1
|
Pilc A, Machaczka A, Kawalec P, Smith JL, Witkin JM. Where do we go next in antidepressant drug discovery? A new generation of antidepressants: a pivotal role of AMPA receptor potentiation and mGlu2/3 receptor antagonism. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:1131-1146. [PMID: 35934973 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2111415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major depressive disorder remains a prevalent world-wide health problem. Currently available antidepressant medications take weeks of dosing, do not produce antidepressant response in all patients, and have undesirable ancillary effects. AREAS COVERED The present opinion piece focuses on the major inroads to the creation of new antidepressants. These include N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists and related compounds like ketamine, psychedelic drugs like psilocybin, and muscarinic receptor antagonists like scopolamine. The preclinical and clinical pharmacological profile of these new-age antidepressant drugs is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Preclinical and clinical data have accumulated to predict a next generation of antidepressant medicines. In contrast to the current standard of care antidepressant drugs, these compounds differ in that they demonstrate rapid activity, often after a single dose, and effects that outlive their presence in brain. These compounds also can provide efficacy for treatment-resistant depressed patients. The mechanism of action of these compounds suggests a strong glutamatergic component that involves the facilitation of AMPA receptor function. Antagonism of mGlu2/3 receptors is also relevant to the antidepressant pharmacology of this new class of drugs. Based upon the ongoing efforts to develop these new-age antidepressants, new drug approvals are predicted in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Pilc
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.,Drug Management Department, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Machaczka
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Kawalec
- Drug Management Department, Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee MT, Peng WH, Kan HW, Wu CC, Wang DW, Ho YC. Neurobiology of Depression: Chronic Stress Alters the Glutamatergic System in the Brain-Focusing on AMPA Receptor. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051005. [PMID: 35625742 PMCID: PMC9138646 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the mood and mental well-being. Its pathophysiology remains elusive due to the complexity and heterogeneity of this disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Chronic stress is frequently cited as the one of the risk factors for MDD. To date, the conventional monoaminergic theory (serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine dysregulation) has received the most attention in the treatment of MDD, and all available classes of antidepressants target these monoaminergic systems. However, the contributions of other neurotransmitter systems in MDD have been widely reported. Emerging preclinical and clinical findings reveal that maladaptive glutamatergic neurotransmission might underlie the pathophysiology of MDD, thus revealing its critical role in the neurobiology of MDD and as the therapeutic target. Aiming beyond the monoaminergic hypothesis, studies of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the stress-induced impairment of AMPA (a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid)-glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain could provide novel insights for the development of a new generation of antidepressants without the detrimental side effects. Here, the authors reviewed the recent literature focusing on the role of AMPA-glutamatergic neurotransmission in stress-induced maladaptive responses in emotional and mood-associated brain regions, including the hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and periaqueductal gray.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tatt Lee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Wei-Hao Peng
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan; (W.-H.P.); (H.-W.K.)
| | - Hung-Wei Kan
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan; (W.-H.P.); (H.-W.K.)
| | - Cheng-Chun Wu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (D.-W.W.)
| | - Deng-Wu Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (D.-W.W.)
- Department of Psychiatry, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Ho
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan; (C.-C.W.); (D.-W.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yao C, Jiang X, Ye X, Xie T, Bai R. Antidepressant Drug Discovery and Development: Mechanism and Drug Design Based on Small Molecules. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuansheng Yao
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 P.R. China
| | - Xiang‐Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khoodoruth MAS, Estudillo-Guerra MA, Pacheco-Barrios K, Nyundo A, Chapa-Koloffon G, Ouanes S. Glutamatergic System in Depression and Its Role in Neuromodulatory Techniques Optimization. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:886918. [PMID: 35492692 PMCID: PMC9047946 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive disorders are among the most common psychiatric conditions and contribute to significant morbidity. Even though the use of antidepressants revolutionized the management of depression and had a tremendous positive impact on the patient's outcome, a significant proportion of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) show no or partial or response even with adequate treatment. Given the limitations of the prevailing monoamine hypothesis-based pharmacotherapy, glutamate and glutamatergic related pathways may offer an alternative and a complementary option for designing novel intervention strategies. Over the past few decades, there has been a growing interest in understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of glutamatergic dysfunctions in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders and the development of new pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options. There is a growing body of evidence for the efficacy of neuromodulation techniques, including transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcutaneous direct current stimulation, transcranial alternating current stimulation, and photo-biomodulation on improving connectivity and neuroplasticity associated with depression. This review attempts to revisit the role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the etiopathogenesis of depressive disorders and review the current neuroimaging, neurophysiological and clinical evidence of these neuromodulation techniques in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Anayali Estudillo-Guerra
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin Pacheco-Barrios
- Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Azan Nyundo
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Medicine and Dental Health, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | | | - Sami Ouanes
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qi S, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Xu H. The photocatalytic properties and construction of a WS 2/MoS 2/CdS heterojunction. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00470d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The as-prepared WS2/MoS2/CdS composite heterojunction semiconductor exhibited high photocatalytic activity when degrading organic pollutants under visible light illumination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Qi
- The School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- The School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- The School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Kaiyao Zhang
- The School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Huanyan Xu
- The School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gordillo-Salas M, Pascual-Antón R, Ren J, Greer J, Adell A. Antidepressant-Like Effects of CX717, a Positive Allosteric Modulator of AMPA Receptors. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3498-3507. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
7
|
Pham TH, Gardier AM. Fast-acting antidepressant activity of ketamine: highlights on brain serotonin, glutamate, and GABA neurotransmission in preclinical studies. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 199:58-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
8
|
An antidepressant-related pharmacological signature for positive allosteric modulators of α2/3-containing GABA A receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 170:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Xu NZ, Ernst M, Treven M, Cerne R, Wakulchik M, Li X, Jones TM, Gleason SD, Morrow D, Schkeryantz JM, Rahman MT, Li G, Poe MM, Cook JM, Witkin JM. Negative allosteric modulation of alpha 5-containing GABA A receptors engenders antidepressant-like effects and selectively prevents age-associated hyperactivity in tau-depositing mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1151-1161. [PMID: 29374303 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Associated with frank neuropathology, patients with Alzheimer's disease suffer from a host of neuropsychiatric symptoms that include depression, apathy, agitation, and aggression. Negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of α5-containing GABAA receptors have been suggested to be a novel target for antidepressant action. We hypothesized that pharmacological modulation of this target would engender increased motivation in stressful environments. METHODS We utilized electrophysiological recordings from Xenopus oocytes and behavioral measures in mice to address this hypothesis. RESULTS In the forced-swim assay in mice that detects antidepressant drugs, the α5β3γ2 GABAΑ receptor NAM, RY-080 produced a marked antidepressant phenotype. Another compound, PWZ-029, was characterized as an α5β3γ2 receptor NAM of lower intrinsic efficacy in electrophysiological studies in Xenopus oocytes. In contrast to RY-080, PWZ-029 was only moderately active in the forced-swim assay and the α5β3γ2 receptor antagonist, Xli-093, was not active at all. The effects of RY-080 were prevented by the non-selective benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil as well as by the selective ligands, PWZ-029 and Xli-093. These findings demonstrate that this effect of RY-080 is driven by negative allosteric modulation of α5βγ2 GABAA receptors. RY-080 was not active in the tail-suspension test. We also demonstrated a reduction in the age-dependent hyperactivity exhibited by transgenic mice that accumulate pathological tau (rTg4510 mice) by RY-080. The decrease in hyperactivity by RY-080 was selective for the hyperactivity of the rTg4510 mice since the locomotion of control strains of mice were not significantly affected by RY-080. CONCLUSIONS α5βγ2 GABAA receptor NAMs might function as a pharmacological treatment for mood, amotivational syndromes, and psychomotor agitation in patients with Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Z Xu
