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Adeola AC, Bello SF, Abdussamad AM, Adedokun RAM, Olaogun SC, Abdullahi N, Mark AI, Onoja AB, Sanke OJ, Mangbon GF, Ibrahim J, Dawuda PM, Salako AE, Kdidi S, Yahyaoui MH. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the open reading frame (ORF) of prion protein gene (PRNP) in Nigerian livestock species. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:177. [PMID: 38355406 PMCID: PMC10865551 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prion diseases, also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) remain one of the deleterious disorders, which have affected several animal species. Polymorphism of the prion protein (PRNP) gene majorly determines the susceptibility of animals to TSEs. However, only limited studies have examined the variation in PRNP gene in different Nigerian livestock species. Thus, this study aimed to identify the polymorphism of PRNP gene in Nigerian livestock species (including camel, dog, horse, goat, and sheep). We sequenced the open reading frame (ORF) of 65 camels, 31 village dogs and 12 horses from Nigeria and compared with PRNP sequences of 886 individuals retrieved from public databases. RESULTS All the 994 individuals were assigned into 162 haplotypes. The sheep had the highest number of haplotypes (n = 54), and the camel had the lowest (n = 7). Phylogenetic tree further confirmed clustering of Nigerian individuals into their various species. We detected five non-synonymous SNPs of PRNP comprising of G9A, G10A, C11G, G12C, and T669C shared by all Nigerian livestock species and were in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). The amino acid changes in these five non-synonymous SNP were all "benign" via Polyphen-2 program. Three SNPs G34C, T699C, and C738G occurred only in Nigerian dogs while C16G, G502A, G503A, and C681A in Nigerian horse. In addition, C50T was detected only in goats and sheep. CONCLUSION Our study serves as the first to simultaneously investigate the polymorphism of PRNP gene in Nigerian livestock species and provides relevant information that could be adopted in programs targeted at breeding for prion diseases resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeniyi C Adeola
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution & Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
| | - Semiu F Bello
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Abdussamad M Abdussamad
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Rahamon A M Adedokun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Sunday C Olaogun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Nasiru Abdullahi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Akanbi I Mark
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Secretariat, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Anyebe B Onoja
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oscar J Sanke
- Taraba State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jalingo, Nigeria
| | | | - Jebi Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Philip M Dawuda
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Lesotho, Maseru, South Africa
| | - Adebowale E Salako
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Samia Kdidi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Institut des Régions Arides, Université de Gabes, Route El Djorf, Km 22.5, 4119, Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Habib Yahyaoui
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Institut des Régions Arides, Université de Gabes, Route El Djorf, Km 22.5, 4119, Medenine, Tunisia
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Adeola AC, Bello SF, Abdussamad AM, Mark AI, Sanke OJ, Onoja AB, Nneji LM, Abdullahi N, Olaogun SC, Rogo LD, Mangbon GF, Pedro SL, Hiinan MP, Mukhtar MM, Ibrahim J, Saidu H, Dawuda PM, Bala RK, Abdullahi HL, Salako AE, Kdidi S, Yahyaoui MH, Yin TT. Scrapie-associated polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Nigerian native goats. Gene X 2023; 855:147121. [PMID: 36535463 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a fatal prion protein disease stiffly associated with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of the prion protein gene (PRNP). The prevalence of this deadly disease has been reported in small ruminants, including goats. The Nigerian goats are hardy, trypano-tolerant, and contribute to the protein intake of the increasing population. Although scrapie has been reported in Nigerian goats, there is no study on the polymorphism of the PRNP gene. Herein, we evaluated the genetic and allele distributions of PRNP polymorphism in 132 Nigerian goats and compared them with publicly available studies on scrapie-affected goats. We utilized Polyphen-2, PROVEAN and AMYCO programs to examine structural variations produced by the non-synonymous SNPs. Our study revealed 29 SNPs in Nigerian goats, of which 14 were non-synonymous, and 23 were novel. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) in the allele frequencies of PRNP codons 139, 146, 154 and 193 in Nigerian goats compared with scrapie-affected goats, except for Northern Italian goats at codon 154. Based on the prediction by Polyphen-2, R139S and N146S were 'benign', R154H was 'probably damaging', and T193I was 'possibly damaging'. In contrast, PROVEAN predicted 'neutral' for all non-synonymous SNPs, while AMYCO showed a similar amyloid propensity of PRNP for resistant haplotype and two haplotypes of Nigerian goats. Our study is the first to investigate the polymorphism of scrapie-related genes in Nigerian goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeniyi C Adeola
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution & Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China; Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Semiu F Bello
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Abdussamad M Abdussamad
- Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Akanbi I Mark
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Secretariat, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oscar J Sanke
- Taraba State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Jalingo, Nigeria
| | - Anyebe B Onoja
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lotanna M Nneji
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States
| | - Nasiru Abdullahi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Sunday C Olaogun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lawal D Rogo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Manasseh P Hiinan
- Small Ruminant Section, Solomon Kesinton Agro-Allied Limited Iperu-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad M Mukhtar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Jebi Ibrahim
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Hayatu Saidu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Philip M Dawuda
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, National University of Lesotho, South Africa
| | - Rukayya K Bala
- Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza L Abdullahi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Adebowale E Salako
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Samia Kdidi
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Institut des Régions Arides, Université de Gabes, Route El Djorf, Km 22.5, Medenine 4119, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Habib Yahyaoui
- Livestock and Wildlife Laboratory, Institut des Régions Arides, Université de Gabes, Route El Djorf, Km 22.5, Medenine 4119, Tunisia
