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Duan M, Li T, Liu B, Yin S, Zang J, Lv C, Zhao G, Zhang T. Zinc nutrition and dietary zinc supplements. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:1277-1292. [PMID: 34382897 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1963664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As the second most abundant trace element in the human body, zinc nutrition is constantly a hot topic. More than one-third population is suffering zinc deficiency, which results in various types of diseases or nutritional deficiencies. Traditional ways of zinc supplementation seem with low absorption rates and significant side effects. Zinc supplements with dietary components are easily accessible and improve zinc utilization rate significantly. Also, mechanisms of maintaining zinc homeostasis are of broad interest. The present review focuses on zinc nutrition in human health in inductive methods. Mainly elaborate on different diseases relating to zinc disorder, highlighting the impact on the immune system and the recent COVID-19. Then raise food-derived zinc-binding compounds, including protein, peptide, polysaccharide, and polyphenol, and also analyze their possibilities to serve as zinc complementary. Finally, illustrate the way to maintain zinc homeostasis and the corresponding mechanisms. The review provides data information for maintaining zinc homeostasis with the food-derived matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoping Duan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen Zang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyan Lv
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tuo Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Research Center of Food Colloids and Delivery of Functionality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stunting [length-for-age z score (LAZ) <-2] has multiple causes and is prevalent in areas with low dietary zinc (Zn) intake. Zinc kinetics from non-stunted infants were used in a published model for predicting linear growth; here, we directly measure zinc kinetics in stunted infants. METHODS Zinc kinetics were determined in 9-month-old Bangladeshi infants (n = 10), who were non-wasted [weight-for-length z score (WLZ) > -2], ranging in LAZ from -2.9 to -0.43. Stable isotopes were administered 2 hours after a meal as oral ( 70 Zn) and intravenous ( 67 Zn) tracers. After isotope administration, blood was sampled within 5 hours and all urine and feces were collected for 24 hours. Urine was sampled twice-daily out to 9 days. Data were analyzed by compartmental modeling. Daily zinc intake was estimated by the model as the sum of zinc used for growth plus that lost via urine and feces. Zinc absorbed (the amount required to maintain steady state) was the sum of zinc used for growth plus urine and endogenous fecal excretions. RESULTS The LAZ score correlated with serum zinc concentration ( R = 0.77, P = 0.001), urinary zinc excretion ( R = 0.66, P = 0.010), and fractional zinc absorption from calculated daily intake ( R = 0.58, P = 0.030). In stunted infants (n = 8), the amount of zinc absorbed did not increase with calculated zinc intake unlike published values for non-stunted infants. CONCLUSIONS Zinc kinetics in Bangladeshi infants correlate with LAZ and show that malabsorption of supplemental sources of zinc may occur in stunted infants.
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Signorell C, Zimmermann MB, Cakmak I, Wegmüller R, Zeder C, Hurrell R, Aciksoz SB, Boy E, Tay F, Frossard E, Moretti D. Zinc Absorption From Agronomically Biofortified Wheat Is Similar to Post-Harvest Fortified Wheat and Is a Substantial Source of Bioavailable Zinc in Humans. J Nutr 2019; 149:840-846. [PMID: 31004128 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited data exist on human zinc absorption from wheat biofortified via foliar (FBW) or root (hydroponically fortified wheat, HBW) zinc application. Stable isotope labels added at point of consumption (extrinsic labeling) might not reflect absorption from native zinc obtained by intrinsic labeling. OBJECTIVES We measured fractional and total zinc absorption (FAZ, TAZ) in FBW and HBW wheat, compared with control wheat (CW) and fortified wheat (FW). The effect of labeling method was assessed in HBW (study 1), and the effect of milling extraction rate (EXR, 80% and 100%) in FBW (studies 2 and 3). METHODS Generally healthy adults (n = 71, age: 18-45 y, body mass index: 18.5-25 kg/m2) were allocated to 1 of the studies, in which they served as their own controls. In study 1, men and women consumed wheat porridges colabeled intrinsically and extrinsically with 67Zn and 70Zn. In studies 2 and 3, women consumed wheat flatbreads (chapatis) labeled extrinsically. Zinc absorption was measured with the oral to intravenous tracer ratio method with a 4-wk wash-out period between meals. Data were analyzed with linear mixed models. RESULTS In study 1 there were no differences in zinc absorption from extrinsic versus intrinsic labels in either FW or HBW. Similarly, FAZ and TAZ from FW and HBW did not differ. TAZ was 70-76% higher in FW and HBW compared with CW (P < 0.01). In studies 2 and 3, TAZ from FW and FBW did not differ but was 20-48% higher compared with CW (P < 0.001). Extraction rate had no effect on TAZ. CONCLUSIONS Colabeling demonstrates that extrinsic zinc isotopic labels can be used to accurately quantify zinc absorption from wheat in humans. Biofortification through foliar zinc application, root zinc application, or fortification provides higher TAZ compared with unfortified wheat. In biofortified wheat, extraction rate (100-80%) has a limited impact on total zinc absorption. These studies were registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01775319).
