuban RJ, Ungethüm U, Sers C. Giant cell tumors of the bone: Molecular profiling and expression analysis of Ephrin A1 receptor, Claudin 7, CD52, FGFR3 and AMFR. Pathol Res Pract 2005; 201:649-63. [PMID: 16325507 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell tumors (GCTs) of the bone are osteolytic neoplasms with variable degrees of aggressiveness. The aim of this study was the molecular characterization of GCT tissue. We established gene expression profiles and discovered a number of genes that have not been described in GCTs before. RNA was prepared from 7 cryopreserved GCTs (primary tumors n = 5, relapses n = 2) and was hybridized to Affymetrix HG U133A microarrays. Paraffin-embedded samples were used for immunohistochemical validation (primary tumors n = 16, relapses n = 6). Gene ontology revealed that the majority of genes, found to be differentially expressed between primary and recurrent GCTs, were associated with receptor tyrosine kinase activity. We selected one upregulated gene (Claudin 7) and four downregulated genes (CD52, Ephrin A1 receptor, autocrine motility factor receptor [AMFR] and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 [FGFR3] for further analysis using immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD52, AMFR, and Ephrin A1 receptor revealed expression profiles concordant with the microarray data, also with regard to differences between primary tumors and relapses.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- CD52 Antigen
- Claudins
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/genetics
- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/metabolism
- Giant Cell Tumor of Bone/pathology
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- Receptor, EphA1/genetics
- Receptor, EphA1/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Autocrine Motility Factor
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Guenther
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Charite, Schumannstrabe 20/21, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Registre M, Goetz JG, St Pierre P, Pang H, Lagacé M, Bouvier M, Le PU, Nabi IR. The gene product of the gp78/AMFR ubiquitin E3 ligase cDNA is selectively recognized by the 3F3A antibody within a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:1316-22. [PMID: 15303277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for the autocrine motility factor/phosphoglucose isomerase cytokine (gp78 or AMFR) has been extensively characterized using the 3F3A monoclonal antibody. Cloning of AMFR identified a seven-transmembrane domain G-protein-coupled receptor ubiquitin E3 ligase whose identity as AMFR was based on prior expression cloning with the 3F3A mAb that generated a truncated sequence. We show here that the gp78/AMFR gene product is indeed recognized by the 3F3A mAb. The FLAG-taggedAMFR immunoprecipitated with an anti-FLAG antibody was recognized by the 3F3A mAb in Western blot analysis and cells transfected with AMFR exhibit increased labeling with the 3F3A mAb. The 3F3A mAb does not however recognize higher molecular weight isoforms of AMFR. 3F3A labeling colocalizes with tagged AMFR in a peripheral ER network but does not recognize FLAG- or GFP-tagged AMFR localized to a perinuclear ER domain that likely corresponds to misfolded forms of the protein retained in the ER. These data indicate that 3F3A antibody binding is highly specific for a subpopulation of AMFR localized to an ER subdomain. Coexpression of AMFR-GFP and a lumenal ER-targeted RFP presented extensive colocalization in living cells andAMFR-GFP is concentrated in a basal ER network morphologically similar to that labeled by the 3F3A mAb in fixed cells. The3F3A anti-AMFR mAb therefore selectively recognizes a subpopulation of expressed AMFR localized to a subdomain of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Registre
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Que., Canada
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