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Zheng S, Luo J, Zhu X, Gao X, Hua H, Cui J. Transcriptomic analysis of salivary gland and proteomic analysis of oral secretion in Helicoverpa armigera under cotton plant leaves, gossypol, and tannin stresses. Genomics 2022; 114:110267. [PMID: 35032617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gossypol and tannin are involved in important chemical defense processes in cotton plants. In this study, we used transcriptomics and proteomics to explore the changes in salivary gland functional genes and oral secretion (OS) proteins after feeding with artificial diet (containing gossypols and tannins) and cotton plant leaves. We found that dietary cotton plant leaves, gossypols and tannins exerted adverse impacts on the genes that regulated the functions of peptidase, GTPase, glycosyl hydrolases in the salivary glands of the Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera). However, GST, UGT, hydrolases, and lipase genes were up-regulated to participate in the detoxification and digestive of H. armigera. The oral secretory proteins of H. armigera were significantly inhibited under the stress of gossypol and tannin, such as enzyme activity, but some proteins (such as PZC71358.1) were up-regulated and involved in immune and digestive functions. The combined analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics showed a weak correlation, and the genes and proteins involved were mainly in digestive enzyme activities. Our work clarifies the deleterious physiological impacts of gossypols and tannins on H. armigera and reveals the mechanism by which H. armigera effectively mitigate the phytotoxic effects through detoxification and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaichao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China
| | - Xueke Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.
| | - Hongxia Hua
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jinjie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology/Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China.
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Sequestration of the plant secondary metabolite, colchicine, by the noctuid moth Polytela gloriosae (Fab.). CHEMOECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-019-00283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Li S, Huang X, McNeill MR, Liu W, Tu X, Ma J, Lv S, Zhang Z. Dietary Stress From Plant Secondary Metabolites Contributes to Grasshopper ( Oedaleus asiaticus) Migration or Plague by Regulating Insect Insulin-Like Signaling Pathway. Front Physiol 2019; 10:531. [PMID: 31130873 PMCID: PMC6509742 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets essentially affect the ecological distribution of insects, and may contribute to or even accelerate pest plague outbreaks. The grasshopper, Oedaleus asiaticus B-Bienko (OA), is a persistent pest occurring in northern Asian grasslands. Migration and plague of this grasshopper is tightly related to two specific food plants, Stipa krylovii Roshev and Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. However, how these diets regulate and contribute to plague is not clearly understood. Ecological studies have shown that L. chinensis is detrimental to OA growth due to the presence of high secondary metabolites, and that S. krylovii is beneficial because of the low levels of secondary metabolites. Moreover, in field habitats consisting mainly of these two grasses, OA density has negative correlation to high secondary metabolites and a positive correlation to nutrition content for high energy demand. These two grasses act as a 'push-pull,' thus enabling the grasshopper plague. Molecular analysis showed that gene expression and protein phosphorylation level of the IGF → FOXO cascade in the insulin-like signaling pathway (ILP) of OA negatively correlated to dietary secondary metabolites. High secondary metabolites in L. chinensis down-regulates the ILP pathway that generally is detrimental to insect survival and growth, and benefits insect detoxification with high energy cost. The changed ILP could explain the poor growth of grasshoppers and fewer distributions in the presence of L. chinensis. Plants can substantially affect grasshopper gene expression, protein function, growth, and ecological distribution. Down-regulation of grasshopper ILP due to diet stress caused by high secondary metabolites containing plants, such as L. chinensis, results in poor grasshopper growth and consequently drives grasshopper migration to preferable diet, such as S. krylovii, thus contributing to grasshopper plague outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xunbing Huang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Mark Richard McNeill
- Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, AgResearch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Xiongbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
| | - Jingchuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
| | - Shenjin Lv
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
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Panara F, Lopez L, Daddiego L, Fantini E, Facella P, Perrotta G. Comparative transcriptomics between high and low rubber producing Taraxacum kok-saghyz R. plants. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:875. [PMID: 30514210 PMCID: PMC6280347 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Taraxacum kok-saghyz R. (Tks) is a promising alternative species to Hevea brasiliensis for production of high quality natural rubber (NR). A comparative transcriptome analysis of plants with differential production of NR will contribute to elucidate which genes are involved in the synthesis, regulation and accumulation of this natural polymer and could help to develop Tks into a rubber crop. Results We measured rubber content in the latex of 90 individual Tks plants from 9 accessions, observing a high degree of variability. We carried out de novo root transcriptome sequencing, assembly, annotation and comparison of gene expression of plants with the lower (LR plants) and the higher rubber content (HR plants). The transcriptome analysis also included one plant that did not expel latex, in principle depleted of latex transcripts. Moreover, the transcription of some