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Marrero-Rodríguez D, Taniguchi-Ponciano K, Kerbel J, Cano-Zaragoza A, Remba-Shapiro I, Silva-Román G, Vela-Patiño S, Andonegui-Elguera S, Valenzuela-Perez A, Mercado M. The hallmarks of cancer… in pituitary tumors? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:177-190. [PMID: 36586070 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09777-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over 20 years ago, Hanahan and Weinberg published a seminal review that addressed the biological processes that underly malignant transformation. This classical review, along with two revisions published in 2011 and 2022, has remain a classic of the oncology literature. Since many of the addressed biological processes may apply to non-malignant tumorigenesis, we evaluated to what extent these hallmarks pertain to the development of pituitary adenomas.Some of the biological processes analyzed in this review include genome instability generated by somatic USP8 and GNAS mutations in Cushing's diseases and acromegaly respectively; non-mutational epigenetic reprograming through changes in methylation; induction of angiogenesis through alterations of VEGF gene expression; promotion of proliferative signals mediated by EGFR; evasion of growth suppression by disrupting cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors; avoidance of immune destruction; and the promotion of inflammation mediated by alteration of gene expression of immune check points. We also elaborate further on the existence of oncogene induced senescence in pituitary tumors. We conclude that a better understanding of these processes can help us dilucidated why pituitary tumors are so resistant to malignant transformation and can potentially contribute to the development of novel anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Marrero-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Keiko Taniguchi-Ponciano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Jacobo Kerbel
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Amayrani Cano-Zaragoza
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ilan Remba-Shapiro
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gloria Silva-Román
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Vela-Patiño
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Andonegui-Elguera
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Valenzuela-Perez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Moisés Mercado
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endocrinas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, México, D.F., 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.
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2
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Khamseh ME, Sheikhi A, Shahsavari Z, Ghorbani M, Akbari H, Imani M, Panahi M, Alimohammadi A, Ameri M, Nazem S, Salimi V, Tavakoli-Yaraki M. Evaluation of the expression of necroptosis pathway mediators and its association with tumor characteristics in functional and non-functional pituitary adenomas. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:1. [PMID: 34983494 PMCID: PMC8725329 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-021-00919-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenomas impose a burden of morbidity on patients and characterizing the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis received remarkable attention. Despite the appealing role of necroptosis as an alternative cell death pathway in cancer pathogenesis, its relevance to pituitary adenoma pathogenesis has yet to be determined that is perused in the current study. METHODS The total number of 109 specimens including pituitary adenomas and cadaveric healthy pituitary tissues were enrolled in the current study. Tumor and healthy pituitary tissues were subjected to RNA extraction and gene analysis using Real-Time PCR. The expression levels of necroptosis markers (RIP1K, RIP3K and, MLKL) and their association with the patient's demographic features were evaluated, also the protein level of MLKL was assessed using immunohistochemistry in tissues. RESULTS Based on our data, the remarkable reduction in RIP3K and MLKL expression were detected in nonfunctional and GH-secreting pituitary tumors compared to pituitary normal tissues. Invasive tumors revealed lower expression of RIP3K and MLKL compared to non-invasive tumors, also the attenuated level of MLKL was associated with the tumor size in invasive NFPA. The simultaneous down-regulation of MLKL protein in pituitary adenoma tissues was observed which was in line with its gene expression. While, RIP1K over-expressed significantly in both types of pituitary tumors which showed no significant correlation with patient's age, gender and tumor size in GHPPA and NFPA group. Notably, MLKL and RIP3K gene expression was significantly correlated in the GHPPA group. CONCLUSIONS According to our data, the reduced expression of necroptosis mediators (RIP3K, MLKL) in pituitary adenoma reinforces the hypothesis that the necroptosis pathway can be effective in regulating the proliferation and growth of pituitary tumor cells and tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad E Khamseh
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Sheikhi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shahsavari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Akbari
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit (CRDU), Sayad Shirazi Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Imani
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Panahi
- Firozgar Hospital, Pathology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Ameri
- Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Nazem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sabatino ME, Grondona E, De Paul AL. Architects of Pituitary Tumour Growth. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:924942. [PMID: 35837315 PMCID: PMC9273718 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.924942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary is a master gland responsible for the modulation of critical endocrine functions. Pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs) display a considerable prevalence of 1/1106, frequently observed as benign solid tumours. PitNETs still represent a cause of important morbidity, due to hormonal systemic deregulation, with surgical, radiological or chronic treatment required for illness management. The apparent scarceness, uncommon behaviour and molecular features of PitNETs have resulted in a relatively slow progress in depicting their pathogenesis. An appropriate interpretation of different phenotypes or cellular outcomes during tumour growth is desirable, since histopathological characterization still remains the main option for prognosis elucidation. Improved knowledge obtained in recent decades about pituitary tumorigenesis has revealed that this process involves several cellular routes in addition to proliferation and death, with its modulation depending on many signalling pathways rather than being the result of abnormalities of a unique proliferation pathway, as sometimes presented. PitNETs can display intrinsic heterogeneity and cell subpopulations with diverse biological, genetic and epigenetic particularities, including tumorigenic potential. Hence, to obtain a better understanding of PitNET growth new approaches are required and the systematization of the available data, with the role of cell death programs, autophagy, stem cells, cellular senescence, mitochondrial function, metabolic reprogramming still being emerging fields in pituitary research. We envisage that through the combination of molecular, genetic and epigenetic data, together with the improved morphological, biochemical, physiological and metabolically knowledge on pituitary neoplastic potential accumulated in recent decades, tumour classification schemes will become more accurate regarding tumour origin, behaviour and plausible clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Sabatino
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos Córdoba (ICYTAC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Grondona
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana Lucía De Paul
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Córdoba, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Ana Lucía De Paul,
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Urbani C, Mattiello A, Ferri G, Raggi F, Russo D, Marconcini G, Cappellani D, Manetti L, Marcocci C, Cardarelli F, Bogazzi F. PCB153 reduces apoptosis in primary cultures of murine pituitary cells through the activation of NF-κB mediated by PI3K/Akt. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 520:111090. [PMID: 33242503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent pollutants involved in human tumorigenesis. PCB153 is a ubiquitous non-dioxin-like PCB with proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects. To explore the impact of PCB153 in the survival of pituitary cells, we exposed murine pituitary primary cells to PCB153 10 μM for 24 h. Apoptosis was assessed by RT-qPCR, Western-blot, immunoprecipitation, caspase activity, and immunofluorescence. We found that PCB153 decreased pituitary apoptosis through both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. PCB153 reduced the level of the pro-apoptotic protein p38-MAPK. Otherwise, PCB153 activated PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2 pathways and enhanced the expression and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Cotreatments with specific inhibitors revealed that only PI3K/Akt changed the caspase-3 expression and NF-κB activation induced by PCB153. Also, PCB153 decreased the expression of the pro-apoptotic and pro-senescent cyclins p53 and p21. In summary, exposure to PCB153 leads to a downregulation of apoptosis in the pituitary driven by a PI3K/Akt-mediated activation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Urbani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mattiello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Ferri
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Raggi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dania Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Marconcini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Cappellani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Manetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Marcocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fausto Bogazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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Akbari N, Ghorbani M, Salimi V, Alimohammadi A, Khamseh ME, Akbari H, Nourbakhsh M, Sheikhi A, Taghavi SF, Tavakoli-Yaraki M. Cyclooxygenase enzyme and PGE2 expression in patients with functional and non-functional pituitary adenomas. BMC Endocr Disord 2020; 20:39. [PMID: 32171274 PMCID: PMC7071656 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-020-0515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenomas as multifactorial intracranial neoplasms impose a massive burden of morbidity on patients and characterizing the molecular mechanism underlying their pathogenesis has received considerable attention. Despite the appealing role of cyclooxygenase enzymes and their bioactive lipid products in cancer pathogenesis, their relevance to pituitary adenoma pathogenesis is debated and yet to be determined. Thus, the current study perused this relevance. METHODS The expression level of the isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) was evaluated in hormone-secreting and in-active pituitary adenoma tumors and normal pituitary tissues through Real-Time PCR. The level of PGE2, as the main product of enzymes, was assessed using enzyme immunoassay kits in patients and healthy subjects. RESULTS The results of the current study demonstrated that COX-1 and COX-2 expression levels were increased in pituitary tumors including non-functional pituitary adenoma (NFPA), acromegaly, Cushing's disease and prolactinoma compared with normal pituitary tissues. A significant expression level of COX-2 was observed in NFPA compared with the other pituitary tumors. Furthermore, the COX-2 expression level was significantly increased in macroadenoma and invasive tumors. The level of PGE2 was consistent with COX enzymes enhanced in pituitary adenoma tumors compared with healthy pituitary tissue. A significant elevation in the PGE2 level was detected in NFPA compared with hormone-secreting pituitary tumors. Additionally, the PGE2 level was increased in macroadenoma compared with microadenoma and in invasive compared with non-invasive pituitary tumors. The diagnostic values of cyclooxygenase isoforms and PGE2 were considerable between patients and healthy groups; however, COX-2 revealed more value in distinguishing endocrinologically active and non-active pituitary tumors. CONCLUSIONS Data from the current study provides expression patterns of COX-1, COX-2 and PGE2 in prevalent pituitary tumors and their association with patients' clinical features which may open up new molecular targets for early diagnosis/follow up of pituitary tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Akbari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad E Khamseh
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Akbari
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit (CRDU), Sayad Shirazi Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mitra Nourbakhsh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Sheikhi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Fahimeh Taghavi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Tavakoli-Yaraki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614535, Tehran, Iran.