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Signorell
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ismail Cakmak
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci Universitesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rita Wegmüller
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Zeder
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Hurrell
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Seher B Aciksoz
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute for Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Erick Boy
- Harvest Plus, c/o IFPRI, Washington, DC
| | - Fabian Tay
- Clinical Trials Center, Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Frossard
- Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Institute for Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Diego Moretti
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hambidge KM, Miller LV, Mazariegos M, Westcott J, Solomons NW, Raboy V, Kemp JF, Das A, Goco N, Hartwell T, Wright L, Krebs NF. Upregulation of Zinc Absorption Matches Increases in Physiologic Requirements for Zinc in Women Consuming High- or Moderate-Phytate Diets during Late Pregnancy and Early Lactation. J Nutr 2017; 147:1079-1085. [PMID: 28424260 PMCID: PMC5443465 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.245902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Estimated physiologic requirements (PRs) for zinc increase in late pregnancy and early lactation, but the effect on dietary zinc requirements is uncertain.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine changes in daily fractional absorbed zinc and total absorbed zinc (TAZ) from ad libitum diets of differing phytate contents in relation to physiologic zinc requirements during pregnancy and lactation.Methods: This was a prospective observational study of zinc absorption at 8 (phase 1) and 34 (phase 2) wk of gestation and 2 (phase 3) and 6 (phase 4) mo of lactation. Participants were indigenous Guatemalan women of childbearing age whose major food staple was maize and who had been randomly assigned in a larger study to either of 2 ad libitum feeding groups: low-phytate maize (LP; 1.6 mg/g; n = 14) or control maize (C; 7.1 mg/g; n = 8). Total dietary zinc (milligrams per day, TDZ) and phytate (milligrams per day) were determined from duplicate diets and fractional absorption (FAZ) by dual isotope ratio technique (TAZ = TDZ × FAZ). All variables were examined longitudinally and by group and compared with PRs. TAZ values at later phases were compared with phase 1. Measured TAZ was compared with predicted TAZ for nonpregnant, nonlactating (NPNL) women.Results: TAZ was greater in the LP group than in the C group at all phases. All variables increased from phase 1 to phases 2 and 3 and declined at phase 4. TAZ increased by 1.25 mg/d (P = 0.045) in the C group and by 0.81 mg/d (P = 0.058) in the LP group at phase 2. At phase 3, the increases were 2.66 mg/d (P = 0.002) in the C group and 2.28 mg/d (P = 0.0004) in the LP group, compared with a 1.37-mg/d increase in PR. Measured TAZ was greater than predicted values in phases 2-4.Conclusions: Upregulation of zinc absorption in late pregnancy and early lactation matches increases in PRs of pregnant and lactating women, regardless of dietary phytate, which has implications for dietary zinc requirements of pregnant and lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michael Hambidge
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO;
| | - Leland V Miller
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Manolo Mazariegos
- Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Jamie Westcott
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Noel W Solomons
- Center for Studies of Sensory Impairments, Aging, and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Victor Raboy
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Aberdeen, ID
| | - Jennifer F Kemp
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Abhik Das
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC; and
| | - Norman Goco
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC; and
| | - Ty Hartwell
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC; and
| | - Linda Wright
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, MD
| | - Nancy F Krebs
- Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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Brnić M, Wegmüller R, Melse-Boonstra A, Stomph T, Zeder C, Tay FM, Hurrell RF. Zinc Absorption by Adults Is Similar from Intrinsically Labeled Zinc-Biofortified Rice and from Rice Fortified with Labeled Zinc Sulfate. J Nutr 2016; 146:76-80. [PMID: 26674764 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.213421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biofortification of staple food crops is a promising strategy to combat zinc deficiency, and it is of particular interest for rice and crops that are not consumed as flours and therefore not suitable for postharvest fortification. Because zinc absorption is decreased by phytic acid (PA) and perhaps other dietary components, it is important to measure the absorption of zinc from a biofortified crop before