| | - Ting-Ting Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution & Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Torricelli M, Sebastiani C, Ciullo M, Ceccobelli S, Chiappini B, Vaccari G, Capocefalo A, Conte M, Giovannini S, Lasagna E, Sarti FM, Biagetti M. PRNP Polymorphisms in Eight Local Goat Populations/Breeds from Central and Southern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020333. [PMID: 33525718 PMCID: PMC7911694 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In goats, as in sheep, genotypes of the prion protein gene (PRNP) can influence animals' susceptibility to scrapie. Since the polymorphic codons in sheep are well known, a genetic selection plan has been implemented in Europe, in order to reduce the prevalence of susceptible genotypes to scrapie. In Italy, no breeding plan for scrapie resistance in goats has been adopted, yet. Likewise, according to the most recent modification of Regulation EU 999/2001 (Regulation EU 772/2020) of the European Commission (EU), based on all the available experimental and in field data, K222, D146 and S146 polymorphisms could be used as scrapie resistance alleles in genetic management both in scrapie outbreaks and in disease prevention. In order to collect data on the variability of PRNP, the present study aimed to analyze the sequence of the PRNP gene in eight Italian local goat populations/breeds reared in central and southern Italy (Bianca Monticellana, Capestrina, Facciuta della Valnerina, Fulva del Lazio, Garganica, Grigia Ciociara, Grigia Molisana, and Teramana), some of which were investigated for the first time; moreover, two cosmopolitan breeds (Alpine and Saanen) were included. Blood samples were collected from 219 goats. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood. DNA was used as template in PCR amplification of the entire PRNP open reading frame (ORF). Purified amplicons have been sequenced and aligned to Capra hircus PRNP. Particularly, the alleles carrying the resistance-related 222 K polymorphism occurred in all populations with a frequency between 2.5% and 12.5%. An additional resistance allele carrying the S146 variant was observed with a frequency of 3.7% only in the Alpine breed. For three of the estimated alleles, we could not establish if the found double polymorphisms in heterozygosis were in phase, due to technical limitations. In this context, in addition to selective culling in scrapie outbreaks according to the European regulation in force, in the future, selection plans could be adopted to deal with scrapie and to control its diffusion, meanwhile paying attention to preserve a high variability of PRNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Torricelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche-Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.); (C.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Carla Sebastiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche-Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.); (C.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Marcella Ciullo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche-Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.); (C.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Simone Ceccobelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Barbara Chiappini
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (G.V.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Gabriele Vaccari
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (G.V.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Antonio Capocefalo
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (G.V.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Michela Conte
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (B.C.); (G.V.); (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Samira Giovannini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (S.G.); (E.L.); (F.M.S.)
| | - Emiliano Lasagna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (S.G.); (E.L.); (F.M.S.)
| | - Francesca Maria Sarti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (S.G.); (E.L.); (F.M.S.)
| | - Massimo Biagetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche-Togo Rosati (IZSUM), Via Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.); (C.S.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Hassan MF, Khan SH, Babar ME, Yang L, Ali T, Khan JM, Shah SZA, Zhou X, Hussain T, Zhu T, Hussain T, Zhao D. Polymorphism analysis of prion protein gene in 11 Pakistani goat breeds. Prion 2016; 10:290-304. [PMID: 27388702 PMCID: PMC5082961 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1178422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between caprine PrP gene polymorphisms and its susceptibility to scrapie has been investigated in current years. As the ORF of the PrP gene is extremely erratic in different breeds of goats, we studied the PrP gene polymorphisms in 80 goats which belong to 11 Pakistani indigenous goat breeds from all provinces of Pakistan. A total of 6 distinct polymorphic sites (one novel) with amino acid substitutions were identified in the PrP gene which includes 126 (A -> G), 304 (G -> T), 379 (A -> G), 414 (C -> T), 428 (A -> G) and 718 (C -> T). The locus c.428 was found highly polymorphic in all breeds as compare to other loci. On the basis of these PrP variants NJ phylogenetic tree was constructed through MEGA6.1 which showed that all goat breeds along with domestic sheep and Mauflon sheep appeared as in one clade and sharing its most recent common ancestors (MRCA) with deer species while Protein analysis has shown that these polymorphisms can lead to varied primary, secondary and tertiary structure of protein. Based on these polymorphic variants, genetic distance, multidimensional scaling plot and principal component analyses revealed the clear picture regarding greater number of substitutions in cattle PrP regions as compared to the small ruminant species. In particular these findings may pinpoint the fundamental control over the scrapie in Capra hircus on genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farooque Hassan
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sher Hayat Khan
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lifeng Yang
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tariq Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jamal Muhammad Khan
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tanveer Hussain
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ting Zhu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Tariq Hussain
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Deming Zhao
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Review: A review on classical and atypical scrapie in caprine: Prion protein gene polymorphisms and their role in the disease. Animal 2016; 10:1585-93. [PMID: 27109462 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in sheep and goat. It has been known for ~250 years and is characterised by the accumulation of an abnormal isoform of a host-encoded prion protein that leads to progressive neurodegeneration and death. Scrapie is recognised in two forms, classical and atypical scrapie. The susceptibility to both types of scrapie is influenced by polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP). Sheep susceptibility or resistance to classical scrapie is strongly regulated by the polymorphisms at codons 136, 154 and 171 of the PRNP. The genetic role in atypical scrapie in sheep has been defined by polymorphisms at codons 141, 154 and 171, which are associated with different degrees of risk in the occurrence of the ovine disease. Progress has been achieved in the prevention of scrapie in sheep due to efficient genetic breeding programmes based on eradication and control of the disease. In Europe, the success of these programmes has been verified by applying eradication and genetic selection plans. In general terms, the ovine selection plans aim to eliminate and reduce the susceptible allele and to enrich the resistant allele ARR. During outbreaks all susceptible animals are slaughtered, only ARR/ARR resistant rams and sheep and semi-resistant females are preserved. In the occurrence of scrapie positive goats a complete cull of the flock (stamping out) is performed with great economic loss and severe risk of extinction for the endangered breeds. The ability to select scrapie-resistant animals allows to define new breeding strategies aimed to boost genetic progress while reducing costs during scrapie outbreaks. Allelic variants of PRNP can be protective for caprine scrapie, and the knowledge of their distribution in goats has become very important. Over the past few years, the integration of genetic information on goat populations could be used to make selection decisions, commonly referred to as genetic selection. The objective of this review was to summarise the main findings of polymorphisms of the caprine prion protein (PrP) gene and to discuss the possible application of goat breeding schemes integrating genetic selection, with their relative advantages and limitations.