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Mao G, Liu H, Ding Y, Zhang W, Chen H, Zhao T, Feng W, Wu X, Yang L. Evaluation of combined developmental neurological toxicity of di (n-butyl) phthalates and lead using immature mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:9318-9326. [PMID: 31916169 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the immature mice were taken to assess the potential neurological toxicity of lead (Pb) and di (n-butyl) phthalates (DBP) combination exposure. Mouse administration with DBP combination with Pb exhibited longer escape latency and lower average number of crossing of the platform. Pb content in the tissues was increased, especially in the brain, after Pb exposure as compared to those without Pb exposure. The alterations of oxidative damages in tissues (MDA and SOD) and biochemical indicators in the brain (AChE, TNOS, and iNOS) were observed, as well as the synergistic effect of joint exposure. Expressions of apoptosis-related protein (bax/bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3) were significantly increased in the hippocampus, while the bcl-2 was remarkably decreased and no significant differences were observed on the bax. The results suggested that the possible mechanisms for the learning and memory ability impairments were as follows: Firstly, the combination exposure induced the occurrence of lipid peroxidation in the brain, leading to damage to the brain cells. Secondly, it destroyed the normal metabolic balance of ACh, causing nerve damage in mice. Thirdly, it induced apoptosis in mouse hippocampal cells. The overall findings revealed that Pb and DBP co-exposure greatly influenced the developmental nervous system and accompanied with synergistic toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Mao
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yangyang Ding
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Hua G, Yanjiao H, Qian L, Jichao W, Yazhuo Z. Detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with pituitary tumors. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:336. [PMID: 29587659 PMCID: PMC5870253 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that have shed from a primary tumor and circulate in the peripheral blood. Recent experimental and clinical studies show that CTCs can be detected in early-stage disease. CASE PRESENTATION We report three cases of pituitary adenoma (PA) in which tumor cells with particles were detected in the interstitial vascular compartment by transmission electron microscopy. Tumors were completely resected. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a β-catenin score of 10.5 ± 1.5 in the three cases with CTCs compared with 2.4 ± 0.5 in 24 control adenomas. The Ki-67 labeling index was 2.1 ± 0.7 in CTCs vs. 0.2 ± 0.3 in control cases (p = 0.043), and the p53 score was 4.33 ± 1.3 vs. 0.31 ± 0.17 (p = 0.000). The E-cadherin score did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS CTCs can be detected in benign tumors such as PAs and not only in late-stage malignant tumors with apparent distant metastases. The present findings suggest that pituitary carcinomas develop from adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Hua
- Beijing Neurosurgical Insititute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.,Key laboratory of central nervous system injury research, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - He Yanjiao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Insititute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Liu Qian
- Beijing Neurosurgical Insititute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wang Jichao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Xinjiang, 830000, China
| | - Zhang Yazhuo
- Beijing Neurosurgical Insititute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Key laboratory of central nervous system injury research, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China. .,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Tiantan xili 6#, Beijing, 100050, China.
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8
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Sarkar S, Chacko AG, Chacko G. Clinicopathological correlates of extrasellar growth patterns in pituitary adenomas. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:1173-7. [PMID: 25979255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed clinical, imaging and histopathology details of 297 patients who underwent surgery for pituitary adenomas, with an equal distribution of functional and non-functioning tumors, to examine clinicopathological correlates of extrasellar growth. Knosp grades of 3 and 4 on MRI defined cavernous sinus invasion, Hardy grades of C and D defined significant suprasellar/subfrontal extension, and intraoperative evidence of tumor eroding through the clivus or sellar floor defined infrasellar invasion. Disease status at follow-up was known in 246 patients overall, including 35 patients who were evaluated for progression of residual disease on serial imaging. On univariate analysis, we found several statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) including adenoma size with age, sex and tumor protein p53 reactivity; cavernous sinus invasion with size, non-functional status, increased mitotic activity, an elevated MIB-1 proliferation index and p53 reactivity; suprasellar/subfrontal extension with p53 reactivity; and infrasellar invasion with age and tumor size. When adjusting for confounders with logistic regression, several significant associations were evident including adenoma size with male sex and p53 reactivity; cavernous sinus invasion with size and elevated MIB-1 proliferation index; suprasellar/subfrontal extension with p53 reactivity; and infrasellar invasion with adenoma size alone. Patients with early progression of postoperative residual tumor were younger with a non-significant trend towards higher MIB-1 proliferation indices. Individual patterns of extrasellar growth in pituitary adenomas are associated with unique clinical and immunohistochemical profiles. Younger patients with elevated MIB-1 values are probably at high risk for early recurrence of non-functioning tumors. Definitions of atypia must be standardized before more robust assumptions about tumor biology can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauradeep Sarkar
- Neurosurgery Section, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ari G Chacko
- Neurosurgery Section, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Geeta Chacko
- Neuropathology Section, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Ida Scudder Road, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India.
