1
|
Mallya K, Gautam SK, Aithal A, Batra SK, Jain M. Modeling pancreatic cancer in mice for experimental therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188554. [PMID: 33945847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy that is characterized by early metastasis, low resectability, high recurrence, and therapy resistance. The experimental mouse models have played a central role in understanding the pathobiology of PDAC and in the preclinical evaluation of various therapeutic modalities. Different mouse models with targetable pathological hallmarks have been developed and employed to address the unique challenges associated with PDAC progression, metastasis, and stromal heterogeneity. Over the years, mouse models have evolved from simple cell line-based heterotopic and orthotopic xenografts in immunocompromised mice to more complex and realistic genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) involving multi-gene manipulations. The GEMMs, mostly driven by KRAS mutation(s), have been widely accepted for therapeutic optimization due to their high penetrance and ability to recapitulate the histological, molecular, and pathological hallmarks of human PDAC, including comparable precursor lesions, extensive metastasis, desmoplasia, perineural invasion, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Advanced GEMMs modified to express fluorescent proteins have allowed cell lineage tracing to provide novel insights and a new understanding about the origin and contribution of various cell types in PDAC pathobiology. The syngeneic mouse models, GEMMs, and target-specific transgenic mice have been extensively used to evaluate immunotherapies and study therapy-induced immune modulation in PDAC yielding meaningful results to guide various clinical trials. The emerging mouse models for parabiosis, hepatic metastasis, cachexia, and image-guided implantation, are increasingly appreciated for their high translational significance. In this article, we describe the contribution of various experimental mouse models to the current understanding of PDAC pathobiology and their utility in evaluating and optimizing therapeutic modalities for this lethal malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Mallya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Shailendra K Gautam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
| | - Abhijit Aithal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Development and Biological Analysis of a Novel Orthotopic Peritoneal Dissemination Mouse Model Generated Using a Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cell Line. Pancreas 2019; 48:315-322. [PMID: 30747829 PMCID: PMC6426353 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peritoneal dissemination (PD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We sought to develop and characterized a novel PD mouse model by using a previously established PDAC cell line TCC-Pan2. METHODS TCC-Pan2 cell line was characterized for growth rate, tumor markers, histology, and somatic mutations. TCC-Pan2 cells were implanted orthotopically to produce PD. TCC-Pan2 cells from these metastatic foci were expanded in vitro and then implanted orthotopically in mice. This PD model was used for comparing the antitumor effect of paclitaxel and NK105. RESULTS Orthotopically implanted TCC-Pan2 cells caused tumor formation and PD with high frequency in mice. A potent metastatic subline-Pan2M-was obtained. NK105 exerted a stronger antitumor effect than paclitaxel against Pan2M cells harboring a luciferase gene (Pan2MmLuc). Notably, the survival rate on day 80 in the Pan2MmLuc mouse model was 100% for the NK105 group and 0% for the paclitaxel group. CONCLUSION TCC-Pan2 cell line and Pan2MmLuc PD model can serve as useful tools for monitoring the responses to antineoplastic agents and for studying PDAC biology.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma A, Arambula JF, Koo S, Kumar R, Singh H, Sessler JL, Kim JS. Hypoxia-targeted drug delivery. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:771-813. [PMID: 30575832 PMCID: PMC6361706 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00304a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a state of low oxygen tension found in numerous solid tumours. It is typically associated with abnormal vasculature, which results in a reduced supply of oxygen and nutrients, as well as impaired delivery of drugs. The hypoxic nature of tumours often leads to the development of localized heterogeneous environments characterized by variable oxygen concentrations, relatively low pH, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The hypoxic heterogeneity promotes tumour invasiveness, metastasis, angiogenesis, and an increase in multidrug-resistant proteins. These factors decrease the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs and can provide a barrier to advancing drug leads beyond the early stages of preclinical development. This review highlights various hypoxia-targeted and activated design strategies for the formulation of drugs or prodrugs and their mechanism of action for tumour diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
It is highly desirable to develop novel approaches to improve patient survival rate of pancreatic cancer through early detection. Here, we present such an approach based on photoacoustic and fluorescence molecular imaging of pancreatic tumor using a miniature multimodal endoscope in combination with targeted multifunctional iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). A novel fan-shaped scanning mechanism was developed to minimize the invasiveness for endoscopic imaging of pancreatic tumors. The results show that the enhancements in photoacoustic and fluorescence signals using amino-terminal fragment (ATF) targeted IONPs were ~four to six times higher compared to that using non-targeted IONPs. Our study indicates the potential of the combination of the multimodal photoacoustic-fluorescence endoscopy and targeted multifunctional nanoparticles as an efficient tool to provide improved specificity and sensitivity for pancreatic cancer detection.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shi ZM, Wang L, Shen H, Jiang CF, Ge X, Li DM, Wen YY, Sun HR, Pan MH, Li W, Shu YQ, Liu LZ, Peiper SC, He J, Jiang BH. Downregulation of miR-218 contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor metastasis in lung cancer by targeting Slug/ZEB2 signaling. Oncogene 2017; 36:2577-2588. [PMID: 28192397 PMCID: PMC5422710 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been recognized as a key element of cell migration and invasion in lung cancer; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Recently, emerging evidence suggest that miRNAs have crucial roles in control of EMT and EMT-associated traits such as migration, invasion and chemoresistance. Here, we found that miR-218 expression levels were significantly downregulated in lung cancer tissues compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and the levels of miR-218 were significantly associated with histological grades and lymph node metastasis. Overexpression of miR-218 inhibited cell migration and invasion as well as the EMT process. Of particular importance, miR-218 was involved in the metastatic process of lung cancer cells in vivo by suppressing local invasion and distant colonization. We identified Slug and ZEB2 as direct functional targets of miR-218. Inverse correlations were observed between miR-218 levels and Slug/ZEB2 levels in cancer tissue samples. In addition, overexpression of miR-218 in H1299 increased chemosensitivity of cells to cisplatin treatment through suppression of Slug and ZEB2. These findings highlight an important role of miR-218 in the regulation of EMT-related traits and metastasis of lung cancer in part by modulation of Slug/ZEB2 signaling, and provide a potential therapeutic strategy by targeting miR-218 in NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z-M Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Wang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Shen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - C-F Jiang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - X Ge