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Margot Ernst
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Treven
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rok Cerne
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark Wakulchik
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xia Li
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Timothy M Jones
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Scott D Gleason
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Denise Morrow
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael M Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- The Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rubio-Casillas A, Fernández-Guasti A. The dose makes the poison: from glutamate-mediated neurogenesis to neuronal atrophy and depression. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:599-622. [PMID: 27096778 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence has demonstrated that glutamate is an essential factor for neurogenesis, whereas another line of research postulates that excessive glutamatergic neurotransmission is associated with the pathogenesis of depression. The present review shows that such paradox can be explained within the framework of hormesis, defined as biphasic dose responses. Low glutamate levels activate adaptive stress responses that include proteins that protect neurons against more severe stress. Conversely, abnormally high levels of glutamate, resulting from increased release and/or decreased removal, cause neuronal atrophy and depression. The dysregulation of the glutamatergic transmission in depression could be underlined by several factors including a decreased inhibition (γ-aminobutyric acid or serotonin) or an increased excitation (primarily within the glutamatergic system). Experimental evidence shows that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPAR) can exert two opposite effects on neurogenesis and neuron survival depending on the synaptic or extrasynaptic concentration. Chronic stress, which usually underlies experimental and clinical depression, enhances glutamate release. This overactivates NMDA receptors (NMDAR) and consequently impairs AMPAR activity. Various studies show that treatment with antidepressants decreases plasma glutamate levels in depressed individuals and regulates glutamate receptors by reducing NMDAR function by decreasing the expression of its subunits and by potentiating AMPAR-mediated transmission. Additionally, it has been shown that chronic treatment with antidepressants having divergent mechanisms of action (including tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and ketamine) markedly reduced depolarization-evoked glutamate release in the hippocampus. These data, taken together, suggest that the glutamatergic system could be a final common pathway for antidepressant treatments.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, Dang S, Su Q, Zhang H, Lin T, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Sun H, Zhu Z, Li H. Hippocampal Acetylation may Improve Prenatal-Stress-Induced Depression-Like Behavior of Male Offspring Rats Through Regulating AMPARs Expression. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:3456-3464. [PMID: 29019029 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2393-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study is to determine the role and mechanism of hippocampal acetylation in prenatal stress (PS) induced depression-like behavior of male offspring rats. PS-induced depression rat model was established. Sucrose preference and forced swim test were used to observe the behavior changes of male offspring rats. Hippocampal acetylation was induced by Trichostatin A injection. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were used to determine the changes of AMPARs in acetylated hippocampus. The behavioral tests proved that AMPA was involved in the PS-induced depression-like behavior in offspring rats. Hippocampal acetylation significantly increased the preference to sucrose of PS-induced offspring rats and reduced the immobile time in forced swimming test, suggesting that acetylation could improve PS-induced depression-like behaviors. In addition, PS inhibited the expression levels of GluA1-3 subunits of AMPARs in the offspring hippocampus, while Hippocampal acetylation could reverse this effect by increasing GluA1-3 expression. PS-induced reduction of GluA1-3 subunits of AMPARs may be an important potential mechanism of offspring depression. Hippocampal acetylation may improve PS-induced offspring depression-like behavior through the enhanced expression of AMPARs (GluA1-3 subunits).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lu
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China.,Center Laboratory, Heze Medical College, Heze, 274000, Shandong, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Biomedicine Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 North Taibai North Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Biomedicine Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 North Taibai North Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi, China
| | - Shaokang Dang
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - Qian Su
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - Tianwei Lin
- Shaanxi Province Biomedicine Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 North Taibai North Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Shaanxi Province Biomedicine Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 North Taibai North Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi, China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical College, Xi'an, 710077, Shanxi, China
| | - Hongli Sun
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- Shaanxi Province Biomedicine Key Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, No. 229 North Taibai North Road, Beilin District, Xi'an, 710069, Shanxi, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Yanta District, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mendez-David I, Guilloux JP, Papp M, Tritschler L, Mocaer E, Gardier AM, Bretin S, David DJ. S 47445 Produces Antidepressant- and Anxiolytic-Like Effects through Neurogenesis Dependent and Independent Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:462. [PMID: 28769796 PMCID: PMC5515821 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamatergic dysfunctions are observed in the pathophysiology of depression. The glutamatergic synapse as well as the AMPA receptor’s (AMPAR) activation may represent new potential targets for therapeutic intervention in the context of major depressive disorders. S 47445 is a novel AMPARs positive allosteric modulator (AMPA-PAM) possessing procognitive, neurotrophic properties and enhancing synaptic plasticity. Here, we investigated the antidepressant/anxiolytic-like effects of S 47445 in a mouse model of anxiety/depression based on chronic corticosterone administration (CORT) and in the Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) model in rats. Four doses of S 47445 (0.3 to 10 mg/kg, oral route, 4 and 5 weeks, respectively) were assessed in both models. In mouse, behavioral effects were tested in various anxiety-and depression-related behaviors : the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field (OF), splash test (ST), forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), fur coat state and novelty suppressed feeding (NSF) as well as on hippocampal neurogenesis and dendritic arborization in comparison to chronic fluoxetine treatment (18 mg/kg, p.o.). In rats, behavioral effects of S 47445 were monitored using sucrose consumption and compared to those of imipramine or venlafaxine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) during the whole treatment period and after withdrawal of treatments. In a mouse model of genetic ablation of hippocampal neurogenesis (GFAP-Tk model), neurogenesis dependent/independent effects of chronic S 47445 treatment were tested, as well as BDNF hippocampal expression. S 47445 reversed CORT-induced depressive-like state by increasing grooming duration and reversing coat state’s deterioration. S 47445 also decreased the immobility duration in TST and FST. The highest doses (3 and 10 mg/kg) seem the most effective for antidepressant-like activity in CORT mice. Furthermore, S 47445 significantly reversed the anxiety phenotype observed in OF (at 1 mg/kg) and EPM (from 1 mg/kg). In the CMS rat model, S 47445 (from 1 mg/kg) demonstrated a rapid onset of effect on anhedonia compared to venlafaxine and imipramine. In the CORT model, S 47445 demonstrated significant neurogenic effects on proliferation, survival and maturation of hippocampal newborn neurons at doses inducing an antidepressant-like effect. It also corrected CORT-induced deficits of growth and arborization of dendrites. Finally, the antidepressant/anxiolytic-like activities of S 47445 required adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the novelty suppressed feeding test contrary to OF, EPM and ST. The observed increase in hippocampal BDNF levels could be one of the mechanisms of S 47445 responsible for the adult hippocampal neurogenesis increase. Altogether, S 47445 displays robust antidepressant-anxiolytic-like properties after chronic administration through neurogenesis dependent/independent mechanisms and neuroplastic activities. The AMPA-PAM S 47445 could have promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of major depressive disorders or generalized anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indira Mendez-David
- CESP/UMRS-1178, Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-SaclayChatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Guilloux
- CESP/UMRS-1178, Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-SaclayChatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mariusz Papp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of SciencesKrakow, Poland
| | - Laurent Tritschler
- CESP/UMRS-1178, Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-SaclayChatenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Alain M Gardier
- CESP/UMRS-1178, Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-SaclayChatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Sylvie Bretin
- Institut de Recherches Internationales ServierSuresnes, France
| | - Denis J David