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9
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Zhang XF, Choi YJ, Han JW, Kim E, Park JH, Gurunathan S, Kim JH. Differential nanoreprotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in male somatic cells and spermatogonial stem cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1335-57. [PMID: 25733828 PMCID: PMC4337509 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s76062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) possess unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. AgNPs have been increasingly used as anticancer, antiangiogenic, and antibacterial agents for the treatment of bacterial infections in open wounds as well as in ointments, bandages, and wound dressings. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of two different sizes of AgNPs (10 nm and 20 nm) in male somatic Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) cells and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Methods Here, we demonstrate a green and simple method for the synthesis of AgNPs using Bacillus cereus culture supernatants. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The toxicity of the synthesized AgNPs was evaluated by the effects on cell viability, metabolic activity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and expression of genes encoding steroidogenic and tight junction proteins. Results AgNPs inhibited the viability and proliferation of TM3 and TM4 cells in a dose- and size-dependent manner by damaging cell membranes and inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn affected SSC growth on TM3 and TM4 as feeder cells. Small AgNPs (10 nm) were more cytotoxic than medium-sized nanoparticles (20 nm). TEM revealed the presence of AgNPs in the cell cytoplasm and nucleus, and detected mitochondrial damage and enhanced formation of autosomes and autolysosomes in the AgNP-treated cells. Flow cytometry analysis using Annexin V/propidium iodide staining showed massive cell death by apoptosis or necrosis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses indicated that in TM3 and TM4 cells, AgNPs activated the p53, p38, and pErk1/2 signaling pathways and significantly downregulated the expression of genes related to testosterone synthesis (TM3) and tight junctions (TM4). Furthermore, the exposure of TM3 and TM4 cells to AgNPs inhibited proliferation and self-renewal of SSCs. Conclusion Our results suggest that AgNPs exhibit size-dependent nanoreprotoxicity in male somatic cells and SSCs, strongly suggesting that applications of AgNPs in commercial products must be carefully evaluated. Further studies of AgNPs-induced nanoreprotoxicity in animal models are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Feng Zhang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Woong Han
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunsu Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Tanase C, Albulescu R, Codrici E, Calenic B, Popescu ID, Mihai S, Necula L, Cruceru ML, Hinescu ME. Decreased expression of APAF-1 and increased expression of cathepsin B in invasive pituitary adenoma. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:81-90. [PMID: 25565868 PMCID: PMC4278787 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s70886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (APAF-1) and cathepsin B are important functional proteins in apoptosis; the former is involved in the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway, while the latter is associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Changes in the expression of apoptosome-related proteins could be useful indicators of tumor development since a priori defects in the mitochondrial pathway might facilitate the inception and progression of human neoplasms. Our aim was to evaluate the profiles of APAF-1 and cathepsin B in relation with other molecules involved in apoptosis/proliferation and to correlate them with the aggressive behavior of invasive pituitary adenomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS APAF-1 and cathepsin B were assessed in tissue samples from 30 patients with pituitary adenomas, of which 16 were functional adenomas and 22 were invasive adenomas. RESULTS A positive relationship between high proliferation and invasiveness was observed in invasive pituitary adenomas when compared to their noninvasive counterparts (Ki-67 labeling index - 4.72% versus 1.75%). Decreased expression of APAF-1 was recorded in most of the invasive adenomas with a high proliferation index, while the cathepsin B level was elevated in this group. We have noticed a negative correlation between the low level of APAF-1 and invasiveness (63.63%; P<0.01); at the same time, a positive correlation between cathepsin B expression and invasiveness (59.09%; P<0.01) was found. In all, 81.25% out of the total APAF-1-positive samples were cathepsin B negative (P<0.01); 76.92% out of the total cathepsin B-positive samples were APAF-1-negative (P<0.01). These results were reinforced by an apoptosis protein array examination, which showed inhibition of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in an invasive pituitary adenoma. CONCLUSION A bidirectional-inverted relationship between APAF-1 and cathepsin B expressions was noticed. One might hypothesize that shifting the balance between mediators of cell death could result in changes in tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Tanase
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: Cristiana Tanase, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, no 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096, Sector 5 Bucharest, Romania, Tel +40 213 194 528, Fax +40 213 194 528, Email
| | - Radu Albulescu
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Bucharest, Romania
- National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical R&D, Department of Biochemistry, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Codrici
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Calenic
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Bucharest, Romania
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionela Daniela Popescu
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Mihai
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Laura Necula
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Bucharest, Romania
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Linda Cruceru
