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Zaborowski MK, Długosz A, Błaszak B, Szulc J, Leis K. The Role of Quercetin as a Plant-Derived Bioactive Agent in Preventive Medicine and Treatment in Skin Disorders. Molecules 2024; 29:3206. [PMID: 38999158 PMCID: PMC11243040 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, a bioactive plant flavonoid, is an antioxidant, and as such it exhibits numerous beneficial properties including anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antibacterial and antiviral activity. It occurs naturally in fruit and vegetables such as apples, blueberries, cranberries, lettuce, and is present in plant waste such as onion peel or grape pomace which constitute good sources of quercetin for technological or pharmaceutical purposes. The presented study focuses on the role of quercetin in prevention and treatment of dermatological diseases analyzing its effect at a molecular level, its signal transduction and metabolism. Presented aspects of quercetin potential for skin treatment include protection against aging and UV radiation, stimulation of wound healing, reduction in melanogenesis, and prevention of skin oxidation. The article discusses quercetin sources (plant waste products included), methods of its medical administration, and perspectives for its further use in dermatology and diet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kazimierz Zaborowski
- Department of Food Industry Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Długosz
- Department of Food Industry Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Błażej Błaszak
- Department of Food Industry Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Joanna Szulc
- Department of Food Industry Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Kamil Leis
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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2
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Wang D, Yang Y, Hengerjia G, Deng Y. Exploring the mechanism of Liuwei Dihuang formula for promoting melanin synthesis in juvenile zebrafish based on network pharmacology and molecular docking. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21744. [PMID: 38027573 PMCID: PMC10651518 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitiligo stands as a challenging skin disorder with limited treatment options available. LiuWei DiHuang formula (LDF), a renowned Traditional Chinese medicine, has exhibited promising results in treating vitiligo over an extended period. However, the precise underlying mechanism of its action remains elusive. Methods Employing a comprehensive network pharmacology approach, this study identified active compounds and their corresponding targets within LDF, while also pinpointing vitiligo-associated targets sourced from the TCMSP database, OMIM, DisGenNET, and Genecards. A network was established to illustrate the connections between active compounds and targets, alongside a protein-protein interaction network. Further analyses, encompassing Gene Ontology (GO) function and KEGG pathway enrichment, were conducted using the DAVID platform. Molecular docking simulations were performed utilizing AutoDockTools and AutoDockVina software. To validate the outcomes of the systematic pharmacological investigation, experiments were conducted using juvenile zebrafish. Results The collective effort of the network pharmacology approach yielded a compilation of 41 compounds and 192 targets. Molecular docking simulations notably revealed the lowest binding energies for CAT-quercetin and CAT-Kaempferol interactions. The utilization of juvenile zebrafish experiments highlighted a significant increase in melanocyte count following methoxsalen and LDF treatment. Notably, LDF prominently augmented the expression levels of proteins related to melanogenesis. Additionally, LDF showcased the capacity to enhance CAT and SOD levels while concurrently reducing ROS and MDA activity. In contrast to the model group, substantial increases in protein and mRNA levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 were observed in response to LDF treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion Through a meticulous network pharmacology approach, this study successfully predicted active components and potential targets associated with LDF's application in vitiligo treatment. The therapeutic effectiveness of LDF against vitiligo is postulated to stem from its regulation of oxidative stress factors and the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Clinical Pharmacy Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Gulijiayina Hengerjia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yan Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medicial University, Guangzho, 510515, China
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Wu H, Niu C, Aisa HA. Research Progress of Small Molecules as Anti-vitiligo Agents. Curr Med Chem 2023; 31:CMC-EPUB-129498. [PMID: 36786141 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230214103054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a disease characterized by skin discoloration, and no safe and effective drugs have been developed until now. New drug research and development are imminent. This article reviews the research on small-molecule drugs for vitiligo from 1990 to 2021 at home and abroad. They are classified according to their structures and mechanisms of action, including natural products and derivatives, anti-oxidative stress drugs, immunosuppressants, prostaglandins, etc. The research on their anti-vitiligo activity, structural modification, new dosage forms, clinical trials, and the development trend in new anti-vitiligo drugs are reviewed, which provides important references for the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wu
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang indigenous medicinal plants resource utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Ürümqi China
| | - Chao Niu