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Kaam JBV, Finocchiaro R, Vitale M, Pinelli F, Scimonelli M, Vitale F, Portolano B, Oltenacu P, Caracappa S. Prion protein gene frequencies in three Sicilian dairy sheep populations. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2008.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Martemucci G, Iamartino D, Blasi M, Selvaggi M, D'Alessandro AG. Evaluation of genetic variability within PrP genotyped sheep of endangered Italian Altamurana breed. Prev Vet Med 2016; 123:90-96. [PMID: 26708253 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, there has been increased awareness of preservation and exploitation of endangered breeds for the maintenance of biodiversity, as well as the concern for diseases in sheep breeding. This study was carried out in native endangered Altamurana dairy sheep breed from Southern Italy. The Altamurana breed was considered as two populations (Alt-Cav and Alt-Cra-Zoe), based on presumed cross-breed and remarkable differences in the PrP genotypes frequencies. The genetic diversity between the two Altamurana populations (Alt-Cav and Alt-Cra-Zoe) was evaluated in comparison to three Italian dairy breeds through fourteen microsatellite markers. Both measures of genetic distance and the population structure analysis highlighted that the Alt-Cav and Alt-Cra-Zoe sheep have a particular genetic background. The estimated fixation index (FST) and the genetic Nei's distances among the populations showed a higher level of genetic differentiation for Alt-Cav than Alt-Cra-Zoe. The Bayesian clustering analysis implemented in the STRUCTURE software showed clear and distinct clusters for the two Altamurana populations, confirming the hypothesis of Alt-Cav as a genetic group well differentiated from Alt-Cra-Zoe. Alt-Cav likely can be considered as belonging to the original strain of the Altamurana breed. This findings may be used to assist the programme for conservation and selection of scrapie resistance genotypes in endangered Altamurana sheep breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Martemucci
- Department of Scienze Agro-Ambientali e Territoriali, University of Bari, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Iamartino
- Institute of Zootechnics, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; AIA-LGS Associazione Italiana Allevatori-Laboratorio di Genetica e Servizi, Via Bergamo 292, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Michele Blasi
- AIA-DQA Associazione Italiana Allevatori-Dipartimento Qualità Agroalimentare, Via Tomassetti 9, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Selvaggi
- Department of DETO, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari, Valenzano 70010, Italy
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PrP genotype frequencies and risk evaluation for scrapie in dairy sheep breeds from southern Italy. Prev Vet Med 2015; 122:318-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Aguilar-Calvo P, García C, Espinosa JC, Andreoletti O, Torres JM. Prion and prion-like diseases in animals. Virus Res 2014; 207:82-93. [PMID: 25444937 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopaties (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the aggregation and accumulation of the misfolded prion protein in the brain. Other proteins such as β-amyloid, tau or Serum Amyloid-A (SAA) seem to share with prions some aspects of their pathogenic mechanism; causing a variety of so called prion-like diseases in humans and/or animals such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, Type II diabetes mellitus or amyloidosis. The question remains whether these misfolding proteins have the ability to self-propagate and transmit in a similar manner to prions. In this review, we describe the prion and prion-like diseases affecting animals as well as the recent findings suggesting the prion-like transmissibility of certain non-prion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Consolación García
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olivier Andreoletti
- INRA, UMR 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Juan María Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The prion protein-encoding gene (prnp) strongly influences the susceptibility of small ruminants to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Hence, selective breeding programs have been implemented to increase sheep resistance to scrapie. For goats, epidemiological and experimental studies have provided some association between certain polymorphisms of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) and resistance to TSEs. Among them, the Q/K polymorphism at PrP(C) codon 222 (Q/K222) yielded the most promising results. In this work, we investigated the individual effects of the K222-PrP(C) variant on the resistance/susceptibility of goats to TSEs. For that purpose, we generated two transgenic mouse lines, expressing either the Q222 (wild type) or K222 variant of goat PrP(C). Both mouse lines were challenged intracerebrally with a panel of TSE isolates. Transgenic mice expressing the wild-type (Q222) allele were fully susceptible to infection with all tested isolates, whereas transgenic mice expressing similar levels of the K222 allele were resistant to all goat scrapie and cattle BSE isolates but not to goat BSE isolates. Finally, heterozygous K/Q222 mice displayed a reduced susceptibility to the tested panel of scrapie isolates. These results demonstrate a highly protective effect of the K222 variant against a broad panel of different prion isolates and further reinforce the argument supporting the use of this variant in breeding programs to control TSEs in goat herds. IMPORTANCE The objective of this study was to determine the role of the K222 variant of the prion protein (PrP) in the susceptibility/resistance of goats to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Results showed that transgenic mice expressing the goat K222-PrP polymorphic variant are resistant to scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agents. This protective effect was also observed in heterozygous Q/K222 animals. Therefore, the single amino acid exchange from Q to K at codon 222 of the cellular prion protein provides resistance against TSEs. All the results presented here support the view that the K222 polymorphic variant is a good candidate for selective breeding programs to control and eradicate scrapie in goat herds.