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail Eugen Hinescu
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Bucharest, Romania
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Bucharest, Romania
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11
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An analysis of granulation patterns, MIB-1 proliferation indices and p53 expression in 101 patients with acromegaly. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2014; 156:2221-30; discussion 2230. [PMID: 25238988 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-014-2230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the wide spectrum of adenoma behavior in patients with acromegaly, the ability of most pathological markers to predict clinical and radiological behavior remains controversial. The authors sought to comprehensively examine clinical and radiological correlates of growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenomas with regard to several commonly used immunocytochemical techniques in patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly. METHOD We performed a retrospective review of histopathological findings in 101 surgically resected GH adenomas. Tumors were assessed radiologically for different patterns of extension. Each tumor specimen was subject to immunocytochemical analysis, including assessments of granulation patterns, MIB-1 labeling indices, prolactin cosecretion, p53 expression and mitotic activity. Endocrinological outcome was assessed in 93 patients, with remission defined by the 2010 consensus criteria. RESULTS Most tumors were macroadenomas and almost half were invasive. When compared to densely granulated tumors, sparsely granulated adenomas were associated with a younger age at presentation, higher preoperative IGF-1 levels, elevated MIB-1 index and pure GH immunostaining, but did not differ significantly in terms of extrasellar invasion or outcome. Increased mitotic activity and p53 expression were also associated with higher proliferation indices and a younger age at presentation. Mixed GH/prolactin tumors demonstrated significantly higher remission rates, independent of variations in extrasellar growth. MIB-1 indices did not correlate with the preoperative GH/IGF-1 levels, adenoma size or Knosp grade. CONCLUSION The pathobiology of acromegaly is complex, and the clinicoradiological significance of subtyping on the basis of the markers employed in this study is debatable. Further investigation of newer molecular markers is warranted.
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Lee SW, Lee JE, Yoo CY, Ko MS, Park CS, Yang SH. NRP-1 expression is strongly associated with the progression of pituitary adenomas. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1537-42. [PMID: 25109698 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to identify a predictive marker associated with tumor progression or recurrence. We investigated the expression of p53, Ki-67, Bax, Bcl-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in pituitary adenomas (PAs) with/without tumor progression during follow-up periods. We compared the expression of these molecules in primary and recurrent specimens to identify a predictive marker associated with tumor progression. Nineteen patients had no progression for more than 5-years of follow-up. Nine patients had tumor progression within 5 years of their first transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) surgery and underwent re-TSS for treating progression of adenoma. Tumor size was larger and involvement of the cavernous sinus was more frequent in the progression group than these variables in the no progression group. A strong association was observed between NRP-1 expression and tumor progression. No significant risk for developing tumor progression was associated with Ki-67, p53, Bax, Bcl-2, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, or VEGF-A expression. Four of nine patients showed strong NRP-1 immunoreactivity in progression specimens. Negative NRP-1 immunoreactivity in the initial specimens was converted into strong positivity in the progression specimens of five patients. NRP-1 could be a relevant PA marker of progression and could be a potential target for medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Paldal-gu, Suwon 442-723, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Paldal-gu, Suwon 442-723, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Young Yoo
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Paldal-gu, Suwon 442-723, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Seok Ko
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Soon Park
- Department of Otolaryngology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Paldal-gu, Suwon 442-723, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Paldal-gu, Suwon 442-723, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a phenomenon in which different stimuli trigger cellular mechanisms that culminate in death, in the absence of inflammatory cell response. Two different activation pathways are known, the intrinsic pathway (or mitochondrial) and extrinsic (or death-receptor pathway), both pathways trigger enzymatic reactions that lead cells to break up and be phagocytized by neighboring cells. This process is a common occurrence in physiological and pathological states, participating in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation and remodeling of organs. In the early steps of pituitary gland formation, numerous apoptotic cells are detected in the separation of Rathke's pouch from the roof of oral ectoderm. In the distal part of the gland, which will form the adenohypophysis, the ratio of apoptosis was significantly lower. However, there is evidence that neoplastic pituitary cells undergo unbalance in genes that control apoptosis leading to uncontrolled cell growth. No direct evidence of apoptosis was found in the drugs used for tumors producing prolactin and growth hormone. In conclusion, an unbalancing in the apoptosis process is the boundary between development and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Guzzo
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clínicas, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Wang N, Wang W, Huo P, Liu CQ, Jin JC, Shen LQ. Mitochondria-mediated Apoptosis in Human Lung Cancer A549 Cells by 4-Methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl Isothiocyanate from Radish Seeds. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:2133-9. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.5.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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15