genes well known to play a major role in rubber biosynthesis, was probed by qRT-PCR. Our analysis showed a high modulation of genes involved in the synthesis of NR between LR and HR plants, and evidenced that genes involved in sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenoids and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis are upregulated in LR plants. Conclusions Our results show that a higher amount of rubber in the latex in HR plants is positively correlated with high expression levels of a number of genes directly involved in rubber synthesis showing that NR production is highly controlled at transcriptional level. On the other hand, lower amounts of rubber in LR plants is related with higher expression of genes involved in the synthesis of other secondary metabolites that, we hypothesize, may compete towards NR biosynthesis. This dataset represents a fundamental genomic resource for the study of Tks and the comprehension of the synthesis of NR and other biochemically and pharmacologically relevant compounds in the Taraxacum genus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5287-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panara
- Trisaia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, MT, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Loredana Lopez
- Trisaia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, MT, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Loretta Daddiego
- Trisaia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, MT, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Elio Fantini
- Trisaia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, MT, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Paolo Facella
- Trisaia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, MT, 75026, Rotondella, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Perrotta
- Trisaia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, MT, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
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Huang X, Ma J, Qin X, Tu X, Cao G, Wang G, Nong X, Zhang Z. Biology, physiology and gene expression of grasshopper Oedaleus asiaticus exposed to diet stress from plant secondary compounds. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8655. [PMID: 28819233 PMCID: PMC5561062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the role of plant primary and secondary metabolites in mediating plant-insect interactions by conducting a no-choice single-plant species field experiment to compare the suitability, enzyme activities, and gene expression of Oedaleus asiaticus grasshoppers feeding on four host and non-host plants with different chemical traits. O. asiaticus growth showed a positive relationship to food nutrition content and a negative relationship to secondary compounds content. Grasshopper amylase, chymotrypsin, and lipase activities were positively related to food starch, crude protein, and lipid content, respectively. Activity of cytochrome P450s, glutathione-S-transferase, and carboxylesterase were positively related to levels of secondary plant compounds. Gene expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2C1, cytochrome P450 6K1 were also positively related to secondary compounds content in the diet. Grasshoppers feeding on Artemisia frigida, a species with low nutrient content and a high level of secondary compounds, had reduced growth and digestive enzyme activity. They also had higher detoxification enzyme activity and gene expression compared to grasshoppers feeding on the grasses Cleistogenes squarrosa, Leymus chinensis, or Stipa krylovii. These results illustrated Oedaleus asiaticus adaptive responses to diet stress resulting from toxic chemicals, and support the hypothesis that nutritious food benefits insect growth, but plant secondary compounds are detrimental for insect growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunbing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Jingchuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Xinghu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Xiongbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Guangchun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Guangjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Xiangqun Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China.
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China.
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Abstract
Plant susceptibility to herbivore attack is determined not just by the suite of defenses present in different tissues of the plant, but also by the capabilities of the herbivore for tolerating, circumventing, or disarming the defenses. This article reviews the elaborate behaviors exhibited by leaf-chewing insects that appear to function specifically to deactivate hostplant defenses. Shortcomings in our understanding and promising areas for future research are highlighted. Behaviors covered include vein cutting, trenching, girdling, leaf clipping, and application of fluids from exocrine glands. Many of these behaviors have a widespread distribution, having evolved independently in multiple insect lineages. Insects utilizing the behaviors include significant agricultural, horticultural, and forestry pests, as well as numerous species important in natural ecosystems. Behavioral, ecological, and phylogenetic studies have documented the importance of the behaviors and their ancient history, but the molecular analysis of how the behaviors affect plant physiology has scarcely begun.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Dussourd
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Arkansas, 72035;
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7