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang indigenous medicinal plants resource utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Ürümqi China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang indigenous medicinal plants resource utilization, CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Resources in Arid Regions, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Ürümqi China
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4
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Blom van Staden A, Kovacs D, Cardinali G, Picardo M, Lebeko M, Khumalo NC, Ray SS, Lall N. Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles biosynthesised from Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R.Dahlgren For progressive macular hypomelanosis. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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5
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Zaidi KU, Khan FN, Ali SA, Khan KP. Insight into Mechanistic Action of Thymoquinone Induced Melanogenesis in Cultured Melanocytes. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 26:910-918. [PMID: 31057097 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190506114604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanin plays a crucial role in camouflage, social communication and protection against harmful ultraviolet radiations. Melanin is synthesized by melanocytes through melanogenesis and several intrinsic and extrinsic factors are involved during the process. Any change occuring in the normal melanogenesis process can cause severe pigmentation problems of hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation. OBJECTIVE The present study is based on the evaluation of the effect of thymoquinone on melanogenesis and their possible mechanism of action using the B16F10 melanoma cell line for the production via blocking signaling pathways. METHODS Phase contrast microscopy, cell viability, tyrosinase activity, melanin content and western blot analysis were used in the present study. RESULTS In the present investigation, cultured melanocytes exhibit that the stimulation of melanin synthesis when treated with thymoquinone. Tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16F10 melanoma cell line was increased in doze-dependent manner. In western blot, we investigated the involvement of the cAMP/PKA pathway in thymoquinone induced melanogenesis. It was observed protein kinase inhibitors PKA, PKC, PKB and MEK1 decreased the stimulatory effects of thymoquinone from 11.45- fold value to 8.312, 6.631, 4.51, and 7.211-fold value, respectively. However, the results also prove that thymoquinone may partially induce tyrosinase expression via PKA, PKB, PKC and MEK1 signaling pathways. CONCLUSION The present finding proposed that thymoquinone is a protective challenger for melanogenesis and it might be useful for the treatment of hypopigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U Zaidi
- Biotechnology Pharmacology Laboratory, Centre for Scientific Research and Development, People's University and Saifia Science College, Bhaopal-462001, India
| | - Firoz N Khan
- Biotechnology Pharmacology Laboratory, Centre for Scientific Research and Development, People's University and Saifia Science College, Bhaopal-462001, India
| | - Sharique A Ali
- Biotechnology Pharmacology Laboratory, Centre for Scientific Research and Development, People's University and Saifia Science College, Bhaopal-462001, India
| | - Kausar P Khan
- Biotechnology Pharmacology Laboratory, Centre for Scientific Research and Development, People's University and Saifia Science College, Bhaopal-462001, India
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6
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Kim J, Kim YH, Bang S, Yoo H, Kim I, Chang SE, Song Y. L-765,314 Suppresses Melanin Synthesis by Regulating Tyrosinase Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040773. [PMID: 30795539 PMCID: PMC6412649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although melanin production is a key self-defense mechanism against ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced skin damage, uneven or excessive deposition of melanin causes hyperpigmentary disorders. Currently available whitening agents are unsatisfactory because of issues with efficacy and safety. To develop more effective depigmenting agents, we performed high-throughput melanin content assay screening using the B16F10 melanoma cell line and identified L-765,314 as a drug that suppressed melanin production in cultured melanocytes in a dose-dependent manner as well as cAMP- or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-stimulated melanin production without cytotoxicity. Interestingly, melanogenic gene expression was not altered by L-765,314. Rather, diminished melanin production by L-765,314 appeared to be caused by downregulation of tyrosinase activity via inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC). Because L-765,314 did not show any adverse effect in melanocytes, altogether our data suggest that L-765,314 could be a potential therapeutic candidate for skin hyperpigmentary disorders and further discovery of selective inhibitors targeting PKC might be a promising strategy for the development of depigmenting agents to treat hyperpigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Olympic-ro 43-gil 88, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Yo-Han Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Olympic-ro 43-gil 88, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Seunghyun Bang
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), Seoul 05505, Korea.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Olympic-ro 43-gil 88, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Hanju Yoo
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), Seoul 05505, Korea.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Olympic-ro 43-gil 88, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - InKi Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Olympic-ro 43-gil 88, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
| | - Youngsup Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Olympic-ro 43-gil 88, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea.