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Barbieri F, Thellung S, Würth R, Gatto F, Corsaro A, Villa V, Nizzari M, Albertelli M, Ferone D, Florio T. Emerging Targets in Pituitary Adenomas: Role of the CXCL12/CXCR4-R7 System. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:753524. [PMID: 25484899 PMCID: PMC4248486 DOI: 10.1155/2014/753524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic regulators of immune surveillance in physiological and pathological conditions such as inflammation, infection, and cancer. Several chemokines and cognate receptors are constitutively expressed in the central nervous system, not only in glial and endothelial cells but also in neurons, controlling neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and axonal guidance during development. In particular, the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptors, CXCR4 and CXCR7, form a functional network that controls plasticity in different brain areas, influencing neurotransmission, neuromodulation, and cell migration, and the dysregulation of this chemokinergic axis is involved in several neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, and malignant diseases. CXCR4 primarily mediates the transduction of proliferative signals, while CXCR7 seems to be mainly responsible for scavenging CXCL12. Importantly, the multiple intracellular signalling generated by CXCL12 interaction with its receptors influences hypothalamic modulation of neuroendocrine functions, although a direct modulation of pituitary functioning via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms was also reported. Both CXCL12 and CXCR4 are constitutively overexpressed in pituitary adenomas and their signalling induces cell survival and proliferation, as well as hormonal hypersecretion. In this review we focus on the physiological and pathological functions of immune-related cyto- and chemokines, mainly focusing on the CXCL12/CXCR4-7 axis, and their role in pituitary tumorigenesis. Accordingly, we discuss the potential targeting of CXCR4 as novel pharmacological approach for pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barbieri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
- *Federica Barbieri:
| | - Stefano Thellung
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Würth
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Gatto
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Villa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Manuela Albertelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Ferone
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 2-16132 Genova, Italy
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Ramakrishnan NK, Rybczynska AA, Visser AKD, Marosi K, Nyakas CJ, Kwizera C, Sijbesma JWA, Elsinga PH, Ishiwata K, Pruim J, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A. Small-animal PET with a σ-ligand, 11C-SA4503, detects spontaneous pituitary tumors in aged rats. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1377-83. [PMID: 23785170 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.115931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pituitary tumors are often detected only after death or at late stages of the disease when they are macroadenomas with a low surgical cure rate. Spontaneous pituitary tumors occur in rats over 1 y of age. In an ongoing study of changes in σ-1 agonist binding related to aging, several of our rats developed such tumors. The aim of the current study was to assess the kinetics of (11)C-SA4503 ((11)C-labeled 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenthyl)]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)-piperazine dihydrochloride) in tumor and brain and to evaluate the utility of this tracer in the detection of pituitary tumors. METHODS Small-animal PET scans of the brain region of male Wistar Hannover rats (age, 18-32 mo) were acquired using the σ-1 agonist tracer (11)C-SA4503. The time-dependent uptake of (11)C in the entire brain, tumor or normal pituitary, and thyroid was measured. A 2-tissue-compartment model was fitted to the PET data, using metabolite-corrected plasma radioactivity as the input function. RESULTS Pituitary tumors showed up as bright hot spots in the scans. The total distribution volume (VT) of the tracer was significantly higher in the tumor than in the normal pituitary. Surprisingly, a higher VT was also seen in the brain and thyroid tissue of animals with pituitary tumors than in healthy rats. The increase in VT in the brain and thyroid was not related to a change in nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) but rather to an increase in the partition coefficient (K1/k2) of (11)C-SA4503. The increase in VT in the tumor on the other hand was accompanied by a significant increase in BPND. Western blotting analysis indicated that pituitary tumors overexpressed σ-1 receptors. CONCLUSION The overexpression of σ-1 receptors in spontaneous pituitary tumors is detected as an increase in uptake and BPND of (11)C-SA4503. Therefore, this tracer may have promise for the detection of pituitary adenomas, using PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha K Ramakrishnan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kim IK, Park SJ, Park JH, Lee SH, Hong SE, Reed JC. Cyclosporine A and bromocriptine attenuate cell death mediated by intracellular calcium mobilization. BMB Rep 2012; 45:482-7. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.8.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Ruggeri RM, Costa G, Simone A, Campennì A, Sindoni A, Ieni A, Cavallari V, Trimarchi F, Curtò L. Cell proliferation parameters and apoptosis indices in pituitary macroadenomas. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:473-8. [PMID: 21897111 DOI: 10.3275/7905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenomas are usually well-differentiated tumors but may show locally aggressive behavior. AIM To investigate the relationship between proliferation and apoptosis parameters and tumor recurrence in a series of 20 radically resected pituitary macroadenomas (11 functioning, 9 non-functioning). MATERIALS AND METHODS Proliferative activity and DNA ploidy were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) on fresh surgical specimens. Immunohistochemistry for Ki-67/MIB-1 and for the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was performed on paraffin-embedded specimens from the same tumors. Tumor regrowth was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Six adenomas recurred after surgery, regardless of hormonal hypersecretion. Pre-surgical tumor size was significantly higher in recurrent than in non-recurrent adenomas (p=0.003). Pre-surgical MRI demonstrated cavernous sinus (CS) invasiveness in all recurrent tumors, while none of the non-invasive adenomas recurred (p=0.042, by Fisher's exact test). The DNA content was aneuploid in 5/20 adenomas, one of which recurred. Cell percentages in the S (%SPF) and G2+M (%G2-M) phases and proliferative index (PI) (PI=%SPF+%G2-M) were significantly higher in aneuploid than in diploid adenomas (p<0.05), but no significant differences concerning all FCM parameters were observed between recurrent and non-recurrent adenomas. Similarly, MIB-1 did not show a significant difference of expression between recurrent and non-recurrent adenomas (p=0.33). Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was detected in 12/15 pituitary adenomas, involving 63±35% of tumor cells, regardless of tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS In this group of radically resected pituitary macroadenomas, neuroradiological finding of CS invasiveness--but not FCM parameters nor MIB-1 and Bcl-2 expression--is useful for predicting tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Ruggeri
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Messina, Messina, 98125, Italy
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Effects of an estrogen receptor antagonist on proliferation, prolactin secretion and growth factor expression in the MMQ pituitary prolactinoma cell line. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:1694-8. [PMID: 22015101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the functional role of estrogen receptor α (ERα) in MMQ pituitary prolactinoma cells in the absence of estrogen with respect to proliferation, prolactin (PRL) secretion, and expression of growth factors. MMQ cells were treated with the ERα antagonist fulvestrant, then proliferation and PRL secretion were measured using MTS and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Levels of ERα, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and B cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Fulvestrant acted as a potent inhibitor of ERα expression, and significantly inhibited cell proliferation (by up to 57.6±2.2%) and PRL secretion (by up to 81.0%). Fulvestrant also significantly altered the expression levels of VEGF, MMP-9 and BCL-2. We conclude that ERα plays an important functional role in pituitary prolactinomas and is also involved in the expression of particular growth factors, even in the absence of estrogen. Fulvestrant treatment may be an effective therapy for such tumors.
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Salehi F, Agur A, Scheithauer BW, Kovacs K, Lloyd RV, Cusimano M. Biomarkers of pituitary neoplasms: a review (Part II). Neurosurgery 2011; 67:1790-8; discussion 1798. [PMID: 21107210 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e3181faa680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several new markers have shown a capacity to predict the clinicopathological behavior of pituitary neoplasms; these markers have shown potential to correlate with tumor subtype and size and patient age and sex. These various markers are involved in a host of cellular functions, including cell-cycle progression, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell adhesion, and tumor vascularity. In this companion article to our first review of Ki-67 as a marker of pituitary adenomas, we present and analyze the literature regarding matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases), vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor and its receptor, apoptotic markers and p53, as well as cyclooxygenase-2, galectin-3, and pituitary tumor transforming gene. Some of these markers, such as fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor and matrix metalloproteinases, show particular promise in their ability to identify pituitary tumors that behave in an aggressive manner. We suggest the need for uniform design and application of methods and standardized criteria for the interpretation of results. A uniform approach will establish clinicopathological utility of emerging markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Salehi
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, and Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Dallago CM, Barbosa-Coutinho LM, Ferreira NP, Meurer R, Pereira-Lima JFS, Oliveira MDC. Determination of cell proliferation using Mcm2 antigen and evaluation of apoptosis and TGF-beta1 expression in GH-secreting or clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Pathol 2010; 21:32-9. [PMID: 20174894 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-010-9107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas (PA) occasionally show aggressive behavior, with invasion of the surrounding tissues. The identification of markers able to recognize aggressive PA in early stages remains a challenge. We aimed to determine the expression of a new cell proliferation marker, Mcm2, and the presence of apoptosis in PA, and to evaluate the association of clinicopathological features with the apoptotic and proliferative indices. Additionally, the TGF-beta1 expression, an inducer of apoptosis, was determined. The proliferative index was determined in GH-secreting or clinically nonfunctioning PA using immunohistochemical (IH) methods for Mcm2 and Ki-67 antigens. The apoptosis was assessed by the TUNEL method and the TGF-beta1 expression by IH. A significant positive correlation was found between log Mcm2 index and log Ki-67 index (p < 0.001). Mcm2 and Ki-67 detected a similar number of proliferating cells. Mcm2 index showed a significant association with tumor extension (p = 0.02), but not with tumor invasion. Apoptosis was detected in 17% of the adenomas, with a maximum apoptotic index of 0.77%. Immunoreactivity to TGF-beta1 was observed in 77% of the adenomas, showing an association with tumor extension. We concluded that, in this sample, Mcm2 was similar to Ki-67 in the identification of the proliferating cells and that apoptosis was rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Micheletto Dallago
