[From pervasive developmental disorder in ICD-10 to Autism Spectrum Disorder in ICD-11]

How to Make the Unpredictable Foreseeable? Effective Forms of Assistance for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Symptomatology in patients with the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is very heterogeneous. The symptoms they present include communication difficulties, behavior problems, upbringing problems from their parents, and comorbidities (e.g., epilepsy, intellectual disability). A predictable and stable environment and the continuity of therapeutic interactions are crucial in this population. The COVID-19 pandemic has created much concern, and the need for home isolation to limit the spread of the virus has disrupted the functioning routine of children/adolescents with ASD. Are there effective diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives to limit the consequences of disturbing the daily routine of young patients during the unpredictable times of the pandemic? Modern technology and telemedicine have come to the rescue. This narrative review aims to present a change in the impact profile in the era of isolation and assess the directions of changes that specialists may choose when dealing with patients with ASD.

Entwicklungsstörungen in der Kindheit

Zusammenfassung. Entwicklungsstörungen beziehen sich auf globale oder spezifische (umschriebene) Abweichungen von Verhalten oder Fähigkeiten. Sie haben ihren Ursprung in der Kindheit. Durch die im DSM 5 und ICD-11 neu eingeführte Bezeichung als Neuroentwicklungsstörungen wird deutlich, dass die Störungen auch aufgrund ihrer hohen gemeinsamen Anteile in der Symptomatik und der bedeutsamen Komorbiditäten eher über eine dimensionale Betrachtung zu verstehen sind. Analysen von Krankenkassendaten lassen die Schlussfolgerung zu, dass Entwicklungsstörungen mit 17 % die mit Abstand häufigste Diagnose psychischer Störungen im Kinder- und Jugendbereich darstellen. Ursachen und Risikofaktoren für Entwicklungsstörungen erweisen sich als heterogen, jedoch mit einem engen Bezug zur neuronalen Entwicklung. Nicht nur die Entwicklungsstörungen oder Verhaltensstörungen in der Kindheit an sich, sondern auch die häufig damit assoziierten negativen Folgen für den Alltag können sich deutlich auf die Lebensqualität von betroffenen Kindern und ihren Familien auswirken. Elterliche Belastungen und famliliärer Stress im Kontext einer Entwicklungsstörung des Kindes können zusätzlich dazu beitragen, dass sich die wahrgenommene gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität verringert. Gezielte Interventionen können dazu beitragen, Familien zu entlasten und die Lebensqualität zu berbessern.

[Developmental Speech and Language Disorders According to ICD-11]

Developmental Speech and Language Disorders According to ICD-11 Abstract. In ICD-11, similar to ICD-10, speech and language disorders are classified as neurodevelopmental disorders, which are part of ICD-11 Chapter 6 (Mental, Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental Disorders). The ICD-10 criteria were not well accepted by many professionals in research and clinic who work with children with speech and language disorders. Especially linguists and speech and language therapists see ICD-10 as too crude and lacking specification of individual language problems. Medical professions in turn criticize the missing aspect of organically caused speech and language problems. This paper presents the classification of speech and language problems or disorders according to ICD-11 compared to ICD-10. One essential aspect lies in the differentiation between "primary" and "secondary" neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition, we compare and discuss other recent classification approaches, such as DSM-5, CATALISE-2, and the classification "Auditory Processing Disorder" by pediatric audiologists. We present a classification approach based on ICD-11, supplemented by an additional specification of the respective impaired speech or language area in the individual child and based on a thorough speech and language assessment. We thus hope to pave the path for an interdisciplinary classification of speech and language disorders according to ICD-11, our aim being to establish a common terminology that can be used by all professions. We expect this common terminology to improve clinical care and to allow for the integration and comparability of speech- and language-related research efforts.