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7
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Liu S, Zhao Z, Huo Z, Xu Z, Zhong Y, Wang X, Yang Y, Wang Z. Osmanthus fragrans Flower Aqueous Extract and its Enriched Acteoside inhibit Melanogenesis and Ultraviolet-induced Pigmentation. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Osmanthus fragrans flower (OFF) is commonly used as an additive for tea in China and as a traditional medicine to treat dysentery, asthma and hepatitis. In the current study, we have acquired the aqueous extract of the dried OFF (OFFE) and determined its enriched acteoside contents. However, whether OFFE and acteoside can modulate melanogenesis and pigmentation has yet to be determined. We here provide novel data revealing that OFFE and acteoside inhibit melanogenesis induced by α-MSH in B16 melanoma cells via the MITF-tyrosinase signaling pathway. Treatment with α-MSH (1μM) enhanced melanin levels and tyrosinase activity, up-regulated the mRNA levels of MITF and tyrosinase and increased the dendritic number in B16 melanoma cells, effects all being intervened by OFFE and acteoside. Of interest, OFFE and acteoside showed no direct inhibition of tyrosinase activity as revealed by our ex vivo tyrosinase activity assay. In addition, OFFE produced a depigmenting action on UVB-induced hyperpigmentation in guinea pigs, as shown by the improved skin brightness and the decreased melanin staining. Our data have demonstrated that OFFE can alter melanogenesis via modulating the MITF-tyrosinase signaling thereby leading to its depigmenting action in the in vivo model. OFFE could be a substitute for acteoside as a promising skin-whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Liu
- Infinitus(China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Zhijun Huo
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Zhiru Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Healthy-Star Biological Technology Research and Development (Shanghai) Co. LTD, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Infinitus(China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Yiting Yang
- Infinitus(China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug & Pharmaceutical Process, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 200437, China
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8
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O’Neill BT, Beck EM, Butler CR, Nolan CE, Gonzales C, Zhang L, Doran SD, Lapham K, Buzon LM, Dutra JK, Barreiro G, Hou X, Martinez-Alsina LA, Rogers BN, Villalobos A, Murray JC, Ogilvie K, LaChapelle EA, Chang C, Lanyon LF, Steppan CM, Robshaw A, Hales K, Boucher GG, Pandher K, Houle C, Ambroise CW, Karanian D, Riddell D, Bales KR, Brodney MA. Design and Synthesis of Clinical Candidate PF-06751979: A Potent, Brain Penetrant, β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) Inhibitor Lacking Hypopigmentation. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4476-4504. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. O’Neill
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Beck
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher R. Butler
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Charles E. Nolan
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cathleen Gonzales
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shawn D. Doran
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kimberly Lapham
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Leanne M. Buzon
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jason K. Dutra
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gabriela Barreiro
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xinjun Hou
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Bruce N. Rogers
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anabella Villalobos
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John C. Murray
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kevin Ogilvie
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Erik A. LaChapelle
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cheng Chang
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lorraine F. Lanyon
- Discovery Sciences, Primary Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claire M. Steppan
- Discovery Sciences, Primary Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ashley Robshaw
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katherine Hales
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Germaine G. Boucher
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Karamjeet Pandher
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher Houle
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claude W. Ambroise
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David Karanian
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Riddell
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kelly R. Bales
- Internal Medicine, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael A. Brodney
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Vargas AJ, Sittadjody S, Thangasamy T, Mendoza EE, Limesand KH, Burd R. Exploiting Tyrosinase Expression and Activity in Melanocytic Tumors. Integr Cancer Ther 2017; 10:328-40. [DOI: 10.1177/1534735410391661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive tumor that expresses the pigmentation enzyme tyrosinase. Tyrosinase expression increases during tumorigenesis, which could allow for selective treatment of this tumor type by strategies that use tyrosinase activity. Approaches targeting tyrosinase would involve gene transcription or signal transduction pathways mediated by p53 in a direct or indirect manner. Two pathways are proposed for exploiting tyrosinase expression: ( a) a p53-dependent pathway leading to apoptosis or arrest and ( b) a reactive oxygen species–mediated induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress in p53 mutant tumors. Both strategies could use tyrosinase-mediated activation of quercetin, a dietary polyphenol that induces the expression of p53 and modulates reactive oxygen species. In addition to antitumor signaling properties, activation of quercetin could complement conventional cancer therapy by the induction of phase II detoxification enzymes resulting in p53 stabilization and transduction of its downstream targets. In conclusion, recent advances in tyrosinase enzymology, prodrug chemistry, and modern chemotherapeutics present an intriguing and selective multitherapy targeting system where dietary bioflavonoids could be used to complement conventional cancer treatments.