- CESP/UMRS-1178, Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Sud - Université Paris-SaclayChatenay-Malabry, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Witkin JM, Rorick-Kehn LM, Benvenga MJ, Adams BL, Gleason SD, Knitowski KM, Li X, Chaney S, Falcone JF, Smith JW, Foss J, Lloyd K, Catlow JT, McKinzie DL, Svensson KA, Barth VN, Toledo MA, Diaz N, Lafuente C, Jiménez A, Benito A, Pedregal C, Martínez-Grau MA, Post A, Ansonoff MA, Pintar JE, Statnick MA. Preclinical findings predicting efficacy and side-effect profile of LY2940094, an antagonist of nociceptin receptors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00275. [PMID: 28097008 PMCID: PMC5226289 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is a 17 amino acid peptide whose receptor is designated ORL1 or nociceptin receptor (NOP). We utilized a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonist with documented engagement with NOP receptors in vivo to assess antidepressant‐ and anxiolytic‐related pharmacological effects of NOP receptor blockade along with measures of cognitive and motor impingement. LY2940094 ([2‐[4‐[(2‐chloro‐4,4‐difluoro‐spiro[5H‐thieno[2,3‐c]pyran‐7,4′‐piperidine]‐1′‐yl)methyl]‐3‐methyl‐pyrazol‐1‐yl]‐3‐pyridyl]methanol) displayed antidepressant‐like behavioral effects in the forced‐swim test in mice, an effect absent in NOP−/− mice. LY2940094 also augmented the behavioral effect of fluoxetine without changing target occupancies (NOP and serotonin reuptake transporter [SERT]). LY2940094 did not have effects under a differential‐reinforcement of low rate schedule. Although anxiolytic‐like effects were not observed in some animal models (conditioned suppression, 4‐plate test, novelty‐suppressed feeding), LY2940094 had effects like that of anxiolytic drugs in three assays: fear‐conditioned freezing in mice, stress‐induced increases in cerebellar cGMP in mice, and stress‐induced hyperthermia in rats. These are the first reports of anxiolytic‐like activity with a systemically viable NOP receptor antagonist. LY2940094 did not disrupt performance in either a 5‐choice serial reaction time or delayed matching‐to‐position assay. LY2940094 was also not an activator or suppressor of locomotion in rodents nor did it induce failures of rotarod performance. These data suggest that LY2940094 has unique antidepressant‐ and anxiolytic‐related pharmacological effects in rodents. Clinical proof of concept data on this molecule in depressed patients have been reported elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana
| | | | - Mark J Benvenga
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Benjamin L Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Scott D Gleason
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Karen M Knitowski
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Xia Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Steven Chaney
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Julie F Falcone
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Janice W Smith
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Windlesham Surrey United Kingdom
| | - Julie Foss
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Windlesham Surrey United Kingdom
| | - Kirsti Lloyd
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Windlesham Surrey United Kingdom
| | - John T Catlow
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana
| | - David L McKinzie
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Kjell A Svensson
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Vanessa N Barth
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana
| | - Miguel A Toledo
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis Indiana; Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Alcobendas Madrid Spain
| | - Nuria Diaz
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Alcobendas Madrid Spain
| | - Celia Lafuente
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Alcobendas Madrid Spain
| | - Alma Jiménez
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Alcobendas Madrid Spain
| | - Alfonso Benito
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Alcobendas Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Anke Post
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Windlesham Surrey United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Ansonoff
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School New Brunswick New Jersey
| | - John E Pintar
- Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School New Brunswick New Jersey
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Millan MJ, Rivet JM, Gobert A. The frontal cortex as a network hub controlling mood and cognition: Probing its neurochemical substrates for improved therapy of psychiatric and neurological disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:1099-1128. [PMID: 27756833 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116672342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The highly-interconnected and neurochemically-rich frontal cortex plays a crucial role in the regulation of mood and cognition, domains disrupted in depression and other central nervous system disorders, and it is an important site of action for their therapeutic control. For improving our understanding of the function and dysfunction of the frontal cortex, and for identifying improved treatments, quantification of extracellular pools of neuromodulators by microdialysis in freely-moving rodents has proven indispensable. This approach has revealed a complex mesh of autoreceptor and heteroceptor interactions amongst monoaminergic pathways, and led from selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors to novel classes of multi-target drugs for treating depression like the mixed α2-adrenoceptor/5-HT reuptake inhibitor, S35966, and the clinically-launched vortioxetine and vilazodone. Moreover, integration of non-monoaminergic actions resulted in the discovery and development of the innovative melatonin receptor agonist/5-HT2C receptor antagonist, Agomelatine. Melatonin levels, like those of corticosterone and the "social hormone", oxytocin, can now be quantified by microdialysis over the full 24 h daily cycle. Further, the introduction of procedures for measuring extracellular histamine and acetylcholine has provided insights into strategies for improving cognition by, for example, blockade of 5-HT6 and/or dopamine D3 receptors. The challenge of concurrently determining extracellular levels of GABA, glutamate, d-serine, glycine, kynurenate and other amino acids, and of clarifying their interactions with monoamines, has also been resolved. This has proven important for characterizing the actions of glycine reuptake inhibitors that indirectly augment transmission at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, and of "glutamatergic antidepressants" like ketamine, mGluR5 antagonists and positive modulators of AMPA receptors (including S47445). Most recently, quantification of the neurotoxic proteins Aβ42 and Tau has extended microdialysis studies to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, and another frontier currently being broached is microRNAs. The present article discusses the above themes, focusses on recent advances, highlights opportunities for clinical "translation", and suggests avenues for further progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in CNS disorders, IDR Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean-Michel Rivet
- Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in CNS disorders, IDR Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Alain Gobert
- Pole for Therapeutic Innovation in CNS disorders, IDR Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fitzpatrick CM, Larsen M, Madsen LH, Caballero-Puntiverio M, Pickering DS, Clausen RP, Andreasen JT. Positive allosteric modulation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid glutamate receptors differentially modulates the behavioural effects of citalopram in mouse models of antidepressant and anxiolytic action. Behav Pharmacol 2016; 27:549-55. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Witkin JM, Monn JA, Schoepp DD, Li X, Overshiner C, Mitchell SN, Carter G, Johnson B, Rasmussen K, Rorick-Kehn LM. The Rapidly Acting Antidepressant Ketamine and the mGlu2/3 Receptor Antagonist LY341495 Rapidly Engage Dopaminergic Mood Circuits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:71-82. [PMID: 27189960 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a rapidly acting antidepressant in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Although the mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully established, inquiry to date has focused on the triggering of synaptogenesis transduction pathways via glutamatergic mechanisms. Preclinical data suggest that blockade of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2/3) receptors shares many overlapping features and mechanisms with ketamine and may also provide rapid efficacy for TRD patients. Central dopamine circuitry is recognized as an end target for mood regulation and hedonic valuation and yet has been largely neglected in mechanistic studies of antidepressant-relevant effects of ketamine. Herein, we evaluated the changes in dopaminergic neurotransmission after acute administration of ketamine and the mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 [(2S)-2-amino-2-[(1S,2S)-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl]-3-(xanth-9-yl) propanoic acid ] in preclinical models using electrophysiologic, neurochemical, and behavioral endpoints. When given acutely, both ketamine and LY341495, but not the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram, increased the number of spontaneously active dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), increased extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex, and enhanced the locomotor stimulatory effects of the dopamine D2/3 receptor agonist quinpirole. Further, both ketamine and LY341495 reduced immobility time in the tail-suspension assay in CD1 mice, which are relatively resistant to SSRI antidepressants. Both the VTA neuronal activation and the antidepressant phenotype induced by ketamine and LY341495 were attenuated by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2,3-dioxo- (9CI)-benzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide, indicating AMPA-dependent effects. These findings provide another overlapping mechanism of action of ketamine and mGlu2/3 receptor antagonism that differentiates them from conventional antidepressants and thus support the potential rapidly acting antidepressant actions of mGlu2/3 receptor antagonism in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Witkin
- Departments of Neuroscience and Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.M.W., J.A.M., D.D.S., X.L., C.O., B.J., K.R., L.M.R.-K.), and Windlesham, Surrey, UK (S.N.M., G.C.)
| | - J A Monn
- Departments of Neuroscience and Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.M.W., J.A.M., D.D.S., X.L., C.O., B.J., K.R., L.M.R.-K.), and Windlesham, Surrey, UK (S.N.M., G.C.)
| | - D D Schoepp
- Departments of Neuroscience and Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.M.W., J.A.M., D.D.S., X.L., C.O., B.J., K.R., L.M.R.-K.), and Windlesham, Surrey, UK (S.N.M., G.C.)
| | - X Li
- Departments of Neuroscience and Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.M.W., J.A.M., D.D.S., X.L., C.O., B.J., K.R., L.M.R.-K.), and Windlesham, Surrey, UK (S.N.M., G.C.)
| | - C Overshiner
- Departments of Neuroscience and Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.M.W., J.A.M., D.D.S., X.L., C.O., B.J., K.R., L.M.R.-K.), and Windlesham, Surrey, UK (S.N.M., G.C.)
