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Govindarajan B, Sligh JE, Vincent BJ, Li M, Canter JA, Nickoloff BJ, Rodenburg RJ, Smeitink JA, Oberley L, Zhang Y, Slingerland J, Arnold RS, Lambeth JD, Cohen C, Hilenski L, Griendling K, Martínez-Diez M, Cuezva JM, Arbiser JL. Overexpression of Akt converts radial growth melanoma to vertical growth melanoma. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:719-29. [PMID: 17318262 PMCID: PMC1797605 DOI: 10.1172/jci30102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the cancer with the highest increase in incidence, and transformation of radial growth to vertical growth (i.e., noninvasive to invasive) melanoma is required for invasive disease and metastasis. We have previously shown that p42/p44 MAP kinase is activated in radial growth melanoma, suggesting that further signaling events are required for vertical growth melanoma. The molecular events that accompany this transformation are not well understood. Akt, a signaling molecule downstream of PI3K, was introduced into the radial growth WM35 melanoma in order to test whether Akt overexpression is sufficient to accomplish this transformation. Overexpression of Akt led to upregulation of VEGF, increased production of superoxide ROS, and the switch to a more pronounced glycolytic metabolism. Subcutaneous implantation of WM35 cells overexpressing Akt led to rapidly growing tumors in vivo, while vector control cells did not form tumors. We demonstrated that Akt was associated with malignant transformation of melanoma through at least 2 mechanisms. First, Akt may stabilize cells with extensive mitochondrial DNA mutation, which can generate ROS. Second, Akt can induce expression of the ROS-generating enzyme NOX4. Akt thus serves as a molecular switch that increases angiogenesis and the generation of superoxide, fostering more aggressive tumor behavior. Targeting Akt and ROS may be of therapeutic importance in treatment of advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Govindarajan
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - James E. Sligh
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bethaney J. Vincent
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Meiling Li
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeffrey A. Canter
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Brian J. Nickoloff
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard J. Rodenburg
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan A. Smeitink
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Larry Oberley
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joyce Slingerland
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebecca S. Arnold
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. David Lambeth
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cynthia Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lu Hilenski
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kathy Griendling
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Diez
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Cuezva
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jack L. Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, and Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Division of Dermatology and Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Health System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Department of Medicine, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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