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10
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Zaidi KU, Ali SA, Ali AS. Melanogenic effect of purified mushroom tyrosinase on B16F10 Melanocytes: A Phase Contrast and Immunofluorescence Microscopic Study. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2017; 5:82-89. [PMID: 30023240 PMCID: PMC6025764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanin pigment plays a critical role in camouflage, mimicry, social communication, and protection against harmful effects of solar radiation. It has been proven that tyrosinase plays a pivotal role in melanocytes dendrite formation; however, the molecular mechanism underlying this process has not been fully elucidated. The morphological changes were observed under a phase contrast microscope. These changes were evident, with globular cell bodies and increased numbers of tree branch-like dendrites. The present work aimed to study the morphoanatomic effects of purified tyrosinase to determine its skin-darkening potential using B16F10 melanocyte, which has not been done to date. Phase contrast and immunofluorescence microscopic analysis of B16F10 melanocytes has been done after treatment with various concentrations of purified tyrosinase along with standard tyrosinase (Sigma) in order to explore the mechanism of action of purified tyrosinase induced skin darkening. The phase contrast microscopic results showed that the number of melanocytes with melanin-loaded dendrites has increased significantly in purified tyrosinase treated cells in a dose dependent manner leading to skin darkening. In addition, immunofluorescence microscopic analysis revealed purified tyrosinase increase cellular tyrosinase expression in doze dependent manner due to tyrosinase absorption in B16F10 melanocyte. Present findings proved that purified tyrosinase possesses a skin darkening potential and could be used as a safe melanogenic agent for the treatment of hypopigmentation disorders or vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U. Zaidi
- Biotechnology Pharmacology Laboratory, Centre for Scientific Research & Development, People's University Bhopal, 462037, India
| | - Sharique A. Ali
- Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Saifia College of Science, Bhopal, 462001, India
| | - Ayesha S. Ali
- Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Saifia College of Science, Bhopal, 462001, India
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12
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Wu Y, Li Q, Li X, He D, Niu MU, Lu X, Li H. Effect of the Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract and its monomers quercetin and oleanolic acid on the adhesion and migration of melanocytes and intracellular actin. Biomed Rep 2016; 4:583-588. [PMID: 27123251 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL) extract and its monomers quercetin and oleanolic acid on the adhesion and migration of human epidermal melanocytes (MCs) and intracellular actin. The human epidermal MCs were cultured and identified. The cells were treated with different concentrations of FLL extract, quercetin and oleanolic acid. The adhesion and migration abilities of the cells were determined by the fibronectin-coated culture experiment and Transwell assay, respectively. The structure and distribution of intracellular actin were observed by confocal laser microscopy, with semi-quantitative analysis. Results showed that compared with the control group, 0.0375-0.3 mg/ml of the FLL extract and 40 µM quercetin significantly improved the adhesion rate of MCs (P<0.05). The numbers of MCs permeating the microporous membrane in the 0.15 mg/ml FLL extract and 12 µM oleanolic acid groups were 43.7 and 30.3, respectively, significantly higher compared to the control group (P<0.01). In the control group, the intracellular actin was less, and the stress fiber structure was not clear. In the 0.15 mg/ml FLL extract, 12 µM oleanolic acid and 40 µM quercetin groups, there were numerous bunched stress fibers, indicating the aggregation of filamentous fibrous actin. The mean optical densities of actin expression in the 0.15 mg/ml FLL extract, 12 µM oleanolic acid and 40 µM quercetin groups were significantly higher compared to the control group (P<0.05). The FLL extract has a significant stimulatory effect on the adhesion and migration of human epidermal MCs. The mechanism may be associated with the promotion of intracellular actin cytoskeleton aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Qilin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Danhua He
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - M U Niu
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510220, P.R. China
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13
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A systems-biological study on the identification of safe and effective molecular targets for the reduction of ultraviolet B-induced skin pigmentation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10305. [PMID: 25980672 PMCID: PMC4434836 DOI: 10.1038/srep10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanogenesis is the process of melanin synthesis through keratinocytes-melanocytes interaction, which is triggered by the damaging effect of ultraviolet-B (UVB) rays. It is known that melanogenesis influences diverse cellular responses, including cell survival and apoptosis, via complex mechanisms of feedback and crosstalk. Therefore, an attempt to suppress melanin production by modulating the melanogenesis pathway may induce perturbations in the apoptotic balance of the cells in response to UVB irradiation, which results in various skin diseases such as melasma, vitiligo, and skin cancer. To identify such appropriate target strategies for the reduction of UVB-induced melanin synthesis, we reconstructed the melanogenesis signaling network and developed a Boolean network model. Mathematical simulations of the melanogenesis network model revealed that the inhibition of beta-catenin in the melanocytes effectively reduce melanin production while having minimal influence on the apoptotic balance of the cells. Exposing cells to a beta-catenin inhibitor decreased pigmentation but did not significantly change the B-cell Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2 expression, a potent regulator of apoptotic balance. Thus, our systems analysis suggests that the inhibition of beta-catenin may be the most appropriate target strategy for the reduction of UVB-induced skin pigmentation.