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Chang CT, Lin YL, Lu SW, Huang CW, Wang YT, Chung YC. Characterization of a Chitosanase from Jelly Fig (Ficus awkeotsang Makino) Latex and Its Application in the Production of Water-Soluble Low Molecular Weight Chitosans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150490. [PMID: 26938062 PMCID: PMC4777521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A chitosanase was purified from jelly fig latex by ammonium sulfate fractionation (50–80% saturation) and three successive column chromatography steps. The purified enzyme was almost homogeneous, as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and gel activity staining. The molecular mass of the enzyme was 20.5 kDa. The isoelectric point (pI) was <3.5, as estimated by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis on PhastGel IEF 3-9. Using chitosan as the substrate, the optimal pH for the enzyme reaction was 4.5; the kinetic parameters Km and Vmax were 0.089 mg mL-1 and 0.69 μmol min-1 mg-1, respectively. The enzyme showed activity toward chitosan polymers which exhibited various degrees of deacetylation (21–94%). The enzyme hydrolyzed 70–84% deacetylated chitosan polymers most effectively. Substrate specificity analysis indicated that the enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of chitin and chitosan polymers and their derivatives. The products of the hydrolysis of chitosan polymer derivatives, ethylene glycol (EG) chitosan, carboxymethyl (CM) chitosan and aminoethyl (AE) chitosan, were low molecular weight chitosans (LMWCs); these products were referred to as EG-LMWC, CM-LMWC and AE-LMWC, respectively. The average molecular weights of EG-LMWC, CM-LMWC and AE-LMWC were 11.2, 11.2 and 8.89 kDa, respectively. All of the LMWC products exhibited free radical scavenging activities toward ABTS•+, superoxide and peroxyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Tien Chang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
| | - Yen-Lu Lin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
| | - Shu-Wei Lu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
| | - Chun-Wei Huang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
| | - Yu-Ting Wang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
| | - Yun-Chin Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, Republic of China (Taiwan)
- * E-mail:
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Ota E, Tsuchiya W, Yamazaki T, Nakamura M, Hirayama C, Konno K. Purification, cDNA cloning and recombinant protein expression of a phloem lectin-like anti-insect defense protein BPLP from the phloem exudate of the wax gourd, Benincasa hispida. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 89:15-25. [PMID: 23453909 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Latex and other exudates in plants contain various proteins that are thought to play important defensive roles against herbivorous insects and pathogens. Herein, the defensive effects of phloem exudates against the Eri silkworm, Samia ricini (Saturniidae, Lepidoptera) in several cucurbitaceous plants were investigated. It was found that phloem exudates are responsible for the defensive activities of cucurbitaceous plants, such as the wax gourd Benincasa hispida and Cucumis melo, especially in B. hispida, whose leaves showed the strongest growth-inhibitory activity of all the cucurbitaceous plants tested. A 35 kDa proteinaceous growth-inhibitory factor against insects designated BPLP (B. hispida Phloem Lectin-like Protein) was next isolated and purified from the B. hispida exudate, using anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. A very low concentration (70 μg/g) of BPLP significantly inhibited growth of S. ricini larvae. The full-length cDNA (1076 bp) encoding BPLP was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence of BPLP had 51% identity with a cucurbitaceous phloem lectin (phloem protein 2, PP2), and showed binding specificity to oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine. Some features of BPLP indicated that it does not have a cysteine residue and it is composed of two repeats of similar sequences, suggesting that BPLP is distinct from PP2. Recombinant BPLP, obtained by expressing the cDNA in Escherichia coli, showed both chitin-binding lectin activity and growth-inhibitory activity against S. ricini larvae. The present study thus provides experimental evidence that phloem exudates of Cucurbitaceae plants, analogous to plant latex, play defensive roles against insect herbivores, especially against chewing insects, and contain defensive substances toxic to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Ota
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
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Fricke J, Hillebrand A, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Abscisic Acid-Dependent Regulation of Small Rubber Particle Protein Gene Expression in Taraxacum brevicorniculatum is Mediated by TbbZIP1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:448-64. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Parachnowitsch AL, Caruso CM, Campbell SA, Kessler A. Lobelia siphilitica plants that escape herbivory in time also have reduced latex production. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37745. [PMID: 22662205 PMCID: PMC3360611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering phenology is an important determinant of a plant’s reproductive success. Both assortative mating and niche construction can result in the evolution of correlations between phenology and other reproductive, functional, and life history traits. Correlations between phenology and herbivore defence traits are particularly likely because the timing of flowering can allow a plant to escape herbivory. To test whether herbivore escape and defence are correlated, we estimated phenotypic and genetic correlations between flowering phenology and latex production in greenhouse-grown Lobelia siphilitica L. (Lobeliaceae). Lobelia siphilitica plants that flower later escape herbivory by a specialist pre-dispersal seed predator, and thus should invest fewer resources in defence. Consistent with this prediction, we found that later flowering was phenotypically and genetically correlated with reduced latex production. To test whether herbivore escape and latex production were costly, we also measured four fitness correlates. Flowering phenology was negatively genetically correlated with three out of four fitness estimates, suggesting that herbivore escape can be costly. In contrast, we did not find evidence for costs of latex production. Generally, our results suggest that herbivore escape and defence traits will not evolve independently in L. siphilitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Parachnowitsch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America.