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - D-M Li
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y-Y Wen
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - H-R Sun
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - M-H Pan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - W Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Y-Q Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - L-Z Liu
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S C Peiper
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J He
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B-H Jiang
- State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe protocols for tumor imaging technologies in mouse models. These models utilize human cancer cell lines which have been genetically engineered to selectively express high levels of green fluorescent protein (GFP) or red fluorescent protein (RFP). Tumors with fluorescent genetic reporters are established subcutaneously in nude mice, and fragments of the subcutaneous tumors are then surgically transplanted onto the orthotopic organ. Locoregional tumor growth and distant metastasis of these orthotopic implants occur spontaneously and rapidly throughout the abdomen in a manner consistent with clinical human disease. Highly specific, high-resolution, real-time quantitative fluorescence imaging of tumor growth and metastasis may be achieved in vivo without the need for contrast agents, invasive techniques, or expensive imaging equipment. Transplantation of RFP-expressing tumor fragments onto the pancreas of GFP- or cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-expressing transgenic nude mice was used to facilitate visualization of tumor-host interaction between the pancreatic cancer cells and host-derived stroma and vasculature. Such in vivo models have enabled us to visualize in real time and acquire images of the progression of pancreatic cancer in the live animal, and to demonstrate the real-time antitumor and antimetastatic effects of several novel therapeutic strategies on a variety of malignancies. We discuss studies from our laboratory that demonstrate that fluorescence imaging in mice is complementary to other modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound. These fluorescent models are powerful and reliable tools with which to investigate metastatic human cancer and novel therapeutic strategies directed against it.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rajasekaran S, Tamatam CR, Potteti HR, Raman V, Lee JW, Matthay MA, Mehta D, Reddy NM, Reddy SP. Visualization of Fra-1/AP-1 activation during LPS-induced inflammatory lung injury using fluorescence optical imaging. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L414-24. [PMID: 26071555 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00315.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate lung inflammatory response following oxidant and toxicant exposure can lead to abnormal repair and disease pathogenesis, including fibrosis. Thus early detection of molecular and cellular processes and mediators promoting lung inflammation is necessary to develop better strategies for therapeutic intervention and disease management. Previously, we have shown that transcription factor Fra-1/AP-1 plays key roles in lung inflammatory response, as Fra-1-null mice are less susceptible than wild-type mice to LPS-induced lung injury and mortality. Herein, we developed a transgenic reporter mouse model expressing tdTomato under the control of FRA-1 (human) promoter (referred to as FRA-1(TdTg) mice) to monitor its activation during inflammatory lung injury using fluorescence protein-based optical imaging and molecular analysis in vivo and ex vivo. A higher red fluorescent signal was observed in the lungs of LPS-treated FRA-1(TdTg) mice compared with vehicle controls, and Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses revealed a significant correlation with the FRA-1-tdTomato reporter expression. Immunocolocalization demonstrated expression of FRA-1-tdTomato largely in lung alveolar macrophages and to some extent in epithelial cells. Moreover, we validated these results with a second reporter mouse model that expressed green fluorescent protein upon activation of endogenous Fra-1 promoter. Additionally, we demonstrated increased expression of FRA-1 in alveolar macrophages in human lung instilled with Escherichia coli ex vivo. Collectively, our data obtained from two independent reporter mouse models and from human samples underscore the significance of Fra-1 activation in alveolar macrophages during inflammatory lung injury and may aid in developing strategies to target this transcription factor in lung injury and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subbiah Rajasekaran
- Division of Developmental Biology and Basic Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chandramohan R Tamatam
- Division of Developmental Biology and Basic Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Haranatha R Potteti
- Division of Developmental Biology and Basic Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Venu Raman
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jae-Woo Lee
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Dolly Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Narsa M Reddy
- Division of Developmental Biology and Basic Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
| | - Sekhar P Reddy
- Division of Developmental Biology and Basic Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Longitudinal Bioluminescence Imaging of Primary Versus Abdominal Metastatic Tumor Growth in Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumor Models in NSG Mice. Pancreas 2015; 44:64-75. [PMID: 25406955 PMCID: PMC4262664 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate noninvasive bioluminescence imaging methods for differentially monitoring primary and abdominal metastatic tumor growth in mouse orthotopic models of pancreatic cancer. METHODS A semiautomated maximum entropy segmentation method was implemented for the primary tumor region of interest, and a rule-based method for manually drawing a region of interest for the abdominal metastatic region was developed for monitoring tumor growth in orthotopic models of pancreatic cancer. The 2 region-of-interest methods were validated by having 2 observers independently segment Panc-1 tumors, and the results were compared with the number of mesenteric lymph node nodules and histopathologic assessment of liver metastases. The findings were extended to orthotopic tumors of the more metastatic MIA PaCa-2 and AsPC-1 cells where separate groups of animals were implanted with different numbers of cells. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the segmentation methods were highly reliable, reproducible, and robust and allowed statistically significant discrimination in the growth rates of primary and abdominal metastatic tumors of different cell lines implanted with different numbers of cells. CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrate that primary tumors and abdominal metastatic foci in orthotopic pancreatic cancer models can be reliably quantified separately and noninvasively over time with bioluminescence imaging.