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Fragkiadaki EG, Vaccari G, Ekateriniadou LV, Agrimi U, Giadinis ND, Chiappini B, Esposito E, Conte M, Nonno R. PRNP genetic variability and molecular typing of natural goat scrapie isolates in a high number of infected flocks. Vet Res 2011; 42:104. [PMID: 21961834 PMCID: PMC3190342 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred and four scrapie positive and 77 negative goats from 34 Greek mixed flocks were analysed by prion protein gene sequencing and 17 caprine scrapie isolates from 11 flocks were submitted to molecular isolate typing. For the first time, the protective S146 variant was reported in Greece, while the protective K222 variant was detected in negative but also in five scrapie positive goats from heavily infected flocks. By immunoblotting six isolates, including two goat flockmates carrying the K222 variant, showed molecular features slightly different from all other Greek and Italian isolates co-analysed, possibly suggesting the presence of different scrapie strains in Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini G Fragkiadaki
- National Agricultural Research Foundation, Veterinary Research Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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12
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Guan F, Pan L, Li J, Tang H, Zhu C, Shi G. Polymorphisms of the prion protein gene and their effects on litter size and risk evaluation for scrapie in Chinese Hu sheep. Virus Genes 2011; 43:147-52. [PMID: 21556743 PMCID: PMC3124648 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that scrapie is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease in sheep and goat, which belongs to the group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases. It has been confirmed that the polymorphisms of prion protein gene (PRNP) at codons 136, 154, and 171 have strong relationship with scrapie in sheep. In the present study, nine polymorphisms of PRNP at codons 136, 154, and 171 and other six loci (at codons 101, 112, 127, 137, 138, and 152) were detected in 180 Chinese Hu sheep. All the alleles at codons 136, 154, and 171 have been identified and resulted in three new genotypes. The frequencies of predominant alleles were 85% (A136), 99.40% (R154), and 37.78% (Q171), respectively. The predominant haplotype ARQ has a relatively high frequency of 57.77%. The frequencies of dominant genotypes of ARR/ARQ and ARQ/ARQ were 30 and 26.67%, respectively. Three new found genotypes named ARQ/TRK, ARQ/TRR, and TRR/TRQ had the same lower frequencies (0.56%). The relationship of PRNP genotype with scrapie risk and litter size showed that the predominant genotypes are corresponded to the risk score of R1 (1.67%), R2 (32.22%), and R3 (42.22%). Just at the first parity, the individuals with ARH/ARH genotype had significantly larger litter size than the mean value and those with ARQ/ARQ and ARR/ARQ genotypes. In short, this study provided preliminary information about alleles and genotypes of PRNP in Chinese Hu sheep. It could be concluded that Hu sheep has a low susceptibility to natural scrapie, and the predominant PRNP genotype at least has no significant effect on litter size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guan
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Lei Pan
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Tang
- The Key Sheep Breeding and Reproduction Biotechnology Laboratory of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi, 832000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Shi
- The Key Sheep Breeding and Reproduction Biotechnology Laboratory of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi, 832000 People’s Republic of China
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13
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Comparative performance of three TSE rapid tests for surveillance in healthy sheep affected by scrapie. J Virol Methods 2011; 173:161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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PrP gene polymorphisms in Cyprus goats and their association with resistance or susceptibility to natural scrapie. Vet J 2011; 187:245-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Vaccari G, Panagiotidis CH, Acin C, Peletto S, Barillet F, Acutis P, Bossers A, Langeveld J, van Keulen L, Sklaviadis T, Badiola JJ, Andreéoletti O, Groschup MH, Agrimi U, Foster J, Goldmann W. State-of-the-art review of goat TSE in the European Union, with special emphasis on PRNP genetics and epidemiology. Vet Res 2009; 40:48. [PMID: 19505422 PMCID: PMC2704333 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrapie is a fatal, neurodegenerative disease of sheep and goats. It is also the earliest known member in the family of diseases classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases, which includes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and chronic wasting disease in cervids. The recent revelation of naturally occurring BSE in a goat has brought the issue of TSE in goats to the attention of the public. In contrast to scrapie, BSE presents a proven risk to humans. The risk of goat BSE, however, is difficult to evaluate, as our knowledge of TSE in goats is limited. Natural caprine scrapie has been discovered throughout Europe, with reported cases generally being greatest in countries with the highest goat populations. As with sheep scrapie, susceptibility and incubation period duration of goat scrapie are most likely controlled by the prion protein (PrP) gene (PRNP). Like the PRNP of sheep, the caprine PRNP shows significantly greater variability than that of cattle and humans. Although PRNP variability in goats differs from that observed in sheep, the two species share several identical alleles. Moreover, while the ARR allele associated with enhancing resistance in sheep is not present in the goat PRNP, there is evidence for the existence of other PrP variants related to resistance. This review presents the current knowledge of the epidemiology of caprine scrapie within the major European goat populations, and compiles the current data on genetic variability of PRNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies and Emerging Infectious Diseases of Animals, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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16
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Barillet F, Mariat D, Amigues Y, Faugeras R, Caillat H, Moazami-Goudarzi K, Rupp R, Babilliot JM, Lacroux C, Lugan S, Schelcher F, Chartier C, Corbière F, Andréoletti O, Perrin-Chauvineau C. Identification of seven haplotypes of the caprine PrP gene at codons 127, 142, 154, 211, 222 and 240 in French Alpine and Saanen breeds and their association with classical scrapie. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:769-776. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.006114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In sheep, susceptibility to scrapie is mainly influenced by polymorphisms of the PrP gene. In goats, there are to date few data related to scrapie susceptibility association with PrP gene polymorphisms. In this study, we first investigated PrP gene polymorphisms of the French Alpine and Saanen breeds. Based on PrP gene open reading frame sequencing of artificial insemination bucks (n=404), six encoding mutations were identified at codons 127, 142, 154, 211, 222 and 240. However, only seven haplotypes could be detected: four (GIH154RQS, GIRQ211QS, GIRRK222S and GIRRQP240) derived from the wild-type allele (G127I142R154R211Q222S240) by a single-codon mutation, and two (S127IRRQP240 and GM142RRQP240) by a double-codon mutation. A case–control study was then implemented in a highly affected Alpine and Saanen breed herd (90 cases/164 controls). Mutations at codon 142 (I/M), 154 (R/H), 211 (R/Q) and 222 (Q/K) were found to induce a significant degree of protection towards natural scrapie infection. Compared with the baseline homozygote wild-type genotype I142R154R211Q222/IRRQ goats, the odds of scrapie cases in IRQ211Q/IRRQ and IRRK222/IRRQ heterozygous animals were significantly lower [odds ratio (OR)=0.133, P<0.0001; and OR=0.048, P<0.0001, respectively]. The heterozygote M142RRQ/IRRQ genotype was only protective (OR=0.243, P=0.0186) in goats also PP240 homozygous at codon 240. However, mutated allele frequencies in French Alpine and Saanen breeds were low (0.5–18.5 %), which prevent us from assessing the influence of all the possible genotypes in natural exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Barillet
- INRA, UR 631, Station d'amélioration génétique des animaux, BP 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - D. Mariat
- INRA, UR 339, Laboratoire de génétique biochimique et cytogénétique, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - Y. Amigues
- GIE Labogena, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - R. Faugeras
- GIE Labogena, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - H. Caillat