- Neuroendocrinology Center, Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFSCPA), Rua Dona Mimi Moro, 40, 90480-050, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Ji YB, Qu ZY, Zou X. Juglone-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells via the mitochondrial pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 63:69-78. [PMID: 19815401 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of juglone on the apoptosis of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. The cytotoxic activity of juglone on SGC-7901 cells was tested by the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The morphological changes in the cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The apoptotic rate, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial transmembrane potential and the expression of cytochrome c protein were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were examined by Western blot. Caspase 3 activity was determined with a microplate reader. Our results were as follows: the GI(50) values for SGC-7901 cells were 36.51 ± 1.05 μmol/L (24h) and 25.37 ± 1.19 μmol/L (48 h). After 24h of exposure to juglone (5, 10, 15 and 20 μmol/L), the cells presented the typical morphological changes of apoptosis, and the rate of apoptosis was found to increase in a dose-dependent manner. After cells were treated with juglone at the same dose for 24h, the level of ROS was significantly higher, the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly down-regulated and the expression of Bax was significantly up-regulated compared to the control. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential was significantly lower, and the expression of the cytochrome c protein was significantly higher relative to the control. Caspase 3 was activated in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, juglone can induce apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells through a mitochondrial pathway that seems to be mediated by the generation of ROS and a reduction in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bin Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150076, Heilongjiang, China.
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Seilicovich A, Pisera D, Sciascia SA, Candolfi M, Puntel M, Xiong W, Jaita G, Castro MG. Gene therapy for pituitary tumors. Curr Gene Ther 2006; 5:559-72. [PMID: 16457646 PMCID: PMC2696484 DOI: 10.2174/156652305774964721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary tumors are the most common primary intracranial neoplasms. Although most pituitary tumors are considered typically benign, others can cause severe and progressive disease. The principal aims of pituitary tumor treatment are the elimination or reduction of the tumor mass, normalization of hormone secretion and preservation of remaining pituitary function. In spite of major advances in the therapy of pituitary tumors, for some of the most difficult tumors, current therapies that include medical, surgical and radiotherapeutic methods are often unsatisfactory and there is a need to develop new treatment strategies. Gene therapy, which uses nucleic acids as drugs, has emerged as an attractive therapeutic option for the treatment of pituitary tumors that do not respond to classical treatment strategies if the patients become intolerant to the therapy. The development of animal models for pituitary tumors and hormone hypersecretion has proven to be critical for the implementation of novel treatment strategies and gene therapy approaches. Preclinical trials using several gene therapy approaches for the treatment of anterior pituitary diseases have been successfully implemented. Several issues need to be addressed before clinical implementation becomes a reality, including the development of more effective and safer viral vectors, uncovering novel therapeutic targets and development of targeted expression of therapeutic transgenes. With the development of efficient gene delivery vectors allowing long-term transgene expression with minimal toxicity, gene therapy will become one of the most promising approaches for treating pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Seilicovich
- Centro de Investigaciones en Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, Buenos Aires (C1121ABG), Argentina.
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Kontogeorgos G, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Coire C, Lloyd RV, Scheithauer BW, Smyth HS. Morphologic changes of prolactin-producing pituitary adenomas after short treatment with dopamine agonists. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 111:46-52. [PMID: 16328513 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-005-1111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of patients with prolactin (PRL)-producing pituitary adenomas with dopamine agonists has proved successful for most cases. Dopamine agonists inhibit PRL secretion, suppress cell proliferation, and may induce apoptosis to adenoma cells. Dopamine agonists induce striking morphologic changes in the majority of treated PRL-producing adenomas. To date, these morphologic effects have been primarily described only after long-term treatment. To the best of our knowledge, no similar studies have investigated apoptotic alterations induced after short-term therapy. The purpose of this report is to describe the morphologic changes seen in PRL-producing adenomas after short-term dopamine agonist treatment. We present two cases of PRL-producing macroadenomas, both from male patients who received treatment with dopamine agonists, the first for 5 and the second for 8 days. In contrast to long-term treatment, no striking reduction of PRL immunoreactivity was noted. Slight stromal fibrosis was noted in case 1, which contained several cells all in late phase of apoptosis. In addition to typical apoptotic cells, numerous "dark" cells representing another common form of cell death were also noted. These novel findings represent characteristic features of short-term dopamine agonist treatment, which are not seen in long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kontogeorgos
- Department of Pathology, G. Gennimatas Athens General Hospital, KOFKA Bldg., 1st Floor, 154 Messogion Avenue, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
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