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Takekoshi S, Nagata H, Kitatani K. Stimulation of melanogenesis by nordihydroguaiaretic Acid in human melanoma cells. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2014; 47:203-10. [PMID: 25861126 PMCID: PMC4387241 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.14033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a lignan found in vegetables, fruits and legumin, has been shown to possess antineoplastic, antiviral and antioxidant characteristics. In this study, we examined the effect of NDGA on melanogenesis in human melanoma cells (HMVII). In vitro, NDGA does not alter mushroom tyrosinase activity. However, in NDGA-treated HMVII cells, cellular tyrosinase activity increased in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. The concomitant increases in melanin content in NDGA-treated cells indicated an elevation of melanin synthesis by tyrosinase activation. In addition, after a 7-day incubation, melanin content in 20 μM NDGA-treated cells increased 5.02 fold. Tyrosinase protein also increased by treatment with NDGA. Nevertheless, tyrosinase mRNA was not altered in NDGA-treated cells. Our results suggest that NDGA can increase tyrosinase activity and de novo synthesis of melanin in human melanoma cells. We found that NDGA is a novel potent stimulator of melanogenesis in human melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Takekoshi
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Hidetaka Nagata
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Kanae Kitatani
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine
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15
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Effects of resveratrol, oxyresveratrol, and their acetylated derivatives on cellular melanogenesis. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:475-87. [PMID: 24414332 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol and oxyresveratrol are naturally occurring phenolic compounds with various bioactivities, but their uses in cosmetics have been partly limited by their chemical instabilities. This study was performed to examine the anti-melanogenic effects of the acetylated derivatives from resveratrol and oxyresveratrol. Resveratrol and oxyresveratrol were chemically modified to triacetyl resveratrol and tetraacetyl oxyresveratrol, respectively. The acetylated compounds were less susceptible than the parent compounds to oxidative discoloration. The acetylated compounds inhibited the activities of tyrosinases less than parent compounds in vitro, but they were as effective at cellular melanogenesis inhibition, indicating bioconversion to parent compounds inside cells. Supporting this notion, the parent compounds were regenerated when the acetylated compounds were digested with cell lysates. Although resveratrol and triacetyl resveratrol inhibited tyrosinase activity less effectively than oxyresveratrol and tetraacetyl oxyresveratrol in vitro, they inhibited cellular melanogenesis more effectively. This discrepancy was explained by strong inhibition of tyrosinase expression by resveratrol and triacetyl resveratrol. Experiments using a reconstituted skin model indicated that resveratrol derivatives can affect melanin synthesis and cell viability to different extents. Collectively, this study suggests that acetylated derivatives of resveratrol have great potential as anti-melanogenic agents for cosmetic use in terms of efficacy, safety, and stability.
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Jafari S, Saeidnia S, Hajimehdipoor H, Ardekani MRS, Faramarzi MA, Hadjiakhoondi A, Khanavi M. Cytotoxic evaluation of Melia azedarach in comparison with, Azadirachta indica and its phytochemical investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:37. [PMID: 23679992 PMCID: PMC3664079 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-21-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melia azedarach L. is an important medicinal plant that is used for variety of ailments in Iranian traditional medicine. Azadirachta indica A. Juss is its allied species and possesses similar properties and effects. The present study was undertaken to investigate anticancer activity of these M. azedarach in comparison with A. indica on cancer cell lines and also to evaluate their safety in humans by testing them on normal cell line. The study also aimed to determine the active components that are responsible for medicinal effects of M. azedarach in traditional usages. METHODS In this study, the cytotoxic activity of crude extracts from M. azedarach and A. indica leaves, pulps and seeds as well as three main fractions of their leaf extracts were assayed against HT-29, A-549, MCF-7 and HepG-2 and MDBK cell lines. MTT assay was used to evaluate their cytotoxic activities. Methanol leaf fraction of M. azedarach as the safest leaf fraction in terms of cytotoxicity was subjected for phytochemical study. RESULTS Results of the present study indicated that seed kernel extract of M. azedarach had the highest cytotoxic activity and selectivity to cancer cell lines (IC50 range of 8.18- 60.10 μg mL-1). In contrast to crude seed extract of A. indica, crude pulp and crude leaf extracts of this plant showed remarkably stronger anti-prolifrative activity (IC50 ranges of 83.45 - 212.16 μg mL-1 and 34.11- 95.51 μg mL-1 respectively) than those of M. azedarach (all IC50 values of both plants > 650 μg mL-1). The phytochemical analysis led to the isolation of four flavonol 3-O-glycosides including rutin, kaempferol-3-O-robinobioside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and isoquercetin along with a purin nucleoside, β-adenosine. CONCLUSIONS The anti-prolifrative potentials of extracts from different parts of M. azedarach and A. indica were determined. By comparison, methanol leaf fraction of M. azedarach seems to be safer in terms of cytotoxicity. Our study shows that flavonols are abundant in the leaves of M. azedarach and these compounds seem to be responsible for many of medicinal effects exploited in the traditional uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samineh Jafari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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18