- INRA, UR 631, Station d'amélioration génétique des animaux, BP 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - K. Moazami-Goudarzi
- INRA, UR 339, Laboratoire de génétique biochimique et cytogénétique, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - R. Rupp
- INRA, UR 631, Station d'amélioration génétique des animaux, BP 52627, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - J. M. Babilliot
- GIE Labogena, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - C. Lacroux
- INRA, UMR 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - S. Lugan
- INRA, UMR 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - F. Schelcher
- INRA, UMR 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - C. Chartier
- AFSSA-Niort, Laboratoire d'études et de recherches caprines, BP 3081, 79012 Niort Cedex, France
| | - F. Corbière
- INRA, UMR 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - O. Andréoletti
- INRA, UMR 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, 23 chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - C. Perrin-Chauvineau
- AFSSA-Niort, Laboratoire d'études et de recherches caprines, BP 3081, 79012 Niort Cedex, France
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17
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Genetic TSE resistance in goats. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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18
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Di Bari MA, Chianini F, Vaccari G, Esposito E, Conte M, Eaton SL, Hamilton S, Finlayson J, Steele PJ, Dagleish MP, Reid HW, Bruce M, Jeffrey M, Agrimi U, Nonno R. The bank vole (Myodes glareolus) as a sensitive bioassay for sheep scrapie. J Gen Virol 2009; 89:2975-2985. [PMID: 19008382 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/005520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive studies on sheep scrapie, a number of questions remain unanswered, such as the natural mode of transmission and the amount of infectivity which accumulates in edible tissues at different stages of scrapie infection. Studies using the mouse model proved to be useful for recognizing scrapie strain diversity, but the low sensitivity of mice to some natural scrapie isolates hampered further investigations. To investigate the sensitivity of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) to scrapie, we performed end-point titrations from two unrelated scrapie sources. Similar titres [10(5.5) ID50 U g(-1) and 10(5.8) ID50 U g(-1), both intracerebrally (i.c.)] were obtained, showing that voles can detect infectivity up to 3-4 orders of magnitude lower when compared with laboratory mice. We further investigated the relationships between PrPSc molecular characteristics, strain and prion titre in the brain and tonsil of the same scrapie-affected sheep. We found that protease-resistant PrPSc fragments (PrPres) from brain and tonsil had different molecular features, but induced identical disease phenotypes in voles. The infectivity titre of the tonsil estimated by incubation time assay was 10(4.8) i.c. ID50 U g(-1), i.e. fivefold less than the brain. This compared well with the relative PrPres content, which was 8.8-fold less in tonsil than in brain. Our results suggest that brain and tonsil harboured the same prion strain showing different glycoprofiles in relation to the different cellular/tissue types in which it replicated, and that a PrPSc-based estimate of scrapie infectivity in sheep tissues could be achieved by combining sensitive PrPres detection methods and bioassay in voles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Angelo Di Bari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Chianini
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Conte
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Samantha L Eaton
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Scott Hamilton
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Jeanie Finlayson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Philip J Steele
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Mark P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Hugh W Reid
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Moira Bruce
- Neuropathogenesis Unit, Roslin Institute, Ogston Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, UK
| | - Martin Jeffrey
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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19
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Colussi S, Vaccari G, Maurella C, Bona C, Lorenzetti R, Troiano P, Casalinuovo F, Di Sarno A, Maniaci MG, Zuccon F, Nonno R, Casalone C, Mazza M, Ru G, Caramelli M, Agrimi U, Acutis PL. Histidine at codon 154 of the prion protein gene is a risk factor for Nor98 scrapie in goats. J Gen Virol 2009; 89:3173-3176. [PMID: 19008408 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/004150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion protein gene (PRNP) polymorphisms are involved in modulating the appearance of atypical/Nor98 scrapie in sheep, with the alleles AHQ and AF141RQ strongly associated with occurrence of the disease. The presence of histidine at codon 154 has also been detected in Nor98-affected goats, but statistical analysis of the association between Nor98 and goat PRNP polymorphisms has not been reported previously. Here, a case-control study was carried out on eight Nor98-positive goats and 246 negative herdmates belonging to eight Italian Nor98 scrapie outbreaks. The results revealed that histidine at codon 154 is also strongly associated with the disease in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Colussi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Vaccari
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Maurella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Bona
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, Italy
| | - Raniero Lorenzetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio Toscana, Via Appia Nuova 1411, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Troiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredoni 20, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Casalinuovo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Crotone, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Sarno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Fanelli P.co dei Gerani, Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Maniaci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Zuccon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, Italy
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Casalone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Mazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ru
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Caramelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, Italy
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, Torino, Italy
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20
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Complete genomic sequence of the goat prion protein gene (PRNP). Virus Genes 2008; 38:189-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0288-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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White S, Herrmann-Hoesing L, O'rourke K, Waldron D, Rowe J, Alverson J. Prion gene (PRNP) haplotype variation in United States goat breeds (Open Access publication). Genet Sel Evol 2008. [DOI: 10.1051/gse:2008021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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22
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Zhou RY, Li XL, Li LH, Wang HY, Lü JG. Polymorphism of the PRNP gene in the main breeds of indigenous Chinese goats. Arch Virol 2008; 153:979-82. [PMID: 18369524 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphism of the PRNP gene plays a key role in susceptibility to prion disease. Scrapie is a neurodegenerative disease affecting sheep and goats and belongs to the group of prion diseases. We isolated DNA from 333 goat samples representing the main local goat breeds in six provinces in China to identify PRNP polymorphisms and to determine whether these breeds were at risk for developing scrapie. Two novel amino acid polymorphisms (R211G and T219I) and a novel silent mutation at codon 125 as well as nine previously reported polymorphisms were observed. Twenty-eight alleles and forty-nine different genotypes were obtained. The codon 142M associated with resistance of goat scrapie was not found in this study. The codon 143R was relatively rare. The codon 222K, a potentially useful candidate site for selecting for scrapie resistance, was also rare in indigenous Chinese goats. These results could provide some useful data for assessing the risk of scrapie in Chinese indigenous goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Y Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, 071001 Baoding, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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23