Collapse
|
9
|
Metildi CA, Kaushal S, Pu M, Messer KA, Luiken GA, Moossa AR, Hoffman RM, Bouvet M. Fluorescence-guided surgery with a fluorophore-conjugated antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), that highlights the tumor, improves surgical resection and increases survival in orthotopic mouse models of human pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:1405-11. [PMID: 24499827 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have developed a method of distinguishing normal tissue from pancreatic cancer in vivo using fluorophore-conjugated antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) with a fluorophore-conjugated antibody to CEA, to highlight the tumor, can improve surgical resection and increase disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in orthotopic mouse models of human pancreatic cancer. METHODS We established nude-mouse models of human pancreatic cancer with surgical orthotopic implantation of the human BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer. Orthotopic tumors were allowed to develop for 2 weeks. Mice then underwent bright-light surgery (BLS) or FGS 24 h after intravenous injection of anti-CEA-Alexa Fluor 488. Completeness of resection was assessed from postoperative imaging. Mice were followed postoperatively until premorbid to determine DFS and OS. RESULTS Complete resection was achieved in 92 % of mice in the FGS group compared to 45.5 % in the BLS group (p = 0.001). FGS resulted in a smaller postoperative tumor burden (p = 0.01). Cure rates with FGS compared to BLS improved from 4.5 to 40 %, respectively (p = 0.01), and 1-year postoperative survival rates increased from 0 % with BLS to 28 % with FGS (p = 0.01). Median DFS increased from 5 weeks with BLS to 11 weeks with FGS (p = 0.0003). Median OS increased from 13.5 weeks with BLS to 22 weeks with FGS (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS FGS resulted in greater cure rates and longer DFS and OS using a fluorophore-conjugated anti-CEA antibody. FGS has potential to improve the surgical treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A Metildi
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is critical for developed countries, where its rate of diagnosis has been increasing steadily annually. In the past decade, the advances of pancreatic cancer research have not contributed to the decline in mortality rates from pancreatic cancer-the overall 5-year survival rate remains about 5% low. This number only underscores an obvious urgency for us to better understand the biological features of pancreatic carcinogenesis, to develop early detection methods, and to improve novel therapeutic treatments. To achieve these goals, animal modeling that faithfully recapitulates the whole process of human pancreatic cancer is central to making the advancements. In this review, we summarize the currently available animal models for pancreatic cancer and the advances in pancreatic cancer animal modeling. We compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of three major categories of these models: (1) carcinogen-induced; (2) xenograft and allograft; and (3) genetically engineered mouse models. We focus more on the genetically engineered mouse models, a category which has been rapidly expanded recently for their capacities to mimic human pancreatic cancer and metastasis, and highlight the combinations of these models with various newly developed strategies and cell-lineage labeling systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanglong Qiu
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave, ICRC 10-04, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gloria H. Su
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave, ICRC 10-04, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Du J, Lu X, Long Z, Zhang Z, Zhu X, Yang Y, Xu J. In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of aconitine on melanoma cell line B16. Molecules 2013; 18:757-67. [PMID: 23299553 PMCID: PMC6270132 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18010757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor effect of aconitine in melanoma cell line B16 has been studied in this paper. We found that B16 cells showed significantly reduced growth rates and increased apoptotic effects in the presence of aconitine. Furthermore, aconitine inhibited the PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways, thus regulating the levels of protein and mRNA of PCNA and apoptotic related signaling molecules. Above all, we found that aconitine showed an anti-melanoma effect in suppressing tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, we show that aconitine may be a useful anticancer drug in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Dermatology Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaonian Lu
- Dermatology Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ziwen Long
- Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Dermatology Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Dermatology Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- Dermatology Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Dermatology Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-21-5288-7776
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hlavaty J, Petznek H, Holzmüller H, Url A, Jandl G, Berger A, Salmons B, Günzburg WH, Renner M. Evaluation of a gene-directed enzyme-product therapy (GDEPT) in human pancreatic tumor cells and their use as in vivo models for pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40611. [PMID: 22815775 PMCID: PMC3398047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) is a two-step treatment protocol for solid tumors that involves the transfer of a gene encoding a prodrug-activating enzyme followed by administration of the inactive prodrug that is subsequently activated by the enzyme to its tumor toxic form. However, the establishment of such novel treatment regimes to combat pancreatic cancer requires defined and robust animal model systems. Methods Here, we comprehensively compared six human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PaCa-44, PANC-1, MIA PaCa-2, Hs-766T, Capan-2, and BxPc-3) in subcutaneous and orthotopical mouse models as well as in their susceptibility to different GDEPTs. Results Tumor uptake was 83% to 100% in the subcutaneous model and 60% to 100% in the orthotopical mouse model, except for Hs-766T cells, which did not grow orthotopically. Pathohistological analyses of the orthotopical models revealed an infiltrative growth of almost all tumors into the pancreas; however, the different cell lines gave rise to tumors with different morphological characteristics. All of the resultant tumors were positive for MUC-1 staining indicating their origin from glandular or ductal epithelium, but revealed scattered pan-cytokeratin staining. Transfer of the cytochrome P450 and cytosine deaminase suicide gene, respectively, into the pancreatic cancer cell lines using retroviral vector technology revealed high level infectibility of these cell lines and allowed the analysis of the sensitivity of these cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs ifosfamide and 5-fluorocytosine, respectively. Conclusion These data qualify the cell lines as part of valuable in vitro and in vivo models for the use in defined preclinical studies for pancreas tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Hlavaty
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Immunotherapy, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helga Petznek
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harry Holzmüller
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Url
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerrit Jandl
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - André Berger
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Brian Salmons
- Austrianova Singapore Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Walter H. Günzburg
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Austrianova Singapore Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthias Renner