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Goh MJ, Park JS, Bae JH, Kim DH, Kim HK, Na YJ. Effects of ortho-dihydroxyisoflavone derivatives from Korean fermented soybean paste on melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells and human skin equivalents. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1107-12. [PMID: 22162275 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the inhibitory effects and possible mechanisms of action of 8'-hydroxydaidzein and 3'-hydroxydaidzein, two ortho-dihydroxyisoflavone derivatives from Korean fermented soybean paste, on melanogenesis in B16 murine melanoma cells. The two hydroxydaidzeins reduced melanin synthesis comparably to treatment with kojic acid, a proven whitening agent, in B16 melanoma cells. Furthermore, when in vitro human skin equivalents were treated with the hydroxydaidzeins, the levels of melanogenesis were significantly reduced relative to a kojic acid control. The RT-PCR results demonstrated that depigmentation was due to transcriptional repression of several melanogenesis genes, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), by the hydroxydaidzeins. The immunoblotting results confirmed that diminution of MITF expression subsequently decreased expression of tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2. Cumulatively, these results suggest that hydroxydaidzeins would be potent attenuators of melanin synthesis as well as effective inhibitors of hyperpigmentation in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Jin Goh
- Skin Research Institute, AmorePacific R&D Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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19
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Jain P, Sonti S, Garruto J, Mehta R, Banga AK. Formulation optimization, skin irritation, and efficacy characterization of a novel skin-lightening agent. J Cosmet Dermatol 2012; 11:101-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2012.00610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Fernandez TL, Dawson RA, Van Lonkhuyzen DR, Kimlin MG, Upton Z. A tan in a test tube -in vitro models for investigating ultraviolet radiation-induced damage in skin. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:404-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Kim M, Park J, Song K, Kim HG, Koh JS, Boo YC. Screening of plant extracts for human tyrosinase inhibiting effects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:202-8. [PMID: 22220689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Screening for tyrosinase (TYR) inhibitors potentially useful for control of skin pigmentation has been hampered by the limited availability of human TYR. To overcome this hurdle, we have established human embryonic kidney (HEK293)-TYR cells that constitutively express human TYR. In the current study, we assayed human TYR inhibition activities of 50 plant extracts using the lysates of transformed HEK293-TYR cells. The strongest inhibition of human TYR was shown by the extract of Vaccinium bracteatum Thunberg, followed by the extract of Morus bombycis Koidzumi. The former extract did not inhibit mushroom TYR activity whereas significant inhibition was observed with the latter extract, demonstrating the importance of using human TYR in the screening for human TYR inhibitors. Upon liquid-liquid partitioning of the extract from V. bracteatum, the active constituents were enriched in the ethyl acetate fraction, and the subsequent preparatory thin-layer chromatography identified p-coumaric acid (PCA) as the main active constituent. The hypo-pigmentation of PCA was verified in the MelanoDerm™ Skin Model. This study demonstrates that transformed HEK293-TYR cells could expedite the discovery of human TYR-specific inhibitors from natural sources which might be useful in the control of skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Medical Education Program for Human Resources, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu Dermapro Skin Research Center, Dermapro Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea
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22
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Huang YC, Yang CH, Chiou YL. Citrus flavanone naringenin enhances melanogenesis through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in mouse melanoma cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:1244-1249. [PMID: 21802267 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Citrus fruits are the major source of flavonoids for humans, and flavanones are the main flavonoids in the Citrus species. Among the Citrus flavanones, the glycoside derivatives of naringenin, naringin and narirutin, are the most abundant in grapefruit. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular events of melanogenesis induced by naringenin in murine B16-F10 melanoma cells. Melanin content, tyrosinase activity and Western blot analysis were performed to elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms. Exposure of melanoma cells to naringenin resulted in morphological changes accompanied by the induction of melanocyte differentiation-related markers, such as melanin synthesis, tyrosinase activity, and the expression of tyrosinase and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). We also observed an increase in the intracellular accumulation of β-catenin as well as the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) protein after treatment with naringenin. Moreover, the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) was up-regulated by naringenin since the phosphorylated level of downstream Akt protein was enhanced. Based on these results, we concluded that naringenin induced melanogenesis through the Wnt-β-catenin-signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Huang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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23
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Lanteri G, Marino F, Liotta L, Stefano C, Macrì B. Experimentally induced melanin-like pigmentation (thesaurismosis) related to acorn ingestion in Nero Siciliano pigs. Acta Vet Hung 2011; 59:311-8. [PMID: 21727063 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2011.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an experimental challenge was carried out by feeding Nero Siciliano pigs with acorn to evoke melanin-like pigmentation and support the hypothesis that it is caused by ingested material. Twelve pigs were studied, 6 fed with acorns and 6 fed commercial feed. At slaughter, all the animals fed on acorns showed black discolouration of almost all lymph nodes. The lymph nodes were normal in size and shape. Histochemical tests performed on tissues allowed us to identify and differentiate the pigment. Immunohistochemical staining for macrophage markers showed macrophages containing a variable amount of melanin-like granules. Our data, and the well-known steps of melanin formation, confirm that swine enzymes could act on phenolic substances found in acorns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lanteri
- 1 Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata Dip. Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Fabio Marino