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Konno K. Plant latex and other exudates as plant defense systems: roles of various defense chemicals and proteins contained therein. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1510-30. [PMID: 21450319 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant latex and other exudates are saps that are exuded from the points of plant damage caused either mechanically or by insect herbivory. Although many (ca. 10%) of plant species exude latex or exudates, and although the defensive roles of plant latex against herbivorous insects have long been suggested by several studies, the detailed roles and functions of various latex ingredients, proteins and chemicals, in anti-herbivore plant defenses have not been well documented despite the wide occurrence of latex in the plant kingdom. Recently, however, substantial progress has been made. Several latex proteins, including cysteine proteases and chitin-related proteins, have been shown to play important defensive roles against insect herbivory. In the mulberry (Morus spp.)-silkworm (Bombyx mori) interaction, an old and well-known model system of plant-insect interaction, plant latex and its ingredients--sugar-mimic alkaloids and defense protein MLX56--are found to play key roles. Complicated molecular interactions between Apocynaceae species and its specialist herbivores, in which cardenolides and defense proteins in latex play key roles, are becoming more and more evident. Emerging observations suggested that plant latex, analogous to animal venom, is a treasury of useful defense proteins and chemicals that has evolved through interspecific interactions. On the other hand, specialist herbivores developed sophisticated adaptations, either molecular, physiological, or behavioral, against latex-borne defenses. The existence of various adaptations in specialist herbivores itself is evidence that latex and its ingredients function as defenses at least against generalists. Here, we review molecular and structural mechanisms, ecological roles, and evolutionary aspects of plant latex as a general defense against insect herbivory and we discuss, from recent studies, the unique characteristics of latex-borne defense systems as transport systems of defense substances are discussed based on recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Konno
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
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12
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Beharav A, Ben-David R, Malarz J, Stojakowska A, Michalska K, Doležalová I, Lebeda A, Kisiel W. Variation of sesquiterpene lactones in Lactuca aculeata natural populations from Israel, Jordan and Turkey. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kitajima S, Kamei K, Taketani S, Yamaguchi M, Kawai F, Komatsu A, Inukai Y. Two chitinase-like proteins abundantly accumulated in latex of mulberry show insecticidal activity. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 11:6. [PMID: 20109180 PMCID: PMC2827359 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Plant latex is the cytoplasm of highly specialized cells known as laticifers, and is thought to have a critical role in defense against herbivorous insects. Proteins abundantly accumulated in latex might therefore be involved in the defense system. Results We purified latex abundant protein a and b (LA-a and LA-b) from mulberry (Morus sp.) and analyzed their properties. LA-a and LA-b have molecular masses of approximately 50 and 46 kDa, respectively, and are abundant in the soluble fraction of latex. Western blotting analysis suggested that they share sequence similarity with each other. The sequences of LA-a and LA-b, as determined by Edman degradation, showed chitin-binding domains of plant chitinases at the N termini. These proteins showed small but significant chitinase and chitosanase activities. Lectin RCA120 indicated that, unlike common plant chitinases, LA-a and LA-b are glycosylated. LA-a and LA-b showed insecticidal activities when fed to larvae of the model insect Drosophila melanogaster. Conclusions Our results suggest that the two LA proteins have a crucial role in defense against herbivorous insects, possibly by hydrolyzing their chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakihito Kitajima
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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Agrawal AA, Konno K. Latex: A Model for Understanding Mechanisms, Ecology, and Evolution of Plant Defense Against Herbivory. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag A. Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Entomology, and Cornell Center for a Sustainable Future, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2701;
| | - Kotaro Konno
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan;