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Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Kgwatalala P, Ibeagha AE, Zhao X. A critical analysis of disease-associated DNA polymorphisms in the genes of cattle, goat, sheep, and pig. Mamm Genome 2008; 19:226-45. [PMID: 18350334 PMCID: PMC2323435 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-008-9101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations through their effects on gene expression and protein function underlie disease susceptibility in farm animal species. The variations are in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms, deletions/insertions of nucleotides or whole genes, gene or whole chromosomal rearrangements, gene duplications, and copy number polymorphisms or variants. They exert varying degrees of effects on gene action, such as substitution of an amino acid for another, shift in reading frame and premature termination of translation, and complete deletion of entire exon(s) or gene(s) in diseased individuals. These factors influence gene function by affecting mRNA splicing pattern or by altering/eliminating protein function. Elucidating the genetic bases of diseases under the control of many genes is very challenging, and it is compounded by several factors, including host x pathogen x environment interactions. In this review, the genetic variations that underlie several diseases of livestock (under monogenic and polygenic control) are analyzed. Also, factors hampering research efforts toward identification of genetic influences on animal disease identification and control are highlighted. A better understanding of the factors analyzed could be better harnessed to effectively identify and control, genetically, livestock diseases. Finally, genetic control of animal diseases can reduce the costs associated with diseases, improve animal welfare, and provide healthy animal products to consumers, and should be given more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne De Bellevue, Montreal, QC, Canada, H9X 3V9.
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24
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Atypical PrPsc distribution in goats naturally affected with scrapie. J Comp Pathol 2008; 138:90-101. [PMID: 18295782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The brain and spinal cord of 48 goats from two Greek herds in which scrapie had been reported were examined. All animals were symptomless at the time of euthanasia. Notably, no lesions were observed either at the level of the obex or at other regions of the brain and spinal cord. Immunohistochemical examination revealed PrPsc labelling of the linear and fine punctuate types, mainly in the cerebral cortices, of 36 goats. Twenty-seven of them were negative by ELISA (designed to detect proteinase-resistant PrP) at the level of the obex but positive in a pooled brain sample, and the majority carried PrP genotypes associated with scrapie susceptibility. Surprisingly, in 16 of the 27 animals, PrPsc deposits were detected only in the rostral parts of the brain. In addition, nine animals which were ELISA-positive at the level of the obex exhibited positive immunoreactivity, but not in the dorsal vagal nucleus. The findings indicate that this unusual scrapie type may have been underdiagnosed previously and may be of importance in scrapie surveillance programmes.
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25
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Acutis PL, Colussi S, Santagada G, Laurenza C, Maniaci MG, Riina MV, Peletto S, Goldmann W, Bossers A, Caramelli M, Cristoferi I, Maione S, Sacchi P, Rasero R. Genetic variability of the PRNP gene in goat breeds from Northern and Southern Italy. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 104:1782-9. [PMID: 18217941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the variability of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in goats from Northern and Southern Italy. METHODS AND RESULTS Genomic DNA isolated from goat blood was polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified for the coding region of the PRNP gene and then sequenced. In total, 13 polymorphic sites were identified: G37V, T110P, G127S, M137I, I142M, I142T, H143R, R154H, P168Q, T194P, R211Q, Q222K and S240P (substitutions I142T and T194P are novel) giving rise to 14 haplotypes. Clear frequency differences between Northern and Southern breeds were found and confirmed by genetic distance analysis. CONCLUSIONS Differences in allele distribution were found between Northern and Southern goats, in particular regarding the M142 and K222 alleles, possibly associated to scrapie resistance; philogeographical analysis supported the idea that Northern and Southern breeds may be considered as separate clusters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In Italy only limited studies have been carried out on caprine PRNP genotype distribution; this study is important to fill this lack of information. Moreover the finding of significant differences among allele distributions in Northern and Southern goats, especially if involved in modulating resistance/susceptibility, need to be carefully considered for the feasibility of selection plans for resistance to scrapie.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Acutis
- CEA, Istituto Zooprofilattico del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Turin, Italy.
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26
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Prion protein gene polymorphisms in four goat breeds of Pakistan. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 36:141-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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28
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Vaccari G, D'Agostino C, Nonno R, Rosone F, Conte M, Di Bari MA, Chiappini B, Esposito E, De Grossi L, Giordani F, Marcon S, Morelli L, Borroni R, Agrimi U. Prion protein alleles showing a protective effect on the susceptibility of sheep to scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. J Virol 2007; 81:7306-9. [PMID: 17442723 PMCID: PMC1933282 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02880-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of sheep to classical scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is mainly influenced by prion protein (PrP) polymorphisms A136V, R154H, and Q171R, with the ARR allele associated with significantly decreased susceptibility. Here we report the protective effect of the amino acid substitution M137T, I142K, or N176K on the ARQ allele in sheep experimentally challenged with either scrapie or BSE. Such observations suggest the existence of additional PrP alleles that significantly decrease the susceptibility of sheep to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, which may have important implications for disease eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Vaccari
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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29
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Lalatta-Costerbosa G, Mazzoni M, Clavenzani P, Di Guardo G, Mazzuoli G, Marruchella G, De Grossi L, Agrimi U, Chiocchetti R. Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity and NADPH-d histochemistry in the enteric nervous system of Sarda breed sheep with different PrP genotypes in whole-mount and cryostat preparations. J Histochem Cytochem 2007; 55:387-401. [PMID: 17210925 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a7052.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now, significant differences in the neurochemical pattern of enteric neurons have been demonstrated in all species studied; however, some strong similarities also occur across species, such as the occurrence of nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (NOS-IR) in inhibitory motor neurons to muscle. In consideration of the insufficient data regarding the enteric nervous system (ENS) of sheep, we investigated the myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus of the ovine ileum. Since the pivotal role of the ENS in the early pathogenesis of sheep scrapie, the "prototype" of prion diseases, has been suggested, we have focused our observations also on the host's PrP genotype. We have studied the morphology and distribution of NOS-IR neurons and their relationships with the enteric glia in whole-mount preparations and in cryostat sections. NOS-IR neurons, always encircled by glial processes, were located in both plexuses. Many NOS-IR fibers were seen in the circular muscle layer, in the submucosa, and in the mucosa. In the submucosa they were close to the lymphoid tissue. No differences in the distribution and percentage of NOS-IR fibers and neurons were observed among sheep carrying different PrP genotype, thus making unlikely their contribution in the determinism of susceptibility/resistance to scrapie infection.