- 1 Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata Dip. Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Liotta
- 2 Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata Dip. MOBIFIPA, Università degli Studi di Messina Messina Italy
| | - Carmelo Stefano
- 1 Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata Dip. Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Battesimo Macrì
- 1 Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata Dip. Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria 98168 Messina Italy
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24
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Gillbro JM, Olsson MJ. The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin-lightening agents--existing and new approaches. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 33:210-21. [PMID: 21265866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Skin-lightening products are commercially available for cosmetic purposes to obtain lighter skin complexion. Clinically, they are also used for treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders such as melasma, café au lait spot and solar lentigo. All of these target naturally melanin production, and many of the commonly used agents are known as competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase, one of the key enzymes in melanogenesis. In this review, we present an overview of commonly used skin-whitening ingredients that are commercialized, but we also hypothesize on other mechanisms that could be important targets to control skin pigmentation such as for example regulation of the adrenergic and glutaminergic signalling and also control of tetrahydrobiopterins in the human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gillbro
- Oriflame Cosmetics Skin Research Institute, SE-101 39 Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Effect of Tunisian Capparis spinosa L. extract on melanogenesis in B16 murine melanoma cells. J Nat Med 2009; 63:468-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-009-0355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Lanteri G, Marino F, Laganà G, Bellocco E, Barreca D, Liotta L, Sfacteria A, Macrì B. Acquired melanosis caused by acorn ingestion in the Nero Siciliano pig. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:329-33. [PMID: 19261647 DOI: 10.1354/vp.46-2-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an acquired pigmentation in Nero Siciliano pigs is reported and evaluated by a multidisciplinary approach to support the hypothesis it is caused by an ingested material. A total of 18 pigs were studied. Fourteen conventionally slaughtered animals showed black discoloration of lymph nodes. The lymph nodes were normal in size and shape but showed diffuse black discoloration of the cortex and medulla. Melanosis of fat was observed in 2 animals and was limited to the back. Histochemical tests performed on tissues enabled identification and differentiation of the pigment. Immunohistochemical staining for macrophage markers showed macrophages containing a variable amount of melanin-like granules. Stains for human melanoma, as well as S-100 protein, did not show any reaction. Histochemical methods for tyrosinase showed colorimetric patterns that confirmed the presence of the enzyme in acorns. The activity was mostly latent. A high tannin content was demonstrated, reaching about 76% of the total phenolic compounds. Our data, and the well-known steps on melanin formation, permit us to hypothesize that swine tyrosinase could act on phenolic substances found in acorns. Tyrosinase activation could take place in genetically predisposed swine after acorns are eaten, and this event could increase the biosynthesis and the anomalous storage of melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lanteri
- Dip. Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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27
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Coelho SG, Koo E, Hearing VJ. Standardization of in vitro macrophotography for assessment of cutaneous responses. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:1032-7. [PMID: 19320841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The increased popularity of commercially available three-dimensional human skin equivalents in recent years has allowed for assessment of melanogenesis modulated by compounds topically applied to the skin or directly incorporated from the medium. These skin equivalents provide a suitable model for elucidating the mechanisms of action of various factors that modulate skin pigmentation or other properties of the skin. As such, researchers need to objectively quantify cutaneous responses at the macroscopic level. A simple method to standardize macrophotography images is reported that can quantify cutaneous responses in human skin equivalents of Asian, Black or African American, and Caucasian or White racial/ethnic origin. Macrophotographs are analyzed using the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L*a*b* color space system in combination with a personal computer and image editing software. Pigmentation changes monitored over a 9 day period showed a high correlation with melanin content evaluated in Fontana-Masson-stained sections. These results indicate the feasibility of using a macrophotography setup in a sterile tissue culture environment to objectively assess in vitro cutaneous responses in human skin equivalents. This serves as an adjunct tool to biochemical and morphological methods to effectively quantify changes in pigmentation over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio G Coelho
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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28
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Ni-Komatsu L, Tong C, Chen G, Brindzei N, Orlow SJ. Identification of quinolines that inhibit melanogenesis by altering tyrosinase family trafficking. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:1576-86. [PMID: 18801917 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.050633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of quinolines, including chloroquine and quinine, were identified as potent pigmentation inhibitors through screening a compound library in murine melanocytes. Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that 4-substituted amino groups with a tertiary amine side chain, such as chloroquine, were associated with robust inhibitory activity. In contrast to many previously identified pigmentation inhibitors, these newly identified inhibitors had no effect on either the level or the enzymatic activity of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin production. Rather, our results showed that these quinolines inhibited melanogenesis by disrupting the intracellular trafficking of tyrosinase-related proteins and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (Lamp-1). In treated melanocytes, tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 accumulated in Lamp-1-positive perinuclear organelles instead of melanosomes, thus preventing melanogenesis. The depigmenting abilities of chloroquine and quinine salicylate were assessed in a human skin equivalent model (MelanoDerm). Both compounds were considerably more effective than arbutin, a widely used lightening agent. Our results indicate that quinolines may be useful agents for "cosmeceutical" skin lightening and treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ni-Komatsu