| | - S N Mitchell
- Departments of Neuroscience and Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.M.W., J.A.M., D.D.S., X.L., C.O., B.J., K.R., L.M.R.-K.), and Windlesham, Surrey, UK (S.N.M., G.C.)
| | - G Carter
- Departments of Neuroscience and Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.M.W., J.A.M., D.D.S., X.L., C.O., B.J., K.R., L.M.R.-K.), and Windlesham, Surrey, UK (S.N.M., G.C.)
| | - B Johnson
- Departments of Neuroscience and Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.M.W., J.A.M., D.D.S., X.L., C.O., B.J., K.R., L.M.R.-K.), and Windlesham, Surrey, UK (S.N.M., G.C.)
| | - K Rasmussen
- Departments of Neuroscience and Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.M.W., J.A.M., D.D.S., X.L., C.O., B.J., K.R., L.M.R.-K.), and Windlesham, Surrey, UK (S.N.M., G.C.)
| | - L M Rorick-Kehn
- Departments of Neuroscience and Discovery Chemistry, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.M.W., J.A.M., D.D.S., X.L., C.O., B.J., K.R., L.M.R.-K.), and Windlesham, Surrey, UK (S.N.M., G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Réus GZ, Abaleira HM, Titus SE, Arent CO, Michels M, da Luz JR, dos Santos MAB, Carlessi AS, Matias BI, Bruchchen L, Steckert AV, Ceretta LB, Dal-Pizzol F, Quevedo J. Effects of ketamine administration on the phosphorylation levels of CREB and TrKB and on oxidative damage after infusion of MEK inhibitor. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:177-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
18
|
Kara NZ, Flaisher-Grinberg S, Einat H. Partial effects of the AMPAkine CX717 in a strain specific battery of tests for manic-like behavior in black Swiss mice. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:928-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
19
|
Lodge D, Mercier MS. Ketamine and phencyclidine: the good, the bad and the unexpected. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4254-76. [PMID: 26075331 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of ketamine and phencyclidine from their development as potential clinical anaesthetics through drugs of abuse and animal models of schizophrenia to potential rapidly acting antidepressants is reviewed. The discovery in 1983 of the NMDA receptor antagonist property of ketamine and phencyclidine was a key step to understanding their pharmacology, including their psychotomimetic effects in man. This review describes the historical context and the course of that discovery and its expansion into other hallucinatory drugs. The relevance of these findings to modern hypotheses of schizophrenia and the implications for drug discovery are reviewed. The findings of the rapidly acting antidepressant effects of ketamine in man are discussed in relation to other glutamatergic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Lodge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - M S Mercier
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Thompson SM, Kallarackal AJ, Kvarta MD, Van Dyke AM, LeGates TA, Cai X. An excitatory synapse hypothesis of depression. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:279-94. [PMID: 25887240 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common cause of mortality and morbidity, but the biological bases of the deficits in emotional and cognitive processing remain incompletely understood. Current antidepressant therapies are effective in only some patients and act slowly. Here, we propose an excitatory synapse hypothesis of depression in which chronic stress and genetic susceptibility cause changes in the strength of subsets of glutamatergic synapses at multiple locations, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens (NAc), leading to a dysfunction of corticomesolimbic reward circuitry that underlies many of the symptoms of depression. This hypothesis accounts for current depression treatments and suggests an updated framework for the development of better therapeutic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Thompson
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Programs in Neuroscience and Membrane Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Angy J Kallarackal
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Programs in Neuroscience and Membrane Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mark D Kvarta
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Programs in Neuroscience and Membrane Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Adam M Van Dyke
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Programs in Neuroscience and Membrane Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tara A LeGates
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xiang Cai
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nguyen L, Matsumoto RR. Involvement of AMPA receptors in the antidepressant-like effects of dextromethorphan in mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 295:26-34. [PMID: 25804358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dextromethorphan (DM) is an antitussive with rapid acting antidepressant potential based on pharmacodynamic similarities to ketamine. Building upon our previous finding that DM produces antidepressant-like effects in the mouse forced swim test (FST), the present study aimed to establish the antidepressant-like actions of DM in the tail suspension test (TST), another well-established model predictive of antidepressant efficacy. Additionally, using the TST and FST, we investigated the role of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in the antidepressant-like properties of DM because accumulating evidence suggests that AMPA receptors play an important role in the pathophysiology of depression and may contribute to the efficacy of antidepressant medications, including that of ketamine. We found that DM displays antidepressant-like effects in the TST similar to the conventional and fast acting antidepressants characterized by imipramine and ketamine, respectively. Moreover, decreasing the first-pass metabolism of DM by concomitant administration of quinidine (CYP2D6 inhibitor) potentiated antidepressant-like actions, implying DM itself has antidepressant efficacy. Finally, in both the TST and FST, pretreatment with the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX (2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide) significantly attenuated the antidepressant-like behavior elicited by DM. Together, the data show that DM exerts antidepressant-like actions through AMPA receptors, further suggesting DM may act as a safe and effective fast acting antidepressant drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rae R Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Freudenberg F, Celikel T, Reif A. The role of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in depression: central mediators of pathophysiology and antidepressant activity? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:193-206. [PMID: 25783220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a major psychiatric disorder affecting more than 120 million people worldwide every year. Changes in monoaminergic transmitter release are suggested to take part in the pathophysiology of depression. However, more recent experimental evidence suggests that glutamatergic mechanisms might play a more central role in the development of this disorder. The importance of the glutamatergic system in depression was particularly highlighted by the discovery that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (particularly ketamine) exert relatively long-lasting antidepressant like effects with rapid onset. Importantly, the antidepressant-like effects of NMDA receptor antagonists, but also other antidepressants (both classical and novel), require activation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Additionally, expression of AMPA receptors is altered in patients with depression. Moreover, preclinical evidence supports an important involvement of AMPA receptor-dependent signaling and plasticity in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Here we summarize work published on the involvement of AMPA receptors in depression and discuss a possible central role for AMPA receptors in the pathophysiology, course and treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Freudenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Tansu Celikel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Center for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 AA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Straße 10, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Andreasen JT, Fitzpatrick CM, Larsen M, Skovgaard L, Nielsen SD, Clausen RP, Troelsen K, Pickering DS. Differential role of AMPA receptors in mouse tests of antidepressant and anxiolytic action. Brain Res 2015; 1601:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
24
|
Neis VB, Moretti M, Manosso LM, Lopes MW, Leal RB, Rodrigues ALS. Agmatine enhances antidepressant potency of MK-801 and conventional antidepressants in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 130:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
25
|
On 'polypharmacy' and multi-target agents, complementary strategies for improving the treatment of depression: a comparative appraisal. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1009-37. [PMID: 23719026 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression is a heterogeneous disorder, both in terms of symptoms, ranging from anhedonia to cognitive impairment, and in terms of pathogenesis, with many interacting genetic, epigenetic, developmental and environmental causes. Accordingly, it seems unlikely that depressive states could be fully controlled by a drug possessing one discrete mechanism of action and, in the wake of disappointing results with several classes of highly selective agent, multi-modal treatment concepts are attracting attention. As concerns pharmacotherapy, there are essentially two core strategies. First, multi-target antidepressants that act via two or more complementary mechanisms and, second, polypharmacy, which refers to co-administration of two distinct drugs, usually in separate pills. Both multi-target agents and polypharmacy ideally couple a therapeutically unexploited action to a clinically established mechanism in order to enhance efficacy, moderate side-effects, accelerate onset of action and treat a broader range of symptoms. The melatonin MT1/MT2 agonist and 5-HT(2C) antagonist, agomelatine, which is effective in the short- and long-term treatment of depression, exemplifies the former approach, while evidence-based polypharmacy is illustrated by the adjunctive use of second-generation antipsychotics with serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treatment of resistant depression. Histone acetylation and methylation, ghrelin signalling, inflammatory modulators, metabotropic glutamate-7 receptors and trace amine-associated-1 receptors comprise attractive substrates for new multi-target and polypharmaceutical strategies. The present article outlines the rationale underpinning multi-modal approaches for treating depression, and critically compares and contrasts the pros and cons of established and potentially novel multi-target vs. polypharmaceutical treatments. On balance, the former appear the most promising for the elaboration, development and clinical implementation of innovative concepts for the more effective management of depression.