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30
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Sofianidis G, Psychas V, Billinis C, Spyrou V, Argyroudis S, Papaioannou N, Vlemmas I. Histopathological and immunohistochemical features of natural goat scrapie. J Comp Pathol 2006; 135:116-129. [PMID: 16997004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed on the brain and spinal cord of 37 goats from two Greek herds in which scrapie had been reported. Of the 37 animals, 18 were from a herd consisting only of goats and 19 were from a herd of goats mixed with sheep. The goats studied were grouped on the basis of the presence or absence of clinical signs. Distinctive lesions and PrP(sc) (PrP, prion protein) deposition were found in the central nervous system (CNS) of eight clinically affected animals and six symptomless animals. The lesion profile and PrP(sc) distribution varied both between and within groups, variation being particularly pronounced in the symptomless goats. The results concerning the latter group suggested a poor correlation between the intensity of lesions, the amount of PrP(sc) in the CNS, and the manifestation of clinical signs. Immunohistochemical examination revealed 10 different PrP(sc) types, four of which are reported for the first time in goats. All scrapie-affected animals carried the VV(21)II(142)HH(143)RR(154) genotype, with the exception of two goats that carried the HR(143) dimorphism and had detectable PrP(sc) deposits. The results suggest that the histopathological and immunohistochemical profile of the natural disease in goats is influenced by the PrP genotype and age of the animals but may not be directly associated with the presence or otherwise of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Billinis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa
| | - V Spyrou
- Department of Animal Production, Technological Educational Institution, Larissa, Greece
| | - S Argyroudis
- Clinic of Productive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki
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31
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Vaccari G, Bari MAD, Morelli L, Nonno R, Chiappini B, Antonucci G, Marcon S, Esposito E, Fazzi P, Palazzini N, Troiano P, Petrella A, Di Guardo G, Agrimi U. Identification of an allelic variant of the goat PrP gene associated with resistance to scrapie. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1395-1402. [PMID: 16603543 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between PrP gene variations and scrapie susceptibility was studied in a single herd of Ionica breed goats. The entire herd comprised 100 animals, 11 of which were clinically affected and showed pathological prion protein (PrPSc) deposition in both their central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoreticular system (LRS). Among asymptomatic goats, nine harboured PrPSc in both CNS and LRS, 19 showed PrPSc only at the LRS level and 61 animals had no PrPSc deposition. Genetic analysis of the PrP gene coding sequence revealed the presence of several polymorphisms, namely G37V, T110P, H143R, R154H, Q222K and P240S. Silent polymorphisms were also found at codons 42, 138, 219 and 232. The effect of PrP polymorphism on scrapie susceptibility was assessed by comparing the genotype distribution at each locus among animals with different pathogenetic and clinical disease stages. Significant differences in the distribution of genotypes were observed for codons 154 and 222, with polymorphism at codon 154 modulating susceptibility to scrapie and lysine at codon 222 being associated with scrapie resistance. The allelic variant encoding lysine at position 222 could be a valuable candidate to select in the framework of appropriate breeding programmes for scrapie resistance in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele A Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisella Morelli
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Romolo Nonno
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Chiappini
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonucci
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Marcon
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Esposito
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Fazzi
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Palazzini
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Troiano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Petrella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e della Basilicata, Via Manfredonia 20, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Guardo
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Umberto Agrimi
- Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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32
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Ligios C, Cancedda MG, Madau L, Santucciu C, Maestrale C, Agrimi U, Ru G, Di Guardo G. PrP(Sc) deposition in nervous tissues without lymphoid tissue involvement is frequently found in ARQ/ARQ Sarda breed sheep preclinically affected with natural scrapie. Arch Virol 2006; 151:2007-20. [PMID: 16625322 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of natural scrapie in Sarda breed sheep was investigated in 1050 asymptomatic and 49 sick sheep from scrapie-affected flocks. Central and peripheral nervous system, along with lymphoreticular system (LRS) tissues, were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western-blotting (WB) for detection of pathological isoform of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)). A total of 69 of the 1050 clinically healthy sheep were found to be infected with scrapie, with PrP(Sc) being detected in both the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) plexuses of 60 of the sheep, while IHC and WB yielded evidence of (PrP(Sc)) deposition only in lymphoid tissues of the remaining 9 clinically healthy sheep. PrP(Sc) was also detected in the CNS, as well as in ENS plexuses from all of the 49 clinically affected sheep. Nevertheless, 18 of the 69 clinically healthy animals (26%, 17 ARQ/ARQ and 1 ARQ/AHQ sheep), along with 3 ARQ/ARQ sheep (6%) of the clinically affected group, showed no IHC or WB evidence of PrP(Sc) in lymphoid tissues, but PrP(Sc) could be still detected in their CNS and ENS plexuses. The study demonstrates dual CNS and ENS PrP(Sc) deposition in Sarda sheep with scrapie, in spite of an apparent lack of lymphoid tissue involvement in a number of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Sassari, Italy.