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Oppel CB, Dussourd DE, Garimella U. Visualizing a Plant Defense and Insect Counterploy: Alkaloid Distribution in Lobelia Leaves Trenched by a Plusiine Caterpillar. J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:625-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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DUSSOURD DAVIDE. Do canal-cutting behaviours facilitate host-range expansion by insect herbivores? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lans C, Turner N, Khan T. Medicinal plant treatments for fleas and ear problems of cats and dogs in British Columbia, Canada. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:889-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The plant kingdom has elaborated several conducting systems. Three are primarily for mass transport: the aerenchyma (for gas exchange in submerged parts), the phloem (for exchange of nutrients within the plant), and the xylem (largely for transport of water from soil to transpiring leaves). Two others are believed to be primarily defensive and to store under pressure aversive contents which they exude when punctured: the laticifer and the secretory duct. This review provides for the latter two systems the highlights of what is known about their general physiology and ecophysiology but not their metabolism and their molecular biology. It is argued that, given the importance of laticifers and secretory ducts to plant defense against insect herbivory, these structures are under-investigated and deserve more intensive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Pickard
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Després L, David JP, Gallet C. The evolutionary ecology of insect resistance to plant chemicals. Trends Ecol Evol 2007; 22:298-307. [PMID: 17324485 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the diversity of insect responses to chemical pressures (e.g. plant allelochemicals and pesticides) in their local ecological context represents a key challenge in developing durable pest control strategies. To what extent do the resistance mechanisms evolved by insects to deal with the chemical defences of plants differ from those that have evolved to resist insecticides? Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of insect resistance to plant chemicals, with a special emphasis on their underlying molecular basis, evaluate costs associated with each resistance trait, and discuss the ecological and evolutionary significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Després
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, LECA UMR CNRS 5553, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53 38041, Grenoble Cedex 09, France.
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Lans C, Turner N, Khan T, Brauer G, Boepple W. Ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in British Columbia, Canada. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2007; 3:11. [PMID: 17324258 PMCID: PMC1831764 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of medicinal plants is an option for livestock farmers who are not allowed to use allopathic drugs under certified organic programs or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs for minor health problems of livestock. METHODS In 2003 we conducted semi-structured interviews with 60 participants obtained using a purposive sample. Medicinal plants are used to treat a range of conditions. A draft manual prepared from the data was then evaluated by participants at a participatory workshop. RESULTS There are 128 plants used for ruminant health and diets, representing several plant families. The following plants are used for abscesses: Berberis aquifolium/Mahonia aquifolium Echinacea purpurea, Symphytum officinale, Bovista pila, Bovista plumbea, Achillea millefolium and Usnea longissima. Curcuma longa L., Salix scouleriana and Salix lucida are used for caprine arthritis and caprine arthritis encephalitis. Euphrasia officinalis and Matricaria chamomilla are used for eye problems. Wounds and injuries are treated with Bovista spp., Usnea longissima, Calendula officinalis, Arnica sp., Malva sp., Prunella vulgaris, Echinacea purpurea, Berberis aquifolium/Mahonia aquifolium, Achillea millefolium, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Hypericum perforatum, Lavandula officinalis, Symphytum officinale and Curcuma longa. Syzygium aromaticum and Pseudotsuga menziesii are used for coccidiosis. The following plants are used for diarrhea and scours: Plantago major, Calendula officinalis, Urtica dioica, Symphytum officinale, Pinus ponderosa, Potentilla pacifica, Althaea officinalis, Anethum graveolens, Salix alba and Ulmus fulva. Mastitis is treated with Achillea millefolium, Arctium lappa, Salix alba, Teucrium scorodonia and Galium aparine. Anethum graveolens and Rubus sp., are given for increased milk production. Taraxacum officinale, Zea mays, and Symphytum officinale are used for udder edema. Ketosis is treated with Gaultheria shallon, Vaccinium sp., and Symphytum officinale. Hedera helix and Alchemilla vulgaris are fed for retained placenta. CONCLUSION Some of the plants showing high levels of validity were Hedera helix for retained placenta and Euphrasia officinalis for eye problems. Plants with high validity for wounds and injuries included Hypericum perforatum, Malva parviflora and Prunella vulgaris. Treatments with high validity against endoparasites included those with Juniperus communis and Pinus ponderosa. Anxiety and pain are well treated with Melissa officinalis and Nepeta caesarea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Lans
- BCICS, University of Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Nancy Turner
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3P5, Canada
| | - Tonya Khan
- DVM, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gerhard Brauer
- School of Health Information Science, University of Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3P5, Canada
| | - Willi Boepple
- Canadian Liaison National Saanen Breeders. 499 Millstream Lake Rd. Victoria, B.C., Canada, V9E 1K2
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