Collapse
|
26
|
Wolak M, Siwek A, Szewczyk B, Poleszak E, Pilc A, Popik P, Nowak G. Involvement of NMDA and AMPA receptors in the antidepressant-like activity of antidepressant drugs in the forced swim test. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:991-7. [PMID: 24145093 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The involvement of glutamate system (particularly the NMDA and AMPA receptors) in the mechanism of antidepressant activity was demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the effect of NMDA and AMPA receptors' ligands (agonists and antagonists) on the antidepressant-like activity of escitalopram, milnacipran, imipramine and reboxetine in the forced swim test in mice. RESULTS Antidepressant activity (reduction in immobility time) of escitalopram and milnacipran but not of imipramine and reboxetine was antagonized by N-methyl-D-aspartate acid. CGP37849 (antagonist of the NMDA receptor) enhanced the antidepressant activity of all examined antidepressants. On the other hand, CX614 (a potentiator/positive allosteric modulator of the AMPA receptor) enhanced the antidepressant activity of imipramine and reboxetine but not of escitalopram and milnacipran in this test. NBQX (the AMPA receptor antagonist) did not influence the antidepressant activity of all tested agents. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate the complex interactions following the activation or blockade of the NMDA and AMPA receptors with antidepressant drugs. The general phenomenon is the enhancing effect of the NMDA receptor antagonism on the antidepressant activity. Moreover, is can be concluded that the activity of antidepressants with a serotonergic mechanism of action can be inhibited by NMDA activation, while antidepressants with a noradrenergic mechanism of action are dependent on AMPA receptor transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Wolak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hong SS, Cho SH. Antidepressant-like Effects of the Gastrodia elata Bl Extract in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7231/jon.2013.24.3.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
28
|
Seese RR, Chen LY, Cox CD, Schulz D, Babayan AH, Bunney WE, Henn FA, Gall CM, Lynch G. Synaptic abnormalities in the infralimbic cortex of a model of congenital depression. J Neurosci 2013; 33:13441-8. [PMID: 23946402 PMCID: PMC3742930 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2434-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that disturbances in excitatory transmission contribute to depression. Whether these defects involve the number, size, or composition of glutamatergic contacts is unclear. This study used recently introduced procedures for fluorescence deconvolution tomography in a well-studied rat model of congenital depression to characterize excitatory synapses in layer I of infralimbic cortex, a region involved in mood disorders, and of primary somatosensory cortex. Three groups were studied: (1) rats bred for learned helplessness (cLH); (2) rats resistant to learned helplessness (cNLH); and (3) control Sprague Dawley rats. In fields within infralimbic cortex, cLH rats had the same numerical density of synapses, immunolabeled for either the postsynaptic density (PSD) marker PSD95 or the presynaptic protein synaptophysin, as controls. However, PSD95 immunolabeling intensities were substantially lower in cLH rats, as were numerical densities of synapse-sized clusters of the AMPA receptor subunit GluA1. Similar but less pronounced differences (comparable numerical densities but reduced immunolabeling intensity for PSD95) were found in the somatosensory cortex. In contrast, non-helpless rats had 25% more PSDs than either cLH or control rats without any increase in synaptophysin-labeled terminal frequency. Compared with controls, both cLH and cNLH rats had fewer GABAergic contacts. These results indicate that congenital tendencies that increase or decrease depression-like behavior differentially affect excitatory synapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniela Schulz
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and
| | | | | | - Fritz A. Henn
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, and
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | - Christine M. Gall
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Gary Lynch
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, and
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Andreasen JT, Gynther M, Rygaard A, Bøgelund T, Nielsen SD, Clausen RP, Mogensen J, Pickering DS. Does increasing the ratio of AMPA-to-NMDA receptor mediated neurotransmission engender antidepressant action? Studies in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests. Neurosci Lett 2013; 546:6-10. [PMID: 23643996 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine-based antidepressant drugs increase α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) function and decrease N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function. The NMDAR antagonist ketamine shows potent antidepressant action in humans and the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and monoamine-based antidepressants in rodents depend on increased AMPAR throughput. Further, the antidepressant-like effects of monoamine-based antidepressants are enhanced by AMPAR potentiation and by NMDAR antagonism. This has led to a hypothesis that antidepressant efficacy involves an increases ratio of AMPAR-to-NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission. To further elucidate the interaction of AMPAR, NMDAR and monoamine transmission we tested combinations of the AMPAR positive allosteric modulator (AMPA potentiator), (R,R)-N,N-(2,20-[biphenyl-4-40-diyl]bis[propane-2,1-diyl])dimethanesulfonamide (PIMSD), with: the uncompetitive NMDAR antagonist MK-801; nicotine, which has potent glutamate-releasing properties; and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram using the mouse forced swim (mFST) and tail suspension tests (mTST). MK-801, nicotine or escitalopram did not induce antidepressant-like effects in either of the two tests. PIMSD enhanced the effect of MK-801 in the mFST, supporting the hypothesis that increasing AMPAR-to-NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission conveys antidepressant action. Nicotine-induced glutamate release simultaneously activates NMDARs and AMPARs and showed no net effect in the mFST when given alone. However, increasing the ratio of AMPAR-to-NMDA-R transmission by favouring AMPAR throughput with PIMSD revealed an antidepressant-like action of nicotine in the mFST. PIMSD also enhanced the effect of escitalopram treatment in the mFST and mTST, supporting existing evidence and suggesting a synergistic effect of simultaneously facilitating monoamine transmission and increasing the ratio of AMPAR-to-NMDAR throughput. No synergistic effects of the PIMSD+MK-801 or PIMSD+nicotine were found in the mTST, indicating a differential sensitivity of mFST and mTST when investigating glutamate-based antidepressant mechanisms. This study corroborates existing evidence that there may be an unexploited therapeutic potential in treating depression by directly increasing the ratio of AMPAR-to-NMDAR neurotransmission, possibly in combination with monoamine-based mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper T Andreasen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Levomilnacipran (F2695), a norepinephrine-preferring SNRI: profile in vitro and in models of depression and anxiety. Neuropharmacology 2013; 70:338-47. [PMID: 23499664 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Levomilnacipran (LVM; F2695) is the more active enantiomer of the serotonin/norepinephrine (5-HT/NE) reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) milnacipran and is currently under development for the treatment of major depressive disorder. LVM was benchmarked against two other SNRIs, duloxetine and venlafaxine, in biochemical, neurochemical and pharmacological assays. LVM exhibited high affinity for human NE (Ki = 92.2 nM) and 5-HT (11.2 nM) transporters, and potently inhibited NE (IC50 = 10.5 nM) and 5-HT (19.0 nM) reuptake (human transporter) in vitro. LVM had 2-fold greater potency for norepinephrine relative to serotonin reuptake inhibition (i.e. NE/5-HT potency ratio: 0.6) and 17 and 27 times higher selectivity for NE reuptake inhibition compared with venlafaxine and duloxetine, respectively. LVM did not exhibit affinity for 23 off-target receptors. LVM (i.p.) increased cortical extracellular levels of 5-HT, and NE (minimal effective doses: MEDs = 20 and 10 mg/kg, respectively). In anti-depressive/anti-stress models, i.p. LVM diminished immobility time in the mouse forced swim (MED = 20 mg/kg) and tail suspension (MED = 2.5 mg/kg) tests, and reduced shock-induced ultrasonic vocalizations in rats (MED = 5 mg/kg). Duloxetine and venlafaxine were less potent (MEDs ≥ 10 mg/kg). At doses active in these three therapeutically-relevant models, LVM (i.p.) did not significantly affect spontaneous locomotor activity. In summary, LVM is a potent, selective inhibitor of NE and 5-HT transporters with preferential activity at the former. It is efficacious in models of anti-depressive/anti-stress activity, with minimal potential for locomotor side effects.