- The Ronald O Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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29
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Lan WJ, Wang HY, Lan W, Wang KY. Geniposide Enhances Melanogenesis by Stem Cell Factor/c-Kit Signalling in Norepinephrine-Exposed Normal Human Epidermal Melanocyte. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 103:88-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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30
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Wen-Jun L, Hai-Yan W, Wei L, Ke-Yu W, Rui-Ming W. Evidence that geniposide abrogates norepinephrine-induced hypopigmentation by the activation of GLP-1R-dependent c-kit receptor signaling in melanocyte. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 118:154-158. [PMID: 18485637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Geniposide (GP) as an agonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is an iridoid glycoside from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis used as a Chinese traditional medicine for treatment of vitiligo vulgaris. Interaction of c-kit receptor with its ligand-SCF potent enhances the melanocytic melanogenesis, which can be repressed by norepinephrine (NE). To discover economic and efficient drug against vitiligo vulgaris, this paper addresses the action and mechanism of GP abrogating the NE-induced hypopigmentation in melanocyte. Flow cytometry exhibited the up-regulation effect of GP on NE-suppressed production of c-kit by normal human epidermal melanocyte (HEMn) in a concentration-dependent manner, and exendin-(9-39) (selective GLP-1R antagonist) appeared to alleviate the GP-stimulated expression of c-kit. However, neither NE nor GP affected the production of SCF by normal human epidermal keratinocyte (HEKn) assessed by cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spectrophotometry documented that GP abrogated the repression effect of NE on tyrosinase activity and melanin production in HEMn in the presence of recombination SCF significantly. The response of melanocytic melanogenesis to GP was blocked by exendin-(9-39) or K44.2 antibody (c-kit inhibitory antibody). Data from this paper provide the evidence that GP abrogates the NE-induced hypopigmentation by the activation of GLP-1R-dependent c-kit receptor signaling in which c-kit expression is augmented in HEMn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wen-Jun
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery, Shandong Institute of Light Industry, Jinan, PR China.
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31
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UCHINO T, TAKEZAWA T, IKARASHI Y, TOKUNAGA H. Construction of Three-dimensional Human Skin Model Involving Dendritic Cells and Its Application to Skin Sensitization Test. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:45-50. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Verschooten L, Claerhout S, Van Laethem A, Agostinis P, Garmyn M. New strategies of photoprotection. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 82:1016-23. [PMID: 16709145 DOI: 10.1562/2006-04-27-ir-884.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adequate photoprotection is essential to control UV-related disorders, including sunburn, photoaging and photocarcinogenisis. Sun avoidance, protection of skin with clothing, and sunscreens are presently the best way of photoprotection, assuming that they are used properly. However, new strategies, which are based on or make use of the endogenous protective response to UV light, may further improve currently used photoprotective means. The addition of repair enzymes and/or antioxidants has a positive effect on skin's recovery from UV-induced DNA-damage. Several botanical agents, mainly vitamins and polyphenols, have shown to influence signal transduction pathways leading to photoprotective effects. Also stimulation of endogenous UV-response pathways via irradiation with a low UV dose or via simulation of UV-induced DNA-damage results in photoprotective effects. Future research in this field and combination of different photoprotective strategies will hopefully lead to improved photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Verschooten
- Department of Dermatology, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Solano F, Briganti S, Picardo M, Ghanem G. Hypopigmenting agents: an updated review on biological, chemical and clinical aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 19:550-71. [PMID: 17083484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An overview of agents causing hypopigmentation in human skin is presented. The review is organized to put forward groups of biological and chemical agents. Their mechanisms of action cover (i) tyrosinase inhibition, maturation and enhancement of its degradation; (ii) Mitf inhibition; (iii) downregulation of MC1R activity; (iv) interference with melanosome maturation and transfer; (v) melanocyte loss, desquamation and chemical peeling. Tyrosinase inhibition is the most common approach to achieve skin hypopigmentation as this enzyme catalyses the rate-limiting step of pigmentation. Despite the large number of tyrosinase inhibitors in vitro, only a few are able to induce effects in clinical trials. The gap between in-vitro and in-vivo studies suggests that innovative strategies are needed for validating their efficacy and safety. Successful treatments need the combination of two or more agents acting on different mechanisms to achieve a synergistic effect. In addition to tyrosinase inhibition, other parameters related to cytotoxicity, solubility, cutaneous absorption, penetration and stability of the agents should be considered. The screening test system is also very important as keratinocytes play an active role in modulating melanogenesis within melanocytes. Mammalian skin or at least keratinocytes/melanocytes co-cultures should be preferred rather than pure melanocyte cultures or soluble tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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