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Nakagawa F, van Sighem A, Thiebaut R, Smith C, Ratmann O, Cambiano V, Albert J, Amato-Gauci A, Bezemer D, Campbell C, Commenges D, Donoghoe M, Ford D, Kouyos R, Lodwick R, Lundgren J, Pantazis N, Pharris A, Quinten C, Thorne C, Touloumi G, Delpech V, Phillips A. A Method to Estimate the Size and Characteristics of HIV-positive Populations Using an Individual-based Stochastic Simulation Model. Epidemiology 2016; 27:247-56. [PMID: 26605814 PMCID: PMC4733816 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is important not only to collect epidemiologic data on HIV but to also fully utilize such information to understand the epidemic over time and to help inform and monitor the impact of policies and interventions. We describe and apply a novel method to estimate the size and characteristics of HIV-positive populations. The method was applied to data on men who have sex with men living in the UK and to a pseudo dataset to assess performance for different data availability. The individual-based simulation model was calibrated using an approximate Bayesian computation-based approach. In 2013, 48,310 (90% plausibility range: 39,900-45,560) men who have sex with men were estimated to be living with HIV in the UK, of whom 10,400 (6,160-17,350) were undiagnosed. There were an estimated 3,210 (1,730-5,350) infections per year on average between 2010 and 2013. Sixty-two percent of the total HIV-positive population are thought to have viral load <500 copies/ml. In the pseudo-epidemic example, HIV estimates have narrower plausibility ranges and are closer to the true number, the greater the data availability to calibrate the model. We demonstrate that our method can be applied to settings with less data, however plausibility ranges for estimates will be wider to reflect greater uncertainty of the data used to fit the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyo Nakagawa
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ard van Sighem
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rodolphe Thiebaut
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colette Smith
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Ratmann
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Cambiano
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Albert
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Amato-Gauci
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Bezemer
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Campbell
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Commenges
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Donoghoe
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Ford
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Kouyos
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Lodwick
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Lundgren
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikos Pantazis
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Pharris
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal Quinten
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Thorne
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giota Touloumi
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Delpech
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Phillips
- From the Research Department of Infection and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; INSERM, Centre INSERM U897, Bordeaux, France; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden; CEEISCAT, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL, London, United Kingdom; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; CHIP @ Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; UCL Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom; and Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
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