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Mood disorders are common and debilitating, resulting in a significant public health burden. Current treatments are only partly effective and patients who have failed to respond to trials of existing antidepressant agents (eg, those who suffer from treatment-resistant depression [TRD]) require innovative therapeutics with novel mechanisms of action. Although neuroscience research has elucidated important aspects of the basic mechanisms of antidepressant action, most antidepressant drugs target monoaminergic mechanisms identified decades ago. Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and glutamatergic dysfunction has been implicated in mood disorders. These data provide a rationale for the pursuit of glutamatergic agents as novel therapeutic agents. Here, we review preclinical and clinical investigations of glutamatergic agents in mood disorders with a focus on depression. We begin with discussion of evidence for the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine, followed by studies of the antidepressant efficacy of the currently marketed drugs riluzole and lamotrigine. Promising novel agents currently in development, including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor modulators, 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (AMPA) receptor modulators, and drugs with activity at the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are then reviewed. Taken together, both preclinical and clinical evidence exists to support the pursuit of small molecule modulators of the glutamate system as novel therapeutic agents in mood disorders. It is hoped that by targeting neural systems outside of the monoamine system, more effective and perhaps faster acting therapeutics can be developed for patients suffering from these disabling disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Ab Lapidus
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mathews DC, Henter ID, Zarate CA. Targeting the glutamatergic system to treat major depressive disorder: rationale and progress to date. Drugs 2012; 72:1313-33. [PMID: 22731961 DOI: 10.2165/11633130-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe, debilitating medical illness that affects millions of individuals worldwide. The young age of onset and chronicity of the disorder has a significant impact on the long-term disability that affected individuals face. Most existing treatments have focused on the 'monoamine hypothesis' for rational design of compounds. However, patients continue to experience low remission rates, residual subsyndromal symptoms, relapses and overall functional impairment. In this context, growing evidence suggests that the glutamatergic system is uniquely central to the neurobiology and treatment of MDD. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of MDD, and discuss the efficacy of glutamatergic agents as novel therapeutics. Preliminary clinical evidence has been promising, particularly with regard to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine as a 'proof-of-concept' agent. The review also highlights potential molecular and inflammatory mechanisms that may contribute to the rapid antidepressant response seen with ketamine. Because existing pharmacological treatments for MDD are often insufficient for many patients, the next generation of treatments needs to be more effective, rapid acting and better tolerated than currently available medications. There is extant evidence that the glutamatergic system holds considerable promise for developing the next generation of novel and mechanistically distinct agents for the treatment of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Mathews
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mathews DC, Henter ID, Zarate CA. Targeting the glutamatergic system to treat major depressive disorder: rationale and progress to date. Drugs 2012. [PMID: 22731961 DOI: 10.2165/11633130‐000000000‐00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe, debilitating medical illness that affects millions of individuals worldwide. The young age of onset and chronicity of the disorder has a significant impact on the long-term disability that affected individuals face. Most existing treatments have focused on the 'monoamine hypothesis' for rational design of compounds. However, patients continue to experience low remission rates, residual subsyndromal symptoms, relapses and overall functional impairment. In this context, growing evidence suggests that the glutamatergic system is uniquely central to the neurobiology and treatment of MDD. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathophysiology of MDD, and discuss the efficacy of glutamatergic agents as novel therapeutics. Preliminary clinical evidence has been promising, particularly with regard to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine as a 'proof-of-concept' agent. The review also highlights potential molecular and inflammatory mechanisms that may contribute to the rapid antidepressant response seen with ketamine. Because existing pharmacological treatments for MDD are often insufficient for many patients, the next generation of treatments needs to be more effective, rapid acting and better tolerated than currently available medications. There is extant evidence that the glutamatergic system holds considerable promise for developing the next generation of novel and mechanistically distinct agents for the treatment of MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Mathews
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Torres-Sanchez S, Perez-Caballero L, Mico JA, Elorza J, Berrocoso E. Preclinical discovery of duloxetine for the treatment of depression. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:745-55. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.693912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
35
|
Negative allosteric modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 results in broad spectrum activity relevant to treatment resistant depression. Neuropharmacology 2012; 66:202-14. [PMID: 22551786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that 30-50% of patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) are classified as suffering from treatment resistant depression (TRD) as they have an inadequate response to standard antidepressants. A key feature of this patient population is the increased incidence of co-morbid symptoms like anxiety and pain. Recognizing that current standards of care are largely focused on monoaminergic mechanisms of action (MOAs), innovative approaches to drug discovery for TRD are targeting glutamate hyperfunction. Here we describe the in vitro and in vivo profile of GRN-529, a novel negative allosteric modulator (NAM) of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). In cell based pharmacology assays, GRN-529 is a high affinity (Ki 5.4 nM), potent (IC50 3.1 nM) and selective (>1000-fold selective vs mGluR1) mGluR5 NAM. Acute administration of GRN-529 (0.1-30 mg/kg p.o.) had dose-dependent efficacy across a therapeutically relevant battery of animal models, comprising depression (decreased immobility time in tail suspension and forced swim tests) and 2 of the co-morbid symptoms overrepresented in TRD, namely anxiety (attenuation of stress-induced hyperthermia, and increased punished crossings in the four plate test) and pain (reversal of hyperalgesia due to sciatic nerve ligation or inflammation). The potential side effect liability of GRN-529 was also assessed using preclinical models: GRN-529 had no effect on rat sexual behavior or motor co-ordination (rotarod), however it impaired cognition in mice (social odor recognition). Efficacy and side effects of GRN-529 were compared to standard of care agents (antidepressant, anxiolytic or analgesics) and the tool mGluR5 NAM, MTEP. To assess the relationship between target occupancy and efficacy, ex vivo receptor occupancy was measured in parallel with efficacy testing. This revealed a strong correlation between target engagement, exposure and efficacy across behavioral endpoints, which supports the potential translational value of PET imaging to dose selection in patients. Collectively this broad spectrum profile of efficacy of GRN-529 supports our hypothesis that negative allosteric modulation of mGluR5 could represent an innovative therapeutic approach to the treatment of TRD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.