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33
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Acutis PL, Bossers A, Priem J, Riina MV, Peletto S, Mazza M, Casalone C, Forloni G, Ru G, Caramelli M. Identification of prion protein gene polymorphisms in goats from Italian scrapie outbreaks. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1029-1033. [PMID: 16528054 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to scrapie in sheep is influenced by polymorphisms of the prion protein (PrP) gene, whereas no strong association between genetics and scrapie has yet been determined in goats due to the limited number of studies on these animals. In this case–control study on 177 goats from six Italian scrapie outbreaks, the association between PrP alleles and the occurrence of scrapie was studied. Three silent mutations and 11 PrP polymorphisms were identified, of which two polymorphisms (L133Q and M137I) and one silent mutation (T202T) have not been reported previously. Twelve alleles were determined by cloning. Statistical analysis suggested a possible protective role against scrapie for the glutamine to lysine mutation at codon 222.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Acutis
- CEA (Centro di referenza per le Encefalopatie Animali), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - A Bossers
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad), PO Box 2004, 8203 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J Priem
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad), PO Box 2004, 8203 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - M V Riina
- CEA (Centro di referenza per le Encefalopatie Animali), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - S Peletto
- CEA (Centro di referenza per le Encefalopatie Animali), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - M Mazza
- CEA (Centro di referenza per le Encefalopatie Animali), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - C Casalone
- CEA (Centro di referenza per le Encefalopatie Animali), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - G Forloni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - G Ru
- CEA (Centro di referenza per le Encefalopatie Animali), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - M Caramelli
- CEA (Centro di referenza per le Encefalopatie Animali), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
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34
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Vascellari M, Aufiero GM, Nonno R, Agrimi U, Vaccari G, Basilicata L, Falcaro C, Mancin M, Marcon S, Mutinelli F. Diagnosis and PrP genotype target of scrapie in clinically healthy sheep of Massese breed in the framework of a scrapie eradication programme. Arch Virol 2005; 150:1959-76. [PMID: 15931459 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The application of a selective culling programme in two scrapie affected flocks of Massese breed sheep is described. The genetic susceptibility of this breed and the sensitivity of different diagnostic methods in the pre-clinical diagnosis of scrapie were also investigated. Overall, 2,068 clinically healthy sheep underwent PrP genotyping, providing the basis for selective culling. The prevalence of scrapie infection was investigated in susceptible sheep by two independent diagnostic methods. All the sheep older than 18 months (n = 620) were tested by Prionics Check Western rapid test on the obex, with a prevalence of infection of 3.9%. Furthermore, 385 sheep underwent immunohistochemistry (IHC) on retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN), with a prevalence of infection of 5.2%. Overall, 32 sheep were diagnosed with pre-clinical scrapie. Of these, 31 were positive by Western blot on the spleen, 29 by IHC on the RPLN and tonsil, 28 by IHC on the obex, 24 by rapid test, and only 18 by IHC on the third eyelid. All the scrapie positive sheep were of the ARQ/ARQ, ARQ/AHQ or ARQ/VRQ genotypes. No significant differences in scrapie prevalence were observed among these genotypes. The estimated risk of the three targeted alleles was also similar, suggesting that in this breed the VRQ allele was not at higher risk for scrapie, compared to the ARQ and AHQ alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vascellari
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (PD), Italy.
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35
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Goldmann W, Perucchini M, Smith A, Hunter N. Genetic variability of the PrP gene in a goat herd in the UK. Vet Rec 2004; 155:177-8. [PMID: 15357379 DOI: 10.1136/vr.155.6.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Goldmann
- Neuropathogenesis Unit, Institute for Animal Health, Ogston Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh
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36
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Acutis PL, Sbaiz L, Verburg F, Riina MV, Ru G, Moda G, Caramelli M, Bossers A. Low frequency of the scrapie resistance-associated allele and presence of lysine-171 allele of the prion protein gene in Italian Biellese ovine breed. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:3165-3172. [PMID: 15448380 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequencies of polymorphisms at codons 136, 154 and 171 of the prion protein (PrP) gene were studied in 1207 pure-bred and cross-bred Italian Biellese rams, a small ovine breed of about 65 000 head in Italy. Aside from the five most common alleles (VRQ, ARQ, ARR, AHQ and ARH), the rare ARK allele was also found, with the highest frequency reported so far in an ovine breed (2·5 %). ARK/--- genotypes had a total frequency of 4·9 %. The resistance-associated ARR allele was seen at a low frequency (8·3 %). Only 1·4 % of animals examined had a resistant ARR/ARR PrP genotype. Semi-resistant (ARR/ARQ, ARR/ARH and ARR/AHQ) PrP genotypes had a total frequency of 12·6 % and PrP genotypes that are associated with high scrapie susceptibility (e.g. VRQ/VRQ and ARQ/ARQ) had a total frequency of 81·1 %. Statistical analysis comparing PrP allele frequencies between pure-bred and cross-bred animals showed that the ARR allele occurred at a significantly lower frequency in pure-bred rams. Furthermore, comparison of PrP allele frequencies between pure-bred rams over 18 months of age and those below 18 months of age showed a significant decrease in the ARR allele in breeding rams over 18 months of age. Based on these results, breeding for scrapie resistance in the Biellese breed will have to take into account the low frequency of the ARR allele, which also seems to be subject to negative selection by farmers. Further investigation is required to understand whether the ARK allele is also associated with resistance to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Acutis
- CEA (Centro di referenza per le Encefalopatie Animali), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - L Sbaiz
- CEA (Centro di referenza per le Encefalopatie Animali), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - F Verburg
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad), PO Box 2004, 8203 AA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - M V Riina
- CEA (Centro di referenza per le Encefalopatie Animali), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - G Ru
- CEA (Centro di referenza per le Encefalopatie Animali), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - G Moda
- Regione Piemonte, Direzione di Sanità Pubblica, Corso Stati Uniti 1, 10128 Turin, Italy
| | - M Caramelli
- CEA (Centro di referenza per le Encefalopatie Animali), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - A Bossers
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad), PO Box 2004, 8203 AA Lelystad, the Netherlands
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