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lu G, Zheng M, Zhu Y, Sha M, Wu Y, Han X. Selection of peptide inhibitor to matrix metalloproteinase-2 using phage display and its effects on pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 and CFPAC-1. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:650-62. [PMID: 22606046 PMCID: PMC3354623 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous advances in cancer treatment and survival rates, pancreatic cancer remains one of the most deadly afflictions and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to be involved in cancer progression. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 is known to play a pivotal role in tumor invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis, and validated to be the anticancer target. Inhibition of MMP-2 activity is able to reduce the cancer cell invasion and suppress tumor growth in vivo. Two novel peptides, M204C4 and M205C4, which could specially inhibit MMP-2 activity, were identified by a phage display library screening. We showed that M204C4 and M205C4 inhibited the activity of MMP-2 in a dose dependent manner in vitro. Two peptides reduced MMP-2 mediated invasion of the pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 and CFPAC-1, but not affected the expression and release of MMP-2. Furthermore, these two peptides could suppress tumor growth in vivo. Our results indicated that two peptides selected by phase display technology may be used as anticancer drugs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Clinical Diabetes Centre of Jiangsu Province, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ma MZ, Cheng DF, Ye JH, Zhou Y, Wang JX, Shi MM, Han BS, Peng CH. Microencapsulated tumor assay: evaluation of the nude mouse model of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:257-67. [PMID: 22294829 PMCID: PMC3261543 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To establish a more stable and accurate nude mouse model of pancreatic cancer using cancer cell microencapsulation. METHODS The assay is based on microencapsulation technology, wherein human tumor cells are encapsulated in small microcapsules (approximately 420 μm in diameter) constructed of semipermeable membranes. We implemented two kinds of subcutaneous implantation models in nude mice using the injection of single tumor cells and encapsulated pancreatic tumor cells. The size of subcutaneously implanted tumors was observed on a weekly basis using two methods, and growth curves were generated from these data. The growth and metastasis of orthotopically injected single tumor cells and encapsulated pancreatic tumor cells were evaluated at four and eight weeks postimplantation by positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan and necropsy. The pancreatic tumor samples obtained from each method were then sent for pathological examination. We evaluated differences in the rates of tumor incidence and the presence of metastasis and variations in tumor volume and tumor weight in the cancer microcapsules vs single-cell suspensions. RESULTS Sequential in vitro observations of the microcapsules showed that the cancer cells in microcapsules proliferated well and formed spheroids at days 4 to 6. Further in vitro culture resulted in bursting of the membrane of the microcapsules and cells deviated outward and continued to grow in flasks. The optimum injection time was found to be 5 d after tumor encapsulation. In the subcutaneous implantation model, there were no significant differences in terms of tumor volume between the encapsulated pancreatic tumor cells and cells alone and rate of tumor incidence. There was a significant difference in the rate of successful implantation between the cancer cell microencapsulation group and the single tumor-cell suspension group (100% vs 71.43%, respectively, P = 0.0489) in the orthotropic implantation model. The former method displayed an obvious advantage in tumor mass (4th wk: 0.0461 ± 0.0399 vs 0.0313 ± 0.021, t = -0.81, P = 0.4379; 8th wk: 0.1284 ± 0.0284 vs 0.0943 ± 0.0571, t = -2.28, respectively, P = 0.0457) compared with the latter in the orthotopic implantation model. CONCLUSION Encapsulation of pancreatic tumor cells is a reliable method for establishing a pancreatic tumor animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhe Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital affiliated with to Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu Z, Zhou J, Hoffman RM. Lentivirus-based DsRed-2-transfected pancreatic cancer cells for deep in vivo imaging of metastatic disease. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 872:69-83. [PMID: 22700404 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-797-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies. One of the leading causes of pancreatic cancer death is metastasis. The early stages of tumor progression and micrometastasis formation have been difficult to analyze and have been hampered by the inability to identify small numbers of tumor cells against a background of many host cells. The intrinsic brightness of fluorescent proteins has been taken advantage of to develop a technology of whole-body imaging of tumors and gene expression in mouse internal organs. Stable transformation with fluorescent protein genes can be effected using lentiviral vectors containing a selectable marker such as neomycin resistance. The cells that stably express fluorescent proteins can then be transplanted into appropriate mouse models. For whole-body imaging, nude mice are very appropriate, the hair does not need to be removed by shaving or depilation. The instruments used are very simple, they need appropriate excitation and emission filters. It is crucial that proper filters be used such that background autofluorescence is minimal. Fluorescent protein-based imaging technology can be used for whole-body imaging of fluorescent cells on essentially all organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeqian Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nan Jing City, Jiang Su Province, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bouvet M, Hoffman RM. In vivo imaging of pancreatic cancer with fluorescent proteins in mouse models. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 872:51-67. [PMID: 22700403 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-797-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe protocols for clinically-relevant, metastatic orthotopic mouse models of pancreatic cancer, made imageable with genetic reporters. These models utilize human pancreatic-cancer cell lines which have been genetically engineered to selectively express high levels of green fluorescent protein (GFP) or red fluorescent protein (RFP). Tumors with fluorescent genetic reporters are established subcutaneously in nude mice by injection of the GFP- or RFP-expressing pancreatic cancer cell lines, and fragments of the subcutaneous tumors are then surgically transplanted onto the pancreas of additional nude mice. Loco-regional tumor growth and distant metastasis of these orthotopic tumors occurs spontaneously and rapidly throughout the abdomen in a manner consistent with clinical human disease. Highly-specific, high-resolution, real-time quantitative fluorescence imaging of tumor growth, and metastasis is achieved in vivo without the need for contrast agents, invasive techniques, or expensive imaging equipment. Transplantation of RFP-expressing tumor fragments onto the pancreas of GFP- or cyan fluorescent protein (CFP)-expressing transgenic nude mice was used to facilitate visualization of tumor-host interaction between the pancreatic cancer cells and host-derived stroma and vasculature. Such in vivo models have enabled us to visualize in real time and acquire images of the progression of pancreatic cancer in the live animal. These models can demonstrate the real-time antitumor and antimetastatic effects of novel therapeutic strategies on pancreatic malignancy. These fluorescent models are therefore powerful and reliable tools with which to investigate metastatic human pancreatic cancer and novel therapeutic strategies directed against it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bouvet
- GI Cancer Unit, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wei S, Sun Y, Yang Z, Song Y. [Establishment of orthotopic lung cancer model expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2011; 13:670-5. [PMID: 20673481 PMCID: PMC6000371 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2010.07.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In vivo molecular imaging with mouse model could continuously and in real-time monitor the changes of the tumor. The aim of this study is to establish stable enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expressing NCI-H460 cell lines and relevant mouse model via orthotopic transplantation, and to study the characteristic of this model and the quantitative detection method of the primary tumor and metastatic lesions. METHODS Human lung cancer NCI-H460 cells were transfected with retroviral vector containing the EGFP. Stable high-level expression of EGFP was maintained in the subcutaneously-growing tumors. Fragments of the subcutaneously growing tumor, which were comprised of EGFP-expressing cells, were implanted by surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI) in the lung of nude mice. The dynamic growth of orthotopic tumor was observed using in vivo fluorescence imaging. The correlation of fluorescence area and tumor volume was tested. RESULTS After the model established, green fluorescent can be observed through the flap in day 7. Tumor formation rate was 100%. Mean survival time of tumor-bearing nude mice was 34.2 days. The metastasis sites were the contralateral lung, mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes, pleura and diaphragm; metastasis rates were 87.5%, 75%, 25% and 12.5%, respectively. Tumor volume and fluorescence area was correlated (r = 0.873, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The nude mouse model bearing orthotopic human lung cancer expressing EGFP has been successfully established. The model might be used for further molecular studies on tumor metastasis, angiogenesis and also be applied to anti-tumor drug screening in preclinical stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Wei