Collapse
|
36
|
Gibbons AS, Brooks L, Scarr E, Dean B. AMPA receptor expression is increased post-mortem samples of the anterior cingulate from subjects with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2012; 136:1232-7. [PMID: 22036795 PMCID: PMC3275646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder; however, the molecular changes underlying abnormal glutamatergic signalling remain poorly understood. Whilst previous studies have suggested that the NMDA receptor may be involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, it is unclear whether the non-NMDA receptors are also involved. Therefore, we sought to examine whether the expression of the non-NMDA, ionotropic glutamate receptors, AMPA receptor and kainate receptor, is altered in mood disorders. METHODS We used [3H]AMPA and [3H]kainate to measure the levels of AMPA and kainate receptor, respectively, in the anterior cingulate (BA 24) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BA 46) from post-mortem CNS in 10 subjects with major depressive disorder, 10 subjects with bipolar disorder and 10 control subjects. RESULTS A 20.7% to 27.7% increase in [3H]AMPA binding density was seen in BA 24 (p<0.05) but not BA 46 (p>0.05) in major depressive disorder compared to control levels. [3H]AMPA binding density was not changed in bipolar disorder in either BA 24 or BA 46 (p>0.05) compared to controls. [3H]Kainate binding was not changed in either BA 24 or BA 46 in either disorder compared to controls (p>0.05). LIMITATIONS Small sample sizes (n=10) were used in this study. The subjects were not drug naïve. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests increased in AMPA receptor levels in the anterior cingulate are involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. This data has relevance for the development of new anti-depressant drugs targeted towards the AMPA receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stuart Gibbons
- Rebecca L Cooper Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Lucy Brooks
- Rebecca L Cooper Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Victoria 3052, Australia,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia,Department of Neuroscience, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth Scarr
- Rebecca L Cooper Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Victoria 3052, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- Rebecca L Cooper Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Victoria 3052, Australia,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia,Department of Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
NMDA and AMPA receptors are involved in the antidepressant-like activity of tianeptine in the forced swim test in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:1526-32. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
38
|
Chronic antidepressant treatments induce a time-dependent up-regulation of AMPA receptor subunit protein levels. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:896-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
39
|
Lindholm JSO, Autio H, Vesa L, Antila H, Lindemann L, Hoener MC, Skolnick P, Rantamäki T, Castrén E. The antidepressant-like effects of glutamatergic drugs ketamine and AMPA receptor potentiator LY 451646 are preserved in bdnf⁺/⁻ heterozygous null mice. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:391-7. [PMID: 21867718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that biogenic amine-based antidepressants act, at least in part, via regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling. Biogenic amine-based antidepressants increase BDNF synthesis and activate its signaling pathway through TrkB receptors. Moreover, the antidepressant-like effects of these molecules are abolished in BDNF deficient mice. Glutamate-based drugs, including the NMDA antagonist ketamine, and the AMPA receptor potentiator LY 451646, mimic the effects of antidepressants in preclinical tests with high predictive validity. In humans, a single intravenous dose of ketamine produces an antidepressant effect that is rapid, robust and persistent. In this study, we examined the role of BDNF in expression of the antidepressant-like effects of ketamine and an AMPA receptor potentiator (LY 451646) in the forced swim test (FST). Ketamine and LY 451646 produced antidepressant-like effects in the FST in mice at 45 min after a single injection, but no effects were observed one week after a single ketamine injection. As previously reported, the effects of imipramine in the forced swim test were blunted in heterozygous BDNF knockout (bdnf(+/-)) mice. However ketamine and LY 451646 produced similar antidepressant-like responses in wildtype and bdnf(+/-) mice. Neither ketamine nor LY 451646 significantly influenced the levels BDNF or TrkB phosphorylation in the hippocampus when assessed at 45 min or 7 days after the drug administration. These data demonstrate that under the conditions tested, neither ketamine nor the AMPA-potentiator LY 451656 activate BDNF signaling, but produce a characteristic antidepressant-like response in heterozygous bdnf(+/-) mice. These data indicate that unlike biogenic amine-based agents, BDNF signaling does not play a pivotal role in the antidepressant effects of glutamate-based compounds. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
Collapse
|
40
|
Roles of glutamate signaling in preclinical and/or mechanistic models of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:688-704. [PMID: 21536063 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the glutamatergic system plays important roles in the pathophysiology and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Abnormalities in the glutamatergic system are definitely observed in this disorder, and certain glutamatergic agents exhibit antidepressant effects in patients with MDD. In this review, we summarize the preclinical findings suggesting the involvement of glutamate signaling in the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD. Preclinical animal models for depression are often characterized by changes in molecules related to glutamatergic signaling. Some antidepressants exert their effects by affecting glutamatergic system components in animals. Animals with genetically modified glutamatergic function exhibit depression-like behaviors or anti-depressive behavior. In addition, several types of glutamatergic agents have shown antidepressant-like effects in preclinical models for depression. Many types of glutamate receptors (NMDA, AMPA, and metabotropic glutamate receptors) or transporters appear to be involved in the etiology of depression or in the mechanisms of action of antidepressants. These functional proteins related to glutamate signal transduction are potential targets for a new generation of antidepressants with fast-onset effects, such as the NMDA antagonist ketamine.
Collapse
|
41
|
Individual stress vulnerability is predicted by short-term memory and AMPA receptor subunit ratio in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 2011; 30:16949-58. [PMID: 21159965 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4668-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased vulnerability to aversive experiences is one of the main risk factors for stress-related psychiatric disorders as major depression. However, the molecular bases of vulnerability, on the one hand, and stress resilience, on the other hand, are still not understood. Increasing clinical and preclinical evidence suggests a central involvement of the glutamatergic system in the pathogenesis of major depression. Using a mouse paradigm, modeling increased stress vulnerability and depression-like symptoms in a genetically diverse outbred strain, and we tested the hypothesis that differences in AMPA receptor function may be linked to individual variations in stress vulnerability. Vulnerable and resilient animals differed significantly in their dorsal hippocampal AMPA receptor expression and AMPA receptor binding. Treatment with an AMPA receptor potentiator during the stress exposure prevented the lasting effects of chronic social stress exposure on physiological, neuroendocrine, and behavioral parameters. In addition, spatial short-term memory, an AMPA receptor-dependent behavior, was found to be predictive of individual stress vulnerability and response to AMPA potentiator treatment. Finally, we provide evidence that genetic variations in the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 are linked to the vulnerable phenotype. Therefore, we propose genetic variations in the AMPA receptor system to shape individual stress vulnerability. Those individual differences can be predicted by the assessment of short-term memory, thereby opening up the possibility for a specific treatment by enhancing AMPA receptor function.
Collapse
|
42
|
Antidepressant-like effects of an AMPA receptor potentiator under a chronic mild stress paradigm. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:1207-18. [PMID: 20059803 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145709991076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancement of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) function has emerged as a novel strategy for treatment of depression. Nevertheless, studies on AMPAR function in chronic animal models used to predict antidepressant efficacy are surprisingly lacking. We investigated the role of AMPARs in antidepressant action in an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model in BALB/c mice. After 3 wk of UCMS, BALB/c mice developed a number of depressive-like behaviours that were successfully prevented by fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) administration. The AMPAR potentiator LY392098 [N-2-(4-(3-thienyl)phenyl)propyl 2-propanesulfonamide] (5 mg/kg), when administered alone, functioned like classic antidepressants by reducing weight loss, fur deterioration and immobility in the tail suspension test. However, LY392098 did not restore sucrose preference and did not reduce anxiety (marble-burying) in stressed mice. In the same protocol, the AMPAR antagonist GYKI (10 mg/kg) reversed most, but not all, of the antidepressant-like actions of fluoxetine. Thus, the antidepressant-like effects of LY392098 were fully predicted by the AMPAR dependence of effects demonstrated for fluoxetine. Our results demonstrate that, in the UCMS paradigm, AMPAR activation exhibits antidepressant-like activity that relates preferentially to specific depressive-like responses and that those specific responses can be defined by their regulation by AMPAR modulation under conditions of stress.