determining its efficacy. OBJECTIVE In this study, we compared the zinc absorption from zinc-biofortified rice (hydroponically enriched with (70)Zn) with that from a control rice of the same variety fortified with (70)ZnSO4 at point of use to reach the same total zinc content of 1.1 mg/meal. Both rice meals had a PA:Zn molar ratio of 12. METHODS Fractional absorption of zinc (FAZ) was measured with the use of the double-isotope tracer ratio method in 16 apparently healthy adults [18-45 y old; BMI (in kg/m(2)) 19-25] who consumed 2 single meals at 4-wk intervals in random order in a crossover design. RESULTS The FAZ from the biofortified rice (mean ± SD: 25.1 ± 8.7%) did not differ significantly from that of the point-of-use fortified rice (mean ± SD: 20.8 ± 7.1%) (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the native zinc accumulated in the biofortified rice was readily released from the rice matrix and that its absorption by adults was influenced by PA and other food components in a similar way to the inorganic zinc compound added to the rice at point of use. Moreover, rice biofortification is likely to be as good as postharvest zinc fortification as an intervention strategy to combat zinc deficiency. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01633450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Brnić
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Wegmüller
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - TjeerdJan Stomph
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; and
| | - Christophe Zeder
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabian M Tay
- Clinical Trials Center, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard F Hurrell
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kodkany BS, Bellad RM, Mahantshetti NS, Westcott JE, Krebs NF, Kemp JF, Hambidge KM. Biofortification of pearl millet with iron and zinc in a randomized controlled trial increases absorption of these minerals above physiologic requirements in young children. J Nutr 2013; 143:1489-93. [PMID: 23843474 PMCID: PMC3743277 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.176677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Millet is unusually drought resistant and consequently there is a progressive increase in the use of these grains as a human food staple, especially in large areas of India and sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this study was to determine the absorption of iron and zinc from pearl millet biofortified with 2 micronutrients that are typically deficient in nonfortified, plant-based diets globally. The study was undertaken in 40 children aged 2 y in Karnataka, India (n = 21 test/19 controls). Three test meals providing ∼84 ± 17 g dry pearl millet flour were fed on a single day for zinc and 2 d for iron between 0900 and 1600 h. The quantities of zinc and iron absorbed were measured with established stable isotope extrinsic labeling techniques and analyses of duplicate diets. The mean (± SD) quantities of iron absorbed from test and control groups were 0.67 ± 0.48 and 0.23 ± 0.15 mg/d, respectively (P < 0.001). The quantities of zinc absorbed were 0.95 ± 0.47 and 0.67 ± 0.24 mg/d, respectively (P = 0.03). These data did not include absorption of the modest quantities of iron and zinc contained in snacks eaten before and after the 3 test meals. In conclusion, quantities of both iron and zinc absorbed when iron and zinc biofortified pearl millet is fed to children aged 2 y as the major food staple is more than adequate to meet the physiological requirements for these micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roopa M. Bellad
- Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KLE University, Belgaum, Karnataka, India; and
| | | | - Jamie E. Westcott
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO
| | - Nancy F. Krebs
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO
| | - Jennifer F. Kemp
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO
| | - K. Michael Hambidge
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO
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Krebs NF, Westcott JE, Culbertson DL, Sian L, Miller LV, Hambidge KM. Comparison of complementary feeding strategies to meet zinc requirements of older breastfed infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:30-5. [PMID: 22648720 PMCID: PMC3374732 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.036046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low zinc intake from human milk at ∼6 mo of age predicts the dependence on complementary foods (CF) to meet the zinc requirements of older breastfed-only infants. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare major variables of zinc homeostasis and zinc status in 9-mo-old breastfed infants who were randomly assigned to different complementary food regimens. DESIGN Forty-five exclusively breastfed 5-mo-old infants were randomly assigned to receive commercially available pureed meats, iron-and-zinc-fortified infant cereal (IZFC), or whole-grain, iron-only-fortified infant cereal (IFC) as the first and primary CF until completion of zinc metabolic studies between 9 and 10 mo of age. A zinc stable-isotope methodology was used to measure the fractional absorption of zinc (FAZ) in human milk and CF by dual-isotope ratios in urine. Calculated variables included the dietary intake from duplicate diets and 4-d test weighing, the total absorbed zinc (TAZ) from FAZ × diet zinc, and the exchangeable zinc pool size (EZP) from isotope enrichment in urine. RESULTS Mean daily zinc intakes were significantly greater for the meat and IZFC groups than for the IFC group (P < 0.001); only intakes in meat and IZFC groups met estimated average requirements. Mean (±SEM) TAZ amounts were 0.80 ± 0.08, 0.71 ± 0.09, and 0.52 ± 0.05 mg/d for the meat, IZFC, and IFC groups, respectively (P = 0.027). Zinc from human milk contributed <25% of TAZ for all groups. The EZP correlated with both zinc intake (r = 0.43, P < 0.01) and TAZ (r = 0.54, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Zinc requirements for older breastfed-only infants are unlikely to be met without the regular consumption of either meats or zinc-fortified foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy F Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Miller LV, Sheng XY, Hambidge KM, Westcott JE, Sian L, Krebs NF. The use of dysprosium to measure endogenous zinc excretion in feces eliminates the necessity of complete fecal collections. J Nutr 2010; 140:1524-8. [PMID: 20573943 PMCID: PMC2903305 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.116889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretion of endogenous zinc (Zn) into the gut and subsequent excretion in the feces is understood to play a major role in maintaining Zn homeostasis in humans. Therefore, the measurement of endogenous Zn losses in the feces (EFZ) can be an important aspect of the study of Zn metabolism and homeostasis. The methods currently used to measure EFZ have the disadvantage of requiring complete fecal collections over multiple days. We have investigated the use of dysprosium (Dy), a nonabsorbable rare earth metal, in a method of determining EFZ that does not require complete fecal collections and permits the measurement of EFZ from several fecal samples. The method was evaluated using data from a study of free-living adult females in which Dy was administered 3-4 times/d over a period of 5 or 6 d to monitor completeness of fecal collections. The results did not differ from those obtained using an established isotope dilution method. We found that the measurement of the sample Dy:Zn ratio was useful for selecting samples for measurement. We conclude that the Dy method of determining EFZ is a valid and less burdensome alternative to current techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leland V. Miller
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Xin-Hua Hospital, Shanghai A200092, China,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Xiao-Yang Sheng
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Xin-Hua Hospital, Shanghai A200092, China
| | - K. Michael Hambidge
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Xin-Hua Hospital, Shanghai A200092, China
| | - Jamie E. Westcott
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Xin-Hua Hospital, Shanghai A200092, China
| | - Lei Sian
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Xin-Hua Hospital, Shanghai A200092, China
| | - Nancy F. Krebs
- University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Xin-Hua Hospital, Shanghai A200092, China
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Hambidge KM, Miller LV, Westcott JE, Sheng X, Krebs NF. Zinc bioavailability and homeostasis. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1478S-1483S. [PMID: 20200254 PMCID: PMC2854914 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc has earned recognition recently as a micronutrient of outstanding and diverse biological, clinical, and global public health importance. Regulation of absorption by zinc transporters in the enterocyte, together with saturation kinetics of the absorption process into and across the enterocyte, are the principal means by which whole-body zinc homeostasis is maintained. Several physiologic factors, most notably the quantity of zinc ingested, determine the quantity of zinc absorbed and the efficiency of absorption. Other factors are age and the time over which zinc is ingested. Zinc from supplements has not been shown to be absorbed differently from that taken with meals that lack inhibitors of zinc absorption. The principal dietary factor known to impair zinc bioavailability is inositol hexa- (and penta-) phosphate or phytate. Modeling of zinc absorption as a function of dietary zinc and phytate accounts for >80% of the variability in the quantity of zinc absorbed. Fitting the model to new data has resulted in continual improvement in parameter estimates, which currently indicate a maximal absorption in adults of approximately 6 mg Zn/d and that the average estimated dietary requirement doubles with 1000 mg dietary phytate/d. Intestinal excretion of endogenous zinc is regulated in response to recent absorption and to zinc status. The quantitative relation of intestinal excretion of endogenous zinc to zinc absorption is currently considered to be of major importance in the determination of zinc requirements. The effects of phytate on intestinal losses of endogenous zinc merit further investigation but are probably not of the same magnitude as its inhibitory effects on absorption of exogenous zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michael Hambidge