- Medical College, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pajic M, Scarlett CJ, Chang DK, Sutherland RL, Biankin AV. Preclinical strategies to define predictive biomarkers for therapeutically relevant cancer subtypes. Hum Genet 2011; 130:93-101. [PMID: 21516344 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-0990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Defining key driver mutations in cancer, the resulting aberrations in molecular mechanisms and the subsequent phenotype underpins the development and implementation of novel personalized medicine strategies. The literature is replete with biomarkers of prognosis and therapeutic responsiveness identified in single cohorts of patients that have not been independently validated and as a consequence, not developed. Integrating companion biomarker discovery with therapeutic development at the preclinical stage creates the opportunity to identify candidate biomarkers early, which would significantly facilitate both biomarker and therapeutic development. Advances in "-omic" technologies have led to large-scale efforts in characterizing and cataloguing the full range of aberrations in cancer. These include the International Cancer Genome Consortium and The Cancer Genome Atlas, which aim to comprehensively catalogue the range of genomic aberrations for large numbers of cancers for a progressively increasing range of cancer types and subtypes. The technical challenges associated with achieving these goals in some instances have required the generation of primary xenografts and cell lines. These extensively characterized model systems will provide an unprecedented resource for the discovery of biomarkers of therapeutic responsiveness for established therapies, and the development of companion biomarkers linked with preclinical novel therapeutic development in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pajic
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Grzesiak JJ, Tran Cao HS, Burton DW, Kaushal S, Vargas F, Clopton P, Snyder CS, Deftos LJ, Hoffman RM, Bouvet M. Knockdown of the β(1) integrin subunit reduces primary tumor growth and inhibits pancreatic cancer metastasis. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:2905-15. [PMID: 21491421 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To address the role of β(1) integrins in pancreatic cancer progression, we stably knocked down β(1) integrin subunit expression in human FG-RFP pancreatic cancer cells using lentiviral-based RNA interference. We then examined the effects of β(1) integrin subunit knockdown on pancreatic cancer cell adhesion, migration and proliferation on tumor microenvironment-specific extracellular matrix proteins in vitro and on tumor progression in vivo using a clinically relevant fluorescent orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Knockdown of the β(1) integrin subunit inhibited cell adhesion, migration and proliferation on types I and IV collagen, fibronectin and laminin in vitro. In vivo, knockdown of the β(1) integrin subunit reduced primary tumor growth by 50% and completely inhibited spontaneously occurring metastasis. These observations indicate a critical role for the β(1) integrin subunit in pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis in particular. Our results suggest the β(1) integrin subunit as a therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, especially in the adjuvant setting to prevent metastasis of this highly aggressive cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Grzesiak
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rapoport N, Nam KH, Gupta R, Gao Z, Mohan P, Payne A, Todd N, Liu X, Kim T, Shea J, Scaife C, Parker DL, Jeong EK, Kennedy AM. Ultrasound-mediated tumor imaging and nanotherapy using drug loaded, block copolymer stabilized perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions. J Control Release 2011; 153:4-15. [PMID: 21277919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions can deliver lipophilic therapeutic agents to solid tumors and simultaneously provide for monitoring nanocarrier biodistribution via ultrasonography and/or (19)F MRI. In the first generation of block copolymer stabilized perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions, perfluoropentane (PFP) was used as the droplet forming compound. Although manifesting excellent therapeutic and ultrasound imaging properties, PFP nanoemulsions were unstable at storage, difficult to handle, and underwent hard to control phenomenon of irreversible droplet-to-bubble transition upon injection. To solve the above problems, perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether (PFCE) was used as a core forming compound in the second generation of block copolymer stabilized perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions. PFCE nanodroplets manifest both ultrasound and fluorine ((19)F) MR contrast properties, which allows using multimodal imaging and (19)F MR spectroscopy for monitoring nanodroplet pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. In the present paper, acoustic, imaging, and therapeutic properties of unloaded and paclitaxel (PTX) loaded PFCE nanoemulsions are reported. As manifested by the (19)F MR spectroscopy, PFCE nanodroplets are long circulating, with about 50% of the injected dose remaining in circulation 2h after the systemic injection. Sonication with 1-MHz therapeutic ultrasound triggered reversible droplet-to-bubble transition in PFCE nanoemulsions. Microbubbles formed by acoustic vaporization of nanodroplets underwent stable cavitation. The nanodroplet size (200nm to 350nm depending on a type of the shell and conditions of emulsification) as well as long residence in circulation favored their passive accumulation in tumor tissue that was confirmed by ultrasonography. In the breast and pancreatic cancer animal models, ultrasound-mediated therapy with paclitaxel-loaded PFCE nanoemulsions showed excellent therapeutic properties characterized by tumor regression and suppression of metastasis. Anticipated mechanisms of the observed effects are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Rapoport
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Divalent cations modulate alpha2beta1 integrin-mediated malignancy in a novel 3-dimensional in vitro model of pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 2010; 39:904-12. [PMID: 20182393 PMCID: PMC2888635 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181ce60a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously showed that divalent cations regulate alpha2beta1 integrin-mediated pancreatic cancer cell interactions with type I collagen in 2 dimensions (2D), including cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. Presently, we examined divalent cation-dependent alpha2beta1 integrin-mediated pancreatic cancer cell adhesion and proliferation on type I collagen in a novel 3D in vitro model. METHODS Cell attachment, proliferation, and antibody inhibition assays on type I collagen in both 2D and 3D, and microscopy and immunoblotting were used for these studies. RESULTS As in 2D, cell attachment on type I collagen in 3D is Mg-dependent and inhibited by Ca. Proliferation in 3D is also Mg-dependent, but maximal when Mg is present at concentrations that promote maximal cell adhesion and Ca is present at concentrations less than Mg. Immunoblotting studies demonstrate that the divalent cation-dependent changes in cell-cell adhesion observed on type I collagen in both 2D and 3D are associated with the changes in E-cadherin and beta-catenin expression. Antibody inhibition assays indicate further that the alpha2beta1 integrin specifically mediates proliferation on type I collagen in 3D under altered divalent cation conditions. CONCLUSIONS Divalent cation shifts could activate alpha2beta1 integrin-mediated malignancy in the type I collagen-rich 3D tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
|
22
|