Collapse
|
43
|
Tomita S. Regulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors by their auxiliary subunits. Physiology (Bethesda) 2010; 25:41-9. [PMID: 20134027 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00033.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptors are major excitatory receptors in the brain. Recent findings have established auxiliary subunits of glutamate receptors as critical modulators of synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and neurological disorder. The elucidation of the molecular rules governing glutamate receptors and subunits will improve our understanding of synapses and of neural-circuit regulation in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Tomita
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
McEwen BS, Chattarji S, Diamond DM, Jay TM, Reagan LP, Svenningsson P, Fuchs E. The neurobiological properties of tianeptine (Stablon): from monoamine hypothesis to glutamatergic modulation. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:237-49. [PMID: 19704408 PMCID: PMC2902200 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tianeptine is a clinically used antidepressant that has drawn much attention, because this compound challenges traditional monoaminergic hypotheses of depression. It is now acknowledged that the antidepressant actions of tianeptine, together with its remarkable clinical tolerance, can be attributed to its particular neurobiological properties. The involvement of glutamate in the mechanism of action of the antidepressant tianeptine is consistent with a well-developed preclinical literature demonstrating the key function of glutamate in the mechanism of altered neuroplasticity that underlies the symptoms of depression. This article reviews the latest evidence on tianeptine's mechanism of action with a focus on the glutamatergic system, which could provide a key pathway for its antidepressant action. Converging lines of evidences demonstrate actions of tianeptine on the glutamatergic system, and therefore offer new insights into how tianeptine may be useful in the treatment of depressive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S. McEwen
- Alfred E. Mirsky Professor Head, Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology. The Rockefeller University 1230 York Avenue New York, NY 10021, USA, Phone: +1 212 327 8624
| | - Sumantra Chattarji
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Bangladore 560065, India, Phone: +91 80 23636421
| | - David M. Diamond
- Medical Research Division, Veterans Hospital, 13000 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33612;Center for Preclinical and Clinical Research on PTSD; Departments of Psychology and Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave., PCD 4118G, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA, Phone: +1 813974048
| | - Thérèse M. Jay
- INSERM, Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, U894 and Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France, Phone: +33 1 40788631
| | - Lawrence P. Reagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, Phone: 803 733-3237
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden, Phone: +46 (8) 52 48 79 26
| | - Eberhard Fuchs
- Clinical Neurobiology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Department of Neurology and DFG Research Center Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CMPB), University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, Phone: +49-551-3851 130
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Witkin JM, Li X. New approaches to the pharmacological management of major depressive disorder. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2009; 57:347-79. [PMID: 20230766 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)57009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite effective and safe therapies for major depressive disorder (MDD), the current arsenal of antidepressant therapies does not fully satisfy the needs of patients or physicians. Many patients are only partial responders or are treatment resistant and side effects interfere with compliance. The majority of antidepressants directly affect monoamine neurotransmission within the central nervous system. Moving beyond this mechanism has been a challenge because of the lack of knowledge about the underlying etiology and pathophysiology of MDD. Provided in this report is a review of some of the major new advances in MDD research that suggest the possibility of novel and improved future therapeutic options. Emphasis is placed on studies of unipolar, but not bipolar, depression. New therapies include dual and triple monoamine uptake inhibitors, non-conventional antidepressants such as tianeptine, and a number of augmentation strategies. In addition, studies are underway on a number of mechanisms of action that might yield the next therapeutic advance. These include agents that interact with endocannabiniod systems, examination of natural products, and compounds that influence neuropeptide systems such as galanin and melanin-concentrating hormone, and growth and neurotrophic factors. Epigenetic mechanisms involving histone modification are also being explored. An area of intensive investigation is glutamate neurotransmission. Data support the hypothesis that NMDA receptor antagonists are effective in MDD individuals resistant to conventional therapies. The potential of metabotropic glutamate receptors as novel targets is also discussed. Accumulating evidence supports the idea that amplification of AMPA receptor function is a critical link in the transduction processes involved antidepressant effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Su XW, Li XY, Banasr M, Koo JW, Shahid M, Henry B, Duman RS. Chronic treatment with AMPA receptor potentiator Org 26576 increases neuronal cell proliferation and survival in adult rodent hippocampus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 206:215-22. [PMID: 19603152 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Currently available antidepressants upregulate hippocampal neurogenesis and prefrontal gliogenesis after chronic administration, which could block or reverse the effects of stress. Allosteric alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor potentiators (ARPs), which have novel targets compared to current antidepressants, have been shown to have antidepressant properties in neurogenic and behavioral models. OBJECTIVES This study analyzed the effect of the ARP Org 26576 on the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of neurons and glia in the hippocampus and prelimbic cortex of adult rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats received acute (single day) or chronic (21 day) twice-daily intraperitoneal injections of Org 26576 (1-10 mg/kg). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry was conducted 24 h or 28 days after the last drug injection for the analysis of cell proliferation or survival, respectively. Confocal immunofluorescence analysis was used to determine the phenotype of surviving cells. RESULTS Acute administration of Org 26576 did not increase neuronal cell proliferation. However, chronic administration of Org 26576 increased progenitor cell proliferation in dentate gyrus (approximately 40%) and in prelimbic cortex (approximately 35%) at the 10-mg/kg dosage. Cells born in response to chronic Org 26576 in dentate gyrus exhibited increased rates of survival (approximately 30%) with the majority of surviving cells expressing a neuronal phenotype. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that Org 26576 may have antidepressant properties, which may be attributed, in part, to upregulation of hippocampal neurogenesis and prelimbic cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei W Su
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Castagné V, Porsolt RD, Moser P. Use of latency to immobility improves detection of antidepressant-like activity in the behavioral despair test in the mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 616:128-33. [PMID: 19549518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral despair test (BDT), also called the forced swim test, is an economic, reliable and sensitive test for the detection of potential antidepressant-like activity of new test substances. The vast majority of clinically active antidepressants are active in the BDT, although substances specifically acting on serotonin transmission are generally reported to be less easily detected. Substances active in the BDT decrease the duration of immobility at doses considered as relatively high. In contrast, some psychostimulants are considered as potential false positives since they are also active in the BDT although they are not recognized as clinically active antidepressants. In the present study we have evaluated the usefulness of latency to the first immobility period as an additional parameter in the BDT to further evaluate the effects of antidepressants and psychostimulants administered intraperitoneally in the mouse. The results show that this measure increases the sensitivity of the test for detecting the effects of tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine, desipramine) and selective serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (duloxetine and venlafaxine) but not of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (fluoxetine and escitalopram). In contrast with previous reports, psychostimulants (amphetamine and modafinil) did not affect the duration or the latency to immobility in the BDT. The mouse strain used in the BDT seems to be an important parameter to discriminate between antidepressants and psychostimulants. These results suggest that the measure of the latency to the first immobility improves the predictive validity of the BDT.
Collapse
|
48
|
Machado-Vieira R, Manji HK, Zarate CA. The role of the tripartite glutamatergic synapse in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of mood disorders. Neuroscientist 2009; 15:525-39. [PMID: 19471044 DOI: 10.1177/1073858409336093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder are common, chronic, and recurrent mood disorders that affect the lives of millions of individuals worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that glutamatergic system dysfunction is directly involved in mood disorders. This article describes the role of the "tripartite glutamatergic synapse," comprising presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons and glial cells, in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of mood disorders. Glutamatergic neurons and glia directly control synaptic and extrasynaptic glutamate levels/ release through integrative effects that target glutamate excitatory amino acid transporters, postsynaptic density proteins, ionotropic receptors (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid [AMPA], N-methyl-D-aspartate [NMDA], and kainate), and metabotropic receptors. This article also explores the glutamatergic modulators riluzole and ketamine, which are considered valuable proof-of-concept agents for developing the next generation of antidepressants and mood stabilizers. In therapeutically relevant paradigms, ketamine preferentially targets postsynaptic AMPA/NMDA receptors, and riluzole preferentially targets presynaptic voltage-operated channels and glia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Experimental Therapeutics, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Research Program, NIMH-NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kulkarni SK, Dhir A. Current investigational drugs for major depression. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009; 18:767-88. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780902880850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
50
|
Millan MJ. Dual- and triple-acting agents for treating core and co-morbid symptoms of major depression: novel concepts, new drugs. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:53-77. [PMID: 19110199 PMCID: PMC5084256 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade of efforts to find improved treatment for major depression has been dominated by genome-driven programs of rational drug discovery directed toward highly selective ligands for nonmonoaminergic agents. Selective drugs may prove beneficial for specific symptoms, for certain patient subpopulations, or both. However, network analyses of the brain and its dysfunction suggest that agents with multiple and complementary modes of action are more likely to show broad-based efficacy against core and comorbid symptoms of depression. Strategies for improved multitarget exploitation of monoaminergic mechanisms include triple inhibitors of dopamine, serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline reuptake, and drugs interfering with feedback actions of monoamines at inhibitory 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B) and possibly 5-HT(5A) and 5-HT(7) receptors. Specific subsets of postsynaptic 5-HT receptors mediating antidepressant actions are under study (e.g., 5-HT(4) and 5-HT(6)). Association of a clinically characterized antidepressant mechanism with a nonmonoaminergic component of activity is an attractive strategy. For example, agomelatine (a melatonin agonist/5-HT(2C) antagonist) has clinically proven activity in major depression. Dual neurokinin(1) antagonists/5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and melanocortin(4) antagonists/SRIs should display advantages over their selective counterparts, and histamine H(3) antagonists/SRIs, GABA(B) antagonists/SRIs, glutamatergic/SRIs, and cholinergic agents/SRIs may counter the compromised cognitive function of depression. Finally, drugs that suppress 5-HT reuptake and blunt hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocorticotrophic axis overdrive, or that act at intracellular proteins such as GSK-3beta, may abrogate the negative effects of chronic stress on mood and neuronal integrity. This review discusses the discovery and development of dual- and triple-acting antidepressants, focusing on novel concepts and new drugs disclosed over the last 2 to 3 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Psychopharmacology Department, Institut du Recherches Servier, Centre de Recherches de Croissy, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|