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
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Rosado JL, Hambidge KM, Miller LV, Garcia OP, Westcott J, Gonzalez K, Conde J, Hotz C, Pfeiffer W, Ortiz-Monasterio I, Krebs NF. The quantity of zinc absorbed from wheat in adult women is enhanced by biofortification. J Nutr 2009; 139:1920-5. [PMID: 19710154 PMCID: PMC3151017 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.107755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofortification of crops that provide major food staples to large, poor rural populations offers an appealing strategy for diminishing public health problems attributable to micronutrient deficiencies. The objective of this first-stage human study was to determine the increase in quantity of zinc (Zn) absorbed achieved by biofortifying wheat with Zn. Secondary objectives included evaluating the magnitude of the measured increases in Zn absorption as a function of dietary Zn and phytate. The biofortified and control wheats were extracted at high (95%) and moderate (80%) levels and Zn and phytate concentrations measured. Adult women with habitual diets high in phytate consumed 300 g of 95 or 80% extracted wheat as tortillas for 2 consecutive days using either biofortified (41 mg Zn/g) or control (24 mg Zn/g) wheat. All meals for the 2-d experiment were extrinsically labeled with Zn stable isotopes and fractional absorption of Zn determined by a dual isotope tracer ratio technique. Zn intake from the biofortified wheat diet was 5.7 mg/d (72%) higher at 95% extraction (P < 0.001) and 2.7 mg/d (68%) higher at 80% extraction compared with the corresponding control wheat (P = 0.007). Zn absorption from biofortified wheat meals was (mean +/- SD) 2.1 +/- 0.7 and 2.0 +/- 0.4 mg/d for 95 and 80% extraction, respectively, both of which were 0.5 mg/d higher than for the corresponding control wheat (P < 0.05). Results were consistent with those predicted by a trivariate model of Zn absorption as a function of dietary Zn and phytate. Potentially valuable increases in Zn absorption can be achieved from biofortification of wheat with Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Rosado
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, School of Natural Sciences, Querétaro, Mexico 76000; University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and HarvestPlus, Washington, DC 20006-1002
| | - K. Michael Hambidge
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, School of Natural Sciences, Querétaro, Mexico 76000; University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and HarvestPlus, Washington, DC 20006-1002
| | - Leland V. Miller
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, School of Natural Sciences, Querétaro, Mexico 76000; University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and HarvestPlus, Washington, DC 20006-1002
| | - Olga P. Garcia
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, School of Natural Sciences, Querétaro, Mexico 76000; University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and HarvestPlus, Washington, DC 20006-1002
| | - Jamie Westcott
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, School of Natural Sciences, Querétaro, Mexico 76000; University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and HarvestPlus, Washington, DC 20006-1002
| | - Karla Gonzalez
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, School of Natural Sciences, Querétaro, Mexico 76000; University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and HarvestPlus, Washington, DC 20006-1002
| | - Jennifer Conde
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, School of Natural Sciences, Querétaro, Mexico 76000; University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and HarvestPlus, Washington, DC 20006-1002
| | - Christine Hotz
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, School of Natural Sciences, Querétaro, Mexico 76000; University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and HarvestPlus, Washington, DC 20006-1002
| | - Wolfgang Pfeiffer
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, School of Natural Sciences, Querétaro, Mexico 76000; University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and HarvestPlus, Washington, DC 20006-1002
| | - Ivan Ortiz-Monasterio
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, School of Natural Sciences, Querétaro, Mexico 76000; University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and HarvestPlus, Washington, DC 20006-1002
| | - Nancy F. Krebs
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, School of Natural Sciences, Querétaro, Mexico 76000; University of Colorado Denver, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, Aurora, CO 80045; and HarvestPlus, Washington, DC 20006-1002
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