Tran Cao HS, Bouvet M, Kaushal S, Keleman A, Romney E, Kim G, Fruehauf J, Imagawa DK, Hoffman RM, Katz MH. Metronomic gemcitabine in combination with sunitinib inhibits multisite metastasis and increases survival in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2068-78. [PMID: 20606044 PMCID: PMC4383085 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metronomic chemotherapy suppresses growth of primary tumors and established metastases. However, its effect on metastatic progression is essentially unknown. We report the treatment of a metastatically competent model of pancreatic cancer with metronomic gemcitabine and sunitinib. Mice with orthotopic, red fluorescent protein-expressing, pancreatic cancer tumorgrafts were treated with gemcitabine on a metronomic (1 mg/kg daily, METG) or maximum tolerated dose (150 mg/kg twice weekly, MTDG) schedule with or without sunitinib (SU). Rates of primary tumor growth, metastasis, ascites, and survival were calculated. Gemcitabine at a daily dose of 2 mg or greater led to toxicity within 1 month in mice without tumors but METG at 1 mg/kg/d was well tolerated. Mice with pancreatic cancer tumorgrafts died with metastatic disease at a median of 25 days. METG/SU significantly prolonged median overall survival (44 days) compared with control or either regimen alone (P < 0.05). Primary tumor growth was inhibited by METG/SU (P = 0.03) but neither METG nor sunitinib alone. In contrast, treatment with METG suppressed metastasis at multiple sites, an effect enhanced by sunitinib. MTDG with or without sunitinib had the most favorable effect on primary tumor growth and survival, but its antimetastatic efficacy was similar to that of METG/SU. von Willebrand factor expression was inhibited by METG. Antimetastatic activity approaching that of MTDG is achieved with a total dose reduced 42 times using METG and is further enhanced by sunitinib. Our results suggest the potential of this therapeutic paradigm against pancreatic cancer in the adjuvant and maintenance settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hop S. Tran Cao
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Diego
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Diego
| | | | - Alex Keleman
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Eric Romney
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Ginna Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Irvine, Orange, California
| | - John Fruehauf
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Orange, California
| | - David K. Imagawa
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Diego
- AntiCancer Incorporated, San Diego, California
| | - Matthew H.G. Katz
- Department of Surgery, University of California at Irvine, Orange, California
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pseudopodium-enriched atypical kinase 1 regulates the cytoskeleton and cancer progression [corrected]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10920-5. [PMID: 20534451 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914776107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton plays a central role in cell migration and cancer progression. Here, we report the discovery of a cytoskeleton-associated kinase, pseudopodium-enriched atypical kinase 1 (PEAK1). PEAK1 is a 190-kDa nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that localizes to actin filaments and focal adhesions. PEAK1 undergoes Src-induced tyrosine phosphorylation, regulates the p130Cas-Crk-paxillin and Erk signaling pathways, and operates downstream of integrin and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) to control cell spreading, migration, and proliferation. Perturbation of PEAK1 levels in cancer cells alters anchorage-independent growth and tumor progression in mice. Notably, primary and metastatic samples from colon cancer patients display amplified PEAK1 levels in 81% of the cases. Our findings indicate that PEAK1 is an important cytoskeletal regulatory kinase and possible target for anticancer therapy.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhou J, Yu Z, Zhao S, Hu L, Zheng J, Yang D, Bouvet M, Hoffman RM. Lentivirus-based DsRed-2-transfected pancreatic cancer cells for deep in vivo imaging of metastatic disease. J Surg Res 2009; 157:63-70. [PMID: 19589544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 08/10/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human malignancies. One of the leading causes of pancreatic cancer death is metastasis. In this report, we developed in vitro, a stable high-expression red fluorescent protein (RFP) transductant of the pancreatic cancer cells with a lentiviral expression vector containing the DsRed-2 RFP gene. These fluorescent pancreatic cancer cells were used to establish an orthotopic metastatic model and an experimental angiogenesis metastatic model of pancreatic cancer in nude mice. The high-level expression of RFP enables the imaging of distant micrometastases in their target organs. RFP expression did not interfere with the biological properties of the transformed cells compared to the parental cell line. We also demonstrated that lentiviral-transduced pancreatic cancer cells maintained stable high-level RFP expression during their growth in vitro and in vivo. The fluorescence was sufficient to noninvasively image tumor growth and metastasis, even in deep tissue such as the lung. The results indicate the benefit of lentivirus transfection of cancer cells for high expression of RFP and for sensitive in vivo imaging of metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shi J, Wei PK, Zhang S, Qin ZF, Li J, Sun DZ, Xiao Y, Yu ZH, Lin HM, Zheng GJ, Su XM, Chen YL, Liu YF, Xu L. OB glue paste technique for establishing nude mouse human gastric cancer orthotopic transplantation models. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:4800-4. [PMID: 18720543 PMCID: PMC2739344 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.4800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish nude mouse human gastric cancer orthotopic transplantation models using OB glue paste technique.
METHODS: Using OB glue paste technique, orthotopic transplantation models were established by implanting SGC-7901 and MKN-45 human gastric cancer cell strains into the gastric wall of nude mice. Biological features, growth of the implanted tumors, the success rate of transplantation and the rate of auto-metastasis of the two models were observed.
RESULTS: The success rates of orthotopic transplan-tation of the two models were 94.20% and 96%. The rates of hepatic metastasis, pulmonary metastasis, peritoneal metastasis, lymphocytic metastasis and splenic metastasis were 42.13% and 94.20%, 48.43% and 57.97%, 30.83% and 36.96%, 67.30% and 84.06%, and 59.75% and 10.53%, respectively. The occurrence of ascites was 47.80% and 36.96%.
CONCLUSION: OB glue paste technique is easy to follow. The biological behaviors of the nude mouse human gastric cancer orthotopic transplantation models established with this technique are similar to the natural processes of growth and metastasis of human gastric cancer, and, therefore, can be used as an ideal model for experimental research of proliferative metastasis of tumors.
Collapse
|
26
|
Grzesiak JJ, Bouvet M. Activation of the alpha2beta1 integrin-mediated malignant phenotype on type I collagen in pancreatic cancer cells by shifts in the concentrations of extracellular Mg2+ and Ca2+. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2199-209. [PMID: 18224679 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The authors have previously demonstrated that alpha(2)beta(1) integrin-mediated pancreatic cancer cell adhesion to Type I collagen is Mg(2+)-dependent, inhibited by Ca(2+), and that this integrin, purified from cell lysates using Type I-collagen-sepharose in Mg(2+), can be eluted with Ca(2+). In the present study, the authors examined the divalent cation-dependency of alpha(2)beta(1) integrin-mediated pancreatic cancer cell adhesion, migration and proliferation on Type I collagen, an extracellular matrix protein shown to be highly up-regulated, and to promote the malignant phenotype in vitro and in vivo. The results indicate that cells attach to Type I collagen maximally when Mg(2+) is greater than 1 mM, and that addition of increasing concentrations of Ca(2+) reduces this adhesion. These effects are reversible, in that previous cell attachment in Mg(2+) can be reversed by adding Ca(2+), and vice versa. They also demonstrate that pancreatic cancer cells migrate and proliferate on Type I collagen in Mg(2+) alone, but maximally when Mg(2+) is present at concentrations that promote maximal cell adhesion and Ca(2+) is present at concentrations less than Mg(2+). Cell adhesion and proliferation assays, as well as affinity chromatography on Type I collagen using anti-integrin function-blocking monoclonal antibodies indicate that the effects of these divalent cation shifts are mediated specifically by the alpha(2)beta(1) integrin. As pancreatic juice contains over 1,200-fold more Mg(2+) than Ca(2+) and solid tumors are characterized by increased magnesium load, these data indicate that such pathophysiological divalent cation shifts could be involved in the activation of the alpha(2)beta(1) integrin-mediated malignant phenotype on Type I collagen in the pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Grzesiak
- Department of Surgery, VA San Diego Healthcare System and the University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Duan JX, Jiao H, Kaizerman J, Stanton T, Evans JW, Lan L, Lorente G, Banica M, Jung D, Wang J, Ma H, Li X, Yang Z, Hoffman RM, Ammons WS, Hart CP, Matteucci M. Potent and highly selective hypoxia-activated achiral phosphoramidate mustards as anticancer drugs. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2412-20. [PMID: 18257544 DOI: 10.1021/jm701028q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of achiral hypoxia-activated prodrugs were synthesized on the basis of the DNA cross-linking toxin of the prodrug, ifosfamide. The hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity of several of the compounds was improved over previously reported racemic mixtures of chiral bioreductive phosphoramidate prodrugs. Prodrugs activated by 2-nitroimidazole reduction demonstrated up to 400-fold enhanced cytotoxicity toward H460 cells in culture under hypoxia versus their potency under aerobic conditions. Compounds were further assessed for their stability to cytochrome P450 metabolism using a liver microsome assay. The 2-nitroimidazole containing lead compound 3b (TH-302) was selectively potent under hypoxia and stable to liver microsomes. It was active in an in vivo MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer orthotopic xenograft model as a monotherapy and demonstrated dramatic efficacy when used in combination with gemcitabine, extending survival with one of eight animals tumor free at day-44. Compound 3b has emerged as a promising antitumor agent that shows excellent in vivo efficacy and is currently being evaluated in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Duan
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals, 1300 Seaport Boulevard, Suite 500, Redwood City, California 94063, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grzesiak JJ, Smith KC, Burton DW, Deftos LJ, Bouvet M. Integrin-mediated laminin-1 adhesion upregulates CXCR4 and IL-8 expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Surgery 2007; 141:804-14. [PMID: 17560257 PMCID: PMC1994963 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown recently that alpha(2)beta(1) integrin-mediated type I collagen adhesion promotes a more malignant phenotype in pancreatic cancer cell lines than other extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. MiaPaCa-2 cells, by contrast, do not express collagen-binding integrins, but are metastatic in our orthotopic mouse model and migrate maximally on laminin-1 (Ln-1). It has also been shown that CXCR4 and IL-8 expression correlates directly with metastasis in pancreatic cancer in vivo. We therefore examined the potential of the ECM to regulate CXCR4 and IL-8 expression in pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS We cultured 8 pancreatic cancer cell lines on fibronectin (Fn), types I and IV collagen, Ln-1 and vitronectin (Vn), and examined cell lysates for CXCR4 by immunoblotting and media for IL-8 by ELISA. We also conducted cell migration assays with stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) as the chemoattractant to examine integrin-binding specificity and CXCR4 function. RESULTS All cell lines expressed CXCR4 protein. MiaPaCa-2 cell growth on Ln-1 increased significantly CXCR4 and IL-8 expression relative to other ECM proteins. Migration inhibition studies showed that both the alpha(6)beta(1) and alpha(3)beta(1) integrins mediate MiaPaCa-2 migration on Ln-1. Growth studies showed further that CXCR4 expression on Ln-1 was mediated by the alpha(6)beta(1) integrin whereas IL-8 expression was mediated by both the alpha(6)beta(1) and alpha(3)beta(1) integrins. The expression of functional CXCR4 was also shown in migration assays, where SDF-1 significantly increased pancreatic cancer cell chemotaxis on Ln-1. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that integrin-mediated Ln-1 adhesion upregulates CXCR4 and IL-8 expression and may play a mechanistic role in pancreatic cancer metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Grzesiak
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego
| | - Kathy C. Smith
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego
| | - Douglas W. Burton
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego
| | - Leonard J. Deftos
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Grzesiak JJ, Bouvet M. Determination of the ligand-binding specificities of the alpha2beta1 and alpha1beta1 integrins in a novel 3-dimensional in vitro model of pancreatic cancer. Pancreas 2007; 34:220-8. [PMID: 17312461 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpa.0000250129.64650.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic cancer cells express 2 known collagen-binding integrins, alpha2beta1 and alpha1beta1. The ligand-binding specificity of alpha1beta1 and the integrin/s responsible for mediating the malignant phenotype on type I collagen in the 3-dimensional (3D) tumor microenvironment have not been determined in pancreatic cancer. The aim of the present study was to determine the ligand-binding specificities of the alpha2beta1 and alpha1beta1 integrins using a novel 3D in vitro model of pancreatic cancer. METHODS We used 3D type I collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds in adhesion and proliferation assays with pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as affinity chromatography and inhibition of adhesion assays. RESULTS We demonstrate for the first time that CFPAC, BxPC-3, Colo-357, FG, and Panc-1 cells attach to 3D type I collagen scaffolds in an alpha2beta1-specific manner and that this integrin-specific adhesion is required for subsequent cell proliferation. MiaPaCa-2 cells, which do not express the alpha2beta1 or alpha1beta1 integrins, do not attach or proliferate on 3D type I collagen scaffolds. We also demonstrate the novel finding that the alpha1beta1 integrin is a type IV collagen receptor in pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that targeting alpha2beta1 integrin-specific type I collagen adhesion may have therapeutic value in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Grzesiak
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Drugs, surgery, and radiation are the traditional modalities of therapy in medicine. To these are being added new therapies based on cells and viruses or their derivatives. In these novel therapies, a cell or viral vector acts as a drug in its own right, altering the host or a disease process to bring about healing. Most of these advances originate from the significant recent advances in molecular medicine, but some have been around for some time. Blood transfusions and cowpox vaccinations are part of the history of medicine...but nevertheless are examples of cell- and viral-based therapies. This article focuses on the modern molecular incarnations of these therapies, and specifically on how imaging is used to track and guide these novel agents. We survey the literature dealing with imaging these new cell and viral particle therapies and provide a framework for understanding publications in this area. Leading technology of gene modifications are the fundamental modifications applied to make these new therapies amenable to imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Schellingerhout
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chang XZ, Wang ZM, Yu JM, Tian FG, Jin W, Zhang Y, Yu J, Li LF, Liu XF, Li ZW, Shao ZM. Isolation of a human gallbladder cancer cell clone with high invasive phenotype in vitro and metastatic potential in orthotopic model and inhibition of its invasiveness by heparanase antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24:25-38. [PMID: 17260103 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-006-9053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in gallbladder cancer metastasis still remain unclear to date. The poor understanding is due, in part, to the lack of ideal cell line and animal model for study. In the present study, 21 cell clones were isolated from the human gallbladder carcinoma cells GBC-SD and the cell clone GBC-SDH(i) with high invasive phenotype was fished out. The invasive phenotype and metastatic potential of GBC-SDH(i) were confirmed in a novel surgical orthotopic implantation model of gallbladder cancer in nude mice. Heparanase, an endoglycosidase that degrades heparan sulfate, is a critical mediator of tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. RT-PCR, real time RT-PCR and western blot showed that the expression levels of heparanase were significant difference between GBC-SDH(i) and its parent cells. After treated with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, the heparanase mRNA and protein expression in GBC-SDH(i) cells were significantly decreased and its invasive potential in vitro was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. The study provides a useful cell clone and a clinically relevant orthotopic tumor model for the metastatic study in human gallbladder cancer. The roles of heparanase in gallbladder cancer are also evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zhong Chang
- Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital/Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Winnard PT, Kluth JB, Raman V. Noninvasive optical tracking of red fluorescent protein-expressing cancer cells in a model of metastatic breast cancer. Neoplasia 2006; 8:796-806. [PMID: 17032496 PMCID: PMC1715931 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated the use of the Xenogen IVIS 200 imaging system for real-time fluorescence protein-based optical imaging of metastatic progression in live animals. We found that green fluorescent protein-expressing cells (100 x 10(6)) were not detectable in a mouse cadaver phantom experiment. However, a 10-fold lower number of tdTomato-expressing cells were easily detected. Mammary fat pad xenografts of stable MDA-MB-231-tdTomato cells were generated for the imaging of metastatic progression. At 2 weeks postinjection, barely palpable tumor burdens were easily detected at the sites of injection. At 8 weeks, a small contralateral mammary fat pad metastasis was imaged and, by 13 weeks, metastases to lymph nodes were detectable. Metastases with nodular composition were detectable within the rib cage region at 15 weeks. 3-D image reconstructions indicated that the detection of fluorescence extended to approximately 1 cm below the surface. A combination of intense tdTomato fluorescence, imaging at > or = 620 nm (where autofluorescence is minimized), and the sensitivity of the Xenogen imager made this possible. This study demonstrates the utility of the noninvasive optical tracking of cancer cells during metastatic progression with endogenously expressed fluorescence protein reporters using detection wavelengths of > or = 620 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Winnard
- Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mezhir JJ, Smith KD, Kimchi ET, Park JO, Lopez CA, Mauceri HJ, Beckett MA, Hellman S, Weichselbaum RR, Posner MC. Establishment of a syngeneic model of hepatic colorectal oligometastases. J Surg Res 2006; 136:288-93. [PMID: 16930623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regional and systemic therapies aimed at improving the outcome for patients with colorectal hepatic metastases have met with modest yet tangible success. Currently, liver resection remains the only curative treatment, but only a minority of patients are candidates for surgery. Animal models are an ideal way to study new treatments for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. We propose a syngeneic animal model of hepatic colorectal metastases that simulates oligometastases, which is a clinical state considered amenable to regional therapeutic strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS BDIX (BD-9) rats underwent intrasplenic injection of DHD/K12/TRb (Prob/K12) cells to create hepatic metastases via the portal system. After injection of 5 x 10(6) cells, rats underwent laparotomy to determine metastatic burden. Histological analysis confirmed the presence of metastases from resected tumors. RESULTS Fifty-three animals were prospectively treated and observed for the development of oligometastases defined as between 1 and 10 hepatic lesions. Thirty-six (68%) of the animals developed detectable metastases while 32 (60%) developed oligometastases (average = 4.40 +/- 2.67). Four animals had overwhelming metastatic liver and peritoneal disease. All animals underwent peritoneal examination and thoracotomy to ensure localized disease. Histological analysis of five hepatectomy specimens confirmed the presence of metastatic cancer. Animals with oligometastases were healthy as evidenced by normal feeding and grooming behavior. CONCLUSIONS An animal model of oligometastatic colorectal cancer to the liver can reproducibly mimic the stage IV state in humans conducive to regional therapy and can be used reliably to test novel treatments and mechanisms of metastatic colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J Mezhir
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Stauffer JK, Khan T, Salcedo R, Hixon JA, Lincoln E, Back TC, Wigginton JM. Multicolor fluorescence-based approaches for imaging cytokine-induced alterations in the neovascularization, growth, metastasis, and apoptosis of murine neuroblastoma tumors. J Immunother 2006; 29:151-64. [PMID: 16531816 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000190167.76663.c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common solid tumors in children. The prognosis of patients with advanced neuroblastoma is poor overall despite standard therapeutic modalities and has stimulated substantial interest in the potential role for biologics such as immunotherapeutic and/or antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of neuroblastoma. To facilitate preclinical investigation of the efficacy and mechanisms of action of new biologic agents for the treatment of neuroblastoma, a comprehensive panel of disease-specific fluorescence-based model systems has been developed by our group to image the growth, neovascularization, metastasis, and apoptosis of neuroblastoma tumors. These model systems use fluorescent proteins to monitor cytokine-induced alterations in the growth and metastasis of neuroblastoma and allow for monitoring and/or quantitation of even minimal residual disease that is localized to visceral organ sites such as the liver, lung, and/or bone marrow. Further, based on the differential spectra of red fluorescent protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP), and agents such as 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (green), multicolor systems have now been established by our group that allow for combined assessment of parameters, including the macroscopic relation of tumors to their associated vasculature and, within tissue sections, simultaneous quantitation of tumor neovascularization and evaluation of therapy-induced apoptosis within the tumor and vascular endothelial compartments. Further, by engineering cells to express specific mediators of apoptosis that have been linked to GFP (ie, BID-EGFP), these systems can also be used to dissect mechanisms by which neuroblastoma cells are induced to undergo apoptosis in vitro as well as in vivo. Collectively, these model systems provide important tools for investigation of the biology of neuroblastoma tumors and evaluation of mechanisms that mediate the regression of these tumors in response to novel therapeutic agents, including cytokines such as interleukin-12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy K Stauffer
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI)--Center for Cancer Research (CCR), NCI at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bouvet M, Spernyak J, Katz MH, Mazurchuk RV, Takimoto S, Bernacki R, Rustum YM, Moossa AR, Hoffman RM. High correlation of whole-body red fluorescent protein imaging and magnetic resonance imaging on an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9829-33. [PMID: 16267005 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed genetically fluorescent orthotopic models of human pancreatic cancer. In these models, noninvasive fluorescent protein imaging (FPI) of internal primary tumors and metastatic deposits has been carried out. Whole-body tumor images are easily and inexpensively obtained using FPI, permitting both detection and quantification of tumor load. In this study, we simultaneously compared single mice with a highly fluorescent, red fluorescent protein-expressing orthotopic pancreatic cancer xenografts with both FPI and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Images were acquired at multiple time points after tumor implantation in the pancreas. Indwelling pancreatic primary tumors and metastatic foci were detected by both FPI and MRI. Moreover, a strong correlation existed between images taken with these two technologies. FPI permitted rapid, high-throughput imaging without the need for either anesthesia or contrast agents. Both FPI and MRI enabled accurate imaging of tumor growth and metastasis, although MRI enabled tissue structure to be visualized as well. FPI has high resolution and is exceedingly rapid with instant image capture. We suggest a complimentary role for these two imaging modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|